ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Geoff Mulgan - Social commentator
Geoff Mulgan is director of the Young Foundation, a center for social innovation, social enterprise and public policy that pioneers ideas in fields such as aging, education and poverty reduction. He’s the founder of the think-tank Demos, and the author of "The Art of Public Strategy."

Why you should listen

Geoff Mulgan is director of the Young Foundation, a center for social innovation, social enterprise and public policy with a 50-year history of creating new organisations and pioneering ideas in fields as varied as aging, education, healthcare and poverty reduction.

Before the Young Foundation, Geoff Mulgan has held various roles in the UK government including director of the Government's Strategy Unit and head of policy in the Prime Minister's office, and he was the founder of the think-tank Demos. He is chairing a Carnegie Inquiry into the Future of Civil Society in the UK and Ireland. His most recent book is The Art of Public Strategy: Mobilising Power and Knowledge for the Common Good.

More profile about the speaker
Geoff Mulgan | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2009

Geoff Mulgan: Post-crash, investing in a better world

Geoff Mulgan:经济崩溃之后,投资一个更好的世界

Filmed:
358,863 views

当我们重启世界经济之时,Geoff Mulgan提出了这样一个问题:除了给那些天数已尽的老行业提供紧急经济援助,我们为什么不把这些激励资金给一些新兴的有社会责任感的公司,让他们能够自力更生-从而使世界变得美好一点?
- Social commentator
Geoff Mulgan is director of the Young Foundation, a center for social innovation, social enterprise and public policy that pioneers ideas in fields such as aging, education and poverty reduction. He’s the founder of the think-tank Demos, and the author of "The Art of Public Strategy." Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:19
It's hard to believe that it's less than a year since以来 the extraordinary非凡 moment时刻
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很难相信那个特殊时刻已过去将近一年
00:23
when the finance金融, the credit信用, which哪一个 drives驱动器 our economies经济 froze冻结.
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当时驱动经济的金融,信贷都停滞了。
00:27
A massive大规模的 cardiac心脏的 arrest逮捕.
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就像一次严重心脏骤停般的影响。
00:30
The effect影响, the payback回报, perhaps也许, for years年份 of vampire吸血鬼 predators大鳄 like Bernie伯尼 Madoff麦道夫,
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它也许是对像伯纳德•麦道夫,我们刚才看到的,这样的多年的
00:34
whom we saw earlier.
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吸血鬼的惩罚。
00:36
Abuse滥用 of steroids类固醇, binging暴食 and so on.
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还有滥用类固醇,狂欢作乐,等等。
00:39
And it's only a few少数 months个月 since以来 governments政府
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政府投入巨额资金试图维持
00:41
injected注射 enormous巨大 sums总和 of money to try and keep the whole整个 system系统 afloat浮着.
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整个系统,至今才短短几个月。
00:47
And we're now in a very strange奇怪 sort分类 of twilight zone,
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我们现在正处在一个很奇怪的有点模糊的地带,
00:49
where no one quite相当 knows知道 what's worked工作, or what doesn't.
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没有人确切知道什么有效,什么没有。
00:53
We don't have any very clear明确 maps地图, any compass罗盘 to guide指南 us.
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我们没有任何清晰的地图,或是指南针来指引我们。
00:58
We don't know which哪一个 experts专家 to believe anymore.
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我们不知道再去相信哪些专家。
01:01
What I'm going to try and do is to give some pointers指针
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我想尝试和做的是,
01:04
to what I think is the landscape景观 on the other side of the crisis危机,
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给危机另一面上的景观画一些指示箭头,
01:08
what things we should be looking out for
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有哪些事我们应该注意
01:10
and how we can actually其实 use the crisis危机.
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还有我们如何真正利用这次危机。
01:13
There's a definition定义 of leadership领导 which哪一个 says,
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有一个关于领导才能的定义是这么说的,
01:15
"It's the ability能力 to use the smallest最少 possible可能 crisis危机
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“它是利用最小危机
01:19
for the biggest最大 possible可能 effect影响."
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来达到最大效果的能力
01:21
And I want to talk about how we ensure确保 that this crisis危机,
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我就是想谈一下我们如何确保
01:24
which哪一个 is by no means手段 small, really is used to the full充分.
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这次决不小的危机能真正被充分利用。
01:28
I want to start开始 just by saying a bit about where I'm coming未来 from.
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我想先稍微谈谈我自己的经历
01:31
I've got a very confused困惑 background背景
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我有非常混乱的经历
01:34
which哪一个 perhaps也许 makes品牌 me appropriate适当 for confused困惑 times.
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这也有可能使我比较适合混乱的时代
01:38
I've got a Ph博士.D. in Telecoms电信, as you can see.
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我是电信博士,你们可以看到。
01:41
I trained熟练 briefly简要地 as a Buddhist佛教徒 monk under this guy.
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我曾经短期师从此人,作一个佛教徒
01:44
I've been a civil国内 servant仆人,
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我曾经是一名公务员
01:46
and I've been in charge收费 of policy政策 for this guy as well.
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也曾为这个人出谋划策,
01:49
But what I want to talk about begins开始 when I was at this city, this university大学, as a student学生.
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但我想从我在这个城市,这所大学,作为一个学生开始说起。
01:54
And then as now, it was a beautiful美丽 place地点 of balls and punts平底船, beautiful美丽 people,
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和现在一样,当时这也是一个美丽的地方,有球类运动,划船,有美丽的人,
02:00
many许多 of whom took to heart Ronald罗纳德 Reagan's里根 comment评论
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他们很多人真心相信里根总统的这句话
02:03
that, "even if they say hard work doesn't do you any harm危害,
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"尽管他们说努力工作并不会害了你,
02:06
why risk风险 it?"
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但为什么要冒这个险?
02:09
But when I was here,
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但我在这里的时候,
02:11
a lot of my fellow同伴 teenagers青少年 were in a very different不同 situation情况,
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我的许多青少年伙伴处在非常不一样的形势下,
02:15
leaving离开 school学校 at a time then of rapidly急速 growing生长 youth青年 unemployment失业,
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他们在年轻人失业飙升的时候毕业离开了学校,
02:19
and essentially实质上 hitting a brick wall in terms条款 of their opportunities机会.
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在就业机会上他们等于撞上了南墙。
02:23
And I spent花费 quite相当 a lot of time with them rather than in punts平底船.
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我没有去划船,而是花了大量时间和他们在一起
02:27
And they were people who were not short of wit风趣, or grace恩典 or energy能源,
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他们不是缺少智慧,风度或是活力,
02:32
but they had no hope希望, no jobs工作, no prospects前途.
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可他们没有希望,没有工作,没有前途。
02:35
And when people aren't allowed允许 to be useful有用,
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当人们不被允许有用时,
02:37
they soon不久 think that they're useless无用.
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很快他们就会认为自己是无用的。
02:40
And although虽然 that was great for the music音乐 business商业 at the time,
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尽管当时这种情况对音乐产业很不错,
02:43
it wasn't much good for anything else其他.
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但对任何其他行业来说并不太好
02:45
And ever since以来 then, I've wondered想知道 why it is that capitalism资本主义
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从那时起,我就在考虑,为什么资本主义
02:48
is so amazingly令人惊讶 efficient高效 at some things, but so inefficient低效 at others其他,
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对某些事情极其有效,但是对另一些事情却并不这么有效呢?
02:52
why it's so innovative创新 in some ways方法 and so un-innovativeUN-创新 in others其他.
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又为什么它在某些方面很创新,但在另些方面却没有呢?
02:57
Now, since以来 that time,
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那段时间以后,
02:59
we've我们已经 actually其实 been through通过 an extraordinary非凡 boom繁荣,
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我们事实上经历了一段特殊的繁荣时期,
03:02
the longest最长 boom繁荣 ever in the history历史 of this country国家.
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这个国家有史以来最长的繁荣时期
03:06
Unprecedented史无前例 wealth财富 and prosperity繁荣,
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史无前例的富裕和繁荣
03:08
but that growth发展 hasn't有没有 always delivered交付 what we needed需要.
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但是这种增长并没有一直带来我们所需要的
03:12
H.L. Mencken门肯 once一旦 said that, "to every一切 complex复杂 problem问题,
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门肯曾经说过,“每一个复杂的问题,
03:15
there is a simple简单 solution and it's wrong错误."
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都有一个简单的解“,但这是错的。
03:19
But I'm not saying growth发展 is wrong错误,
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我并不是说增长是错误的,
03:21
but it's very striking引人注目 that throughout始终 the years年份 of growth发展,
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但是值得注意的是经过这么多年的增长,
03:24
many许多 things didn't get better.
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许多事情并没有好转。
03:26
Rates价格 of depression萧条 carried携带的 on up, right across横过 the Western西 world世界.
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在整个西方世界,抑郁症的比例在不断上升。
03:30
If you look at America美国, the proportion比例 of Americans美国人
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看一下美国,美国人中
03:32
with no one to talk to about important重要 things
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无人可以谈心的人口比例
03:34
went up from a tenth第十 to a quarter25美分硬币.
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从十分之一增长到了四分之一
03:37
We commuted改判 longer to work, but as you can see from this graph图形,
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我们花更多时间在上下班的路上,但从这个图中你会看到,
03:40
the longer you commute改判 the less happy快乐 you're likely容易 to be.
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在路上花的时间越长,你就有可能越不快乐
03:44
And it became成为 ever clearer更清晰 that economic经济 growth发展
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更清晰的一点是经济进步
03:47
doesn't automatically自动 translate翻译 into social社会 growth发展 or human人的 growth发展.
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并不能自动转化为社会进步或者人类进步。
03:52
We're now at another另一个 moment时刻
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我们现在正处在另一个时刻、
03:54
when another另一个 wave of teenagers青少年 are entering进入 a cruel残忍 job工作 market市场.
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又一拨青少年正在进入这个残酷的就业市场
03:59
There will be a million百万 unemployed失业的 young年轻 people here
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到今年底,这里会有一百万的
04:01
by the end结束 of the year,
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年轻失业人口。
04:03
thousands数千 losing失去 their jobs工作 everyday每天 in America美国.
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而在美国每天都有数千人失去他们的工作
04:06
We've我们已经 got to do whatever随你 we can to help them,
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我们必须极尽所能去帮助他们
04:09
but we've我们已经 also got to ask, I think, a more profound深刻 question
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但我们也必须问这样一个问题,我想,一个更深刻的问题
04:12
of whether是否 we use this crisis危机 to jump forward前锋
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我们是否能利用这次危机向前跳跃
04:15
to a different不同 kind of economy经济 that's more suited合适的 to human人的 needs需求,
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到一个不同的,更适合人类需要的经济制度,
04:19
to a better balance平衡 of economy经济 and society社会.
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达到经济和社会的更和谐状态。
04:23
And I think one of the lessons教训 of history历史 is that
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我认为历史的重要一课就是,
04:25
even the deepest最深 crises危机 can be moments瞬间 of opportunity机会.
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即使最深的危机也能带来机遇
04:30
They bring带来 ideas思路 from the margins利润率 into the mainstream主流.
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它们把边缘的想法带入主流
04:33
They often经常 lead to the acceleration促进 of much-needed急需 reforms改革.
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他们往往加速了急需的改革
04:37
And you saw that in the '30s,
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你们看到这在三十年代发生过,
04:40
when the Great Depression萧条 paved铺砌 the way
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当时的经济大萧条
04:43
for Bretton布雷顿森林 Woods树木, welfare福利 states状态 and so on.
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为布雷顿森林,福利国家等铺平了道路。
04:47
And I think you can see around us now,
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你们也可以看到现在在我们周围
04:49
some of the green绿色 shoots of a very different不同 kind of economy经济 and capitalism资本主义
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一种完全不同的经济制度和资本主义已萌生出绿芽
04:52
which哪一个 could grow增长.
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并可能生长
04:54
You can see it in daily日常 life.
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你们在日常生活中就能发现这些。
04:56
When times are hard, people have to do things for themselves他们自己,
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当时势艰难,人们不得不为自己做点什么
04:58
and right across横过 the world世界, Oxford牛津, Omaha奥马哈, Omsk鄂木斯克,
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在全世界,从牛津,奥马哈到鄂木斯克,
05:02
you can see an extraordinary非凡 explosion爆炸 of urban城市的 farming农业,
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你们会发现城市化务农的激增
05:05
people taking服用 over land土地, taking服用 over roofs屋顶,
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人们借用土地, 借用房顶
05:08
turning车削 barges驳船 into temporary临时 farms农场.
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把游艇变作临时农场。
05:10
And I'm a very small part部分 of this.
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我本人也是其中之一。
05:12
I have 60,000 of these things in my garden花园.
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在我的花园里我养了六万只这个家伙。
05:15
A few少数 of these. This is AtillaAtilla the hen母鸡.
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还有一些这个。这是母鸡Atilla。
05:18
And I'm a very small part部分 of a very large movement运动,
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我只是这巨大运动的一小份子,
05:21
which哪一个 for some people is about survival生存,
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对某些人来说是为了生存
05:24
but is also about values, about a different不同 kind of economy经济,
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但同时它也涉及到价值观,涉及到不同类型的经济,
05:27
which哪一个 isn't so much about consumption消费 and credit信用,
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它并不是那么关系到消费和信用
05:29
but about things which哪一个 matter to us.
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而是关系到对我们真正重要的事。
05:32
And everywhere到处 too, you can see a proliferation增殖 of time banks银行
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到处你们可以看到时间银行
05:35
and parallel平行 currencies货币,
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和并行货币的激增,
05:37
people using运用 smart聪明 technologies技术 to link链接 up
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人们运用高科技联系起
05:40
all the resources资源 freed释放 up by the market市场 -- people, buildings房屋, land土地 --
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各种被市场,人,楼房和土地解放的资源
05:43
and linking链接 them to whomever任何人 has got the most compelling引人注目 needs需求.
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把它们和有最强烈需求的人联系起来。
05:48
There's a similar类似 story故事, I think, for governments政府.
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这里有个类似的故事,关于政府的,
05:51
Ronald罗纳德 Reagan里根, again, said the two funniest最有趣 sentences句子
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又是里根总统,他说在英语里
05:54
in the English英语 language语言 are,
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最滑稽的两句话是,
05:56
"I'm from the government政府. And I'm here to help."
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“我是政府的。我来这儿帮助你们。”
06:00
But I think last year when governments政府 did step in,
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不过去年当政府真的介入,
06:02
people were quite相当 glad高兴 that they were there, that they did act法案.
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人们还是很高兴有政府在,并且他们有所行动。
06:05
But now, a few少数 months个月 on,
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但是现在,几个月后,
06:07
however然而 good politicians政治家 are at swallowing吞咽 frogs青蛙
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再好的政治家都像在活吞青蛙
06:10
without pulling a face面对, as someone有人 once一旦 put it,
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还不能拉着脸,像某些人形容的那样,
06:12
they can't hide隐藏 their uncertainty不确定.
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他们隐藏不了心中的无把握。
06:14
Because it's already已经 clear明确
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因为已经很明显
06:16
how much of the enormous巨大 amount of money they put into the economy经济,
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他们投入到经济中的大量资金,无论多少
06:20
really went into fixing定影 the past过去, bailing想逃 out the banks银行, the car汽车 companies公司,
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都只是在修补过去,帮助那些银行和汽车公司脱离困境,
06:25
not preparing准备 us for the future未来.
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而不是为将来做好准备。
06:27
How much of the money is going into concrete具体 and boosting提高 consumption消费,
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到底有多少钱投入到了具体的消费增长中,
06:31
not into solving the really profound深刻 problems问题 we have to solve解决.
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而不是用来去解决我们必须解决的真正严重的问题
06:35
And everywhere到处, as people think about the unprecedented史无前例 sums总和
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到处,当人们想到那些空前的巨额资金
06:38
which哪一个 are being存在 spent花费 of our money and our children's儿童 money,
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那些被花掉的我们的钱,我们孩子的钱
06:41
now, in the depth深度 of this crisis危机, they're asking:
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现在,在这个危机深处,他们在问:
06:43
Surely一定, we should be using运用 this with a longer-term长期 vision视力
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想必,我们应该用更长远的眼光
06:47
to accelerate加速 the shift转移 to a green绿色 economy经济,
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来加速朝绿色经济的转变
06:49
to prepare准备 for aging老化, to deal合同 with some of the inequalities不平等
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来为衰老做好准备,来对付有些不平等
06:52
which哪一个 scar瘢痕 countries国家 like this and the United联合的 States状态
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这些不平等给这个国家还有美国留下了伤疤
06:56
rather than just giving the money to the incumbents在职人员?
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而不只是把钱都给现任者?
06:59
Surely一定, we should be giving the money to entrepreneurs企业家, to civil国内 society社会,
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想必,我们应该把钱给企业家,给公民社会
07:02
for people able能够 to create创建 the new,
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使人们能够创新
07:04
not to the big, well-connected连接良好的 companies公司,
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而不是把钱给大的,关系好的公司,
07:07
big, clunky笨重 government政府 programs程式.
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和庞大的笨重的政府项目。
07:10
And, after all this, as the great Chinese中文 sage智者 Lao老挝 Tzu慈济 said,
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总而言之,中国伟大的哲人老子说过,
07:14
"Governing治理 a great country国家 is like cooking烹饪 a small fish.
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“治大国如烹小鲜。"
07:17
Don't overdo过度 it."
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不要做过头。
07:20
And I think more and more people are also asking:
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我觉得越来越多人还在问:
07:23
Why boost促进 consumption消费, rather than change更改 what we consume消耗?
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为什么刺激消费,而不是改变一下我们所消费的?
07:26
Like the mayor市长 of São Paulo圣保罗 who's谁是 banned取缔 advertising广告 billboards广告牌,
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就像圣保罗的市长,他取缔了广告牌
07:30
or the many许多 cities城市 like San Francisco弗朗西斯科
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还有许多其他城市,像旧金山
07:32
putting in infrastructures基础设施 for electric电动 cars汽车.
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进行了电动汽车基础设施的建设
07:35
You can see a bit of the same相同 thing happening事件 in the business商业 world世界.
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你能看到在商业社会里零星的同样的事情在发生
07:41
Some, I think some of the bankers银行家
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有一些,我觉得有一些银行家
07:43
who have appear出现 to have learned学到了 nothing and forgotten忘记了 nothing.
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好像什么都没有学到,也什么都没忘掉
07:46
But ask yourselves你自己: What will be the biggest最大 sectors行业 of the economy经济
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但是问一下你们自己:经济中最大的领域将会是什么
07:49
in 10, 20, 30 years年份 time? It won't惯于 be the ones那些 lining up for handouts讲义,
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在10,20,30年后?不会是排队等着领救济品的行业
07:53
like cars汽车 and aerospace航天 and so on.
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比如汽车,航空航天工业,等等。
07:55
The biggest最大 sector扇形, by far, will be health健康 --
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最大的领域,从目前来看,会是健康-
07:58
already已经 18 percent百分 of the American美国 economy经济,
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已占美国经济的百分之十八
08:01
predicted预料到的 to grow增长 to 30, even 40 percent百分 by mid-century本世纪中叶.
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预计到本世纪中会增长到百分之三十,甚至四十。
08:05
Elder长老 care关心, child儿童 care关心, already已经 much bigger employers雇主 than cars汽车.
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老年人护理,儿童护理已经比汽车行业多雇佣很多人
08:09
Education教育: six, seven, eight percent百分 of the economy经济 and growing生长.
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教育,占经济的百分之六,七,八,会持续增长
08:13
Environmental环境的 services服务, energy能源 services服务, the myriad无数的 of green绿色 jobs工作,
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环境服务,能源服务,各式各样的绿色工作
08:17
they're all pointing指点 to a very different不同 kind of economy经济
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它们都指向了一个非常不同的经济形式
08:20
which哪一个 isn't just about products制品, but is using运用 distributed分散式 networks网络,
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这种经济形式不只是关于产品,而是要利用分散式网络
08:25
and it's founded成立 above以上 all on care关心, on relationships关系,
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并且它首先是建立在关怀和关系之上
08:29
on what people do to other people, often经常 one to one,
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建立在人们对他人的服务之上,而且经常是一对一的服务
08:32
rather than simply只是 selling销售 them a product产品.
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而不是简单的卖给他们商品
08:37
And I think that what connects所连接 the challenge挑战 for civil国内 society社会,
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还有,我认为,现在把对公民社会的挑战
08:40
the challenge挑战 for governments政府 and the challenge挑战 for business商业 now
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对政府的挑战和对商业的挑战联系起来的
08:43
is, in a way, a very simple简单 one, but quite相当 a difficult one.
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是从某方面来说非常简单的,但也是非常困难的一种东西。
08:47
We know our societies社会 have to radically根本 change更改.
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我们知道我们的社会必须从根本上改变
08:51
We know we can't go back to where we were before the crisis危机.
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我们知道我们不能再回到危机之前
08:55
But we also know it's only through通过 experiment实验
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但同时我们也知道只有通过实验
08:58
that we'll discover发现 exactly究竟 how to run a low carbon city,
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我们才会发现怎样运行一个低碳的城市,
09:02
how to care关心 for a much older旧的 population人口,
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怎样照料更大的老龄化人口,
09:05
how to deal合同 with drug药物 addiction and so on.
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怎样解决吸毒问题,等等。
09:09
And here's这里的 the problem问题.
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这里还有个问题。
09:11
In science科学, we do experiments实验 systematically系统.
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在科学领域,我们系统的做实验
09:14
Our societies社会 now spend two, three, four percent百分 of GDPGDP
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我们的社会现在会花GDP的百分之二,三,四
09:19
to invest投资 systematically系统 in new discovery发现, in science科学, in technology技术,
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系统地投资新发现,投资科学和技术
09:22
to fuel汽油 the pipeline管道 of brilliant辉煌 inventions发明
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为杰出发明的输油管道加油
09:25
which哪一个 illuminate照亮 gatherings聚会 like this.
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照亮像我们这样的聚会
09:28
It's not that our scientists科学家们 are necessarily一定 much smarter聪明
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并不是我们的科学家一定
09:30
than they were a hundred years年份 ago, maybe they are,
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比一百年前的更加聪明,他们也许是的,
09:33
but they have a hell地狱 of a lot more backing后盾 than they ever did.
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但他们以前从没有过这么多的支持
09:37
And what's striking引人注目 though虽然,
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不过打击人的是,
09:39
is that in society社会 there's almost几乎 nothing comparable可比,
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在社会里我们几乎没什么可以拿来比较的,
09:41
no comparable可比 investment投资,
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没有可比较的投资,
09:43
no systematic系统的 experiment实验, in the things capitalism资本主义 isn't very good at,
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在资本主义不擅长事情上,比如热情,或者同情,或者关心,
09:47
like compassion同情, or empathy同情, or relationships关系 or care关心.
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或者关怀上没有过系统的实验。
09:52
Now, I didn't really understand理解 that until直到 I met会见 this guy
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直到我碰到这个人我才真正了解这些
09:55
who was then an 80-year-old-岁, slightly shambolic混乱的 man
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这个人那时80岁,是个有点散漫的人
09:58
who lived生活 on tomato番茄 soup and thought ironing熨烫 was very overrated被高估.
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靠喝罗宋汤过活,并且认为人们太把熨烫衣服平整当回事
10:03
He had helped帮助 shape形状 Britain's英国的 post-war战后 institutions机构,
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他帮助重塑了英国的战后机构,
10:06
its welfare福利 state, its economy经济,
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它的福利状况,它的经济制度,
10:09
but had sort分类 of reinvented改造 himself他自己 as a social社会 entrepreneur企业家,
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但是在某种程度上也重塑了他自己,作为一个社会企业家
10:12
became成为 an inventor发明者 of many许多, many许多 different不同 organizations组织.
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成为非常多的不同组织的创造者。
10:15
Some famous著名 ones那些 like the Open打开 University大学, which哪一个 has 110,000 students学生们,
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有一些非常有名,比如开放大学(Open University),有110,000个学生,
10:20
the University大学 of the Third第三 Age年龄, which哪一个 has nearly几乎 half a million百万 older旧的 people
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老年大学有将近50万老年人
10:23
teaching教学 other older旧的 people,
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教另外一些老年人,
10:25
as well as strange奇怪 things like DIYDIY garages车库 and language语言 lines线
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还有一些新奇的像在车库里DIY, 电话教授语言
10:30
and schools学校 for social社会 entrepreneurs企业家.
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还有培养社会企业家的学校。
10:32
And he ended结束 his life selling销售 companies公司 to venture冒险 capitalists资本家.
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他在生命结束之际把他的公司卖给了风投
10:36
He believed相信 if you see a problem问题, you shouldn't不能 tell someone有人 to act法案,
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他相信如果你发现一个问题,你不应该告诉别人去行动,
10:39
you should act法案 on it yourself你自己, and he lived生活 long enough足够
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你应该自己行动起来,他活得足够长
10:41
and saw enough足够 of his ideas思路 first scorned蔑视 and then succeed成功
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看到了足够多的自己的想法先是被嘲笑后来被实现。
10:45
that he said you should always take no as a question and not as an answer回答.
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他说你应该把“不”当成一个问题,而不是一个答案。
10:51
And his life was a systematic系统的 experiment实验 to find better social社会 answers答案,
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他的一生就是一个寻找更好社会答案的系统实验
10:55
not from a theory理论, but from experiment实验, and experiment实验 involving涉及 the people
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不是从一个理论中寻找,而是从实验中寻找,这些实验是涉及到对
11:00
with the best最好 intelligence情报 on social社会 needs需求,
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社会需求最有智慧的人的实验,
11:02
which哪一个 were usually平时 the people living活的 with those needs需求.
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这些人通常是有那些有那样需求的人。
11:04
And he believed相信 we live生活 with others其他, we share分享 the world世界 with others其他
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他还相信我们和他人一起生活,我们和他人分享世界
11:07
and therefore因此 our innovation革新 must必须 be doneDONE with others其他 too,
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因此我们的创新也必须"和"他人一起实现,
11:11
not doing things at people, for them, and so on.
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而不是"对"他人,"为"他人做什么,等等。
11:15
Now, what he did didn't used to have a name名称,
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他所做的曾经默默无名,
11:19
but I think it's rapidly急速 becoming变得 quite相当 mainstream主流.
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但我觉得它正在很快地成为主流。
11:22
It's what we do in the organization组织 named命名 after him
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我们在以他名字命名的机构中做的就是这样的事,
11:25
where we try and invent发明, create创建, launch发射 new ventures企业,
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在那里我们尝试,发明,创新,从事新的项目,
11:28
whether是否 it's schools学校, web卷筒纸 companies公司, health健康 organizations组织 and so on.
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不管是学校,网络公司还是健康机构,等等。
11:32
And we find ourselves我们自己 part部分 of a very rapidly急速 growing生长 global全球 movement运动
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我们发现我们是这些机构飞速发展的全球运动的一部分,
11:36
of institutions机构 working加工 on social社会 innovation革新,
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这些机构致力于社会创新
11:39
using运用 ideas思路 from design设计 or technology技术 or community社区 organizing组织
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利用设计,科技,或社区团体的想法
11:43
to develop发展 the germs病菌 of a future未来 world世界, but through通过 practice实践 and through通过 demonstration示范
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孕育出未来世界的幼芽,但是是通过实践,通过论证
11:48
and not through通过 theory理论.
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而不是通过理论。
11:51
And they're spreading传播 from Korea韩国 to Brazil巴西 to India印度 to the USA美国
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它们从韩国传播到巴西,到印度,到美国,
11:54
and across横过 Europe欧洲.
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传遍欧洲。
11:57
And they've他们已经 been given特定 new momentum动量 by the crisis危机, by the need for better answers答案
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危机给了它们新的动力,还有对解决诸如失业,社区失效等问题
12:03
to joblessness失业, community社区 breakdown分解 and so on.
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的需求也给了它们新的动力
12:06
Some of the ideas思路 are strange奇怪.
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有些想法很新奇。
12:08
These are complaints投诉 choirs合唱团.
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这些是抱怨合唱班。
12:10
People come together一起 to sing about the things that really bug窃听器 them.
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人们聚到一起来歌唱真正使他们烦恼的东西。
12:13
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
12:15
Others其他 are much more pragmatic务实: health健康 coaches教练, learning学习 mentors导师, job工作 clubs会所.
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还有一些更加实际的,像健康教练,学习辅导员,工作俱乐部。
12:19
And some are quite相当 structural结构, like social社会 impact碰撞 bonds债券
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还有一些是非常结构性的, 像社会影响债券
12:22
where you raise提高 money to invest投资 in diverting分流 teenagers青少年 from crime犯罪
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你筹钱投资让年轻人远离犯罪
12:26
or helping帮助 old people keep out of hospital醫院,
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或者帮助老年人远离医院,
12:28
and you get paid支付 back according根据 to how successful成功 your projects项目 are.
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根据你的项目有多成功,你来收取回报
12:34
Now, the idea理念 that all of this represents代表,
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现在,所有这些代表了一种观点
12:36
I think, is rapidly急速 becoming变得 a common共同 sense
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我认为已经很快变成了一种常识
12:39
and part部分 of how we respond响应 to the crisis危机,
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和我们如何应对危机的一部分
12:41
recognizing认识 the need to invest投资 in innovation革新 for social社会 progress进展
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就是意识到有这种投资需求,要投资在使社会进步的创新上
12:45
as well as technological技术性 progress进展.
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和使科技进步的创新上。
12:47
There were big health健康 innovation革新 funds资金
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大笔健康创新资金
12:50
launched推出 earlier this year in this country国家,
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在今年早些时候在这个国家投入使用
12:52
as well as a public上市 service服务 innovation革新 lab实验室.
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还有一个公共服务创新实验室
12:54
Across横过 northern北方 Europe欧洲, many许多 governments政府
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在整个北欧,许多政府
12:56
now have innovation革新 laboratories实验室 within them.
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现在在国内都有了创新实验室
12:59
And just a few少数 months个月 ago, President主席 Obama奥巴马
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就在几个月前,美国总统奥巴马
13:01
launched推出 the Office办公室 of Social社会 Innovation革新 in the White白色 House.
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在白宫启动了社会创新办公室
13:04
And what people are beginning开始 to ask is:
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人们开始问这样的问题:
13:06
Surely一定, just as we invest投资 in R and D, two, three, four percent百分,
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想必,就像我们用经济的,GDP的百分之二,三,四
13:10
of our GDPGDP, of our economy经济,
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投资于研发,
13:12
what if we put, let's say, one percent百分 of public上市 spending开支
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如果我们可以把公共消费的百分之一
13:15
into social社会 innovation革新, into elder长老 care关心, new kinds of education教育,
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投入到社会创新中去,投入到老年护理,和各种教育中
13:19
new ways方法 of helping帮助 the disabled?
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还有帮助残疾人的新的途径中去,会发生什么?
13:21
Perhaps也许 we'd星期三 achieve实现 similar类似 productivity生产率 gains收益 in society社会
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也许,我们能获得的社会生产力收益
13:25
to those we've我们已经 had in the economy经济 and in technology技术.
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和我们投入到经济和科技中得到的收益差不多
13:29
And if, a generation or two ago, the big challenges挑战
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如果说一两代人以前,巨大的挑战
13:31
were ones那些 like getting得到 a man on the moon月亮,
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是把人送上月球
13:34
perhaps也许 the challenges挑战 we need to set ourselves我们自己 now
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那可能现在我们需要应对的挑战
13:37
are ones那些 like eliminating消除 child儿童 malnutrition营养不良, stopping停止 trafficking贩卖,
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就是消除儿童营养失调,人口买卖
13:42
or one, I think closer接近 to home for America美国 or Europe欧洲,
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或者是一个对美国或对欧洲来说离家近一点的挑战,
13:44
why don't we set ourselves我们自己 the goal目标
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我们为什么不为自己制定这样一个目标
13:46
of achieving实现 a billion十亿 extra额外 years年份 of life for today's今天的 citizens公民.
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为今天的公民多赢得十亿年的寿命
13:49
Now those are all goals目标 which哪一个 could be achieved实现 within a decade,
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这些都是十年内可以实现的目标
13:53
but only with radical激进 and systematic系统的 experiment实验,
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但都必须经过根本上的系统性的实验,
13:57
not just with technologies技术, but also with lifestyles生活方式 and culture文化
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不只是利用科技,还要用生活方式和文化
14:01
and policies政策 and institutions机构 too.
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还有政策和机构来实现
14:05
Now, I want to end结束 by saying a little bit about what I think this means手段 for capitalism资本主义.
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最后,作为结束语,我想稍微谈一下这对资本主义的意义。
14:11
I think what this is all about, this whole整个 movement运动
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我认为这场运动
14:13
which哪一个 is growing生长 from the margins利润率, remains遗迹 quite相当 small.
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从边缘开始的运动,仍然很小。
14:16
Nothing like the resources资源 of a CERNCERN or a DARPADARPA or an IBMIBM or a Dupont杜邦.
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它不像欧洲核组织,国防先进研究计划局,IBM或者杜邦那样资源丰富♪
14:20
What it's telling告诉 us is that capitalism资本主义 is going to become成为 more social社会.
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它告诉我们资本主义将变得更加社会化。
14:24
It's already已经 immersed沉浸 in social社会 networks网络.
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它已经扎根于社会网络中。
14:26
It will become成为 more involved参与 in social社会 investment投资, and social社会 care关心
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它将会更多参与社会投资和社会护理
14:31
and in industries行业 where the value comes from what you do with others其他,
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参与到这样一些行业,它的价值体现在你和他人一起做了什么,
14:35
not just from what you sell to them,
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而不是你卖给他们什么商品,
14:38
and from relationships关系 as well as from consumption消费.
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体现在消费也体现在人们的关系上。
14:41
But interestingly有趣 too, it implies暗示 a future未来 where society社会 learns获悉 a few少数 tricks技巧 from capitalism资本主义
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有趣的是,它暗示了这样一种未来,社会从资本主义中学习到一些窍门
14:46
about how you embed the DNA脱氧核糖核酸 of restless不安 continual持续 innovation革新
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有关如何把持续创新的DNA根植于
14:50
into society社会, trying things out and then growing生长 and scaling缩放 the ones那些 that work.
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社会,尝试新的东西,然后发展壮大那些有效的。
14:57
Now, I think this future未来 will be quite相当 surprising奇怪 to many许多 people.
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我认为这样的未来对很多人来说都是令人惊奇的。
15:01
In recent最近 years年份, a lot of intelligent智能 people thought that capitalism资本主义 had basically基本上 won韩元.
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近些年来,一大批聪明人认为资本主义基本上赢了。
15:06
History历史 was over
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历史结束了,
15:08
and society社会 would inevitably必将 have to take second第二 place地点 to economy经济.
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社会不可避免地在经济后屈居二位。
15:13
But I've been struck来袭 with a parallel平行 in how people often经常 talk about capitalism资本主义 today今天
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但是今天听到人们如何经常谈论资本主义, 谈论200年前的君主制
15:18
and how they talked about the monarchy帝制 200 years年份 ago,
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在法国大革命和君主制在法国复辟后
15:21
just after the French法国 Revolution革命 and the restoration恢复 of the monarchy帝制 in France法国.
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我还是被他们类似的观点击倒了。
15:25
Then, people said monarchy帝制 dominated占主导地位 everywhere到处
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当时,人们说君主制统治了所有地方
15:28
because it was rooted in human人的 nature性质.
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因为它是根生在人性里的。
15:30
We were naturally自然 deferential恭敬的. We needed需要 hierarchy等级制度.
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我们天生是顺从的。我们需要阶层统治。
15:33
Just as today今天, the enthusiasts发烧友 of unrestrained自在 capitalism资本主义
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就像今天,那些热衷于完全自由的资本主义的人
15:37
say it's rooted in human人的 nature性质,
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说的资本主义根植于人性中。
15:39
only now it's individualism个人主义, inquisitiveness好奇心, and so on.
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只是现在是个人主义,爱打听别人隐私,等等。
15:42
Then monarchy帝制 had seen看到 off its big challenger挑战者, mass democracy民主,
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后来君主制打败了它的挑战者,大众民主,♪
15:47
which哪一个 was seen看到 as a well-intentioned用心良苦 but doomed注定 experiment实验,
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大众民主被认为是善意的,但是注定会失败的实验
15:50
just as capitalism资本主义 has seen看到 off socialism社会主义.
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就像现在资本主义打败了社会主义。
15:53
Even Fidel菲德尔 Castro卡斯特罗 now says that the only thing worse更差
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甚至卡斯特罗现在也说,只有一件事
15:56
than being存在 exploited利用 by multinational跨国 capitalism资本主义
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被比跨国资本主义剥削还要坏
15:58
is not being存在 exploited利用 by multinational跨国 capitalism资本主义.
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那就是不被跨国资本主义剥削。
16:03
And whereas then monarchies君主制, palaces宫殿 and forts堡垒 dominated占主导地位 every一切 city skyline天际线
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尽管当时君主制,宫殿,堡垒战领了每一个城市的地平线,
16:07
and looked看着 permanent常驻 and confident信心,
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而且看上去永久和自信,
16:09
today今天 it's the gleaming闪闪发光的 towers of the banks银行 which哪一个 dominate支配 every一切 big city.
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但今天却是银行大楼的闪亮塔尖占领了每一个大城市。
16:13
I'm not suggesting提示 the crowds人群 are about to storm风暴 the barricades路障
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我不是建议人群去冲击街垒
16:16
and string up every一切 investment投资 banker银行家 from the nearest最近的 lamppost路灯,
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并且在最近的路灯柱上吊死每一个投资银行家,
16:20
though虽然 that might威力 be quite相当 tempting诱人的.
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尽管那听上去确实蛮诱人的。
16:22
But I do think we're on the verge边缘 of a period when,
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但我真的认为我们正处在一个时代的边上,
16:25
just as happened发生 to the monarchy帝制 and, interestingly有趣, the military军事 too,
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就像发生在君主制,还有军事上一样,
16:29
the central中央 position位置 of finance金融 capital首都 is going to come to an end结束,
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当金融资本的中心位置将要结束,
16:33
and it's going to steadily稳步 move移动 to the sides双方, the margins利润率 of our society社会,
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它将会逐步移到边上,移向社会的边缘,
16:37
transformed改造 from being存在 a master into a servant仆人,
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从主人变成仆人,
16:40
a servant仆人 to the productive生产的 economy经济 and of human人的 needs需求.
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一个服务于生产性经济和人类需要的仆人。
16:44
And as that happens发生,
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当那发生时,
16:46
we will remember记得 something very simple简单 and obvious明显 about capitalism资本主义,
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我们会想起一些有关资本主义的简单而又明显的事实,
16:49
which哪一个 is that, unlike不像 what you read in economics经济学 textbooks教科书,
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就是,并不像你在经济教科书中读到的,
16:52
it's not a self-sufficient自给 system系统.
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它并不是一个自给自足的系统。
16:55
It depends依靠 on other systems系统,
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它依靠于其他系统,
16:57
on ecology生态, on family家庭, on community社区,
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依靠生态学,依靠家庭,依靠社区,
17:00
and if these aren't replenished补充, capitalism资本主义 suffers患有 too.
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当这些都没有补足,资本主义也会变糟。
17:04
And our human人的 nature性质 isn't just selfish自私, it's also compassionate富于同情心的.
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我们的人性中并不只有自私,它还有同情心。
17:09
It's not just competitive竞争的, it's also caring爱心.
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不光有竞争,还有关怀。
17:14
Because of the depth深度 of the crisis危机, I think we are at a moment时刻 of choice选择.
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因为这次危机之深,我们处在一个选择的时刻。
17:19
The crisis危机 is almost几乎 certainly当然 deepening深化 around us.
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危机几乎在我们周围不断深化。
17:22
It will be worse更差 at the end结束 of this year,
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到今年年底将更糟,
17:24
quite相当 possibly或者 worse更差 in a year's年份 time than it is today今天.
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很有可能一年后更加糟糕。
17:27
But this is one of those very rare罕见 moments瞬间
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但是这也是那种稀有时刻之一
17:30
when we have to choose选择 whether是否 we're just pedaling蹬踏 furiously疯狂
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当我们必须选择是愤怒地踏步
17:33
to get back to where we were a year or two ago,
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回到我们一年或两年前
17:36
and a very narrow狭窄 idea理念 of what the economy经济 is for,
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对经济到底是为什么服务有一个很狭隘的想法
17:40
or whether是否 this is a moment时刻 to jump ahead, to reboot重启
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还是这是一个向前跳跃的时刻,重新启动
17:45
and to do some of the things we probably大概 should have been doing anyway无论如何.
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做一些我们很可能原来就应该做的事情。
17:48
Thank you.
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谢谢。
17:50
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Heidi Haibin Xu
Reviewed by Tony Yet

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Geoff Mulgan - Social commentator
Geoff Mulgan is director of the Young Foundation, a center for social innovation, social enterprise and public policy that pioneers ideas in fields such as aging, education and poverty reduction. He’s the founder of the think-tank Demos, and the author of "The Art of Public Strategy."

Why you should listen

Geoff Mulgan is director of the Young Foundation, a center for social innovation, social enterprise and public policy with a 50-year history of creating new organisations and pioneering ideas in fields as varied as aging, education, healthcare and poverty reduction.

Before the Young Foundation, Geoff Mulgan has held various roles in the UK government including director of the Government's Strategy Unit and head of policy in the Prime Minister's office, and he was the founder of the think-tank Demos. He is chairing a Carnegie Inquiry into the Future of Civil Society in the UK and Ireland. His most recent book is The Art of Public Strategy: Mobilising Power and Knowledge for the Common Good.

More profile about the speaker
Geoff Mulgan | Speaker | TED.com