TEDSummit
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala: How Africa can keep rising
恩戈奇 · 奧孔喬 - 伊維拉: 非洲如何可以繼續崛起
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奈及利亞前財政部長恩戈奇 · 奧孔喬 - 伊維拉說，非洲的發展是一種趨勢，而非僥倖。在這場耳目一新、簡潔明瞭的演說中，奧孔喬 - 伊維拉敘述了這個大陸的進步並且列出了非洲國家為了創造更美好的未來，仍需解決的八個挑戰。
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The narrative of a rising Africa
is being challenged.
is being challenged.
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崛起中的非洲，
這個說法正面臨著考驗。
這個說法正面臨著考驗。
00:16
About 10 years ago,
I spoke about an Africa,
I spoke about an Africa,
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大約10年前，我談到非洲，
00:20
an Africa of hope and opportunity,
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一個充滿希望和機會的非洲，
00:23
an Africa of entrepreneurs,
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一個企業家遍佈的非洲，
一個與你們通常聽到
充斥著死亡、貧窮和疾病，
充斥著死亡、貧窮和疾病，
00:25
an Africa very different from the Africa
that you normally hear about
that you normally hear about
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00:29
of death, poverty and disease.
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所截然不同的非洲。
00:31
And that what I spoke about,
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當時我所講述的內容，
00:33
became part of what is known now
as the narrative of the rising Africa.
as the narrative of the rising Africa.
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成了當今崛起中非洲的
故事的一部分。
故事的一部分。
00:39
I want to tell you two stories
about this rising Africa.
about this rising Africa.
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我想給你們講兩個關於
崛起中的非洲的故事。
崛起中的非洲的故事。
00:42
The first has to do with Rwanda,
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第一個和盧安達有關，
00:44
a country that has gone
through many trials and tribulations.
through many trials and tribulations.
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一個經歷了許多考驗
和苦難的國家。
和苦難的國家。
00:47
And Rwanda has decided to become
the technology hub, or a technology hub
the technology hub, or a technology hub
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盧安達決定成為
科技的樞紐，
科技的樞紐，
或者說是成為非洲大陸的
科技樞紐。
科技樞紐。
00:52
on the continent.
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00:53
It's a country with mountainous
and hilly terrain,
and hilly terrain,
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盧安達是一個多山、
多丘陵的地方，
多丘陵的地方，
00:56
a little bit like here,
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有一點兒像這裡，
00:58
so it's very difficult
to deliver services to people.
to deliver services to people.
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所以，要給民眾
提供服務特別困難。
提供服務特別困難。
01:01
So what has Rwanda said?
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那麼盧安達說了什麼呢？
01:03
In order to save lives,
it's going to try using drones
it's going to try using drones
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為了挽救生命，
盧安達將使用無人機
盧安達將使用無人機
01:06
to deliver lifesaving drugs,
vaccines and blood
vaccines and blood
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把救命藥品、疫苗和血液，
01:09
to people in hard-to-reach places
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空運給住在偏遠地區的人們，
01:12
in partnership with
a company called Zipline,
a company called Zipline,
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同時與Zipline公司，
01:14
with UPS, and also with the Gavi,
a global vaccine alliance.
a global vaccine alliance.
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UPS快遞，和Gavi
全球疫苗聯盟合作，
全球疫苗聯盟合作，
01:19
In doing this, it will save lives.
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藉此挽救生命。
01:21
This is part of the type of innovation
we want to see in the rising Africa.
we want to see in the rising Africa.
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這是我們想要在崛起中的非洲，
所見到的一種創新形式。
所見到的一種創新形式。
01:26
The second story has to do with something
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第二個故事，
我確信你們大多數人都見過
或記得的事。
或記得的事。
01:29
that I'm sure most of you
have seen or will remember.
have seen or will remember.
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01:32
Very often, countries in Africa
suffer drought and floods,
suffer drought and floods,
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非洲國家
經常遭遇旱災和水災，
經常遭遇旱災和水災，
01:36
and it's getting more frequent
because of climate change effects.
because of climate change effects.
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而且因為氣候變化的影響，
它們發生的頻率越來越高。
它們發生的頻率越來越高。
01:40
When this happens, they normally wait
for international appeals to raise money.
for international appeals to raise money.
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當災害發生時，它們通常
等待國際呼籲來籌錢。
等待國際呼籲來籌錢。
你們見過蒼蠅在孩子
臉上的照片，
臉上的照片，
01:45
You see pictures of children
with flies on their faces,
with flies on their faces,
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01:49
carcasses of dead animals and so on.
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動物屍體的照片等。
01:51
Now these countries,
32 countries, came together
32 countries, came together
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現在這32個國家，
在非洲聯盟的幫助下，
團結在一起，
團結在一起，
01:54
under the auspices of the African Union
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01:57
and decided to form an organization
called the African Risk Capacity.
called the African Risk Capacity.
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並且成立一個
叫「非洲風險承保能量」的組織。
叫「非洲風險承保能量」的組織。
這個組織是做什麼的呢？
02:02
What does it do?
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02:03
It's a weather-based insurance agency,
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它是一個以天氣風險
為根據的保險機構，
為根據的保險機構，
02:05
and what these countries do
is to pay insurance each year,
is to pay insurance each year,
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這些國家要做的就是
每年支付保險費，
每年支付保險費，
02:10
about 3 million dollars a year
of their own resources,
of their own resources,
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每年各自支付大約300萬美元，
02:12
so that in the event they have
a difficult drought situation or flood,
a difficult drought situation or flood,
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當它們遇到嚴重的水、旱災時，
02:17
this money will be paid out to them,
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即可獲得理賠。
02:20
which they can then use
to take care of their populations,
to take care of their populations,
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它們可以用這筆錢來照顧人民，
02:23
instead of waiting for aid to come.
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而不是等待救援。
02:26
The African Risk Capacity
last year paid 26 million dollars
last year paid 26 million dollars
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「非洲風險承保能量」組織，
去年支付了2,600萬美元
去年支付了2,600萬美元
02:30
to Mauritania, Senegal and Niger.
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給茅利塔尼亞、塞內加爾
和尼日。
和尼日。
02:32
This enabled them to take care
of 1.3 million people affected by drought.
of 1.3 million people affected by drought.
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幫助了受旱災影響的130萬人。
02:38
They were able to restore livelihoods,
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使他們可以重建生計，
02:40
buy fodder for cattle,
feed children in school
feed children in school
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給牛買飼料，
養活上學的孩子，
養活上學的孩子，
02:43
and in short keep the populations home
instead of migrating out of the area.
instead of migrating out of the area.
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總之，讓人們能夠留守家園，
而非迫遷他方。
而非迫遷他方。
02:49
So these are the kinds of stories
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這些就是關於
02:51
of an Africa ready
to take responsibility for itself,
to take responsibility for itself,
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已經可以為自己負責，
並為自己的問題尋求
解決辦法的非洲故事。
解決辦法的非洲故事。
02:54
and to look for solutions
for its own problems.
for its own problems.
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02:57
But that narrative is being challenged now
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但是，那種說法現在面臨考驗。
03:00
because the continent has not
been doing well in the last two years.
been doing well in the last two years.
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因為，非洲大陸在過去的
兩年裡並沒有出色的表現。
兩年裡並沒有出色的表現。
03:05
It had been growing
at five percent per annum
at five percent per annum
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雖然在過去的15年裡，
03:08
for the last one and a half decades,
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它的經濟是以每年5%在增長。
03:10
but this year's forecast
was three percent. Why?
was three percent. Why?
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但是，今年的預測只有3%。
為什麼呢？
為什麼呢？
03:12
In an uncertain global environment,
commodity prices have fallen.
commodity prices have fallen.
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在不穩定的全球環境下，
大宗商品價格下跌。
大宗商品價格下跌。
03:17
Many of the economies
are still commodity driven,
are still commodity driven,
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很多經濟體仍然是
靠大宗商品驅動的，
靠大宗商品驅動的，
03:20
and therefore their
performance has slipped.
performance has slipped.
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所以它們的表現變差。
03:23
And now the issue of Brexit
doesn't make it any easier.
doesn't make it any easier.
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現在「英國脫歐」的問題，
沒有讓事情變得更輕鬆。
沒有讓事情變得更輕鬆。
03:27
I never knew that the Brexit could happen
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我從不知道「英國脫歐」
真的會發生，
真的會發生，
03:31
and that it could be one of the things
that would cause global uncertainty
that would cause global uncertainty
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也不知道這會成為引起全球
不穩定的事件之一。
不穩定的事件之一。
03:35
such as we have.
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正如我們一樣。
03:36
So now we've got this situation,
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身處在這樣的環境中，
03:38
and I think it's time to take stock
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我認為
是該做全面分析的時候了，
是該做全面分析的時候了，
03:41
and to say what were the things
that the African countries did right?
that the African countries did right?
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並談談哪些是
非洲國家做對了的事情?
非洲國家做對了的事情?
03:46
What did they do wrong?
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哪些是做錯了的？
03:48
How do we build on all of this
and learn lessons
and learn lessons
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我們如何吸取成功的經驗
並記取失敗的教訓，
並記取失敗的教訓，
03:51
so that we can keep Africa rising?
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讓非洲繼續地崛起呢？
03:54
So let me talk about six things
that I think we did right.
that I think we did right.
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那麼讓我來說說，我認為
我們做對了的六件事。
我們做對了的六件事。
03:58
The first is managing
our economies better.
our economies better.
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第一件是我們把
經濟管理得更好。
經濟管理得更好。
04:02
The '80s and '90s were the lost decades,
when Africa was not doing well,
when Africa was not doing well,
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80年代和90年代是迷失的年代，
當時非洲的狀況並不好，
當時非洲的狀況並不好，
04:06
and some of you will remember
an "Economist" cover
an "Economist" cover
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你們有些人會想起
《經濟學人》的封面
《經濟學人》的封面
04:09
that said, "The Lost Continent."
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寫著《失落的大陸》。
04:12
But in the 2000s, policymakers learned
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但是在21世紀的時候，
政策制定者意識到
政策制定者意識到
04:16
that they needed to manage
the macroeconomic environment better,
the macroeconomic environment better,
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他們需要把宏觀經濟環境
管理得更好，
管理得更好，
04:20
to ensure stability,
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以確保社會經濟的安定；
04:21
keep inflation low in single digits,
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將通貨膨脹率
維持在個位數的低點；
維持在個位數的低點；
保持較低的財政赤字，
低於國內生產毛額的3%以下；
低於國內生產毛額的3%以下；
04:24
keep their fiscal deficits low,
below three percent of GDP,
below three percent of GDP,
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04:30
give investors, both domestic and foreign,
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提供國內、外的投資者，
04:34
some stability so they'll have confidence
to invest in these economies.
to invest in these economies.
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穩定的投資環境，
使他們有信心來投資這些經濟體。
使他們有信心來投資這些經濟體。
04:37
So that was number one.
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這就是第一件。
04:39
Two, debt.
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第二件，債務。
04:40
In 1994, the debt-to-GDP ratio
of African countries was 130 percent,
of African countries was 130 percent,
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1994年，非洲國家債務占
國內生產毛額的比例達到130%，
國內生產毛額的比例達到130%，
04:46
and they didn't have fiscal space.
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它們沒有財政空間。
它們不能用自有的資源
來投資所需的發展，
來投資所需的發展，
04:48
They couldn't use their resources
to invest in their development
to invest in their development
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04:51
because they were paying debt.
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因為它們要還債。
04:53
There may be some of you in this room
who worked to support African countries
who worked to support African countries
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在座的一些人，
可能曾為支持非洲國家
可能曾為支持非洲國家
得到債務免除而努力過。
04:58
to get debt relief.
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04:59
So private creditors, multilaterals
and bilaterals came together
and bilaterals came together
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私人債權人、多邊和雙邊債權人，
共聚一起
決定執行「重債窮國倡議」，
決定執行「重債窮國倡議」，
05:03
and decided to do the Highly Indebted
Poor Countries Initiative
Poor Countries Initiative
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給予非洲債務免除。
05:07
and give debt relief.
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05:08
So this debt relief in 2005
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因此，2005年的債務免除，
05:10
made the debt-to-GDP ratio
fall down to about 30 percent,
fall down to about 30 percent,
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使債務占國內生產毛額的比例
降到30％左右，
降到30％左右，
05:14
and there was enough resources
to try and reinvest.
to try and reinvest.
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讓這些國家有足夠的資源
來嘗試與再投資。
來嘗試與再投資。
05:18
The third thing was
loss-making enterprises.
loss-making enterprises.
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第三件，虧損的企業。
05:21
Governments were involved in business
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政府參與了
05:23
which they had no business being in.
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與它們無關的生意。
05:25
And they were running businesses,
they were making losses.
they were making losses.
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它們經營生意，造成了虧損。
05:28
So some of these enterprises
were restructured,
were restructured,
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這些企業，有些經由重組、
05:31
commercialized, privatized or closed,
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商業化、私有化或者是關閉，
05:34
and they became
less of a burden on government.
less of a burden on government.
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而減輕了政府的負擔。
05:38
The fourth thing
was a very interesting thing.
was a very interesting thing.
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第四件事，是一件很有趣的事。
05:41
The telecoms revolution came,
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電信革命到來，
05:43
and African countries jumped on it.
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非洲國家參與其中。
05:46
In 2000, we had 11 million phone lines.
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2000年，
我們有1,100萬條電話線。
我們有1,100萬條電話線。
05:48
Today, we have about 687 million
mobile lines on the continent.
mobile lines on the continent.
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現在，在非洲我們有
6億8,700萬條行動電話線。
6億8,700萬條行動電話線。
05:54
And this has enabled us
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這使我們可以在
一些非洲已領先的電信科技上，
05:55
to go, move forward
with some mobile technology
with some mobile technology
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05:58
where Africa is actually leading.
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持續向前邁進與發展。
06:01
In Kenya, the development
of mobile money --
of mobile money --
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在肯亞，行動支付的發展 －
06:03
M-Pesa, which all of you
have heard about --
have heard about --
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M-Pesa，你們都聽過的 －
06:06
it took some time for the world
to notice that Africa was ahead
to notice that Africa was ahead
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經過一段時間，世界才注意到
非洲在這項科技上已經領先。
06:10
in this particular technology.
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06:11
And this mobile money
is also providing a platform
is also providing a platform
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這個行動支付也為了
使用替代能源提供了一個平台。
06:14
for access to alternative energy.
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06:17
You know, people who can now pay for solar
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要知道，人們現在可以
用支付電話費的方式，
用支付電話費的方式，
06:20
the same way they pay
for cards for their telephone.
for cards for their telephone.
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來支付太陽能的費用。
06:25
So this was a very good development,
something that went right.
something that went right.
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所以這是一個非常好的發展，
朝正軌發展的好事。
朝正軌發展的好事。
06:30
We also invested more
in education and health, not enough,
in education and health, not enough,
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我們也在教育和醫療保健上
投資了更多，
投資了更多，
雖然還不夠，但是有進步了些。
06:34
but there were some improvements.
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06:36
250 million children were immunized
in the last one and a half decades.
in the last one and a half decades.
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2億5,000萬兒童
在過去的15年內接種了疫苗。
在過去的15年內接種了疫苗。
06:42
The other thing was
that conflicts decreased.
that conflicts decreased.
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另一件事是衝突減少了。
非洲有很多衝突。
06:45
There were many conflicts
on the continent.
on the continent.
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06:48
Many of you are aware of that.
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你們很多人都知道。
06:49
But they came down, and our leaders
even managed to dampen some coups.
even managed to dampen some coups.
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但是衝突減弱了，我們的領袖
甚至能設法抑制政變。
甚至能設法抑制政變。
06:54
New types of conflicts have emerged,
and I'll refer to those later.
and I'll refer to those later.
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新形式的衝突出現了，
我稍後會提及。
我稍後會提及。
06:58
So based on all this, there's also
some differentiation on the continent
some differentiation on the continent
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基於上述，
我也想讓你們了解，
我也想讓你們了解，
非洲大陸上的一些分歧與差異。
07:02
that I want you to know about,
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07:03
because even as
the doom and gloom is here,
the doom and gloom is here,
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因為儘管前景看似不樂觀，
07:06
there are some countries --
Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Ethiopia,
Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Ethiopia,
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一些國家，如 : 象牙海岸、
肯亞、衣索比亞、
肯亞、衣索比亞、
07:10
Tanzania and Senegal are performing
relatively well at the moment.
relatively well at the moment.
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坦尚尼亞和塞內加爾，
目前發展相對較好。
目前發展相對較好。
07:15
But what did we do wrong?
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但是，我們做錯了什麼呢？
07:17
Let me mention eight things.
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請讓我提及八件事情。
你做錯的事情一定
比做對的事情還多。
比做對的事情還多。
07:18
You have to have
more things wrong than right.
more things wrong than right.
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07:20
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
07:22
So there are eight things we did wrong.
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我們有八件事情做錯了。
07:24
The first was that even though we grew,
we didn't create enough jobs.
we didn't create enough jobs.
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第一件是儘管我們經濟成長，
但是，我們沒有創造足夠的工作，
但是，我們沒有創造足夠的工作，
07:28
We didn't create jobs for our youth.
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我們沒有為年輕人創造就業機會。
07:30
Youth unemployment on the continent
is about 15 percent,
is about 15 percent,
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非洲大陸青年的
失業率大概是15%，
失業率大概是15%，
07:33
and underemployment is a serious problem.
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而且失業是一個嚴重的問題。
07:37
The second thing that we did is that
the quality of growth was not good enough.
the quality of growth was not good enough.
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第二件錯事是
經濟發展的品質不夠好。
經濟發展的品質不夠好。
07:42
Even those jobs we created
were low-productivity jobs,
were low-productivity jobs,
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就連那些我們創造的工作，
也是低生產力的工作，
也是低生產力的工作，
07:46
so we moved people
from low-productivity agriculture
from low-productivity agriculture
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我們只是把勞動力從
低生產力的農業
低生產力的農業
07:50
to low-productivity commerce
and working in the informal sector
and working in the informal sector
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轉移到低生產力的商業，
並讓他們在城市的非正式部門工作。
07:54
in the urban areas.
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07:56
The third thing
is that inequality increased.
is that inequality increased.
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第三件事是
貧富不均的差距擴大了。
貧富不均的差距擴大了。
08:00
So we created more billionaires.
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我們創造了更多的億萬富翁。
50位身價960億美元
的億萬富翁，
的億萬富翁，
08:05
50 billionaires worth 96 billion dollars
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08:08
own more wealth than the bottom
75 million people on the continent.
75 million people on the continent.
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擁有的財富多過
非洲底層的7,500萬人。
非洲底層的7,500萬人。
08:13
Poverty,
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貧困，
08:15
the proportion of people in poverty --
that's the fourth thing -- did decrease,
that's the fourth thing -- did decrease,
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貧困人口的比例 －
這是第四件事 － 的確減少了，
這是第四件事 － 的確減少了，
08:19
but the absolute numbers did not
because of population growth.
because of population growth.
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但是因為人口增長，
貧困人口的絕對人數並無減少。
貧困人口的絕對人數並無減少。
08:24
And population growth is something
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人口增長，
在非洲是一個尚未充分
獲得關注與討論的議題。
獲得關注與討論的議題。
08:26
that we don't have enough
of a dialogue about on the continent.
of a dialogue about on the continent.
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08:30
And I think we will need
to get a handle on it,
to get a handle on it,
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我認為我們需要解決此問題，
08:33
particularly how we educate girls.
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尤其是要教育女孩們。
08:36
That is the road to really working
on this particular issue.
on this particular issue.
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那才是真正解決這個問題的方式。
08:41
The fifth thing is that we didn't invest
enough in infrastructure.
enough in infrastructure.
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第五件事是我們在基礎建設上，
沒有投入足夠的資金。
沒有投入足夠的資金。
08:48
We had investment from the Chinese.
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我們有來自中國的投資。
08:50
That helped some countries,
but it's not enough.
but it's not enough.
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那幫助了一些國家，
但是遠遠不夠。
但是遠遠不夠。
08:54
The consumption of electricity
in Africa on the continent
in Africa on the continent
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撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲國家，
08:57
in Sub-Saharan Africa
is equivalent to Spain.
is equivalent to Spain.
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其用電量
相當於西班牙的用電量。
相當於西班牙的用電量。
這麼多國家的用電量加總，
才等於一個西班牙的總用電量。
才等於一個西班牙的總用電量。
09:01
The total consumption
is equivalent to that of Spain.
is equivalent to that of Spain.
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09:04
So many people are living in the dark,
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所以很多人生活在黑暗中，
09:07
and as the President of the African
Development Bank said recently,
Development Bank said recently,
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正如非洲開發銀行總裁
最近所說，
最近所說，
09:10
Africa cannot develop in the dark.
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非洲不能在黑暗中發展。
09:14
The other thing we have not done
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另一件我們沒做的事情，
09:16
is that our economies
retain the same structure
retain the same structure
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是我們的經濟結構，
依舊維持著數十年以前的構架。
09:21
that we've had for decades.
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09:23
So even though we've been growing,
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所以即使我們的經濟成長，
09:25
the structure of the economies
has not changed very much.
has not changed very much.
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但經濟結構並沒有很大的改變。
我們依然出口大宗商品，
09:27
We are still exporting commodities,
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09:30
and exporting commodities is what?
It's exporting jobs.
It's exporting jobs.
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出口大宗商品意味著什麼？
意味著出口了工作機會。
意味著出口了工作機會。
09:34
Our manufacturing value-added
is only 11 percent.
is only 11 percent.
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我們製造業只增值了11%。
09:37
We are not creating enough
decent manufacturing jobs for our youth,
decent manufacturing jobs for our youth,
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我們沒有為年輕人創造
像樣的製造業工作，
像樣的製造業工作，
09:42
and trade among ourselves is low.
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我們之間的貿易量很小，
在我們國家間進行的貿易
只佔12%。
只佔12%。
09:44
Only about 12 percent of our trade
is among ourselves.
is among ourselves.
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09:48
So that's another serious problem.
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所以那是另一個嚴重的問題。
09:51
Then governance.
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然後是管理。
09:53
Governance is a serious issue.
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管理是一個嚴重的問題。
09:55
We have weak institutions,
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我們的制度很脆弱，
有時候制度根本就不存在，
我認為這讓貪腐滋生。
我認為這讓貪腐滋生。
09:57
and sometimes nonexistent institutions,
and I think this gives way for corruption.
and I think this gives way for corruption.
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10:02
Corruption is an issue that we have not
yet gotten a good enough handle on,
yet gotten a good enough handle on,
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貪腐是我們至今未能得到
有效控制的問題，
有效控制的問題，
10:08
and we have to fight tooth and nail,
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我們必須抗爭到底，
10:10
that and increased transparency
in the way we manage our economies
in the way we manage our economies
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增加我們管理經濟的透明度，
10:14
and the way we manage our finances.
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管理金融財務的透明度。
10:16
We also need to be wary of new conflicts,
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我們也需要警惕新的衝突，
10:21
new types of conflicts,
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新形式的衝突，
比如在我的國家奈及利亞境內，
有博科聖地的恐攻衝突，
有博科聖地的恐攻衝突，
10:23
such as we have with Boko Haram
in my country, Nigeria,
in my country, Nigeria,
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10:26
and with Al-Shabaab in Kenya.
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在肯亞境內
有青年黨的恐攻衝突。
有青年黨的恐攻衝突。
10:28
We need to partner
with international partners,
with international partners,
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我們需要和國際夥伴、
已開發國家合作，
共同對抗新衝突。
共同對抗新衝突。
10:32
developed countries,
to fight this together.
to fight this together.
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10:35
Otherwise, we create a new reality
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否則，我們會製造一個
10:37
which is not the type
we want for a rising Africa.
we want for a rising Africa.
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我們不想讓崛起中的非洲，
所面臨的新現實情勢。
所面臨的新現實情勢。
10:40
And finally, the issue of education.
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最後，是教育的問題。
10:43
Our education systems
in many countries are broken.
in many countries are broken.
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我們許多國家的
教育體系出了問題。
教育體系出了問題。
10:47
We are not creating the types of skills
needed for the future.
needed for the future.
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我們沒有創造
因應未來所需的技能。
因應未來所需的技能。
10:51
So we have to find a way
to educate better.
to educate better.
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所以，我們必須找到
優化教育的方式。
優化教育的方式。
10:54
So those are the things
that we are not doing right.
that we are not doing right.
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那些就是我們做不對的事情。
10:58
Now, where do we go from there?
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現在，我們要何去何從？
11:01
I believe that the way forward
is to learn to manage success.
is to learn to manage success.
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我相信向前邁進的方法
就是要學會管理成功。
就是要學會管理成功。
11:05
Very often, when people succeed
or countries succeed,
or countries succeed,
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通常，當人們或國家
成功的時候，
成功的時候，
11:09
they forget what made them succeed.
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他們會忘記是什麼讓他們成功。
11:12
Learning what you're successful at,
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了解你的成功之因，
11:15
managing it and keeping it
is vital for us.
is vital for us.
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管理它並保持住，
對我們來說至關重要。
對我們來說至關重要。
11:17
So all those things I said we did right,
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所以，所有我說過的
我們做對了的事情，
我們做對了的事情，
11:19
we have to learn to do it right again,
keep doing it right.
keep doing it right.
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我們必須學會再次做對，
一直做對。
一直做對。
11:23
Managing the economy well,
creating stability is vital,
creating stability is vital,
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管理好經濟，
創造穩定性很重要，
創造穩定性很重要，
11:27
getting prices right,
and policy consistency.
and policy consistency.
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保持價格正確，政策一致。
11:30
Very often, we are not consistent.
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通常，我們的政策沒有連貫一致。
11:33
One regime goes out, another comes in
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舊政權結束，而新政權
他們棄置原本就在運作的政策。
11:35
and they throw away even the functioning
policies that were there before.
policies that were there before.
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11:39
What does this do?
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這個會造成什麼影響？
11:40
It creates uncertainty
for people, for households,
for people, for households,
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造成人們、家庭的不穩定，
11:42
uncertainties for business.
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造成商業的不穩定。
11:44
They don't know whether and how to invest.
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他們不知道是否該投資
以及如何投資。
以及如何投資。
11:46
Debt: we must manage
the success we had in reducing our debt,
the success we had in reducing our debt,
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債務：我們必須掌管好
我們在減少債務方面的成就，
我們在減少債務方面的成就，
11:51
but now countries
are back to borrowing again,
are back to borrowing again,
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但是，現在國家又開始借貸，
11:53
and we see our debt-to-GDP ratio
beginning to creep up,
beginning to creep up,
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我們見到債務占國內生產毛額
的比例開始逐漸上升，
的比例開始逐漸上升，
11:57
and in certain countries,
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而且在一些國家，
11:58
debt is becoming a problem,
so we have to avoid that.
so we have to avoid that.
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債務成為一個問題，
所以我們必須避免那種情況。
所以我們必須避免那種情況。
12:01
So managing success.
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所以要管理好成功。
12:02
The next thing
is focusing with a laser beam
is focusing with a laser beam
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下一件事是專注於
12:05
on those things we did not do well.
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那些我們沒做好的事情上。
12:07
First and foremost is infrastructure.
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最重要的是基礎建設。
12:09
Yes, most countries now recognize
they have to invest in this,
they have to invest in this,
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是的，大多數國家現在意識到
他們必須投資基礎建設，
他們必須投資基礎建設，
12:12
and they are trying to do
the best they can to do that.
the best they can to do that.
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他們正盡最大的努力去完成這件事。
12:15
We must.
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我們必須這樣做。
12:16
The most important thing is power.
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最重要的事情是電力。
12:18
You cannot develop in the dark.
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我們不能在黑暗中發展。
12:20
And then governance and corruption:
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然後是管理和貪腐：
12:22
we have to fight.
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我們必須戰鬥到底。
12:24
We have to make our countries transparent.
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我們必須讓我們的國家透明化。
12:26
And above all, we have to
engage our young people.
engage our young people.
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最重要的是，我們必須
讓年輕人參與。
讓年輕人參與。
12:30
We have genius in our young people.
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我們的年輕人有才能，
12:32
I see it every day.
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我每天都可以見到。
12:34
It's what makes me wake up
in the morning and feel ready to go.
in the morning and feel ready to go.
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它就是每天早上讓我醒來
並蓄勢待發的動力。
並蓄勢待發的動力。
12:37
We have to unleash
the genius of our young people,
the genius of our young people,
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我們必須釋放年輕人的才能，
12:40
get out of their way,
support them to create and innovate
support them to create and innovate
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讓他們走出自己的路，
支持他們創造、革新
支持他們創造、革新
12:43
and lead the way.
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並引領未來的道路。
12:44
And I know that they will lead us
in the right direction.
in the right direction.
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我知道他們會帶我們
朝正確的方向走去。
朝正確的方向走去。
12:47
And our women, and our girls:
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我們的女性，我們的女孩們：
12:49
we have to recognize
that girls and women are a gift.
that girls and women are a gift.
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我們必須意識到女孩們
和女性是一份禮物。
和女性是一份禮物。
12:52
They have strength,
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她們有力量，
12:54
and we have to unleash that strength
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我們必須釋放出那股力量
12:56
so that they can
contribute to the continent.
contribute to the continent.
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以便她們能夠為這個大陸
貢獻一己之力。
貢獻一己之力。
12:59
I strongly believe
that when we do all of these things,
that when we do all of these things,
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我堅信當我們做到所有這些事情後，
13:03
we find that the rising Africa narrative
248
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我們會發現
崛起中的非洲的說法，
崛起中的非洲的說法，
13:06
is not a fluke.
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不是一種僥倖，
13:07
It's a trend.
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而是一種趨勢。
13:09
It's a trend, and if we continue,
if we unleash our youth,
if we unleash our youth,
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它是一種趨勢，如果我們持續不懈，
如果我們解除年輕人的束縛，
如果我們解除年輕人的束縛，
13:13
if we unleash our women,
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如果我們解除女性的束縛，
13:14
we may step backwards sometimes,
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我們有時可能會倒退，
13:16
we may even step sideways,
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我們甚至可能走偏。
13:18
but the trend is clear.
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但是趨勢是清晰的。
13:20
Africa will continue to rise.
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非洲將會繼續崛起。
13:22
And I tell you businesspeople
in the audience,
in the audience,
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讓我告訴在座的實業家們，
13:26
investment in Africa is not for today,
is not for tomorrow,
is not for tomorrow,
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投資非洲不是為了今天，
不是為了明天，
不是為了明天，
13:29
it's not a short-term thing,
it's a longer term thing.
it's a longer term thing.
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它不是短期的事情，
它是更長遠的事情。
它是更長遠的事情。
13:33
But if you are not invested in Africa,
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但是，
如果你們不投資非洲，
如果你們不投資非洲，
13:35
then you will be missing
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你們將錯過
13:36
one of the most important
emerging opportunities in the world.
emerging opportunities in the world.
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世界上正出現的
最重要的機會之一。
最重要的機會之一。
13:41
Thank you.
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謝謝。
13:42
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
凱莉 · 史托澤爾：
妳在演講中提到貪腐，
妳在演講中提到貪腐，
13:51
Kelly Stoetzel: So you mentioned
corruption in your talk,
corruption in your talk,
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13:53
and you're known, well-known
as a strong anticorruption fighter.
as a strong anticorruption fighter.
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而且妳是非常著名的反貪腐鬥士。
13:57
But that's had consequences.
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但是，妳承擔了後果。
14:00
People have fought back,
and your mother was kidnapped.
and your mother was kidnapped.
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那些人反擊，而且綁架了妳母親。
14:02
How have you been handling this?
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妳是如何處理這種情況的呢？
14:05
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala:
It's been very difficult.
It's been very difficult.
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恩戈奇 · 奧孔喬 · 伊維拉：
那很困難。
那很困難。
謝謝妳提到我母親被綁架的事情。
14:07
Thank you for mentioning
the issue of the kidnap of my mother.
the issue of the kidnap of my mother.
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14:11
It's a very difficult subject.
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它是一件很難處理的事情。
14:14
But what it means
is that when you fight corruption,
is that when you fight corruption,
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但是它意味著當你反貪腐的時候，
14:18
when you touch the pockets
of people who are stealing money,
of people who are stealing money,
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當你觸及到貪污者的利益時，
14:21
they don't just keep quiet.
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他們是不會保持靜默的。
他們會反擊，而你面臨的問題
就是當他們試圖恐嚇你的時候，
就是當他們試圖恐嚇你的時候，
14:23
They fight back, and the issue for you
is when they try to intimidate you,
is when they try to intimidate you,
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14:27
do you give up, or do you fight on?
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你會放棄，還是奮戰到底？
14:30
Do you find a way
to stay on and fight back?
to stay on and fight back?
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你會找到一個堅持並
反擊回去的辦法嗎？
反擊回去的辦法嗎？
14:33
And the answer that I had
with the teams I worked with
with the teams I worked with
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我與我的工作團隊的答案是
14:38
is we have to fight on.
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我們必須奮戰下去。
14:40
We have to create those institutions.
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我們必須設立那些制度。
14:41
We have to find ways to stop these people
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我們必須找到方法，
阻止這些人
竊取我們大家未來的遺產。
竊取我們大家未來的遺產。
14:45
from taking away
the heritage of the future.
the heritage of the future.
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14:48
And so that's what we did.
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那就是我們所做的事。
14:50
And even out of government,
we continued to make that point.
we continued to make that point.
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我們繼續強調那一點，
甚至在政府以外。
甚至在政府以外。
在我們的國家，
除了我們自己，
除了我們自己，
14:53
In our countries, nobody,
nobody is going to fight corruption
nobody is going to fight corruption
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沒有人，
沒有人會為我們反貪腐。
沒有人會為我們反貪腐。
14:57
for us but us.
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所以，那是有代價的，
14:59
And therefore,
that comes with consequences,
that comes with consequences,
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而我們只能盡最大的努力。
15:01
and we just have to do the best we can.
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15:03
But I thank you and thank TED
for giving us a voice
for giving us a voice
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但是，我要感謝妳、也感謝TED，
給我們機會對那些人說，
你們贏不了的 !
你們贏不了的 !
15:07
to say to those people, you will not win,
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而且我們不怕威脅 !
15:10
and we will not be intimidated.
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15:12
Thank you.
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謝謝。
15:13
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
15:15
Kelly Stoetzel: Thank you so much
for your great talk and important work.
for your great talk and important work.
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凱莉 · 史托澤爾：非常感謝妳
精彩的演講和所承擔的重任。
精彩的演講和所承擔的重任。
15:18
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala - EconomistNgozi Okonjo-Iweala is a respected global economist.
Why you should listen
Okonjo-Iweala was the Finance Minister of Nigeria, Africa’s largest economy, from 2003 to 2006, and then briefly the country’s Foreign Affairs Minister, the first woman to hold either position. From 2011 to 2015 she was again named Minister of Finance and Coordinating Minister for the Economy of Nigeria. Between those terms, from 2007 to 2011, she was one of the managing director of the World Bank and a candidate to the organization’s presidency. She is now a senior advisor at financial advisory and asset management firm Lazard, and she chairs the Board of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization. At the World Bank, she worked for change in Africa and assistance for low-income countries. As Finance Minister, she attacked corruption to make Nigeria more transparent and desirable for investment and jobs, an activism that attracted criticism from circles opposed to reform.
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala | Speaker | TED.com