ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stephen Palumbi - Marine biologist
Stephen Palumbi studies the way humanity and ocean life interact and intertwine. His insights into our codependence offer ideas for protecting both the ocean and ourselves.

Why you should listen

Stephen Palumbi teaches and does research in evolution and marine biology at Stanford University, and has long been fascinated by how quickly the world around us changes. His work on the genetics of marine organisms tries to focus on basic evolutionary questions but also on practical solutions to questions about how to preserve and protect the diverse life in the sea. DNA data on the genetics of marine populations like corals helps in the design and implementation of marine protected areas for conservation and fisheries enhancement. A second focus is on the use of molecular genetic techniques for the elucidation of past population sizes and dynamics of baleen whales, with the notion of recreating a better sense of the ecology of the virgin ocean.
 
Palumbi has lectured extensively on human-induced evolutionary change, has used genetic detective work to identify whales for sale in retail markets, and is working on new methods to help design marine parks for conservation. His first book for non-scientists, The Evolution Explosion, documents the impact of humans on evolution. His latest is an unusual environmental success story called The Death and Life of Monterey Bay. He also helped write and research and appears in the BBC series The Future Is Wild and the History Channel's World Without People. Other recent films appearances include The End of the Line and an upcoming Canadian Broadcasting series One Ocean.

Palumbi's other passion: microdocumentaries. His Short Attention Span Science Theater site received a million hits last year. And his band Sustainable Soul has several songs out, including "Crab Love" and "The Last Fish Left."

More profile about the speaker
Stephen Palumbi | Speaker | TED.com
Mission Blue Voyage

Stephen Palumbi: Hidden toxins in the fish we eat

史蒂芬·帕伦:追寻水银的踪迹

Filmed:
431,169 views

生物学家史蒂芬·帕伦认为,海洋的健康和我们的健康之间有着紧密而神奇的联系。他通过日本一个渔场发生的让人震惊的有毒污染的事件,展示了位于海洋食物链底部的有毒物质是如何进入我们的身体的。他的工作主要是未来拯救海洋健康的方法——同时也包括人类的。
- Marine biologist
Stephen Palumbi studies the way humanity and ocean life interact and intertwine. His insights into our codependence offer ideas for protecting both the ocean and ourselves. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
It can be a very complicated复杂 thing, the ocean海洋.
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海洋是一个非常复杂的事物。
00:18
And it can be a very complicated复杂 thing, what human人的 health健康 is.
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人类的健康也是一件非常复杂的事情。
00:21
And bringing使 those two together一起 might威力 seem似乎 a very daunting艰巨 task任务,
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将两者统一起来看起来是一件艰巨的任务。
00:24
but what I'm going to try to say is that
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但我想要试图去说明的是
00:26
even in that complexity复杂,
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即使是如此复杂的情况,
00:28
there's some simple简单 themes主题 that I think,
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也存在一些我认为简单的话题,
00:30
if we understand理解, we can really move移动 forward前锋.
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一些如果我们能理解,就很容易向前发展的话题。
00:33
And those simple简单 themes主题 aren't really
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这些简单的话题确实不是
00:35
themes主题 about the complex复杂 science科学 of what's going on,
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有关那复杂的科学有了怎样的发展,
00:37
but things that we all pretty漂亮 well know.
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而是一些我们都恰好知道的事情。
00:39
And I'm going to start开始 with this one:
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接下来我就来说一个。
00:41
If momma妈妈 ain't happy快乐, ain't nobody没有人 happy快乐.
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如果老妈不高兴了,大家都别想开心。
00:44
We know that, right? We've我们已经 experienced有经验的 that.
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我们都知道,不是吗?我们都经历过。
00:47
And if we just take that
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接下来如果我们能理解这一点
00:49
and we build建立 from there,
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从这里出发,
00:51
then we can go to the next下一个 step,
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可以得出下一步的,
00:53
which哪一个 is that if the ocean海洋 ain't happy快乐,
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那就是如果海洋不高兴了
00:56
ain't nobody没有人 happy快乐.
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大家也都别想开心。
00:58
That's the theme主题 of my talk.
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这就是我演讲的主题。
01:00
And we're making制造 the ocean海洋 pretty漂亮 unhappy不快乐 in a lot of different不同 ways方法.
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我们正在通过许多不同的方法惹怒海洋。
01:03
This is a shot射击 of Cannery罐头工厂 Row in 1932.
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这是1932年在坎纳里鲁夫拍的一副照片
01:06
Cannery罐头工厂 Row, at the time,
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那时的坎纳里鲁夫,
01:08
had the biggest最大 industrial产业
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有着西海岸最大的
01:10
canning罐头制造 operation手术 on the west西 coast.
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工业化罐头工厂。
01:12
We piled enormous巨大 amounts of pollution污染
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我们堆积了大量的污染物
01:15
into the air空气 and into the water.
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在空气中和水中
01:17
Rolf罗尔夫 Bolin博林, who was a professor教授
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我所工作的霍普金的海洋研究站的
01:19
at the Hopkin's霍普金 Marine海洋 Station where I work,
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罗尔夫·博林教授,
01:21
wrote in the 1940s that
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在二十世纪40年代指出,
01:23
"The fumes油烟 from the scum浮渣 floating漂浮的 on the inlets入口 of the bay
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“海湾入口里浮沫所散发的臭气
01:26
were so bad they turned转身
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特别难闻
01:28
lead-based铅基 paints油漆 black黑色."
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那里有含铅的黑涂料。
01:30
People working加工 in these canneries罐头
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工作在罐头厂的人们
01:32
could barely仅仅 stay there all day because of the smell,
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每天都只能待在这样的气味之中。
01:35
but you know what they came来了 out saying?
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然而你知道他们说什么吗?
01:37
They say, "You know what you smell?
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他们说:“你知道你闻到的是什么吗?
01:39
You smell money."
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你闻到的是钱的气味。”
01:41
That pollution污染 was money to that community社区,
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污染来自于社区的金钱利益。
01:44
and those people dealt处理 with the pollution污染
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那些人们和污染生活在一起
01:46
and absorbed吸收 it into their skin皮肤 and into their bodies身体
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并把污染吸入了它们的皮肤和身体
01:49
because they needed需要 the money.
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因为他们需要钱。
01:51
We made制作 the ocean海洋 unhappy不快乐; we made制作 people very unhappy不快乐,
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让海洋不高兴,人们也特别不高兴,
01:54
and we made制作 them unhealthy不良.
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并且人类还不再健康。
01:57
The connection连接 between之间 ocean海洋 health健康 and human人的 health健康
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海洋的健康和人类健康之间的联系
01:59
is actually其实 based基于 upon another另一个 couple一对 simple简单 adages格言,
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确实就像另一组谚语说的那样。
02:02
and I want to call that
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我觉得这么说:
02:04
"pinch a minnow桃花鱼, hurt伤害 a whale."
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“抓了小鱼,害死鲸鱼”
02:06
The pyramid金字塔 of ocean海洋 life ...
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海洋生物的食物链……
02:08
Now, when an ecologist生态学家 looks容貌 at the ocean海洋 -- I have to tell you --
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现在……当一位生态学者看待海洋的时候——我承认——
02:11
we look at the ocean海洋 in a very different不同 way,
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我们用一种十分不同的方式来看待海洋,
02:13
and we see different不同 things than when a regular定期 person looks容貌 at the ocean海洋
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比起普通人,我们看待海洋时发现的不同之处更多。
02:16
because when an ecologist生态学家 looks容貌 at the ocean海洋,
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因为当生态学家看待海洋的时候,
02:18
we see all those interconnections互连.
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会看到其中的相互联系。
02:20
We see the base基础 of the food餐饮 chain,
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我们看食物链的下层,
02:22
the plankton浮游生物, the small things,
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浮游生物这种小东西,
02:24
and we see how those animals动物
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还会看这些小动物们
02:26
are food餐饮 to animals动物 in the middle中间 of the pyramid金字塔,
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是如何成为位于金字塔中部动物们的食物的,
02:29
and on so up this diagram.
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然后就这样一直向上走到这幅图的顶部。
02:33
And that flow, that flow of life,
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这种生命的流动
02:35
from the very base基础 up to the very top最佳,
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从最底部流向最顶部,
02:37
is the flow that ecologists生态学家 see.
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是生态学家们关注的。
02:39
And that's what we're trying to preserve保留
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并且这就是我们努力去保护的
02:41
when we say, "Save保存 the ocean海洋. Heal愈合 the ocean海洋."
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当我们说:“救救海洋,给海洋治治病吧。”
02:44
It's that pyramid金字塔.
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说的就是这金字塔。
02:46
Now why does that matter for human人的 health健康?
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那么为什么这与人类的健康有关系呢?
02:49
Because when we jam果酱 things in the bottom底部
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因为,当我们把一些本不该在食物链底部存在
02:51
of that pyramid金字塔 that shouldn't不能 be there,
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的东西塞进了金字塔食物链之后,
02:53
some very frightening可怕的 things happen发生.
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就出现了很可怕的事情。
02:56
Pollutants污染物, some pollutants污染物 have been created创建 by us:
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一些由我们制造的污染物,
02:59
molecules分子 like PCBs多氯联苯
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像是PCB分子(多氯联苯,一种致癌物质)
03:01
that can't be broken破碎 down by our bodies身体.
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是不能被我们的身体吸收的。
03:03
And they go in the base基础 of that pyramid金字塔,
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它们进入到食物链金字塔的底部,
03:05
and they drift漂移 up; they're passed通过 up that way,
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并不断向上,经过食物链,
03:08
on to predators大鳄 and on to the top最佳 predators大鳄,
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到达肉食动物和顶端肉食动物这里。
03:10
and in so doing,
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这样的话,
03:12
they accumulate积累.
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就堆积起来了。
03:14
Now, to bring带来 that home, I thought I'd invent发明 a little game游戏.
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然后,为了能彻底了解这个问题,我想邀请大家做个小游戏
03:16
We don't really have to play it; we can just think about it here.
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我们并不是真的要玩,只是在这里想一下就好。
03:18
It's the Styrofoam泡沫塑料 and chocolate巧克力 game游戏.
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这是个保丽龙发泡胶和巧克力的游戏。
03:20
Imagine想像 that when we got on this boat,
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想象一下当我们登上这艘船,
03:23
we were all given特定
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我们都得到了
03:25
two Styrofoam泡沫塑料 peanuts花生.
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两个保丽龙的花生。
03:27
Can't do much with them: Put them in your pocket口袋.
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除了把它们放在兜里,你也做不了什么其他的。
03:29
Suppose假设 the rules规则 are: every一切 time you offer提供 somebody a drink,
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因为规则是:每一次你请别人喝一杯的时候,
03:32
you give them the drink,
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除了要给别人酒之外,
03:34
and you give them your Styrofoam泡沫塑料 peanuts花生 too.
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也要把你的保丽龙花生给别人。
03:36
What'll什么会 happen发生 is that the Styrofoam泡沫塑料 peanuts花生
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接下来发生的事情就是保丽龙花生
03:38
will start开始 moving移动 through通过 our society社会 here,
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会开始在我们的团体里流通。
03:40
and they will accumulate积累 in
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并且它们会集中在
03:42
the drunkestdrunkest, stingiest吝啬 people.
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最吝啬的醉鬼身上
03:44
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
03:49
There's no mechanism机制 in this game游戏
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这个游戏里面的机制
03:51
for them to go anywhere随地 but into
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让人们什么也做不了
03:53
a bigger and bigger pile
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除了得到越来越大的一堆
03:55
of indigestible不消化 Styrofoam泡沫塑料 peanuts花生.
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无法消化的保丽龙花生。
03:57
And that's exactly究竟 what happens发生 with PDBsPDBS
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这就是和PDB分子(对二氯苯,化学合成药剂,致癌)
03:59
in this food餐饮 pyramid金字塔:
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在食物链中的堆积一样。
04:01
They accumulate积累 into the top最佳 of it.
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它们富集在食物链的顶部。
04:04
Now suppose假设, instead代替 of Styrofoam泡沫塑料 peanuts花生,
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然后假设不用保丽龙花生,
04:06
we take these lovely可爱 little chocolates巧克力 that we get
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我们用这些可爱的巧克力
04:08
and we had those instead代替.
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来替代它们。
04:10
Well, some of us would be eating those chocolates巧克力
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嗯,我们之中的一些人会把巧克力吃了
04:12
instead代替 of passing通过 them around,
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而不给别人。
04:14
and instead代替 of accumulating积累,
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这样就不会产生堆积,
04:16
they will just pass通过 into our group here
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它们只会在人群中流通
04:19
and not accumulate积累 in any one group
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但不会堆积在人群里。
04:21
because they're absorbed吸收 by us.
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因为巧克力可以被我们吸收。
04:23
And that's the difference区别 between之间 a PCBPCB
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这与PCB分子是不同的,
04:25
and, say, something natural自然 like an omega-Ω-3,
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可以说,就像ω- 3脂肪酸一样天然,
04:27
something we want out of the marine海洋 food餐饮 chain.
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我们希望海洋食物链里有这些东西。
04:31
PCBs多氯联苯 accumulate积累.
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PCB的富集。
04:33
We have great examples例子 of that, unfortunately不幸.
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很不幸,有许多这种例子
04:35
PCBs多氯联苯 accumulate积累 in dolphins海豚
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PCB堆积在海豚体内
04:37
in Sarasota萨拉索塔 Bay, in Texas德州, in North Carolina卡罗来纳州.
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就发生在萨拉索塔湾,得克萨斯州,北卡罗来纳州。
04:40
They get into the food餐饮 chain.
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PCB分子进入了食物链。
04:42
The dolphins海豚 eat the fish
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海豚吃了小鱼
04:44
that have PCBs多氯联苯 from the plankton浮游生物,
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小鱼从浮游生物那里得到了PCB分子,
04:46
and those PCBs多氯联苯, being存在 fat-soluble脂溶性,
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这些脂溶性的PCB分子
04:49
accumulate积累 in these dolphins海豚.
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就富集在了海豚体内。
04:51
Now, a dolphin海豚,
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现在,一只海豚,
04:53
mother母亲 dolphin海豚, any dolphin海豚 --
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海豚母亲,或者是任何的海豚
04:55
there's only one way
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只有一种方法
04:57
that a PCBPCB can get out of a dolphin海豚.
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排出PCB分子。
04:59
And what's that?
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是什么呢?
05:01
In mother's母亲 milk牛奶.
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通过母乳。
05:03
Here's这里的 a diagram of the PCBPCB load加载
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这是一张萨拉索塔湾海豚
05:05
of dolphins海豚 in Sarasota萨拉索塔 Bay.
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体内PCB含量的图表。
05:07
Adult成人 males男性: a huge巨大 load加载.
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成年雄性体内的含量巨大。
05:09
Juveniles少年: a huge巨大 load加载.
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幼年海豚体内也有很大含量。
05:11
Females女性 after their first calf小牛 is already已经 weaned断奶:
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雌性在第一次哺乳期之后
05:13
a lower降低 load加载.
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含量稍低。
05:15
Those females女性, they're not trying to.
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雌性海豚并不想这样。
05:17
Those females女性 are passing通过 the PCBs多氯联苯
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它们将PCB分子
05:19
in the fat脂肪 of their own拥有 mother's母亲 milk牛奶
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通过乳汁里面的脂肪
05:22
into their offspring子孙,
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传递给了它们的后代。
05:24
and their offspring子孙 don't survive生存.
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而后代没有活下来。
05:27
The death死亡 rate in these dolphins海豚,
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这些海豚的死亡率,
05:29
for the first calf小牛 born天生 of every一切 female dolphin海豚,
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每只雌性海豚的第一胎,
05:31
is 60 to 80 percent百分.
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大约在60%到80%。
05:33
These mothers母亲 pump their first offspring子孙
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母亲们把污染物
05:36
full充分 of this pollutant污染物,
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都输送给了第一胎后代。
05:38
and most of them die.
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其中大部分都会死去。
05:40
Now, the mother母亲 then can go and reproduce复制,
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现在,雌性海豚可以继续繁殖了,
05:42
but what a terrible可怕 price价钱 to pay工资
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但这代价太大了
05:44
for the accumulation积累 of this pollutant污染物
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污染物富集在
05:46
in these animals动物 --
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这些动物体内
05:48
the death死亡 of the first-born第一胎 calf小牛.
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——这要由第一胎后代的死来买单。
05:51
There's another另一个 top最佳 predator捕食者 in the ocean海洋, it turns out.
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原来,在海洋食物链里还有另外一个顶端捕食者
05:54
That top最佳 predator捕食者, of course课程, is us.
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显然,这个顶端捕食者就是我们。
05:56
And we also are eating meat
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我们也吃肉
05:58
that comes from some of these same相同 places地方.
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来自于同样一些地方的肉。
06:00
This is whale meat
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这是鲸鱼肉
06:02
that I photographed拍照 in a grocery杂货 store商店 in Tokyo东京 --
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我在东京一家食品店拍到的
06:04
or is it?
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或者不是?
06:06
In fact事实, what we did a few少数 years年份 ago
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实际上,我们做了几年的研究
06:08
was learn学习 how to smuggle走私
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研究如何偷运
06:10
a molecular分子 biology生物学 lab实验室 into Tokyo东京
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一所分子生物实验室进东京
06:12
and use it to genetically基因 test测试 the DNA脱氧核糖核酸
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用于遗传学的检验
06:15
out of whale meat samples样本
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检验鲸鱼肉中去出的DNA样本
06:17
and identify鉴定 what they really were.
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并鉴定它们到底是什么。
06:19
And some of those whale meat samples样本 were whale meat.
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一部分鲸鱼肉样本确实是鲸鱼肉。
06:21
Some of them were illegal非法 whale meat, by the way.
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顺带一说,另一部分检验出不合规格。
06:23
That's another另一个 story故事.
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这是另一个话题了。
06:25
But some of them were not whale meat at all.
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但是有一些就根本不是鲸鱼肉。
06:27
Even though虽然 they were labeled标记 whale meat, they were dolphin海豚 meat.
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即使有着鲸鱼肉的幌子,实际上这些是海豚肉。
06:30
Some of them were dolphin海豚 liver. Some of them were dolphin海豚 blubber大声哭.
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有一些是海豚肝脏。有一些是海豚的鳍。
06:33
And those dolphin海豚 parts部分
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那些海豚肉
06:35
had a huge巨大 load加载 of PCBs多氯联苯,
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都含巨量的PCB分子,
06:37
dioxins二恶英 and heavy metals金属.
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二恶英(剧毒)和重金属。
06:40
And that huge巨大 load加载 was passing通过 into the people
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这些有害物质都流入到
06:42
that ate this meat.
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食用这些肉的人身体内。
06:44
It turns out that a lot of dolphins海豚
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这证明许多海豚
06:46
are being存在 sold出售 as meat
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在世界上的鲸肉市场里
06:48
in the whale meat market市场 around the world世界.
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都被当作肉食出售。
06:50
That's a tragedy悲剧 for those populations人群,
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对海豚来说这是一场悲剧。
06:52
but it's also a tragedy悲剧
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但对食用它们的人类来说
06:54
for the people eating them
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同样是一场悲剧
06:56
because they don't know that that's toxic有毒的 meat.
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因为他们并不知道这是有毒的肉。
06:59
We had these data数据 a few少数 years年份 ago.
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几年前的一天我们得出的这些数据。
07:02
I remember记得 sitting坐在 at my desk
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我记得我坐在办公桌旁
07:04
being存在 about the only person in the world世界
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作为世界上唯一的人
07:06
who knew知道 that whale meat being存在 sold出售 in these markets市场
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唯一知道在鲸鱼肉市场上卖的那些鲸鱼肉
07:09
was really dolphin海豚 meat, and it was toxic有毒的.
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实际上是海豚肉,并且含毒的人。
07:12
It had two-to-three-to-两到三TO-400 times the toxic有毒的 loads负载
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含有的毒素是有史以来环保局允许的
07:15
ever allowed允许 by the EPAEPA.
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2-3倍到400倍。
07:17
And I remember记得 there sitting坐在 at my desk thinking思维,
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并且我记得我坐在办公桌之前想:
07:20
"Well, I know this. This is a great scientific科学 discovery发现,"
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“嗯,我发现了这个,这是个伟大的科学发现。”
07:23
but it was so awful可怕.
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但它如此可怕。
07:25
And for the very first time in my scientific科学 career事业,
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在我科学生涯中,我第一次
07:27
I broke打破 scientific科学 protocol协议,
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打破了科学的协议,
07:29
which哪一个 is that you take the data数据 and publish发布 them in scientific科学 journals期刊
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就是做出数据并发布在科学杂志上,
07:32
and then begin开始 to talk about them.
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然后再谈论它们。
07:34
We sent发送 a very polite有礼貌 letter
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我们写了一封很客气的信
07:36
to the Minister部长 of Health健康 in Japan日本
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给日本卫生部长
07:39
and simply只是 pointed out that
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并简单的指出
07:42
this is an intolerable无法忍受 situation情况, not for us,
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并非对于我们是一个不可忍受的情况,
07:44
but for the people of Japan日本
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而是对于日本人民。
07:46
because mothers母亲 who may可能 be breastfeeding哺乳,
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因为需要哺乳的母亲们,
07:49
who may可能 have young年轻 children孩子,
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有小孩的母亲们,
07:51
would be buying购买 something that they thought was healthy健康,
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应该买她们认为健康的东西,
07:54
but it was really toxic有毒的.
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但这些东西实际上有毒。
07:56
That led to a whole整个 series系列 of other campaigns活动 in Japan日本,
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这导致了日本一系列的其他运动。
07:59
and I'm really proud骄傲 to say that at this point,
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在这一点上,我真的非常骄傲的说,
08:02
it's very difficult to buy购买 anything in Japan日本
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在日本买任何东西都很难
08:05
that's labeled标记 incorrectly不正确,
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这是标签贴错了,
08:07
even though虽然 they're still selling销售 whale meat,
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即使他们仍然在出售鲸肉,
08:09
which哪一个 I believe they shouldn't不能.
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而我认为他们不该这么做。
08:11
But at least最小 it's labeled标记 correctly正确地,
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但是至少标签帖对了
08:13
and you're no longer going to be buying购买
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你就不回再去买
08:15
toxic有毒的 dolphin海豚 meat instead代替.
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有毒的海豚肉。
08:18
It isn't just there that this happens发生,
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并不是只有日本才这样,
08:21
but in a natural自然 diet饮食 of some communities社区
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而是在一些国家的自然食物链都这样
08:23
in the Canadian加拿大 arctic北极 and in the United联合的 States状态
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在加拿大北部,在美国
08:25
and in the European欧洲的 arctic北极,
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还有欧洲北部,
08:27
a natural自然 diet饮食 of seals密封件 and whales鲸鱼
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海豹和鲸鱼的自然食物链
08:30
leads引线 to an accumulation积累 of PCBs多氯联苯
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导致了PCB分子的富集
08:32
that have gathered云集 up from all parts部分 of the world世界
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从世界上的各个地方
08:35
and ended结束 up in these women妇女.
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聚集到妇女的身上。
08:37
These women妇女 have toxic有毒的 breast乳房 milk牛奶.
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这些妇女的乳汁含毒。
08:40
They cannot不能 feed饲料 their offspring子孙, their children孩子,
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她们不能用她们的乳汁
08:43
their breast乳房 milk牛奶
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来喂养她们的孩子们
08:45
because of the accumulation积累 of these toxins毒素
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因为富集的毒素
08:47
in their food餐饮 chain,
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在她们的食物链之中,
08:49
in their part部分 of the world's世界
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在她们世界中的一部分
08:51
ocean海洋 pyramid金字塔.
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在海洋金字塔食物链里。
08:53
That means手段 their immune免疫的 systems系统 are compromised妥协.
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这说明她们的免疫系统已经受到危害。
08:56
It means手段 that their children's儿童 development发展
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这说明她们后代的生长发育
08:58
can be compromised妥协.
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也会受到危害。
09:00
And the world's世界 attention注意 on this over the last decade
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近十年世界上对这一问题的关注
09:03
has reduced减少 the problem问题
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已经帮助这些妇女
09:05
for these women妇女,
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解决了这个问题,
09:07
not by changing改变 the pyramid金字塔,
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不是通过改变食物链结构,
09:09
but by changing改变 what they particularly尤其 eat out of it.
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而是改变她们特有的饮食。
09:11
We've我们已经 taken采取 them out of their natural自然 pyramid金字塔
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我们已经让这些妇女脱离自然的食物链
09:13
in order订购 to solve解决 this problem问题.
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目的就是解决这个问题。
09:16
That's a good thing for this particular特定 acute急性 problem问题,
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对于这个特别尖锐的问题,这是个好办法,
09:18
but it does nothing to solve解决 the pyramid金字塔 problem问题.
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但它对解决金字塔食物链问题没什么帮助。
09:20
There's other ways方法 of breaking破坏 the pyramid金字塔.
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还有另一种方法打破金字塔食物链。
09:23
The pyramid金字塔, if we jam果酱 things in the bottom底部,
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如果我们在金字塔食物链底部塞入一些东西,
09:26
can get backed已备份 up like a sewer下水道 line线 that's clogged堵塞.
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食物链可以像下水道那样回堵上来。
09:29
And if we jam果酱 nutrients营养成分, sewage污水, fertilizer肥料
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如果我们在食物链底部加入
09:32
in the base基础 of that food餐饮 pyramid金字塔,
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营养物质、污水和化肥,
09:34
it can back up all through通过 it.
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那将影响整个食物链。
09:36
We end结束 up with things we've我们已经 heard听说 about before:
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下面用我们之前听过的例子结束这件事:
09:38
red tides潮汐, for example,
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赤潮,
09:40
which哪一个 are blooms绽放 of toxic有毒的 algae藻类
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赤潮里有大量有毒藻类,
09:42
floating漂浮的 through通过 the oceans海洋
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漂浮在海洋之上的赤潮
09:44
causing造成 neurological神经 damage损伤.
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能造成精神受损。
09:46
We can also see blooms绽放 of bacteria,
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我们也可能会让海洋里的细菌,
09:48
blooms绽放 of viruses病毒 in the ocean海洋.
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和病毒大量繁殖。
09:50
These are two shots镜头 of a red tide浪潮 coming未来 on shore支撑 here
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这里的两张照片都是红潮的
09:53
and a bacteria
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这里面有
09:55
in the genus vibrio弧菌,
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一种弧菌,
09:57
which哪一个 includes包括 the genus that has cholera霍乱 in it.
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带有霍乱细菌。
10:00
How many许多 people have seen看到 a "beach海滩 closed关闭" sign标志?
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有多少人见过“海岸禁入”的标志呢?
10:05
Why does that happen发生?
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为什么会这样呢?
10:07
It happens发生 because we have jammed卡住 so much
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因为我们把太多垃圾
10:09
into the base基础 of the natural自然 ocean海洋 pyramid金字塔
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扔到了海洋食物链的底部
10:11
that these bacteria clog阻塞 it up
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这些细菌大量繁殖,
10:13
and overfill溢出 onto our beaches海滩.
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并回溢到我们的海滩上。
10:15
Often经常 what jams果酱 us up is sewage污水.
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一般困扰我们的都是污水。
10:18
Now how many许多 of you have ever gone走了 to a state park公园 or a national国民 park公园
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那么有多少人曾经去过州立公园或是国家公园呢?
10:21
where you had a big sign标志 at the front面前 saying,
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在那的门口曾经看到一块大标志上这样写着吗?
10:23
"Closed关闭 because human人的 sewage污水
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“因垃圾太多
10:25
is so far over this park公园
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充斥公园
10:27
that you can't use it"?
265
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而关闭”
10:29
Not very often经常. We wouldn't不会 tolerate容忍 that.
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不常见吧?我们不能容忍这种事情。
10:32
We wouldn't不会 tolerate容忍 our parks公园
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我们不能容忍公园
10:34
being存在 swamped淹没 by human人的 sewage污水,
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被垃圾堆满。
10:37
but beaches海滩 are closed关闭 a lot in our country国家.
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但是在我们国家海岸却关闭了很多。
10:39
They're closed关闭 more and more and more all around the world世界 for the same相同 reason原因,
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世界各地越来越多,越来越多的海岸关闭都是因为同样的原因。
10:42
and I believe we shouldn't不能 tolerate容忍 that either.
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我相信这些我们也不应该容忍。
10:45
It's not just a question of cleanliness清洁度;
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这不只是清洁的问题。
10:47
it's also a question of
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同时也是
10:49
how those organisms生物
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海洋有机物如何
10:51
then turn into human人的 disease疾病.
275
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进入到人类疾病中的问题。
10:53
These vibrios弧菌, these bacteria, can actually其实 infect感染 people.
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那些弧菌和细菌确实可以感染人类。
10:56
They can go into your skin皮肤 and create创建 skin皮肤 infections感染.
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它们可以进入皮肤并造成皮肤感染。
10:59
This is a graph图形 from NOAA'sNOAA的 ocean海洋 and human人的 health健康 initiative倡议,
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这张图是来自美国国家气象局提议的海与人类健康法案,
11:02
showing展示 the rise上升 of the infections感染
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说明过去几年中,
11:05
by vibrio弧菌 in people
280
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越来越多的人
11:08
over the last few少数 years年份.
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受到弧菌感染。
11:10
Surfers冲浪者, for example, know this incredibly令人难以置信.
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举例来说,冲浪的人十分了解这一情况。
11:13
And if you can see on some surfing冲浪 sites网站,
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如果你登录一些冲浪网站,
11:16
in fact事实, not only do you see
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实际上不光能看到
11:18
what the waves波浪 are like or what the weather's天气的 like,
285
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海浪和天气如何,
11:20
but on some surf冲浪 rider骑士 sites网站,
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有一些冲浪者网站,
11:22
you see a little flashing闪烁 poo便便 alert警报.
287
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还会有一些闪烁的警示。
11:25
That means手段 that the beach海滩 might威力 have great waves波浪,
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这表示海边可能有大浪,
11:28
but it's a dangerous危险 place地点 for surfers冲浪者 to be
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但这对冲浪者来说是危险的
11:30
because they can carry携带 with them,
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因为他们会一直携带海洋中的细菌,
11:32
even after a great day of surfing冲浪,
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即使是在冲浪之后的很多天,
11:34
this legacy遗产 of an infection感染 that might威力 take a very long time to solve解决.
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这些遗留物造成的感染也许要花很长时间去治疗。
11:37
Some of these infections感染 are actually其实 carrying携带
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现在其中的一些细菌确实携带了
11:39
antibiotic抗生素 resistance抵抗性 genes基因 now,
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抗生素抗体遗传因子。
11:41
and that makes品牌 them even more difficult.
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这就使得治疗更加困难。
11:43
These same相同 infections感染
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这些传染源
11:45
create创建 harmful有害 algal藻类 blooms绽放.
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使得有害藻类大量繁殖。
11:47
Those blooms绽放 are generating发电 other kinds of chemicals化学制品.
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繁殖会产生其他的化学物质。
11:50
This is just a simple简单 list名单 of some of the types类型 of poisons毒药
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这是几种有毒物质的清单
11:53
that come out of these harmful有害 algal藻类 blooms绽放:
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说明了这些有毒海藻的危害:
11:55
shellfish贝类 poisoning中毒,fish ciguatera西加鱼毒,
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贝毒、甲藻鱼毒、
11:58
diarrheic腹泻 shellfish贝类 poisoning中毒 -- you don't want to know about that --
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痢疾性贝毒——你不会想了解这种毒的——
12:01
neurotoxic神经毒性 shellfish贝类 poisoning中毒, paralytic瘫子 shellfish贝类 poisoning中毒.
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神经性贝毒、麻痹性贝毒。
12:04
These are things that are getting得到 into our food餐饮 chain
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这些有害物质因为海藻大量繁殖
12:06
because of these blooms绽放.
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而进入到我们的食物链中。
12:08
Rita丽塔 CalwellCalwell very famously著名
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丽塔·卡威尔成功的
12:10
traced追踪 a very interesting有趣 story故事
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追寻到一个有趣的故事
12:12
of cholera霍乱 into human人的 communities社区,
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是关于人类感染霍乱的,
12:15
brought there, not by
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他们不是被
12:17
a normal正常 human人的 vector向量,
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正常人传染
12:19
but by a marine海洋 vector向量, this copepod桡足类.
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而是被海上的一种桡足动物传染的。
12:22
Copepods桡足类 are small crustaceans甲壳类动物.
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桡足动物是小甲壳动物。
12:24
They're a tiny fraction分数 of an inch英寸 long,
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只有几分之一英寸长。
12:26
and they can carry携带 on their little legs
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弧菌会依附在
12:28
some of the cholera霍乱 bacteria
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它们细小的腿上
12:30
that then leads引线 to human人的 disease疾病.
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然后使人类得病。
12:33
That has sparked引发 cholera霍乱 epidemics流行病
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这引发了霍乱病
12:35
in ports港口 along沿 the world世界
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沿着港口传向整个世界
12:37
and has led to increased增加 concentration浓度
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并迫使人们注意到
12:40
on trying to make sure shipping运输
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要努力不让船只
12:42
doesn't move移动 these
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成为向世界传播
12:44
vectors矢量 of cholera霍乱 around the world世界.
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霍乱病的传染源。
12:46
So what do you do?
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我们该做点什么呢?
12:48
We have major重大的 problems问题 in disrupted破坏 ecosystem生态系统 flow
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我们主要的问题是生态系统运转遭到破坏
12:51
that the pyramid金字塔 may可能 not be working加工 so well,
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金字塔食物链也运转不畅,
12:53
that the flow from the base基础 up into it
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食物链从底部开始
12:55
is being存在 blocked受阻 and clogged堵塞.
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就处于阻塞状态。
12:57
What do you do when you have this sort分类 of disrupted破坏 flow?
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该怎么处理这种流通不畅的问题呢?
13:00
Well, there's a bunch of things you could do.
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其实有很多能做的事。
13:03
You could call Joe the Plumber水管工人, for example.
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例如,可以叫水管工来修理。
13:05
And he could come in
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他就会进来
13:07
and fix固定 the flow.
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并疏通管道。
13:09
But in fact事实, if you look around the world世界,
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但实际上,如果放眼世界
13:12
not only are there hope希望 spots斑点
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就不光是希望解决
13:14
for where we may可能 be able能够 to fix固定 problems问题,
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我们能解决的问题,
13:16
there have been places地方 where problems问题 have been fixed固定,
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有些地方的问题已经解决了,
13:18
where people have come to grips交手 with these issues问题
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有些地方的人们已经了解了这些问题
13:20
and begun开始 to turn them around.
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并开始寻求解决办法。
13:22
Monterey蒙特雷 is one of those.
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蒙特雷就是其中之一。
13:24
I started开始 out showing展示 how much
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在开始的时候我展示了
13:26
we had distressed苦恼 the Monterey蒙特雷 Bay ecosystem生态系统
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蒙特雷海岸生态系统已经被破坏的程度
13:29
with pollution污染 and the canning罐头制造 industry行业
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这是因为污染和罐头工厂
13:31
and all of the attendant服务员 problems问题.
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还有随之而来的各种问题。
13:33
In 1932, that's the picture图片.
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这是1932年的照片。
13:35
In 2009, the picture图片 is dramatically显着 different不同.
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2009年的照片中已经有明显不同。
13:39
The canneries罐头 are gone走了. The pollution污染 has abated减弱.
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罐头工厂迁走了,污染也减轻了。
13:42
But there's a greater更大 sense here
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但更有意义的是
13:44
that what the individual个人 communities社区 need
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社区居民所需的
13:46
is working加工 ecosystems生态系统.
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是一个健全的生态系统。
13:48
They need a functioning功能 pyramid金字塔 from the base基础 all the way to the top最佳.
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他们需要从下到上功能良好的金字塔食物链。
13:51
And that pyramid金字塔
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目前在蒙特雷
13:53
in Monterey蒙特雷, right now,
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这条食物链,
13:55
because of the efforts努力 of a lot of different不同 people,
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在各方人士的努力之下,
13:57
is functioning功能 better than it's ever functioned运作
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功能前所未有的健全
13:59
for the last 150 years年份.
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150年来从未如此。
14:02
It didn't happen发生 accidentally偶然.
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这不是突然发生的。
14:04
It happened发生 because many许多 people put their time and effort功夫
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这是因为许多人付出了时间和精力
14:07
and their pioneering创举 spirit精神 into this.
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并投入了先驱者的精神。
14:09
On the left there, Julia朱莉娅 Platt普拉特,
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左边这位,朱丽娅·普拉特
14:11
the mayor市长 of my little hometown家乡 in Pacific和平的 Grove树林.
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是我家乡小镇葛洛芙洋的镇长
14:13
At 74 years年份 old, became成为 mayor市长
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她在74岁的时候当选镇长
14:15
because something had to be doneDONE
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因为她做了一些
14:17
to protect保护 the ocean海洋.
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保护海洋的事情。
14:19
In 1931, she produced生成 California's加州 first
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1931年,她设计了加州第一个
14:21
community-based以社区为基础 marine海洋 protected保护 area,
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基于社区的海洋保护区,
14:24
right next下一个 to the biggest最大 polluting污染 cannery罐头工厂,
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紧挨着污染最重的罐头厂
14:27
because Julia朱莉娅 knew知道
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因为朱丽娅知道
14:29
that when the canneries罐头 eventually终于 were gone走了,
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当罐头厂最终迁走之后,
14:31
the ocean海洋 needed需要 a place地点 to grow增长 from,
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海洋需要一块地方来复原,
14:34
that the ocean海洋 needed需要 a place地点 to spark火花 a seed种子,
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换句话说海洋需要一块地方抛砖引玉。
14:37
and she wanted to provide提供 that seed种子.
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她想要成为这先驱者。
14:39
Other people, like David大卫 Packard惠普 and Julie朱丽叶 Packard惠普,
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其他人像大卫·帕卡德和朱莉·帕卡德,
14:42
who were instrumental仪器的 in producing生产 the Monterey蒙特雷 Bay aquarium水族馆
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他们帮助筹建了蒙特雷湾水族馆
14:45
to lock into people's人们 notion概念
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以此让人们了解
14:47
that the ocean海洋
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这片海洋
14:49
and the health健康 of the ocean海洋 ecosystem生态系统
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和海洋生态系统的健康
14:52
were just as important重要 to the economy经济 of this area
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和当地的经济发展一样重要
14:55
as eating the ecosystem生态系统 would be.
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但经济发展却侵害了海洋生态。
14:57
That change更改 in thinking思维 has led to a dramatic戏剧性 shift转移,
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这种思想上的转变已经导致了巨大的变化,
15:00
not only in the fortunes命运 of Monterey蒙特雷 Bay,
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不仅改变了蒙特雷湾的命运
15:03
but other places地方 around the world世界.
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还影响了世界上的其他地方。
15:05
Well, I want to leave离开 you with the thought that
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接下来,我希望让你们知道,
15:07
what we're really trying to do here
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我们正在尝试去做的事情
15:09
is protect保护 this ocean海洋 pyramid金字塔,
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是保护海洋金字塔食物链。
15:11
and that ocean海洋 pyramid金字塔
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而海洋食物链
15:13
connects所连接 to our own拥有 pyramid金字塔 of life.
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和我们的食物链紧密相连。
15:15
It's an ocean海洋 planet行星,
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这是个海洋星球,
15:17
and we think of ourselves我们自己 as a terrestrial陆生 species种类,
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虽然我们认为自己是陆地生物。
15:21
but the pyramid金字塔 of life in the ocean海洋
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但是海洋生物的食物链
15:24
and our own拥有 lives生活 on land土地
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和我们陆地生物
15:26
are intricately错综复杂 connected连接的.
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有着紧密的联系。
15:28
And it's only through通过 having the ocean海洋 being存在 healthy健康
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只有让海洋健康
15:30
that we can remain healthy健康 ourselves我们自己.
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我们才能确保自身的健康。
15:32
Thank you very much.
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十分感谢。
15:34
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Xun Zheng
Reviewed by Zhu Jie

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stephen Palumbi - Marine biologist
Stephen Palumbi studies the way humanity and ocean life interact and intertwine. His insights into our codependence offer ideas for protecting both the ocean and ourselves.

Why you should listen

Stephen Palumbi teaches and does research in evolution and marine biology at Stanford University, and has long been fascinated by how quickly the world around us changes. His work on the genetics of marine organisms tries to focus on basic evolutionary questions but also on practical solutions to questions about how to preserve and protect the diverse life in the sea. DNA data on the genetics of marine populations like corals helps in the design and implementation of marine protected areas for conservation and fisheries enhancement. A second focus is on the use of molecular genetic techniques for the elucidation of past population sizes and dynamics of baleen whales, with the notion of recreating a better sense of the ecology of the virgin ocean.
 
Palumbi has lectured extensively on human-induced evolutionary change, has used genetic detective work to identify whales for sale in retail markets, and is working on new methods to help design marine parks for conservation. His first book for non-scientists, The Evolution Explosion, documents the impact of humans on evolution. His latest is an unusual environmental success story called The Death and Life of Monterey Bay. He also helped write and research and appears in the BBC series The Future Is Wild and the History Channel's World Without People. Other recent films appearances include The End of the Line and an upcoming Canadian Broadcasting series One Ocean.

Palumbi's other passion: microdocumentaries. His Short Attention Span Science Theater site received a million hits last year. And his band Sustainable Soul has several songs out, including "Crab Love" and "The Last Fish Left."

More profile about the speaker
Stephen Palumbi | Speaker | TED.com