ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stephen Palumbi - Marine biologist
Stephen Palumbi studies the way humanity and ocean life interact and intertwine. His insights into our codependence offer ideas for protecting both the ocean and ourselves.

Why you should listen

Stephen Palumbi teaches and does research in evolution and marine biology at Stanford University, and has long been fascinated by how quickly the world around us changes. His work on the genetics of marine organisms tries to focus on basic evolutionary questions but also on practical solutions to questions about how to preserve and protect the diverse life in the sea. DNA data on the genetics of marine populations like corals helps in the design and implementation of marine protected areas for conservation and fisheries enhancement. A second focus is on the use of molecular genetic techniques for the elucidation of past population sizes and dynamics of baleen whales, with the notion of recreating a better sense of the ecology of the virgin ocean.
 
Palumbi has lectured extensively on human-induced evolutionary change, has used genetic detective work to identify whales for sale in retail markets, and is working on new methods to help design marine parks for conservation. His first book for non-scientists, The Evolution Explosion, documents the impact of humans on evolution. His latest is an unusual environmental success story called The Death and Life of Monterey Bay. He also helped write and research and appears in the BBC series The Future Is Wild and the History Channel's World Without People. Other recent films appearances include The End of the Line and an upcoming Canadian Broadcasting series One Ocean.

Palumbi's other passion: microdocumentaries. His Short Attention Span Science Theater site received a million hits last year. And his band Sustainable Soul has several songs out, including "Crab Love" and "The Last Fish Left."

More profile about the speaker
Stephen Palumbi | Speaker | TED.com
Mission Blue Voyage

Stephen Palumbi: Hidden toxins in the fish we eat

Stephen Palumbi:追蹤毒物蹤跡

Filmed:
431,169 views

海洋生物學家Stephen Palumbi告訴我們,海洋的健康與人類的健康間,有著令人驚訝卻密不可分的關聯性。透過在日本魚市場發現的驚人真相,他告訴我們存在於海洋食物鏈底層的毒物,會由人體吸收進去。他的研究指出,拯救海洋健康,就是保障人類的健康。
- Marine biologist
Stephen Palumbi studies the way humanity and ocean life interact and intertwine. His insights into our codependence offer ideas for protecting both the ocean and ourselves. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
It can be a very complicated複雜 thing, the ocean海洋.
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海洋很複雜,
00:18
And it can be a very complicated複雜 thing, what human人的 health健康 is.
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人類的健康也很複雜,
00:21
And bringing使 those two together一起 might威力 seem似乎 a very daunting艱鉅 task任務,
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把這二者放在一起,就更複雜了。
00:24
but what I'm going to try to say is that
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但我要說的是,
00:26
even in that complexity複雜,
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即便這麼複雜,
00:28
there's some simple簡單 themes主題 that I think,
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我認為一定有簡單的方法,
00:30
if we understand理解, we can really move移動 forward前鋒.
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可以讓我們深入瞭解。
00:33
And those simple簡單 themes主題 aren't really
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這些簡單的方法並不是指
00:35
themes主題 about the complex複雜 science科學 of what's going on,
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那些複雜難懂的科學方法,
00:37
but things that we all pretty漂亮 well know.
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而是我們已經熟知的事情。
00:39
And I'm going to start開始 with this one:
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我想先從這件事講起:
00:41
If momma媽媽 ain't happy快樂, ain't nobody沒有人 happy快樂.
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如果媽媽不高興,大家都別想高興。
00:44
We know that, right? We've我們已經 experienced有經驗的 that.
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我們都知道,對吧?小時候都有這種經驗。
00:47
And if we just take that
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如果我們以此為依據,
00:49
and we build建立 from there,
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按照經驗法則,
00:51
then we can go to the next下一個 step,
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我們可以推論,
00:53
which哪一個 is that if the ocean海洋 ain't happy快樂,
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也就是如果海洋不高興,
00:56
ain't nobody沒有人 happy快樂.
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大家都別想高興。
00:58
That's the theme主題 of my talk.
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這就是我要講的,
01:00
And we're making製造 the ocean海洋 pretty漂亮 unhappy不快樂 in a lot of different不同 ways方法.
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我們正在以許多不同的方式惹惱海洋。
01:03
This is a shot射擊 of Cannery罐頭工廠 Row in 1932.
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這是1932年罐頭工廠市街的照片,
01:06
Cannery罐頭工廠 Row, at the time,
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那時的罐頭工廠市街
01:08
had the biggest最大 industrial產業
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是整個西岸
01:10
canning罐頭製造 operation手術 on the west西 coast.
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最繁榮的罐頭工業地區。
01:12
We piled enormous巨大 amounts of pollution污染
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我們把大量的污染物
01:15
into the air空氣 and into the water.
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排放到空氣裡、排放到海裡。
01:17
Rolf羅爾夫 Bolin博林, who was a professor教授
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羅夫.波林教授,
01:19
at the Hopkin's霍普金 Marine海洋 Station where I work,
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是我在霍布金斯海洋研究站的同事,
01:21
wrote in the 1940s that
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他在1940年代時寫道:
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"The fumes油煙 from the scum浮渣 floating漂浮的 on the inlets入口 of the bay
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「漂浮在海灣入口處的垃圾,發出的臭味,
01:26
were so bad they turned轉身
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惡臭難當,
01:28
lead-based鉛基 paints油漆 black黑色."
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含鉛油漆都變成黑色的了。」
01:30
People working加工 in these canneries罐頭
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在罐頭工廠工作的人,
01:32
could barely僅僅 stay there all day because of the smell,
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也因為惡臭而無法待上一整天。
01:35
but you know what they came來了 out saying?
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但你知道他們後來說什麼嗎?
01:37
They say, "You know what you smell?
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他們說:「你知道這是什麼味道嗎?
01:39
You smell money."
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這是錢的味道。」
01:41
That pollution污染 was money to that community社區,
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污染對於當地人而言,代表著錢。
01:44
and those people dealt處理 with the pollution污染
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這些人和污染生活在一起,
01:46
and absorbed吸收 it into their skin皮膚 and into their bodies身體
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把污染物吸收到皮膚裡、吸收到身體裡,
01:49
because they needed需要 the money.
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因為他們要賺錢。
01:51
We made製作 the ocean海洋 unhappy不快樂; we made製作 people very unhappy不快樂,
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我們讓海洋不高興,也讓我們自己很不高興,
01:54
and we made製作 them unhealthy不良.
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還讓人類變得不健康。
01:57
The connection連接 between之間 ocean海洋 health健康 and human人的 health健康
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人類健康與海洋健康之間的關聯性,
01:59
is actually其實 based基於 upon another另一個 couple一對 simple簡單 adages格言,
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其實可以用幾句簡單的諺語來解釋,
02:02
and I want to call that
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最貼切的是:
02:04
"pinch a minnow桃花魚, hurt傷害 a whale."
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「抓了小魚,害死鯨魚。」
02:06
The pyramid金字塔 of ocean海洋 life ...
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海洋生態的食物鏈...
02:08
Now, when an ecologist生態學家 looks容貌 at the ocean海洋 -- I have to tell you --
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當生態學家觀察海洋時,我必須說,
02:11
we look at the ocean海洋 in a very different不同 way,
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我們是以非常不同的角度來觀察海洋,
02:13
and we see different不同 things than when a regular定期 person looks容貌 at the ocean海洋
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我們看到的東西和一般人不同。
02:16
because when an ecologist生態學家 looks容貌 at the ocean海洋,
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當生態學家觀察海洋時,
02:18
we see all those interconnections互連.
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我們看到的是生物之間的互動,
02:20
We see the base基礎 of the food餐飲 chain,
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我們看的是食物鏈的最下層,
02:22
the plankton浮游生物, the small things,
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浮游生物和其他小生物,
02:24
and we see how those animals動物
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我們知道這些小生物
02:26
are food餐飲 to animals動物 in the middle中間 of the pyramid金字塔,
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是食物鏈中層生物的食物,
02:29
and on so up this diagram.
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然後就這樣一直堆疊上去。
02:33
And that flow, that flow of life,
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這種食物鏈,
02:35
from the very base基礎 up to the very top最佳,
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從最底層到最高層,
02:37
is the flow that ecologists生態學家 see.
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就是我們生態學家所重視的。
02:39
And that's what we're trying to preserve保留
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所以當我們說:「拯救海洋,復育海洋」時,
02:41
when we say, "Save保存 the ocean海洋. Heal癒合 the ocean海洋."
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我們其實是要保育
02:44
It's that pyramid金字塔.
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這個食物鏈。
02:46
Now why does that matter for human人的 health健康?
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那這個和人類的健康有什麼關係?
02:49
Because when we jam果醬 things in the bottom底部
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當我們把垃圾丟進海洋
02:51
of that pyramid金字塔 that shouldn't不能 be there,
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干擾食物鏈最底層的生物時,
02:53
some very frightening可怕的 things happen發生.
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可怕的事情就會發生。
02:56
Pollutants污染物, some pollutants污染物 have been created創建 by us:
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有些污染源是人類所創造出來的,
02:59
molecules分子 like PCBs多氯聯苯
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像是多氯聯苯,
03:01
that can't be broken破碎 down by our bodies身體.
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人類的身體無法吸收,
03:03
And they go in the base基礎 of that pyramid金字塔,
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於是多氯聯苯就進到了海洋食物鏈的最底層,
03:05
and they drift漂移 up; they're passed通過 up that way,
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然後來到食物鏈的中層、
03:08
on to predators大鱷 and on to the top最佳 predators大鱷,
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上層,最後到達頂端,
03:10
and in so doing,
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多氯聯苯
03:12
they accumulate積累.
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不斷地累積。
03:14
Now, to bring帶來 that home, I thought I'd invent發明 a little game遊戲.
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為了讓你們記住,我發明了一個小遊戲,
03:16
We don't really have to play it; we can just think about it here.
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我們不一定要玩,可以只用想的就好,
03:18
It's the Styrofoam泡沫塑料 and chocolate巧克力 game遊戲.
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我叫它「保麗龍與巧克力」。
03:20
Imagine想像 that when we got on this boat,
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想像一下我們坐在船上,
03:23
we were all given特定
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我們手上有
03:25
two Styrofoam泡沫塑料 peanuts花生.
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二顆保麗龍花生,
03:27
Can't do much with them: Put them in your pocket口袋.
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沒什麼用,但還是放進口袋裡。
03:29
Suppose假設 the rules規則 are: every一切 time you offer提供 somebody a drink,
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遊戲規則是:每次你請別人喝酒,
03:32
you give them the drink,
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除了給他們酒之外,
03:34
and you give them your Styrofoam泡沫塑料 peanuts花生 too.
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也要給他們保麗龍花生。
03:36
What'll什麼會 happen發生 is that the Styrofoam泡沫塑料 peanuts花生
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接下來,保麗龍花生
03:38
will start開始 moving移動 through通過 our society社會 here,
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就會在人群裡流通,
03:40
and they will accumulate積累 in
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最後,最小氣而且
03:42
the drunkestdrunkest, stingiest吝嗇 people.
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喝醉酒的人拿到最多。
03:44
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:49
There's no mechanism機制 in this game遊戲
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這個遊戲的設計,
03:51
for them to go anywhere隨地 but into
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會讓不能食用的
03:53
a bigger and bigger pile
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保麗龍花生,
03:55
of indigestible不消化 Styrofoam泡沫塑料 peanuts花生.
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愈堆愈高。
03:57
And that's exactly究竟 what happens發生 with PDBsPDBS
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就像在海洋食物鏈裡的
03:59
in this food餐飲 pyramid金字塔:
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多氯聯苯一樣,
04:01
They accumulate積累 into the top最佳 of it.
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全都堆在食物鏈的頂端。
04:04
Now suppose假設, instead代替 of Styrofoam泡沫塑料 peanuts花生,
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現在想像一下,我們不用保麗龍花生了,
04:06
we take these lovely可愛 little chocolates巧克力 that we get
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我們用巧克力來取代
04:08
and we had those instead代替.
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保麗龍花生。
04:10
Well, some of us would be eating those chocolates巧克力
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嗯,有些人會把巧克力吃掉,
04:12
instead代替 of passing通過 them around,
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而不會給別人,
04:14
and instead代替 of accumulating積累,
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也不會囤積在某人身上,
04:16
they will just pass通過 into our group here
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巧克力在人群裡流通後,
04:19
and not accumulate積累 in any one group
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不會堆積在人群裡,
04:21
because they're absorbed吸收 by us.
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因為被我們吃掉了。
04:23
And that's the difference區別 between之間 a PCBPCB
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這和多氯聯苯不同,
04:25
and, say, something natural自然 like an omega-Ω-3,
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有些天然的東西,像是omega-3(多元不飽和脂肪酸),
04:27
something we want out of the marine海洋 food餐飲 chain.
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是我們想從海洋食物鏈裡攝取的,
04:31
PCBs多氯聯苯 accumulate積累.
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但多氯聯苯卻會累積起來。
04:33
We have great examples例子 of that, unfortunately不幸.
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很不幸的,有太多這種例子,
04:35
PCBs多氯聯苯 accumulate積累 in dolphins海豚
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多氯聯苯累積在薩拉索塔灣、
04:37
in Sarasota薩拉索塔 Bay, in Texas德州, in North Carolina卡羅來納州.
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德州、北卡羅萊納州的海豚身上,
04:40
They get into the food餐飲 chain.
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累積在食物鏈裡。
04:42
The dolphins海豚 eat the fish
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海豚吃魚,
04:44
that have PCBs多氯聯苯 from the plankton浮游生物,
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魚吃含有多氯聯苯的浮游生物,
04:46
and those PCBs多氯聯苯, being存在 fat-soluble脂溶性,
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而這些脂溶性的多氯聯苯
04:49
accumulate積累 in these dolphins海豚.
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就累積在海豚身體裡。
04:51
Now, a dolphin海豚,
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海豚,
04:53
mother母親 dolphin海豚, any dolphin海豚 --
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不管是母海豚還是任何海豚,
04:55
there's only one way
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只有一種方法可以
04:57
that a PCBPCB can get out of a dolphin海豚.
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讓多氯聯苯離開海豚的身體,
04:59
And what's that?
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是什麼方法?
05:01
In mother's母親 milk牛奶.
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透過母海豚的乳汁。
05:03
Here's這裡的 a diagram of the PCBPCB load加載
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這裡有一張薩拉索塔海灣
05:05
of dolphins海豚 in Sarasota薩拉索塔 Bay.
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海豚體內的多氯聯苯含量圖,
05:07
Adult成人 males男性: a huge巨大 load加載.
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成年公海豚,含量很高;
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Juveniles少年: a huge巨大 load加載.
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少年海豚,含量很高;
05:11
Females女性 after their first calf小牛 is already已經 weaned斷奶:
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生過一胎且斷奶的母海豚,
05:13
a lower降低 load加載.
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含量較低。
05:15
Those females女性, they're not trying to.
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這些母海豚並非刻意這麼做,
05:17
Those females女性 are passing通過 the PCBs多氯聯苯
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他們透過自己乳汁裡所含的脂肪,
05:19
in the fat脂肪 of their own擁有 mother's母親 milk牛奶
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將多氯聯苯
05:22
into their offspring子孫,
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傳給了下一代,
05:24
and their offspring子孫 don't survive生存.
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這些新生兒無法存活。
05:27
The death死亡 rate in these dolphins海豚,
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這些海豚的死亡率,
05:29
for the first calf小牛 born天生 of every一切 female dolphin海豚,
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也就是母海豚第一胎的死亡率,
05:31
is 60 to 80 percent百分.
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高達百分之60到80。
05:33
These mothers母親 pump their first offspring子孫
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母海豚將全部的污染物
05:36
full充分 of this pollutant污染物,
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傳給了第一個寶寶,
05:38
and most of them die.
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而大部分都死了。
05:40
Now, the mother母親 then can go and reproduce複製,
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當然,母海豚可以再生,
05:42
but what a terrible可怕 price價錢 to pay工資
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但是這代價何其高啊!
05:44
for the accumulation積累 of this pollutant污染物
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就因為污染物囤積在
05:46
in these animals動物 --
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這些動物體內,
05:48
the death死亡 of the first-born第一胎 calf小牛.
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第一胎就都死了。
05:51
There's another另一個 top最佳 predator捕食者 in the ocean海洋, it turns out.
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在海洋食物鏈裡,當然還有最頂端的掠食者,
05:54
That top最佳 predator捕食者, of course課程, is us.
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也就是人類,
05:56
And we also are eating meat
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我們當然也吃
05:58
that comes from some of these same相同 places地方.
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來自剛才所提到的地點的魚肉。
06:00
This is whale meat
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這是我在東京
06:02
that I photographed拍照 in a grocery雜貨 store商店 in Tokyo東京 --
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雜貨店裡所拍攝到的鯨魚肉,
06:04
or is it?
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還是別的肉?
06:06
In fact事實, what we did a few少數 years年份 ago
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我們從幾年前開始,
06:08
was learn學習 how to smuggle走私
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就偷偷把分子生物實驗室
06:10
a molecular分子 biology生物學 lab實驗室 into Tokyo東京
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帶進東京,
06:12
and use it to genetically基因 test測試 the DNA脫氧核糖核酸
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然後對這些鯨魚肉
06:15
out of whale meat samples樣本
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進行DNA測試,
06:17
and identify鑑定 what they really were.
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以瞭解到底這是什麼肉。
06:19
And some of those whale meat samples樣本 were whale meat.
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有些鯨魚肉的樣本確實是鯨魚肉,
06:21
Some of them were illegal非法 whale meat, by the way.
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只不過有些是非法捕撈的鯨魚肉,
06:23
That's another另一個 story故事.
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這是另一回事;
06:25
But some of them were not whale meat at all.
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但有些則完全不是鯨魚肉,
06:27
Even though雖然 they were labeled標記 whale meat, they were dolphin海豚 meat.
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雖然貼上了鯨魚肉的標籤,但實際上卻是海豚肉。
06:30
Some of them were dolphin海豚 liver. Some of them were dolphin海豚 blubber大聲哭.
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有些是海豚肝臟,有些是海豚脂肪,
06:33
And those dolphin海豚 parts部分
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這些海豚肉及內臟
06:35
had a huge巨大 load加載 of PCBs多氯聯苯,
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都含有高量的多氯聯苯、
06:37
dioxins二噁英 and heavy metals金屬.
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戴奧辛和重金屬,
06:40
And that huge巨大 load加載 was passing通過 into the people
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只要吃了海豚肉,就會吸收到
06:42
that ate this meat.
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這些高量毒物。
06:44
It turns out that a lot of dolphins海豚
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我們發現,很多海豚
06:46
are being存在 sold出售 as meat
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都被送到
06:48
in the whale meat market市場 around the world世界.
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世界各地的市場上當鯨魚肉販賣。
06:50
That's a tragedy悲劇 for those populations人群,
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海豚已經夠可憐了,
06:52
but it's also a tragedy悲劇
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但是吃下海豚肉的人
06:54
for the people eating them
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更可憐,
06:56
because they don't know that that's toxic有毒的 meat.
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因為他們不知道自己吃了有毒的肉。
06:59
We had these data數據 a few少數 years年份 ago.
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我們從幾年前開始掌握了這些數據,
07:02
I remember記得 sitting坐在 at my desk
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我記得我坐在書桌前,
07:04
being存在 about the only person in the world世界
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覺得世界上只有我一個人知道,
07:06
who knew知道 that whale meat being存在 sold出售 in these markets市場
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在這些魚市裡所販賣的鯨魚肉,
07:09
was really dolphin海豚 meat, and it was toxic有毒的.
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其實是海豚肉,而且還有毒,
07:12
It had two-to-three-to-兩到三TO-400 times the toxic有毒的 loads負載
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毒物的含量是環保署所允許的二倍、
07:15
ever allowed允許 by the EPAEPA.
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三倍、甚至高達四百倍。
07:17
And I remember記得 there sitting坐在 at my desk thinking思維,
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我還記得,我坐在書桌前想著:
07:20
"Well, I know this. This is a great scientific科學 discovery發現,"
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「嗯,我知道這件事,這可是了不起的科學發現哪!」
07:23
but it was so awful可怕.
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但這糟透了!
07:25
And for the very first time in my scientific科學 career事業,
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這是我從事科學生涯以來,
07:27
I broke打破 scientific科學 protocol協議,
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首次違反科學協議,
07:29
which哪一個 is that you take the data數據 and publish發布 them in scientific科學 journals期刊
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協議要求我們在把資料公布於科學期刊之前,
07:32
and then begin開始 to talk about them.
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不得對外談論資料內容。
07:34
We sent發送 a very polite有禮貌 letter
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我們寄了一封措辭委婉的信
07:36
to the Minister部長 of Health健康 in Japan日本
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給日本的厚生省大臣,
07:39
and simply只是 pointed out that
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信中開門見山的指出
07:42
this is an intolerable無法忍受 situation情況, not for us,
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這種情況令人無法容忍,不是為了我們,
07:44
but for the people of Japan日本
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而是為了日本的國民。
07:46
because mothers母親 who may可能 be breastfeeding哺乳,
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因為母親會哺乳,
07:49
who may可能 have young年輕 children孩子,
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她們有小孩要養,
07:51
would be buying購買 something that they thought was healthy健康,
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她們會買到自己以為是有益的食物,
07:54
but it was really toxic有毒的.
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事實上卻是有毒的。
07:56
That led to a whole整個 series系列 of other campaigns活動 in Japan日本,
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這件事在日本引起了軒然大波,
07:59
and I'm really proud驕傲 to say that at this point,
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我可以很驕傲地說,
08:02
it's very difficult to buy購買 anything in Japan日本
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現在在日本已經很難買到
08:05
that's labeled標記 incorrectly不正確,
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標示不正確的食物了,
08:07
even though雖然 they're still selling銷售 whale meat,
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雖然他們還在賣鯨魚肉,
08:09
which哪一個 I believe they shouldn't不能.
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我個人並不贊同,
08:11
But at least最小 it's labeled標記 correctly正確地,
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但至少標示是正確的了,
08:13
and you're no longer going to be buying購買
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你再也不會買到
08:15
toxic有毒的 dolphin海豚 meat instead代替.
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有毒的海豚肉了。
08:18
It isn't just there that this happens發生,
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這種事不只發生在日本,
08:21
but in a natural自然 diet飲食 of some communities社區
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有些地方的天然食材也發生相同狀況,
08:23
in the Canadian加拿大 arctic北極 and in the United聯合的 States狀態
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像是在加拿大、美國
08:25
and in the European歐洲的 arctic北極,
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和歐洲的極地圈附近,
08:27
a natural自然 diet飲食 of seals密封件 and whales鯨魚
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那裡的人們長期食用海豹和鯨魚,
08:30
leads引線 to an accumulation積累 of PCBs多氯聯苯
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導致體內囤積多氯聯苯,
08:32
that have gathered雲集 up from all parts部分 of the world世界
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這些多氯聯苯是海洋動物從世界各地吸收來的,
08:35
and ended結束 up in these women婦女.
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最後留在這些女性的體內。
08:37
These women婦女 have toxic有毒的 breast乳房 milk牛奶.
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她們的乳汁有毒,
08:40
They cannot不能 feed飼料 their offspring子孫, their children孩子,
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所以不能為嬰兒
08:43
their breast乳房 milk牛奶
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或小孩哺乳,
08:45
because of the accumulation積累 of these toxins毒素
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因為這些毒物囤積在
08:47
in their food餐飲 chain,
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食物鏈中,
08:49
in their part部分 of the world's世界
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囤積在當地海洋的
08:51
ocean海洋 pyramid金字塔.
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食物鏈中。
08:53
That means手段 their immune免疫的 systems系統 are compromised妥協.
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這表示她們的免疫系統已經投降了,
08:56
It means手段 that their children's兒童 development發展
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她們的小孩未來的成長發展
08:58
can be compromised妥協.
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也將受影響,
09:00
And the world's世界 attention注意 on this over the last decade
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而我們過去十年對這個問題的關注,
09:03
has reduced減少 the problem問題
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減輕了這些女性
09:05
for these women婦女,
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所受的折磨,
09:07
not by changing改變 the pyramid金字塔,
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我們無法改變食物鏈,
09:09
but by changing改變 what they particularly尤其 eat out of it.
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但我們可以讓她們改變吃進身體的食物。
09:11
We've我們已經 taken採取 them out of their natural自然 pyramid金字塔
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要她們不要再涉入這天然的食物鏈裡,
09:13
in order訂購 to solve解決 this problem問題.
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以改善這個問題。
09:16
That's a good thing for this particular特定 acute急性 problem問題,
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這個問題是改善了,
09:18
but it does nothing to solve解決 the pyramid金字塔 problem問題.
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但是整個食物鏈的問題並沒有改善,
09:20
There's other ways方法 of breaking破壞 the pyramid金字塔.
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還有其他方式在破壞這個食物鏈。
09:23
The pyramid金字塔, if we jam果醬 things in the bottom底部,
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如果我們阻塞了食物鏈的底層,
09:26
can get backed已備份 up like a sewer下水道 line that's clogged堵塞.
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就像下水道阻塞一樣,會一路回堵上來;
09:29
And if we jam果醬 nutrients營養成分, sewage污水, fertilizer肥料
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但如果我們把養份、肥料等,
09:32
in the base基礎 of that food餐飲 pyramid金字塔,
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澆入食物鏈的底層,
09:34
it can back up all through通過 it.
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一樣也會滋養整個食物鏈。
09:36
We end結束 up with things we've我們已經 heard聽說 about before:
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最後,我們可能會看到歷史重演,
09:38
red tides潮汐, for example,
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像是紅潮這類的事情,
09:40
which哪一個 are blooms綻放 of toxic有毒的 algae藻類
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那時有毒的海藻大量繁殖,
09:42
floating漂浮的 through通過 the oceans海洋
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漂浮在海洋上,
09:44
causing造成 neurological神經 damage損傷.
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導致人類神經系統受損。
09:46
We can also see blooms綻放 of bacteria,
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我們也有可能讓海裡的
09:48
blooms綻放 of viruses病毒 in the ocean海洋.
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細菌或病毒大量繁殖,
09:50
These are two shots鏡頭 of a red tide浪潮 coming未來 on shore支撐 here
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這裡有二張照片,都是紅潮上岸的照片,
09:53
and a bacteria
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這裡面
09:55
in the genus vibrio弧菌,
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有一種弧菌,
09:57
which哪一個 includes包括 the genus that has cholera霍亂 in it.
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帶有霍亂弧菌。
10:00
How many許多 people have seen看到 a "beach海灘 closed關閉" sign標誌?
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有誰看過「海灘關閉」的牌子?
10:05
Why does that happen發生?
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為什麼要關閉?
10:07
It happens發生 because we have jammed卡住 so much
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因為我們丟了太多垃圾
10:09
into the base基礎 of the natural自然 ocean海洋 pyramid金字塔
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到海洋食物鏈的底層,
10:11
that these bacteria clog阻塞 it up
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這些細菌大量繁殖,
10:13
and overfill溢出 onto our beaches海灘.
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回堵到了我們的海灘上,
10:15
Often經常 what jams果醬 us up is sewage污水.
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大部分都是污染物。
10:18
Now how many許多 of you have ever gone走了 to a state park公園 or a national國民 park公園
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有誰曾去到州立公園或是國家公園,
10:21
where you had a big sign標誌 at the front面前 saying,
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看到門口豎了一個牌子:
10:23
"Closed關閉 because human人的 sewage污水
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「由於垃圾過量,
10:25
is so far over this park公園
264
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充斥園區,
10:27
that you can't use it"?
265
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目前關閉中」?
10:29
Not very often經常. We wouldn't不會 tolerate容忍 that.
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沒有吧?我們不可能容忍這種事情發生,
10:32
We wouldn't不會 tolerate容忍 our parks公園
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我們不可能容忍
10:34
being存在 swamped淹沒 by human人的 sewage污水,
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垃圾堆滿整個公園,
10:37
but beaches海灘 are closed關閉 a lot in our country國家.
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但是我們國家裡的海灘卻經常關閉耶...
10:39
They're closed關閉 more and more and more all around the world世界 for the same相同 reason原因,
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世界各地的海灘也因為同樣的原因,愈來愈常關閉,
10:42
and I believe we shouldn't不能 tolerate容忍 that either.
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我認為我們不應該再容忍,
10:45
It's not just a question of cleanliness清潔度;
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這不只是清潔的問題,
10:47
it's also a question of
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這同時也是
10:49
how those organisms生物
274
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海洋生物
10:51
then turn into human人的 disease疾病.
275
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轉變為人類疾病的問題。
10:53
These vibrios弧菌, these bacteria, can actually其實 infect感染 people.
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這些弧菌、細菌,都會讓人生病,
10:56
They can go into your skin皮膚 and create創建 skin皮膚 infections感染.
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他們會鑽進你的皮膚裡,讓你得皮膚病。
10:59
This is a graph圖形 from NOAA'sNOAA的 ocean海洋 and human人的 health健康 initiative倡議,
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這張圖是來自國家海洋暨大氣總署(NOAA)所提議的海洋與人類健康法案,
11:02
showing展示 the rise上升 of the infections感染
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顯示人類過去幾年,
11:05
by vibrio弧菌 in people
280
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受弧菌感染的案例
11:08
over the last few少數 years年份.
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有上升的趨勢。
11:10
Surfers衝浪者, for example, know this incredibly令人難以置信.
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舉例來說,衝浪的人就很瞭解這個狀況。
11:13
And if you can see on some surfing衝浪 sites網站,
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如果你上一些衝浪網站,
11:16
in fact事實, not only do you see
284
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你不只會看到
11:18
what the waves波浪 are like or what the weather's天氣的 like,
285
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海浪或天氣的訊息,
11:20
but on some surf衝浪 rider騎士 sites網站,
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有些衝浪網站
11:22
you see a little flashing閃爍 poo便便 alert警報.
287
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還會出現一些閃亮的警示燈號,
11:25
That means手段 that the beach海灘 might威力 have great waves波浪,
288
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表示海灘可能有大浪,
11:28
but it's a dangerous危險 place地點 for surfers衝浪者 to be
289
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警告衝浪的人要小心,
11:30
because they can carry攜帶 with them,
290
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病菌會吸附在人體上,
11:32
even after a great day of surfing衝浪,
291
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在享受一天很棒地的衝浪後,
11:34
this legacy遺產 of an infection感染 that might威力 take a very long time to solve解決.
292
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所得到的細菌感染,可能得花上很長時間醫治。
11:37
Some of these infections感染 are actually其實 carrying攜帶
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有些病菌還對抗生素
11:39
antibiotic抗生素 resistance抵抗性 genes基因 now,
294
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產生抗體,
11:41
and that makes品牌 them even more difficult.
295
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這些細菌就更難醫治了。
11:43
These same相同 infections感染
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這些病菌
11:45
create創建 harmful有害 algal藻類 blooms綻放.
297
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會讓有毒海藻大量繁殖,
11:47
Those blooms綻放 are generating發電 other kinds of chemicals化學製品.
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同時會產生其他化學物質。
11:50
This is just a simple簡單 list名單 of some of the types類型 of poisons毒藥
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這裡有一張清單,說明這些有毒的海藻
11:53
that come out of these harmful有害 algal藻類 blooms綻放:
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所會產生的毒性:
11:55
shellfish貝類 poisoning中毒,fish ciguatera西加魚毒,
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貝毒、甲藻魚毒、
11:58
diarrheic腹瀉 shellfish貝類 poisoning中毒 -- you don't want to know about that --
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痢疾性貝毒--你不會想知道這種毒的--
12:01
neurotoxic神經毒性 shellfish貝類 poisoning中毒, paralytic癱子 shellfish貝類 poisoning中毒.
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神經性貝毒、痲痺性貝毒,
12:04
These are things that are getting得到 into our food餐飲 chain
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這些毒物都因為海藻大量繁殖,
12:06
because of these blooms綻放.
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而進到我們的食物鏈中。
12:08
Rita麗塔 CalwellCalwell very famously著名
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麗塔.卡維爾成功地
12:10
traced追踪 a very interesting有趣 story故事
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追蹤到一個關於人類
12:12
of cholera霍亂 into human人的 communities社區,
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感染到霍亂的有趣故事,
12:15
brought there, not by
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他們不是被
12:17
a normal正常 human人的 vector向量,
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人類互相傳染,
12:19
but by a marine海洋 vector向量, this copepod橈足類.
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而是被海洋裡的橈腳類動物所傳染。
12:22
Copepods橈足類 are small crustaceans甲殼類動物.
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橈腳類動物是很小的甲殼類動物,
12:24
They're a tiny fraction分數 of an inch英寸 long,
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小到只有幾分之一英吋而已,
12:26
and they can carry攜帶 on their little legs
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霍亂弧菌會附著在
12:28
some of the cholera霍亂 bacteria
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他們細小的足肢上,
12:30
that then leads引線 to human人的 disease疾病.
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因此傳染給人類。
12:33
That has sparked引發 cholera霍亂 epidemics流行病
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霍亂疫情會因此爆發開來,
12:35
in ports港口 along沿 the world世界
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沿著港口傳出去,
12:37
and has led to increased增加 concentration濃度
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這迫使世人注意,
12:40
on trying to make sure shipping運輸
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不要讓船運業
12:42
doesn't move移動 these
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成為媒介,
12:44
vectors矢量 of cholera霍亂 around the world世界.
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把霍亂病菌傳播到全世界。
12:46
So what do you do?
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那麼我們該怎麼做?
12:48
We have major重大的 problems問題 in disrupted破壞 ecosystem生態系統 flow
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我們的整個生態體系已瀕臨瓦解,
12:51
that the pyramid金字塔 may可能 not be working加工 so well,
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食物鏈的運作不像以往順暢,
12:53
that the flow from the base基礎 up into it
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從底層往上
12:55
is being存在 blocked受阻 and clogged堵塞.
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都阻塞了,
12:57
What do you do when you have this sort分類 of disrupted破壞 flow?
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我們該怎麼處理這種問題?
13:00
Well, there's a bunch of things you could do.
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嗯,可以做的事情有很多,
13:03
You could call Joe the Plumber水管工人, for example.
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舉例來說,你可以叫水管工來修,
13:05
And he could come in
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然後水管工人就會來
13:07
and fix固定 the flow.
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幫你修理。
13:09
But in fact事實, if you look around the world世界,
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但是實際上,如果我們看看全世界,
13:12
not only are there hope希望 spots斑點
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有些地方是有機會可以修復的,
13:14
for where we may可能 be able能夠 to fix固定 problems問題,
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我們也有能力修復,
13:16
there have been places地方 where problems問題 have been fixed固定,
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有些地方的問題已經成功的解決了,
13:18
where people have come to grips交手 with these issues問題
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那些人已經集眾人之力,
13:20
and begun開始 to turn them around.
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試圖扭轉這個劣勢。
13:22
Monterey蒙特雷 is one of those.
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蒙特利就是其中之一。
13:24
I started開始 out showing展示 how much
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我一開始有提到,
13:26
we had distressed苦惱 the Monterey蒙特雷 Bay ecosystem生態系統
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蒙特利灣的生態系統已經被打亂,
13:29
with pollution污染 and the canning罐頭製造 industry行業
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因為罐頭工業產生大量污染,
13:31
and all of the attendant服務員 problems問題.
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出現許多問題。
13:33
In 1932, that's the picture圖片.
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這是1932年當地的照片,
13:35
In 2009, the picture圖片 is dramatically顯著 different不同.
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2009年已經有劇烈改變。
13:39
The canneries罐頭 are gone走了. The pollution污染 has abated減弱.
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罐頭工廠已經遷走,污染物也消失了,
13:42
But there's a greater更大 sense here
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但最重要的是,
13:44
that what the individual個人 communities社區 need
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當地居民已經瞭解,
13:46
is working加工 ecosystems生態系統.
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健全生態體系的重要性。
13:48
They need a functioning功能 pyramid金字塔 from the base基礎 all the way to the top最佳.
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他們需要的是一個從下到上都運作良好的食物鏈,
13:51
And that pyramid金字塔
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而目前在蒙特利的
13:53
in Monterey蒙特雷, right now,
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食物鏈,
13:55
because of the efforts努力 of a lot of different不同 people,
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在眾人的努力下,
13:57
is functioning功能 better than it's ever functioned運作
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已達到過去150年來從未有過的
13:59
for the last 150 years年份.
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最佳狀態。
14:02
It didn't happen發生 accidentally偶然.
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這不是憑空發生的,
14:04
It happened發生 because many許多 people put their time and effort功夫
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這是眾人花費了時間與精力,
14:07
and their pioneering創舉 spirit精神 into this.
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憑著先驅的精神建立起來的。
14:09
On the left there, Julia朱莉婭 Platt普拉特,
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照片左邊的那位,
14:11
the mayor市長 of my little hometown家鄉 in Pacific和平的 Grove樹林.
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是我家鄉小鎮葛洛芙洋的鎮長,茱莉亞.普拉特,
14:13
At 74 years年份 old, became成為 mayor市長
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她在74歲高齡當選鎮長,
14:15
because something had to be doneDONE
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因為她認為必須為保護海洋
14:17
to protect保護 the ocean海洋.
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盡一份心力。
14:19
In 1931, she produced生成 California's加州 first
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1931年,她創設了加州第一個
14:21
community-based以社區為基礎 marine海洋 protected保護 area,
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社區型的海洋保護區,
14:24
right next下一個 to the biggest最大 polluting污染 cannery罐頭工廠,
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就設在污染最嚴重的罐頭工廠隔壁,
14:27
because Julia朱莉婭 knew知道
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因為茱莉亞知道,
14:29
that when the canneries罐頭 eventually終於 were gone走了,
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在罐頭工廠遷走之後,
14:31
the ocean海洋 needed需要 a place地點 to grow增長 from,
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海洋會需要一個地方來復育,
14:34
that the ocean海洋 needed需要 a place地點 to spark火花 a seed種子,
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海洋會需要一個地方來灑下第一顆種子,
14:37
and she wanted to provide提供 that seed種子.
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而她要當那第一顆種子。
14:39
Other people, like David大衛 Packard惠普 and Julie朱麗葉 Packard惠普,
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其他人像大衛.派克及茱莉.派克,
14:42
who were instrumental儀器的 in producing生產 the Monterey蒙特雷 Bay aquarium水族館
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他們幫忙籌建了蒙特利灣海洋世界,
14:45
to lock into people's人們 notion概念
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讓人們瞭解,
14:47
that the ocean海洋
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海洋
14:49
and the health健康 of the ocean海洋 ecosystem生態系統
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及海洋生態的健康,
14:52
were just as important重要 to the economy經濟 of this area
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和當地的經濟發展一樣重要,
14:55
as eating the ecosystem生態系統 would be.
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但經濟發展卻傷害了這個生態體系。
14:57
That change更改 in thinking思維 has led to a dramatic戲劇性 shift轉移,
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想法的改變促成了劇烈的轉變,
15:00
not only in the fortunes命運 of Monterey蒙特雷 Bay,
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不只改變了蒙特利灣的命運,
15:03
but other places地方 around the world世界.
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也改變了世界上其他地方的命運,
15:05
Well, I want to leave離開 you with the thought that
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嗯,我希望讓你們知道,
15:07
what we're really trying to do here
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我們正嘗試在做的事,
15:09
is protect保護 this ocean海洋 pyramid金字塔,
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是保護海洋的食物鏈,
15:11
and that ocean海洋 pyramid金字塔
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而海洋的食物鏈,
15:13
connects所連接 to our own擁有 pyramid金字塔 of life.
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是與人類的食物鏈緊密相連的。
15:15
It's an ocean海洋 planet行星,
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我們活在一個海洋星球,
15:17
and we think of ourselves我們自己 as a terrestrial陸生 species種類,
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我們自認為是陸生物種,
15:21
but the pyramid金字塔 of life in the ocean海洋
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但是海洋食物鏈
15:24
and our own擁有 lives生活 on land土地
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和我們這種陸生物種的生命,
15:26
are intricately錯綜複雜 connected連接的.
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卻是盤根錯結地交織在一起,
15:28
And it's only through通過 having the ocean海洋 being存在 healthy健康
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只有海洋健康,
15:30
that we can remain healthy健康 ourselves我們自己.
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我們才能保有健康。
15:32
Thank you very much.
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謝謝!
15:34
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Marie Wu
Reviewed by Sunshine Hong-Jun, Wang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stephen Palumbi - Marine biologist
Stephen Palumbi studies the way humanity and ocean life interact and intertwine. His insights into our codependence offer ideas for protecting both the ocean and ourselves.

Why you should listen

Stephen Palumbi teaches and does research in evolution and marine biology at Stanford University, and has long been fascinated by how quickly the world around us changes. His work on the genetics of marine organisms tries to focus on basic evolutionary questions but also on practical solutions to questions about how to preserve and protect the diverse life in the sea. DNA data on the genetics of marine populations like corals helps in the design and implementation of marine protected areas for conservation and fisheries enhancement. A second focus is on the use of molecular genetic techniques for the elucidation of past population sizes and dynamics of baleen whales, with the notion of recreating a better sense of the ecology of the virgin ocean.
 
Palumbi has lectured extensively on human-induced evolutionary change, has used genetic detective work to identify whales for sale in retail markets, and is working on new methods to help design marine parks for conservation. His first book for non-scientists, The Evolution Explosion, documents the impact of humans on evolution. His latest is an unusual environmental success story called The Death and Life of Monterey Bay. He also helped write and research and appears in the BBC series The Future Is Wild and the History Channel's World Without People. Other recent films appearances include The End of the Line and an upcoming Canadian Broadcasting series One Ocean.

Palumbi's other passion: microdocumentaries. His Short Attention Span Science Theater site received a million hits last year. And his band Sustainable Soul has several songs out, including "Crab Love" and "The Last Fish Left."

More profile about the speaker
Stephen Palumbi | Speaker | TED.com