ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Janine Benyus - Science writer, innovation consultant, conservationist
A self-proclaimed nature nerd, Janine Benyus' concept of biomimicry has galvanized scientists, architects, designers and engineers into exploring new ways in which nature's successes can inspire humanity.

Why you should listen

In the world envisioned by science author Janine Benyus, a locust's ability to avoid collision within a roiling cloud of its brethren informs the design of a crash-resistant car; a self-cleaning leaf inspires a new kind of paint, one that dries in a pattern that enables simple rainwater to wash away dirt; and organisms capable of living without water open the way for vaccines that maintain potency even without refrigeration -- a hurdle that can prevent life-saving drugs from reaching disease-torn communities. Most important, these cool tools from nature pull off their tricks while still managing to preserve the environment that sustains them, a life-or-death lesson that humankind is in need of learning.

As a champion of biomimicry, Benyus has become one of the most important voices in a new wave of designers and engineers inspired by nature. Her most recent project, AskNature, explores what happens if we think of nature by function and looks at what organisms can teach us about design.

More profile about the speaker
Janine Benyus | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2009

Janine Benyus: Biomimicry in action

珍妮·班娜斯:仿生技术进行式

Filmed:
1,420,524 views

珍妮·班娜斯向发明家传达了这样一个信息:设法解决设计上的问题时先观察自然界。你会在自然界中找到防水、航空力学、太阳能及众多设计灵感。在此,她向我们展示众多灵感取自自然,令人赞叹不已的新作。
- Science writer, innovation consultant, conservationist
A self-proclaimed nature nerd, Janine Benyus' concept of biomimicry has galvanized scientists, architects, designers and engineers into exploring new ways in which nature's successes can inspire humanity. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:18
If I could reveal揭示 anything
0
0
4000
如果我可以展示任何事物,
00:22
that is hidden from us,
1
4000
2000
任何我们看不到的事物,
00:24
at least最小 in modern现代 cultures文化,
2
6000
4000
至少对于现代文化来说,
00:28
it would be to reveal揭示 something that we've我们已经 forgotten忘记了,
3
10000
4000
那只会展示是我们抛之脑后的事物,
00:32
that we used to know
4
14000
2000
但我们曾经是知道他们的,
00:34
as well as we knew知道 our own拥有 names.
5
16000
4000
就像我们知道自己的名字一样。
00:38
And that is that we live生活 in a competent胜任 universe宇宙,
6
20000
4000
而且我们生活在全能的宇宙中,
00:42
that we are part部分 of a brilliant辉煌 planet行星,
7
24000
3000
作为这奇妙行星中的一员,
00:45
and that we are surrounded包围 by genius天才.
8
27000
4000
我们的身边充满了天才。
00:49
Biomimicry仿生学 is a new discipline学科
9
31000
3000
仿生学是一门新学科,
00:52
that tries尝试 to learn学习 from those geniuses天才,
10
34000
2000
这门学科尝试向自然界中的天才学习,
00:54
and take advice忠告 from them, design设计 advice忠告.
11
36000
4000
听取它们的建议,设计上的建议。
00:58
That's where I live生活,
12
40000
3000
这是我住的地方。
01:01
and it's my university大学 as well.
13
43000
3000
也是我教书的地方。
01:04
I'm surrounded包围 by genius天才. I cannot不能 help but
14
46000
4000
我被天才包围,不由自主地
01:08
remember记得 the organisms生物 and the ecosystems生态系统
15
50000
5000
一直记着这些生物和生态系统
01:13
that know how to live生活 here gracefully优雅 on this planet行星.
16
55000
5000
它们知道如何优雅地生活在这个星球上。
01:18
This is what I would tell you to remember记得
17
60000
2000
这是我希望你能记住的一点,
01:20
if you ever forget忘记 this again.
18
62000
3000
并且不要再忘记,
01:23
Remember记得 this.
19
65000
2000
请牢记,
01:25
This is what happens发生 every一切 year.
20
67000
4000
这是每年都会发生的事,
01:29
This is what keeps保持 its promise诺言.
21
71000
3000
大自然信守承诺的事,
01:32
While we're doing bailouts救助, this is what happened发生.
22
74000
3000
正当我们忙于复苏经济,我们却忽视了这正在进行的……
01:35
Spring弹簧.
23
77000
2000
春天
01:37
Imagine想像 designing设计 spring弹簧.
24
79000
5000
设想要设计一个春天
01:42
Imagine想像 that orchestration管弦乐编曲.
25
84000
2000
设想一下那和谐的编排
01:44
You think TEDTED is hard to organize组织. (Laughter笑声) Right?
26
86000
4000
大家觉得TED已经够难组织的了(众笑),是吧?
01:48
Imagine想像, and if you haven't没有 doneDONE this in a while, do.
27
90000
5000
想象一下,要是你很久没这么做过,现在试一下
01:53
Imagine想像 the timing定时, the coordination协调,
28
95000
4000
试想一下那高超的时机把握,和谐乐章的演奏,
01:57
all without top-down自顶向下 laws法律,
29
99000
4000
完全不依赖于上下对应的法律法规,
02:01
or policies政策, or climate气候 change更改 protocols协议.
30
103000
3000
完全不依赖于政策,或拯救气候变暖协议。
02:04
This happens发生 every一切 year.
31
106000
3000
春天每年都这样降临
02:07
There is lots of showing展示 off.
32
109000
4000
当然少不了争奇斗艳
02:11
There is lots of love in the air空气.
33
113000
5000
空气中也充满了爱
02:16
There's lots of grand盛大 openings开口.
34
118000
5000
少不了富丽堂皇的开场
02:21
And the organisms生物, I promise诺言 you,
35
123000
2000
而这些有机体,我敢保证,
02:23
have all of their priorities优先 in order订购.
36
125000
4000
全都井然有序
02:27
I have this neighbor邻居 that keeps保持 me in touch触摸 with this,
37
129000
4000
我曾经有个邻居,他让我常接触这些
02:31
because he's living活的, usually平时 on his back,
38
133000
2000
因为他的生活,通常是躺着的,
02:33
looking up at those grasses.
39
135000
3000
看着那些草儿
02:36
And one time he came来了 up to me --
40
138000
2000
一次,他来找我
02:38
he was about seven or eight years年份 old -- he came来了 up to me.
41
140000
2000
那时他大概七八岁,他来找我
02:40
And there was a wasp's黄蜂的 nest
42
142000
2000
告诉我,那儿有个蜂巢
02:42
that I had let grow增长 in my yard,
43
144000
2000
就在我的后院里
02:44
right outside my door.
44
146000
3000
穿过门就是
02:47
And most people knock them down when they're small.
45
149000
2000
多数人趁蜂巢还小的时后,就将其打下
02:49
But it was fascinating迷人 to me,
46
151000
2000
但我却着迷与此
02:51
because I was looking at this sort分类 of fine Italian意大利 end结束 papers文件.
47
153000
3000
因为蜂巢在我眼里看起来极像精致的意式衬页
02:54
And he came来了 up to me and he knocked被撞.
48
156000
2000
他过来找我,敲了敲门
02:56
He would come every一切 day with something to show显示 me.
49
158000
3000
他每天都会带些东西给我看
02:59
And like, knock like a woodpecker啄木鸟 on my door until直到 I opened打开 it up.
50
161000
3000
像只啄木鸟,他当当地敲门,直到我开门为止
03:02
And he asked me
51
164000
4000
然后他问我,
03:06
how I had made制作 the house for those wasps黄蜂,
52
168000
7000
我是怎么为黄蜂做巢的
03:13
because he had never seen看到 one this big.
53
175000
3000
因为他从来没见过这么大的一个蜂巢
03:16
And I told him, "You know, Cody科迪,
54
178000
3000
我告诉他“科迪,要知道
03:19
the wasps黄蜂 actually其实 made制作 that."
55
181000
2000
其实那是黄蜂自己做的。”
03:21
And we looked看着 at it together一起.
56
183000
2000
然后我们一起看
03:23
And I could see why he thought,
57
185000
4000
我能理解为何他会那样想
03:27
you know -- it was so beautifully精美 doneDONE.
58
189000
2000
要知道,那蜂巢建的真的很美
03:29
It was so architectural建筑的. It was so precise精确.
59
191000
3000
很有建筑感,很精准
03:32
But it occurred发生 to me, how in his small life
60
194000
4000
但我禁不住想,为何这么小的孩子,
03:36
had he already已经 believed相信 the myth神话
61
198000
4000
就已经接受并相信这么个神话,
03:40
that if something was that well doneDONE,
62
202000
4000
这么完美的作品
03:44
that we must必须 have doneDONE it.
63
206000
2000
一定是出自人类之手
03:46
How did he not know --
64
208000
3000
为何他会不知道
03:49
it's what we've我们已经 all forgotten忘记了 --
65
211000
3000
人类只是忘却了
03:52
that we're not the first ones那些 to build建立.
66
214000
3000
我们并非第一个会建筑的物种
03:55
We're not the first ones那些 to process处理 cellulose纤维素.
67
217000
3000
我们并非第一个会处理纤维的物种
03:58
We're not the first ones那些 to make paper. We're not the first ones那些
68
220000
2000
我们并非第一个造纸的物种
04:00
to try to optimize优化 packing填料 space空间,
69
222000
3000
我们并非第一个优化填充空间的物种
04:03
or to waterproof防水, or to try to heat and cool a structure结构体.
70
225000
3000
也不是制作防水材料或加热冷却材质的第一物种
04:06
We're not the first ones那些 to build建立 houses房屋 for our young年轻.
71
228000
6000
也不是为后代建造房屋的第一物种
04:12
What's happening事件 now, in this field领域 called biomimicry仿生学,
72
234000
4000
现在仿生技术领域正使
04:16
is that people are beginning开始 to remember记得
73
238000
3000
人们的记忆复苏
04:19
that organisms生物, other organisms生物,
74
241000
4000
提醒人们,生物体,其他生物体
04:23
the rest休息 of the natural自然 world世界,
75
245000
2000
自然界中的其他生物体
04:25
are doing things very similar类似 to what we need to do.
76
247000
4000
正在做的与我们极为相似
04:29
But in fact事实 they are doing them in a way
77
251000
2000
但事实上,他们的方法
04:31
that have allowed允许 them to live生活 gracefully优雅 on this planet行星
78
253000
2000
可以使它们优雅地生活在这个星球上
04:33
for billions数十亿 of years年份.
79
255000
3000
达数十亿年之久
04:36
So these people, biomimicsbiomimics,
80
258000
3000
这些仿生学家们,
04:39
are nature's大自然 apprentices学徒.
81
261000
2000
是大自然的学徒
04:41
And they're focusing调焦 on function功能.
82
263000
2000
他们注重功能
04:43
What I'd like to do is show显示 you a few少数 of the things
83
265000
3000
我想向大家展示一下
04:46
that they're learning学习.
84
268000
3000
他们正在学习的东西
04:49
They have asked themselves他们自己,
85
271000
2000
他们这样问自己
04:51
"What if, every一切 time I started开始 to invent发明 something,
86
273000
4000
“要是我发明前
04:55
I asked, 'How'怎么样 would nature性质 solve解决 this?'"
87
277000
3000
都想想大自然对此的解决方案,会怎样呢?”
04:58
And here is what they're learning学习.
88
280000
2000
这是他们正在学习的
05:00
This is an amazing惊人 picture图片 from a Czech捷克 photographer摄影师 named命名 Jack插口 Hedley赫德利.
89
282000
3000
这张令人拍案叫绝的照片是捷克摄影师杰克.海德里的作品
05:03
This is a story故事 about an engineer工程师 at J.R. West西.
90
285000
3000
这个故事是关于工程师J.R.韦斯特的
05:06
They're the people who make the bullet子弹 train培养.
91
288000
2000
他是研制子弹列车(bullet train)的一员
05:08
It was called the bullet子弹 train培养
92
290000
2000
之所以叫子弹列车
05:10
because it was rounded in front面前,
93
292000
2000
是因为车头是圆的
05:12
but every一切 time it went into a tunnel隧道
94
294000
2000
但每次驶进山洞时
05:14
it would build建立 up a pressure压力 wave,
95
296000
2000
就会产生一股压力波
05:16
and then it would create创建 like a sonic boom繁荣 when it exited退出.
96
298000
3000
驶出山洞时就会发出音爆巨响
05:19
So the engineer's工程师 boss老板 said,
97
301000
2000
于是工程师的头儿说:
05:21
"Find a way to quiet安静 this train培养."
98
303000
3000
“找个法子降降音量。”
05:24
He happened发生 to be a birder捕鸟.
99
306000
2000
韦斯特正巧也是个鸟类爱好者
05:26
He went to the equivalent当量 of an Audubon奥杜邦 Society社会 meeting会议.
100
308000
4000
他去了奥杜邦学会相关会议
05:30
And he studied研究 -- there was a film电影 about king国王 fishers渔民.
101
312000
2000
研究学习,正巧,一段关于翠鸟的影片
05:32
And he thought to himself他自己, "They go from one density密度 of medium,
102
314000
3000
让他灵光一闪,“他们从一种密度的介质,空气
05:35
the air空气, into another另一个 density密度 of medium, water,
103
317000
3000
进入另一种密度的介质,水
05:38
without a splash. Look at this picture图片.
104
320000
3000
却溅不起一丝水花。”看看这张照片
05:41
Without没有 a splash, so they can see the fish.
105
323000
3000
因为没有一丝水花,水里的鱼鸟儿看得一清二楚
05:44
And he thought, "What if we do this?"
106
326000
3000
接着他想到“要不我们也这么办?”
05:47
Quieted the train培养.
107
329000
3000
通过这种方法,列车的噪声大大降低
05:50
Made制作 it go 10 percent百分 faster更快 on 15 percent百分 less electricity电力.
108
332000
5000
同时,速度提升了10%并且节省了15%的电力
05:55
How does nature性质 repel击退 bacteria?
109
337000
2000
大自然是如何抗菌的呢?
05:57
We're not the first ones那些 to have to protect保护 ourselves我们自己
110
339000
3000
我们并非第一个保护自己
06:00
from some bacteria.
111
342000
2000
免受细菌侵害的物种
06:02
Turns out that -- this is a Galapagos加拉帕戈斯 Shark鲨鱼.
112
344000
4000
原来答案在加拉帕戈斯群岛的鲨鱼(Galapagos Shark)身上
06:06
It has no bacteria on its surface表面, no fouling结垢 on its surface表面, no barnacles藤壶.
113
348000
5000
它表面没有细菌、污垢,身上也没有附着甲壳动物
06:11
And it's not because it goes fast快速.
114
353000
2000
这并不是因为它游得快
06:13
It actually其实 basks晾晒. It's a slow-moving缓慢移动 shark鲨鱼.
115
355000
3000
事实上它很惬意,一向游得很慢
06:16
So how does it keep its body身体 free自由 of bacteria build-up积聚?
116
358000
3000
那它是如何保持身体不滋生细菌的呢?
06:19
It doesn't do it with a chemical化学.
117
361000
2000
它不使用化学制剂
06:21
It does it, it turns out, with the same相同 denticles细齿
118
363000
2000
原来是他身上的锯齿状物
06:23
that you had on Speedo斯皮 bathing洗澡 suits西装,
119
365000
4000
就是和Speedo泳衣材质一样的锯齿状物
06:27
that broke打破 all those records记录 in the Olympics奥运会,
120
369000
2000
有了它运动员在奥运会上所向披靡
06:29
but it's a particular特定 kind of pattern模式.
121
371000
2000
但这齿状物有一种独特的图案
06:31
And that pattern模式, the architecture建筑 of that pattern模式
122
373000
3000
而其结构
06:34
on its skin皮肤 denticles细齿
123
376000
3000
富含锯齿状物
06:37
keep bacteria from being存在 able能够 to land土地 and adhere附着.
124
379000
4000
让细菌无处无处着生
06:41
There is a company公司 called Sharklet鲨鳍小 Technologies技术
125
383000
2000
有家叫Sharklet Technologies的公司
06:43
that's now putting this on the surfaces in hospitals医院
126
385000
4000
正把这种结构铺设在医院的墙面上
06:47
to keep bacteria from landing降落,
127
389000
2000
防止细菌附着
06:49
which哪一个 is better than dousing浇熄 it with anti-bacterials抗细菌 or harsh苛刻 cleansers清洁剂
128
391000
6000
此法远优于抗菌或其他任何强劲的洗液
06:55
that many许多, many许多 organisms生物 are now becoming变得 drug药物 resistant.
129
397000
4000
许多生物体都对这些洗液产生抗药性
06:59
Hospital-acquired医院获得 infections感染 are now killing谋杀
130
401000
2000
在美国,每年在医院里感染致死的人数
07:01
more people every一切 year in the United联合的 States状态
131
403000
3000
远高于
07:04
than die from AIDS艾滋病 or cancer癌症 or car汽车 accidents事故 combined结合 --
132
406000
5000
艾滋病、癌症及交通事故死亡率的总和
07:09
about 100,000.
133
411000
2000
达到10万人左右
07:11
This is a little critter小动物 that's in the Namibian纳米比亚 desert沙漠.
134
413000
3000
这是种住在纳米比亚沙漠的小生物
07:14
It has no fresh新鲜 water that it's able能够 to drink,
135
416000
3000
它们没有新鲜水源可以饮用
07:17
but it drinks饮料 water out of fog多雾路段.
136
419000
3000
但它们从雾气中摄取水分
07:20
It's got bumps颠簸 on the back of its wing翅膀 covers盖子.
137
422000
3000
在覆盖它身体的翅膀后侧有些突起
07:23
And those bumps颠簸 act法案 like a magnet磁铁 for water.
138
425000
3000
这些突起像磁铁一样吸水
07:26
They have water-loving喜水 tips提示, and waxy sides双方.
139
428000
3000
它们有亲水的前端和蜡质的旁侧
07:29
And the fog多雾路段 comes in and it builds建立 up on the tips提示.
140
431000
3000
所以雾气回凝结在尖端
07:32
And it goes down the sides双方 and goes into the critter's小动物的 mouth.
141
434000
3000
然后从旁侧流下直至其口中
07:35
There is actually其实 a scientist科学家 here at Oxford牛津
142
437000
3000
有位牛津大学的科学家
07:38
who studied研究 this, Andrew安德鲁 Parker帕克.
143
440000
2000
安德鲁帕克对此做过研究
07:40
And now kinetic动能 and architectural建筑的 firms公司 like Grimshaw格里姆肖
144
442000
4000
现在有些动力和建筑公司,比如Grimshaw
07:44
are starting开始 to look at this as a way
145
446000
2000
开始着眼于把这项技术应用在
07:46
of coating涂层 buildings房屋
146
448000
3000
建筑涂料上
07:49
so that they gather收集 water from the fog多雾路段.
147
451000
2000
这样雾气中的水分就可以被收集起来
07:51
10 times better than our fog-catching雾捕 nets.
148
453000
5000
效果比现有的捉雾网(fog-catching nets)高10倍
07:56
COCO2 as a building建造 block.
149
458000
2000
二氧化碳作为建筑材料
07:58
Organisms生物 don't think of COCO2 as a poison.
150
460000
3000
生物体可不把二氧化碳当有害气体
08:01
Plants植物 and organisms生物 that make shells炮弹,
151
463000
2000
对于那些生产贝壳珊瑚的植物及有机体
08:03
coral珊瑚, think of it as a building建造 block.
152
465000
3000
这可是建筑材料
08:06
There is now a cement水泥 manufacturing制造业 company公司
153
468000
3000
现在有间水泥制造公司
08:09
starting开始 in the United联合的 States状态 called Calera卡莱拉.
154
471000
3000
叫Clara,成立于美国
08:12
They've他们已经 borrowed the recipe食谱 from the coral珊瑚 reef,
155
474000
3000
他们借用了珊瑚的秘方
08:15
and they're using运用 COCO2 as a building建造 block
156
477000
3000
把二氧化碳当作
08:18
in cement水泥, in concrete具体.
157
480000
2000
水泥、混凝土的成分
08:20
Instead代替 of -- cement水泥 usually平时
158
482000
2000
通常情况下,
08:22
emits发射 a ton of COCO2 for every一切 ton of cement水泥.
159
484000
3000
每生产一吨水泥排放一吨的二氧化碳
08:25
Now it's reversing倒车 that equation方程,
160
487000
2000
现在方程式被逆转
08:27
and actually其实 sequestering螯合 half a ton of COCO2
161
489000
3000
并且可以降低半吨二氧化碳
08:30
thanks谢谢 to the recipe食谱 from the coral珊瑚.
162
492000
2000
这一切可多亏了珊瑚的秘方
08:32
None没有 of these are using运用 the organisms生物.
163
494000
2000
以上这些都没利用生物体
08:34
They're really only using运用 the blueprints蓝图 or the recipes食谱
164
496000
2000
它们其实只用了
08:36
from the organisms生物.
165
498000
3000
生命蓝图或秘方
08:39
How does nature性质 gather收集 the sun's太阳 energy能源?
166
501000
3000
大自然如何收集太阳能?
08:42
This is a new kind of solar太阳能 cell细胞
167
504000
2000
这是一种新的太阳能电池
08:44
that's based基于 on how a leaf works作品.
168
506000
2000
它是基于叶子的运作方式
08:46
It's self-assembling自组装.
169
508000
2000
它可以自我组装
08:48
It can be put down on any substrate基质 whatsoever任何.
170
510000
2000
也可以着根于任何生化基质
08:50
It's extremely非常 inexpensive便宜
171
512000
2000
其价格低廉
08:52
and rechargeable充电 every一切 five years年份.
172
514000
3000
而且每五年可再充电
08:55
It's actually其实 a company公司 a company公司 that I'm involved参与 in called OneSunOneSun,
173
517000
3000
其实是我参与的一间叫OneSun的公司
08:58
with Paul保罗 Hawken霍肯.
174
520000
2000
和保罗.浩肯合作
09:00
There are many许多 many许多 ways方法 that nature性质 filters过滤器 water
175
522000
4000
大自然有好多好多净水
09:04
that takes salt out of water.
176
526000
3000
并去除盐分的方法
09:07
We take water and push it against反对 a membrane.
177
529000
3000
我们人类却用水去挤压细胞膜
09:10
And then we wonder奇迹 why the membrane clogs木底鞋
178
532000
2000
还纳闷为何细胞膜会堵塞
09:12
and why it takes so much electricity电力.
179
534000
2000
为何这一过程如此费电
09:14
Nature性质 does something much more elegant优雅.
180
536000
2000
大自然的手法则更加优雅
09:16
And it's in every一切 cell细胞.
181
538000
2000
这种方法渗透到每一个细胞
09:18
Every一切 red blood血液 cell细胞 of your body身体 right now
182
540000
3000
现在你体内的每一个血红细胞
09:21
has these hourglass-shaped鼓形 pores毛孔
183
543000
2000
都有沙漏型小孔
09:23
called aquaporins水通道蛋白.
184
545000
2000
叫水孔蛋白(aquaporins)
09:25
They actually其实 export出口 water molecules分子 through通过.
185
547000
3000
它们让水分子通过、流出
09:28
It's kind of a forward前锋 osmosis渗透.
186
550000
2000
这过程多少有点像正向渗透
09:30
They export出口 water molecules分子 through通过,
187
552000
2000
它们输出水分子
09:32
and leave离开 solutes溶质 on the other side.
188
554000
3000
把溶解质留在另一边
09:35
A company公司 called Aquaporin水通道蛋白 is starting开始 to make desalination海水淡化
189
557000
3000
一间名叫Aquaporin的公司正在开始制造
09:38
membranes mimicking模仿 this technology技术.
190
560000
4000
模仿这项技术的去盐薄膜
09:42
Trees and bones骨头 are constantly经常 reforming改革 themselves他们自己
191
564000
5000
树木和骨骼通常
09:47
along沿 lines线 of stress强调.
192
569000
2000
沿着压力线自我重组
09:49
This algorithm算法 has been put into a software软件 program程序
193
571000
4000
这种演算法已被运用在软件上
09:53
that's now being存在 used to make bridges桥梁 lightweight轻量级,
194
575000
2000
协助促使桥梁轻量化
09:55
to make building建造 beams lightweight轻量级.
195
577000
3000
使建筑钢梁轻量化
09:58
Actually其实 G.M. Opel欧宝 used it
196
580000
2000
事实上通用汽车的欧宝(Opel)已开始运用这项技术
10:00
to create创建 that skeleton骨架 you see,
197
582000
4000
制造你所见过的那种汽车骨架
10:04
in what's called their bionic仿生 car汽车.
198
586000
3000
在所谓的仿生车当中
10:07
It lightweightedlightweighted that skeleton骨架 using运用 a minimum最低限度 amount of material材料,
199
589000
3000
轻量化的骨架使用最少的材料
10:10
as an organism生物 must必须,
200
592000
3000
正如一个有机体为生存所必须做到的一样
10:13
for the maximum最大值 amount of strength强度.
201
595000
4000
获取最大限量的支撑力
10:17
This beetle甲虫, unlike不像 this chip芯片 bag here,
202
599000
4000
这只甲虫,和这袋薯片不大一样
10:21
this beetle甲虫 uses使用 one material材料, chitin几丁质.
203
603000
3000
这甲虫运用了一种材料,壳质(chitin)
10:24
And it finds认定 many许多 many许多 ways方法
204
606000
2000
并且找出了好多方法
10:26
to put many许多 functions功能 into it.
205
608000
2000
让壳质发挥多种功能
10:28
It's waterproof防水.
206
610000
2000
它防水
10:30
It's strong强大 and resilient弹性.
207
612000
2000
坚固有弹性
10:32
It's breathable透气. It creates创建 color颜色 through通过 structure结构体.
208
614000
4000
又透气,并且结构安排产生颜色
10:36
Whereas that chip芯片 bag has about seven layers to do all of those things.
209
618000
4000
再来看看那袋薯片,同样的效果需要7层才能实现
10:40
One of our major重大的 inventions发明
210
622000
3000
我们的主要发明之一
10:43
that we need to be able能够 to do
211
625000
2000
就是我们必须具备能力
10:45
to come even close to what these organisms生物 can do
212
627000
2000
去与这些生物体更加亲近
10:47
is to find a way
213
629000
4000
要实现这一目的,我们要
10:51
to minimize最小化 the amount of material材料, the kind of material材料 we use,
214
633000
3000
减少材料用量,减少我们使用材料量
10:54
and to add design设计 to it.
215
636000
2000
然后加上设计
10:56
We use five polymers聚合物 in the natural自然 world世界
216
638000
3000
大自然使用五种聚合物
10:59
to do everything that you see.
217
641000
2000
你亲眼所见的都是其杰作
11:01
In our world世界 we use about 350 polymers聚合物
218
643000
4000
而我们人类使用350种聚合物
11:05
to make all this.
219
647000
5000
才成就了今天的一切
11:10
Nature性质 is nano纳米.
220
652000
2000
大自然是纳米专家
11:12
Nanotechnology纳米技术, nanoparticles纳米粒子, you hear a lot of worry担心 about this.
221
654000
5000
关于纳米科技、纳米粒子,各种忧虑屡见不鲜
11:17
Loose疏松 nanoparticles纳米粒子. What is really interesting有趣 to me
222
659000
4000
松散的纳米粒子。而我最感兴趣的是
11:21
is that not many许多 people have been asking,
223
663000
3000
有多少人问过:
11:24
"How can we consult请教 nature性质 about how to make nanotechnology纳米技术 safe安全?"
224
666000
5000
“我们应如何借鉴大自然使纳米技术安全化?”
11:29
Nature性质 has been doing that for a long time.
225
671000
2000
大自然已行之久远
11:31
Embedding嵌入 nanoparticles纳米粒子 in a material材料 for instance, always.
226
673000
4000
例如,他总是把纳米粒子固定在某种材质中
11:35
In fact事实, sulfur-reducing硫还原 bacteria,
227
677000
2000
事实上,除硫细菌(sulfur-reducing bacteria)
11:37
as part部分 of their synthesis合成,
228
679000
3000
在其合成过程中
11:40
they will emit发射, as a byproduct副产品,
229
682000
2000
会释放一种副产品
11:42
nanoparticles纳米粒子 into the water.
230
684000
2000
一种纳米粒子进入水中
11:44
But then right after that, they emit发射 a protein蛋白
231
686000
2000
在此之后,它会释放一种蛋白质
11:46
that actually其实 gathers and aggregates聚集 those nanoparticles纳米粒子
232
688000
3000
可以聚集、聚合那些纳米粒子
11:49
so that they fall秋季 out of solution.
233
691000
5000
于是它们得以解决
11:54
Energy能源 use. Organisms生物 sip energy能源,
234
696000
5000
能量使用。生物体慎用能量
11:59
because they have to work or barter物物交换 for every一切 single bit that they get.
235
701000
5000
因为它们不得不为此运转或易物来获得每一分
12:04
And one of the largest最大 fields领域 right now,
236
706000
3000
如今最主要的领域之一
12:07
in the world世界 of energy能源 grids网格,
237
709000
2000
世界能源网中
12:09
you hear about the smart聪明 grid.
238
711000
2000
你一定听说过智能电网(smart grid)
12:11
One of the largest最大 consultants顾问 are the social社会 insects昆虫.
239
713000
4000
其最重要的顾问之一就是群居昆虫
12:15
Swarm一群 technology技术. There is a company公司 called Regen雷根.
240
717000
3000
峰群技术。有一家名为Regen的公司
12:18
They are looking at how ants蚂蚁 and bees蜜蜂
241
720000
3000
他们通过观察蚂蚁和蜜蜂
12:21
find their food餐饮 and their flowers花卉
242
723000
3000
觅食集采花粉
12:24
in the most effective有效 way
243
726000
2000
用对整个蜂巢
12:26
as a whole整个 hive蜂巢.
244
728000
2000
的最有效方式
12:28
And they're having appliances家电 in your home
245
730000
3000
它们有种家用设备
12:31
talk to one another另一个 through通过 that algorithm算法,
246
733000
3000
通过哪种演算法互相沟通
12:34
and determine确定 how to minimize最小化 peak power功率 use.
247
736000
6000
然后决定如何把尖峰用电量降到最低
12:40
There's a group of scientists科学家们 in Cornell康奈尔
248
742000
3000
有一群康奈尔大学的科学家
12:43
that are making制造 what they call a synthetic合成的 tree,
249
745000
2000
正在制造他们所谓的人造树
12:45
because they are saying, "There is no pump at the bottom底部 of a tree."
250
747000
4000
因为他们说“树底部没有水泵。”
12:49
It's capillary毛细管 action行动 and transpiration蒸腾 pulls
251
751000
4000
是毛细作用和蒸散作用产生的拉力
12:53
water up, a drop下降 at a time,
252
755000
2000
一滴一滴把水吸上去
12:55
pulling it, releasing释放 it from a leaf and pulling it up through通过 the roots.
253
757000
5000
拉上去,从叶面释放然后从根部拉取
13:00
And they're creating创建 -- you can think of it as a kind of wallpaper墙纸.
254
762000
3000
然后它们可以创造--想象它们是一种壁纸
13:03
They're thinking思维 about putting it on the insides内部 of buildings房屋
255
765000
4000
这些科学家正想把它运用在建筑内部
13:07
to move移动 water up without pumps.
256
769000
6000
把水抽高而不需水泵
13:13
Amazon亚马逊 electric电动 eel鳗鱼 -- incredibly令人难以置信 endangered濒危,
257
775000
2000
亚马逊电鳗(Amazon Electric Eel),濒临绝种
13:15
some of these species种类 --
258
777000
2000
这些物种当中的一些
13:17
create创建 600 volts of electricity电力
259
779000
4000
能使用身体中的一些化学物质
13:21
with the chemicals化学制品 that are in your body身体.
260
783000
3000
产生600伏的电力
13:24
Even more interesting有趣 to me is that
261
786000
2000
更让我感兴趣的是
13:26
600 volts doesn't fry it.
262
788000
3000
600伏的高压却没把自己煎熟
13:29
You know we use PVCPVC, and we sheath wires电线
263
791000
3000
要知道我们用聚氯乙烯(PVC)包住电线
13:32
with PVCPVC for insulation绝缘.
264
794000
2000
利用聚氯乙烯作为绝缘体
13:34
These organisms生物, how are they insulating绝缘
265
796000
2000
这些生物,它们如何让自己
13:36
against反对 their own拥有 electric电动 charge收费?
266
798000
3000
跟自己产生的电力绝缘呢?
13:39
These are some questions问题 that we've我们已经 yet然而 to ask.
267
801000
3000
有些问题我们尚无解答
13:42
Here's这里的 a wind turbine涡轮 manufacturer生产厂家 that went to a whale.
268
804000
4000
有一家涡轮制造商取法于鲸鱼
13:46
Humpback驼背 whale has scalloped齿痕 edges边缘 on its flippers蛙鞋.
269
808000
4000
驼背鲸(Humpback whale)有扇形边的鳍
13:50
And those scalloped齿痕 edges边缘
270
812000
2000
那些扇形边
13:52
play with flow in such这样 a way
271
814000
3000
用某种方式与水流相互作用
13:55
that is reduces减少 drag拖动 by 32 percent百分.
272
817000
3000
减少了32%的阻力
13:58
These wind turbines涡轮机 can rotate回转 in incredibly令人难以置信 slow windspeedswindspeeds, as a result结果.
273
820000
6000
于是极低的风速即可转动风扇
14:04
MITMIT just has a new radio无线电 chip芯片
274
826000
3000
麻省理工大学刚制造出一种新的无线电晶片
14:07
that uses使用 far less power功率 than our chips芯片.
275
829000
4000
其用电量远小于目前晶片
14:11
And it's based基于 on the cochlear人工耳蜗 of your ear,
276
833000
3000
而且它取法与你耳中的耳蜗
14:14
able能够 to pick up internet互联网, wireless无线, television电视 signals信号
277
836000
5000
可以接收网络、无线电、电视信号
14:19
and radio无线电 signals信号, in the same相同 chip芯片.
278
841000
3000
电台信号,这些功能都集于一身
14:22
Finally最后, on an ecosystem生态系统 scale规模.
279
844000
4000
最后,建立在生态系统规模上
14:26
At Biomimicry仿生学 Guild公会, which哪一个 is my consulting咨询 company公司,
280
848000
3000
在Biomimicry Guild,也就是我的顾问的公司
14:29
we work with HOKHOK Architects建筑师.
281
851000
2000
我们与HOK建筑公司合作
14:31
We're looking at building建造 whole整个 cities城市
282
853000
4000
我们真在考虑建造整座城市
14:35
in their planning规划 department.
283
857000
2000
我们在他们的筹划部门工作
14:37
And what we're saying is that,
284
859000
2000
我们诉求的是
14:39
shouldn't不能 our cities城市 do at least最小 as well,
285
861000
3000
从生态系统服务的角度来看
14:42
in terms条款 of ecosystem生态系统 services服务,
286
864000
2000
我们的城市至少不应该是
14:44
as the native本地人 systems系统 that they replace更换?
287
866000
3000
干他们取代的原始系统一样好吗?
14:47
So we're creating创建 something called Ecological生态 Performance性能 Standards标准
288
869000
4000
于是我们正在设立生态性能标准
14:51
that hold保持 cities城市 to this higher更高 bar酒吧.
289
873000
4000
能让城市维持在这个标准
14:55
The question is -- biomimicry仿生学 is an incredibly令人难以置信 powerful强大
290
877000
3000
问题是,仿生科技是创新
14:58
way to innovate创新.
291
880000
3000
一条极其有力的途径
15:01
The question I would ask is, "What's worth价值 solving?"
292
883000
3000
我想问的是:“哪些问题值得去解决?”
15:04
If you haven't没有 seen看到 this, it's pretty漂亮 amazing惊人.
293
886000
2000
要你之前没看过,这个会挺令人吃惊的
15:06
Dr博士. Adam亚当 Neiman尼曼.
294
888000
3000
亚当.尼曼博士
15:09
This is a depiction描写 of
295
891000
2000
这张图像描绘的是
15:11
all of the water on Earth地球
296
893000
2000
地球上所有的水
15:13
in relation关系 to the volume of the Earth地球 --
297
895000
2000
相对于地球体积
15:15
all the ice, all the fresh新鲜 water, all the sea water --
298
897000
3000
所有的冰、淡水、咸水
15:18
and all the atmosphere大气层 that we can breathe呼吸, in relation关系 to the volume of the Earth地球.
299
900000
4000
和我们呼吸的大气,相对于地球的体积
15:22
And inside those balls
300
904000
2000
而在那些球里头的是
15:24
life, over 3.8 billion十亿 years年份,
301
906000
4000
生命,超过3.8亿年之久
15:28
has made制作 a lush青葱的, livable适于居住的 place地点 for us.
302
910000
5000
帮我们创造了苍翠、适宜居住的环境
15:33
And we are in a long, long line线
303
915000
3000
在所有的生物当中
15:36
of organisms生物
304
918000
2000
我们排在长长的队伍后面
15:38
to come to this planet行星 and ask ourselves我们自己,
305
920000
3000
来到地球上面并问我们自己
15:41
"How can we live生活 here gracefully优雅 over the long haul运输?"
306
923000
4000
“我们如何优雅的、长久的生存?”
15:45
How can we do what life has learned学到了 to do?
307
927000
5000
我们如何才能做到其他生物早已学会的事情?
15:50
Which哪一个 is to create创建 conditions条件 conducive有利于 to life.
308
932000
4000
也就是创造有利于生存的环境
15:54
Now in order订购 to do this, the design设计 challenge挑战
309
936000
4000
现在为了实现这个目的
15:58
of our century世纪, I think,
310
940000
3000
我们这一世纪设计的挑战,我想
16:01
we need a way to remind提醒 ourselves我们自己 of those geniuses天才,
311
943000
5000
我们需要时时提醒自己想想那些天才
16:06
and to somehow不知何故 meet遇到 them again.
312
948000
3000
并且再以某种方式与它们会面
16:09
One of the big ideas思路, one of the big projects项目
313
951000
2000
其中一个庞大的计划
16:11
I've been honored荣幸 to work on
314
953000
2000
是我有幸参与的
16:13
is a new website网站. And I would encourage鼓励 you all to please go to it.
315
955000
3000
是关于一个新网站,我希望大家去浏览它
16:16
It's called AskNatureAskNature.org组织.
316
958000
3000
它叫AskNature.org
16:19
And what we're trying to do, in a TEDesqueTEDesque way,
317
961000
3000
我们尝试沿用TED的风格
16:22
is to organize组织 all biological生物 information信息
318
964000
2000
依照设计上和工程上的功能
16:24
by design设计 and engineering工程 function功能.
319
966000
4000
组织所有生物资讯
16:28
And we're working加工 with EOLEOL, Encyclopedia百科全书 of Life,
320
970000
3000
我与生物百科合作
16:31
Ed埃德 Wilson's威尔逊 TEDTED wish希望.
321
973000
2000
达成爱德.威尔逊的TED愿望
16:33
And he's gathering搜集 all biological生物 information信息
322
975000
3000
他正在收集各种生物资讯
16:36
on one website网站.
323
978000
2000
于一个网站
16:38
And the scientists科学家们 who are contributing贡献 to EOLEOL are answering回答 a question,
324
980000
3000
而为生物百科做贡献的科学家都在问一个问题:
16:41
"What can we learn学习 from this organism生物?"
325
983000
3000
“我们从这种生物身上可以学到什么?”
16:44
And that information信息 will go into AskNatureAskNature.org组织.
326
986000
4000
然后那些资讯会放在上面提过的网站上
16:48
And hopefully希望, any inventor发明者, anywhere随地 in the world世界,
327
990000
3000
但愿,所有发明家,甚至世上的所有人
16:51
will be able能够, in the moment时刻 of creation创建,
328
993000
3000
可以在他们灵光一之际,可以输入:
16:54
to type类型 in, "How does nature性质 remove去掉 salt from water?"
329
996000
5000
大自然如何去除水中盐分
16:59
And up will come mangroves红树林, and sea turtles海龟
330
1001000
3000
然后结果就会显示红树林和海龟
17:02
and your own拥有 kidneys肾脏.
331
1004000
2000
还有你的肾脏
17:04
And we'll begin开始 to
332
1006000
3000
然后我们会开始
17:07
be able能够 to
333
1009000
2000
有能力做到
17:09
do as Cody科迪 does,
334
1011000
2000
做到我的邻居科迪做到的
17:11
and actually其实 be in touch触摸
335
1013000
3000
去接触这些
17:14
with these incredible难以置信 models楷模,
336
1016000
3000
邻人赞叹不已的模型
17:17
these elders长老 that have been here
337
1019000
2000
这些自然界中的长者
17:19
far, far longer than we have.
338
1021000
2000
在地球上的日子远远多于我们
17:21
And hopefully希望, with their help,
339
1023000
2000
但愿,在它们的帮助下
17:23
we'll learn学习 how to live生活 on this Earth地球,
340
1025000
3000
我们能学会如何在地球上生存
17:26
and on this home that is ours我们的, but not ours我们的 alone单独.
341
1028000
4000
地球是我们的家园,但不是我们人类单独拥有的
17:30
Thank you very much.
342
1032000
2000
谢谢
17:32
(Applause掌声)
343
1034000
5000
(鼓掌)
Translated by Wang Qian
Reviewed by Ken Zheng

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Janine Benyus - Science writer, innovation consultant, conservationist
A self-proclaimed nature nerd, Janine Benyus' concept of biomimicry has galvanized scientists, architects, designers and engineers into exploring new ways in which nature's successes can inspire humanity.

Why you should listen

In the world envisioned by science author Janine Benyus, a locust's ability to avoid collision within a roiling cloud of its brethren informs the design of a crash-resistant car; a self-cleaning leaf inspires a new kind of paint, one that dries in a pattern that enables simple rainwater to wash away dirt; and organisms capable of living without water open the way for vaccines that maintain potency even without refrigeration -- a hurdle that can prevent life-saving drugs from reaching disease-torn communities. Most important, these cool tools from nature pull off their tricks while still managing to preserve the environment that sustains them, a life-or-death lesson that humankind is in need of learning.

As a champion of biomimicry, Benyus has become one of the most important voices in a new wave of designers and engineers inspired by nature. Her most recent project, AskNature, explores what happens if we think of nature by function and looks at what organisms can teach us about design.

More profile about the speaker
Janine Benyus | Speaker | TED.com