TEDWomen 2016
Brittney Cooper: The racial politics of time
布萊特妮 · 庫柏: 時間的種族政治
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文化理論家布萊特妮 · 庫柏說：「如果時間也有種族之分，它應該是白種的。」在這場很有思考性的演說中，庫柏從時間的角度重新思考了種族主義和歧視，讓我們看到，在整個歷史上，有色人種的時間一直被偷走；他們失去喜悅、連結、健康生活品質、壽命，連進步也受到延遲。
Brittney Cooper - Cultural theorist
With scholarship and incisive commentary that exposes the marginalized narratives hidden within "mainstream" history, Brittney Cooper writes at the vanguard of cultural criticism. Full bio
With scholarship and incisive commentary that exposes the marginalized narratives hidden within "mainstream" history, Brittney Cooper writes at the vanguard of cultural criticism. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
What if I told you that time has a race,
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如果我說時間也有「種族」之分，
00:17
a race in the contemporary way
that we understand race
that we understand race
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這裡的種族是指
當代美國人所了解的種族，
當代美國人所了解的種族，
00:20
in the United States?
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你覺得如何？
00:22
Typically, we talk about race
in terms of black and white issues.
in terms of black and white issues.
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一般來說，我們會用
黑白問題來談種族。
黑白問題來談種族。
00:27
In the African-American communities
from which I come,
from which I come,
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在我所居住的非裔美國人社區中，
00:30
we have a long-standing
multi-generational joke
multi-generational joke
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有一個流傳了數個世代的笑話，
00:33
about what we call "CP time,"
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說的是我們所謂的「CP 時間」，
00:35
or "colored people's time."
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即「有色人種的時間」。
00:38
Now, we no longer refer
to African-Americans as "colored,"
to African-Americans as "colored,"
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我們已不再將非裔美國人
稱為「有色」的，
稱為「有色」的，
00:41
but this long-standing joke
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但這個流傳已久的笑話
講的是我們永遠會遲到，
不論是上教堂、
不論是上教堂、
00:43
about our perpetual lateness to church,
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00:45
to cookouts, to family events
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去野炊、去家庭活動，
00:47
and even to our own funerals, remains.
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連去遺體我們自己的
葬禮都會遲到。
葬禮都會遲到。
00:51
I personally am a stickler for time.
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我個人對時間很固執。
00:53
It's almost as if my mother,
when I was growing up, said,
when I was growing up, said,
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幾乎就像是我媽媽
在我成長過程中說的：
在我成長過程中說的：
00:56
"We will not be those black people."
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「我們不要成為那種黑人。」
00:58
So we typically arrive to events
30 minutes early.
30 minutes early.
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所以通常我們去哪裡
都會早到三十分鐘。
都會早到三十分鐘。
01:02
But today, I want to talk to you
more about the political nature of time,
more about the political nature of time,
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但今天我想和各位談
比較多的是時間的政治本質，
比較多的是時間的政治本質，
01:07
for if time had a race,
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因為如果時間也有
種族之分的話，它會是白人。
種族之分的話，它會是白人。
01:09
it would be white.
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01:11
White people own time.
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白人擁有時間。
01:14
I know, I know.
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我知道，我知道。
01:16
Making such "incendiary statements"
makes us uncomfortable:
makes us uncomfortable:
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做出這種「煽風點火的陳述」
讓我們感到不舒服：
讓我們感到不舒服：
01:20
Haven't we moved past the point
where race really matters?
where race really matters?
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種族具有影響的時候
不是已經過去了嗎？
不是已經過去了嗎？
01:24
Isn't race a heavy-handed concept?
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種族不是一種強制打壓的觀念嗎？
01:27
Shouldn't we go ahead
with our enlightened, progressive selves
with our enlightened, progressive selves
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我們不是應該帶著
開明進步的自我向前走，
開明進步的自我向前走，
01:31
and relegate useless concepts like race
to the dustbins of history?
to the dustbins of history?
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把像種族意識這類無用的觀念
丟到歷史的垃圾桶嗎？
丟到歷史的垃圾桶嗎？
01:35
How will we ever get over racism
if we keep on talking about race?
if we keep on talking about race?
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如果我們不斷談種族，
我們怎麼可能會忘懷它？
我們怎麼可能會忘懷它？
01:41
Perhaps we should lock up our concepts
of race in a time capsule,
of race in a time capsule,
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也許我們應該把種族觀念
鎖入一個時間膠囊裡，
鎖入一個時間膠囊裡，
01:45
bury them and dig them up
in a thousand years,
in a thousand years,
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把它埋起來，一千年後再挖出來，
01:48
peer at them with the clearly
more enlightened,
more enlightened,
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讓未來很明顯更開明
更沒有種族意識的我們
更沒有種族意識的我們
01:50
raceless versions of ourselves
that belong to the future.
that belong to the future.
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來凝視這些觀念。
01:54
But you see there,
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但你們要知道，
01:55
that desire to mitigate the impact
of race and racism shows up
of race and racism shows up
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想要緩和種族和種族主義造
成之影響的慾望卻跑出來了，
成之影響的慾望卻跑出來了，
02:00
in how we attempt to manage time,
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出現在我們試圖
管理時間的方式中，
管理時間的方式中，
02:02
in the ways we narrate history,
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出現在我們敘述歷史的方式中，
02:04
in the ways we attempt to shove
the negative truths of the present
the negative truths of the present
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出現在我們試圖將現在的負面真相
丟到過去的方式中，
丟到過去的方式中，
02:08
into the past,
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出現在我們試圖爭論說
02:09
in the ways we attempt to argue
that the future that we hope for
that the future that we hope for
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「我們渴望的未來其實就是
我們所處的現在」的方式中。
我們所處的現在」的方式中。
02:12
is the present in which
we're currently living.
we're currently living.
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02:15
Now, when Barack Obama
became President of the US in 2008,
became President of the US in 2008,
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2008 年，歐巴馬當選美國總統時，
02:18
many Americans declared
that we were post-racial.
that we were post-racial.
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很多美國人宣稱我們
進入了「後種族」時代，
進入了「後種族」時代，
02:22
I'm from the academy
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我來自學術界，
02:23
where we're enamored
with being post-everything.
with being post-everything.
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在那裡我們超愛「後」的，
02:26
We're postmodern, we're post-structural,
we're post-feminist.
we're post-feminist.
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我們是後現代主義的，
我們是後結構主義的，
我們是後結構主義的，
我們是後女權主義的。
02:31
"Post" has become
a simple academic appendage
a simple academic appendage
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「後」已經成為一個
簡單的學術附屬品，
簡單的學術附屬品，
02:33
that we apply to a range of terms
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被我們加在各種用詞上，
02:35
to mark the way we were.
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來標示出我們以前的樣子。
02:38
But prefixes alone don't have the power
to make race and racism
to make race and racism
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但只靠在字首加一個字
無法把種族和種族歧視
無法把種族和種族歧視
02:42
a thing of the past.
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變成過去式。
02:44
The US was never "pre-race."
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美國從來沒有「前種族」過。
02:46
So to claim that we're post-race when we
have yet to grapple with the impact
have yet to grapple with the impact
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所以，在我們還沒有
努力解決種族對於黑人、
努力解決種族對於黑人、
拉丁裔，或原住民的影響時，
02:50
of race on black people,
Latinos or the indigenous
Latinos or the indigenous
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就聲稱我們進入「後種族」
時期，實在太虛偽。
時期，實在太虛偽。
02:53
is disingenuous.
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02:56
Just about the moment
we were preparing to celebrate
we were preparing to celebrate
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就在我們準備要慶祝
「後種族」未來的時候，
02:58
our post-racial future,
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03:00
our political conditions became
the most racial they've been
the most racial they've been
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我們的政治情勢卻達到
五十年來最種族歧視的高峰。
五十年來最種族歧視的高峰。
03:03
in the last 50 years.
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03:05
So today, I want to offer to you
three observations,
three observations,
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今天，我想提出
三項觀察給各位參考，
三項觀察給各位參考，
03:08
about the past, the present
and the future of time,
and the future of time,
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分別是關於過去、現在，及未來。
03:12
as it relates to the combating
of racism and white dominance.
of racism and white dominance.
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因為它們和對抗
種族主義和白人支配有關。
種族主義和白人支配有關。
03:16
First: the past.
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首先：過去。
03:19
Time has a history,
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時間有段歷史，
03:21
and so do black people.
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黑人也有。
03:23
But we treat time as though
it is timeless,
it is timeless,
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但是我們把時間
當成是無時間性的，
當成是無時間性的，
03:26
as though it has always been this way,
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好像它一直都是如此，
03:28
as though it doesn't have
a political history
a political history
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好像它沒有一段
和掠奪原住民土地相關的歷史，
03:31
bound up with the plunder
of indigenous lands,
of indigenous lands,
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對原住民進行大屠殺的歷史，
03:33
the genocide of indigenous people
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03:35
and the stealing of Africans
from their homeland.
from their homeland.
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將非洲人從家鄉綁架過來的歷史。
03:38
When white male European philosophers
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當白種男性的歐洲哲學家最初想將
03:40
first thought to conceptualize
time and history, one famously declared,
time and history, one famously declared,
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時間和歷史給概念化時，
其中一位提出了這段著名的聲稱：
其中一位提出了這段著名的聲稱：
03:45
"[Africa] is no historical
part of the World."
part of the World."
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「非洲不是世界歷史的一部份。」
03:50
He was essentially saying
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基本上他說的是
03:52
that Africans were people
outside of history
outside of history
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非洲人是不在歷史裡的人種，
03:54
who had had no impact on time
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他們對於時間或是進步發展
03:56
or the march of progress.
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一直都沒有影響。
03:59
This idea, that black people
have had no impact on history,
have had no impact on history,
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這種黑人過去一直
對歷史沒有影響的想法，
對歷史沒有影響的想法，
04:03
is one of the foundational ideas
of white supremacy.
of white supremacy.
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就是白人至上主義的
基礎想法之一。
基礎想法之一。
04:07
It's the reason that Carter G. Woodson
created "Negro History Week" in 1926.
created "Negro History Week" in 1926.
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它也是 1926 年卡特 G. 伍德森
創立了「黑人歷史週」的原因。
創立了「黑人歷史週」的原因。
04:11
It's the reason that we continue
to celebrate Black History Month
to celebrate Black History Month
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這也是我們在美國每年二月都要
04:15
in the US every February.
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慶祝「黑人歷史月」的原因。
04:18
Now, we also see this idea
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我們還會看到一種想法，
04:21
that black people are people either
alternately outside of the bounds of time
alternately outside of the bounds of time
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認為黑人若不是在時間的邊界之外，
04:25
or stuck in the past,
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就是困在過去裡，
04:27
in a scenario where,
much as I'm doing right now,
much as I'm doing right now,
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在一個和我現在情況
很像的情境當中，
很像的情境當中，
04:30
a black person stands up and insists
that racism still matters,
that racism still matters,
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一個黑人站出來，
堅持認為種族問題依舊存在，
堅持認為種族問題依舊存在，
04:34
and a person, usually white,
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然後有個人──通常是白人，
04:36
says to them,
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對他們說：「為什麼
你們還困在過去？
你們還困在過去？
04:37
"Why are you stuck in the past?
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04:39
Why can't you move on?
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為什麼你們不能向前走？
04:42
We have a black president.
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我們已有一位黑人總統了。
04:44
We're past all that."
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種族問題都已經過去了。」
04:46
William Faulkner famously said,
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威廉福克納有句名言：
04:48
"The past is never dead.
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「過去從來沒有死亡，
04:51
It's not even past."
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過去甚至還沒有過去。」
04:53
But my good friend
Professor Kristie Dotson says,
Professor Kristie Dotson says,
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但我的好朋友
克莉絲蒂道森教授說：
克莉絲蒂道森教授說：
04:57
"Our memory is longer than our lifespan."
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「我們的記憶比
我們的壽命更長。」
我們的壽命更長。」
05:01
We carry, all of us,
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我們所有人身上都背著
05:03
family and communal
hopes and dreams with us.
hopes and dreams with us.
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家庭和社區的希望和夢想。
05:09
We don't have the luxury
of letting go of the past.
of letting go of the past.
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我們沒有放下過去的奢侈權力。
05:13
But sometimes,
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但有時候，
05:15
our political conditions are so troubling
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我們的政治情勢十分混亂，
05:17
that we don't know
if we're living in the past
if we're living in the past
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以致於我們不知道我們
是活在過去，還是活在現在。
是活在過去，還是活在現在。
05:20
or we're living in the present.
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05:22
Take, for instance,
when Black Lives Matter protesters
when Black Lives Matter protesters
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舉例來說，當「黑命貴」的抗議者
05:24
go out to protest unjust killings
of black citizens by police,
of black citizens by police,
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走上街頭抗議警方
不公正地射殺黑人公民時，
不公正地射殺黑人公民時，
05:29
and the pictures that emerge
from the protest
from the protest
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那些流出來的抗議照片
05:32
look like they could have been
taken 50 years ago.
taken 50 years ago.
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感覺就像五十年前拍的照片一樣。
05:35
The past won't let us go.
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「過去」不肯放我們走。
05:38
But still, let us press our way
into the present.
into the present.
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但，我們還是要奮力
朝「現在」前進。
朝「現在」前進。
05:43
At present, I would argue
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在「現在」，我會主張
05:45
that the racial struggles
we are experiencing
we are experiencing
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我們現在正在經歷的種族鬥爭
05:48
are clashes over time and space.
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都是因時間和空間所發生的衝突。
05:52
What do I mean?
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我是什麼意思？
05:54
Well, I've already told you
that white people own time.
that white people own time.
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我剛剛已經告訴各位，
白人擁有時間。
白人擁有時間。
05:57
Those in power dictate
the pace of the workday.
the pace of the workday.
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有權的人掌控了工作日的步調。
06:01
They dictate how much money
our time is actually worth.
our time is actually worth.
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他們能決定我們的時間
到底值多少錢。
到底值多少錢。
06:05
And Professor George Lipsitz argues
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喬治利普茲教授主張
06:08
that white people even dictate
the pace of social inclusion.
the pace of social inclusion.
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白人甚至掌控了社會包容的步調。
06:12
They dictate how long
it will actually take
it will actually take
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他們能決定弱勢團體要花多少時間
06:14
for minority groups to receive the rights
that they have been fighting for.
that they have been fighting for.
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才能取得他們在爭取的權力。
06:19
Let me loop back to the past quickly
to give you an example.
to give you an example.
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讓我很快地繞回過去，
給各位一個例子。
給各位一個例子。
06:23
If you think about
the Civil Rights Movement
the Civil Rights Movement
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想想看非裔美國人民權運動，
06:25
and the cries of its leaders
for "Freedom Now,"
for "Freedom Now,"
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及運動領導人大喊著
「現在就要自由」，
「現在就要自由」，
06:28
they were challenging the slow pace
of white social inclusion.
of white social inclusion.
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他們就是在挑戰
白人社會包容的緩慢步調。
白人社會包容的緩慢步調。
06:32
By 1965, the year
the Voting Rights Act was passed,
the Voting Rights Act was passed,
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到了 1965 年，
選舉法案通過的那一年，
選舉法案通過的那一年，
06:36
there had been a full 100 years
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從內戰結束，到將投票權
06:38
between the end of the Civil War
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賦予非裔美國人社區，
06:39
and the conferral of voting rights
on African-American communities.
on African-American communities.
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已經過了整整一百年。
06:43
Despite the urgency of a war,
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儘管戰爭一觸即發，
06:45
it still took a full 100 years
for actual social inclusion to occur.
for actual social inclusion to occur.
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仍然花了整整一百年，
才讓真正的社會包容實現。
才讓真正的社會包容實現。
06:50
Since 2012,
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自從 2012 年，
06:52
conservative state legislatures
across the US have ramped up attempts
across the US have ramped up attempts
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美國各地的保守派州議院
花費越來越多的心力
花費越來越多的心力
試圖撤回非裔美國人的投票權，
06:56
to roll back African-American
voting rights
voting rights
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06:58
by passing restrictive voter ID laws
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手段包括通過限制性的
「選民身份法」
「選民身份法」
07:00
and curtailing early voting opportunities.
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以及削減提早投票的機會。
07:03
This past July, a federal court
struck down North Carolina's voter ID law
struck down North Carolina's voter ID law
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去年七月，一個聯邦法庭駁回了
北卡羅來納州的選民身份法，
北卡羅來納州的選民身份法，
07:07
saying it "... targeted African-Americans
with surgical precision."
with surgical precision."
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理由是「針對非裔美國人，
且這針對性精準到
和要動手術一樣。」
和要動手術一樣。」
07:14
Restricting African-American inclusion
in the body politic
in the body politic
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限制非裔美國人融入國家，
07:18
is a primary way that we attempt
to manage and control people
to manage and control people
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是我們試圖藉由管理和控制時間，
來管理和控制人民的主要方式。
07:23
by managing and controlling time.
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07:26
But another place that we see
these time-space clashes
these time-space clashes
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還有一個地方，也會
看見時間和空間的衝突。
看見時間和空間的衝突。
是在中產階層化的城市，
07:29
is in gentrifying cities
like Atlanta, Brooklyn,
like Atlanta, Brooklyn,
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如亞特蘭大、布魯克林、費城、
07:33
Philadelphia, New Orleans
and Washington, DC --
and Washington, DC --
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紐奧良，和華盛頓特區——
07:36
places that have had
black populations for generations.
black populations for generations.
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在這些地區，黑人
已經存在數個世代。
已經存在數個世代。
07:40
But now, in the name
of urban renewal and progress,
of urban renewal and progress,
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但現在，假借
都市更新和進步的名義，
都市更新和進步的名義，
07:43
these communities are pushed out,
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這些社區被趕出去，
07:45
in service of bringing them
into the 21st century.
into the 21st century.
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為的竟是要帶他們
進入二十一世紀。
進入二十一世紀。
07:48
Professor Sharon Holland asked:
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雪倫荷蘭教授問道：
07:52
What happens when a person
who exists in time
who exists in time
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「當一個存在於時間內的人，
遇到一位只佔有空間的人，
會發生什麼事？」
會發生什麼事？」
07:55
meets someone who only occupies space?
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08:00
These racial struggles
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這些種族的鬥爭
08:02
are battles over those
who are perceived to be space-takers
who are perceived to be space-takers
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是為了被認為是「佔據空間者」的人
08:06
and those who are perceived
to be world-makers.
to be world-makers.
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及被認為是「世界製造者」的人
所打的仗。
08:10
Those who control the flow
and thrust of history
and thrust of history
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2989
那些控制歷史洪流和推進的人，
08:13
are considered world-makers
who own and master time.
who own and master time.
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被認為是世界製造者，
他們擁有並掌管時間。
他們擁有並掌管時間。
08:17
In other words: white people.
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換言之：他們就是白人。
但當黑格爾說出
08:20
But when Hegel famously said that Africa
was no historical part of the world,
was no historical part of the world,
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「黑人不是歷史的一部份」
那句名言時，
那句名言時，
08:24
he implied that it was merely
a voluminous land mass
a voluminous land mass
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他的本意是，非洲只是一大塊地，
08:26
taking up space
at the bottom of the globe.
at the bottom of the globe.
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2121
佔據了全球最底層的空間。
08:29
Africans were space-takers.
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非洲人是佔據空間者。
08:32
So today, white people continue to control
the flow and thrust of history,
the flow and thrust of history,
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今天，白人繼續掌控
歷史的洪流與推進，
歷史的洪流與推進，
08:36
while too often treating black people
as though we are merely taking up space
as though we are merely taking up space
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同時，他們太常認為
黑人只是在佔據空間，
黑人只是在佔據空間，
08:41
to which we are not entitled.
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而我們無權這麼做。
08:43
Time and the march of progress
is used to justify
is used to justify
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時間和進步發展被用來當作工具，
08:47
a stunning degree of violence
towards our most vulnerable populations,
towards our most vulnerable populations,
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為要找到正當理由
來殘酷暴力對待最弱勢的族群，
來殘酷暴力對待最弱勢的族群，
08:52
who, being perceived as space-takers
rather than world-makers,
rather than world-makers,
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這些人被視為佔據空間者，
而非世界製造者，
08:57
are moved out of the places
where they live,
where they live,
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他們被趕出自己的家園，
08:59
in service of bringing them
into the 21st century.
into the 21st century.
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為了帶他們進入二十一世紀。
09:03
Shortened life span according to zip code
is just one example of the ways
is just one example of the ways
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因居住地的郵遞區號不同，
生命就比較短，
生命就比較短，
這只是許多例子中的一個，
說明在黑人的生命中，
說明在黑人的生命中，
09:08
that time and space cohere
in an unjust manner
in an unjust manner
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時間和空間如何
以不公平的方式結合。
以不公平的方式結合。
09:10
in the lives of black people.
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09:12
Children who are born
in New Orleans zip code 70124,
in New Orleans zip code 70124,
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在紐奧良郵遞區號 70124 地區，
有 93% 人口是白人，
在這裡出生的兒童
在這裡出生的兒童
09:17
which is 93 percent white,
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545518
1928
09:19
can expect to live a full 25 years longer
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547470
3229
壽命預期會比生在紐奧良
郵遞區號 70112 地區的兒童
多出整整二十五歲，
多出整整二十五歲，
09:22
than children born
in New Orleans zip code 70112,
in New Orleans zip code 70112,
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4255
09:27
which is 60 percent black.
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1907
在這個地區有 60% 人口是黑人。
09:30
Children born in Washington, DC's
wealthy Maryland suburbs
wealthy Maryland suburbs
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在華盛頓特區有錢的
馬里蘭郊區出生的兒童，
馬里蘭郊區出生的兒童，
09:34
can expect to live a full 20 years longer
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壽命預期會比出生在
鄰近市中心的兒童
多出整整二十歲，
多出整整二十歲，
09:37
than children born
in its downtown neighborhoods.
in its downtown neighborhoods.
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09:41
Ta-Nehisi Coates argues
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塔內西科特斯主張
09:44
that, "The defining feature
of being drafted into the Black race
of being drafted into the Black race
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「被納入黑人種族的關鍵特徵，
09:50
is the inescapable robbery of time."
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就是無法避免時間被奪取。」
他告訴我們，
我們對時間歧視的感受
我們對時間歧視的感受
09:53
We experience time discrimination,
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09:55
he tells us,
185
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1227
09:56
not just as structural,
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1480
不只是結構性的，
09:58
but as personal:
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1451
也是個人化的：
09:59
in lost moments of joy,
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1824
喜樂的時刻不再，
10:01
lost moments of connection,
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連結的時刻不再，
10:03
lost quality of time with loved ones
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與所愛的人相處時的品質不再，
10:06
and lost years of healthy quality of life.
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還會失去多年健康的生活品質。
10:12
In the future, do you see black people?
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在未來，
你有看見黑人嗎？
10:16
Do black people have a future?
193
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2764
黑人有未來嗎？
10:20
What if you belong
to the very race of people
to the very race of people
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2230
如果你剛好屬於那個總是
10:22
who have always been pitted against time?
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2747
在和時間競爭的種族，會如何？
10:26
What if your group is the group
for whom a future was never imagined?
for whom a future was never imagined?
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4646
如果你所屬的種族
沒有任何能夠想像的未來呢？
沒有任何能夠想像的未來呢？
10:32
These time-space clashes --
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這些時間空間的衝突——
10:33
between protesters and police,
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2541
抗議者與警方間，
中產階層化者與居民間的衝突——
10:36
between gentrifiers and residents --
199
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2370
10:38
don't paint a very pretty picture
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626770
1997
並沒有為美國所希望的黑人未來
10:40
of what America hopes
for black people's future.
for black people's future.
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繪出一幅非常美麗的圖畫。
10:44
If the present is any indicator,
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若「現在」是一種指標，
10:46
our children will be under-educated,
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我們孩子的將無法受到良好教育，
10:48
health maladies will take their toll
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2358
健康問題會讓我們付出代價，
10:50
and housing will continue
to be unaffordable.
to be unaffordable.
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我們也仍然無法付擔住房。
10:54
So if we're really ready
to talk about the future,
to talk about the future,
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3022
所以，若我們真的準備好
要來談論未來，
要來談論未來，
10:57
perhaps we should begin
by admitting that we're out of time.
by admitting that we're out of time.
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首先我們應該承認
我們已經沒時間了。
我們已經沒時間了。
11:01
We black people
have always been out of time.
have always been out of time.
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2683
我們黑人的時間向來不夠。
11:05
Time does not belong to us.
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時間不屬於我們。
11:07
Our lives are lives of perpetual urgency.
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3196
我們的生命是永遠緊急的生命。
11:10
Time is used to displace us,
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2532
時間被用來取代我們，
11:13
or conversely, we are urged
into complacency
into complacency
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3010
或者，反過來說，
無止盡地呼籲「要有耐心」
無止盡地呼籲「要有耐心」
11:16
through endless calls to just be patient.
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3121
敦促我們變得自滿。
11:19
But if past is prologue,
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但，如果過去是序幕，
11:22
let us seize upon the ways in which
we're always out of time anyway
we're always out of time anyway
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讓我們利用反正我們的時間
總是不夠的方式，
總是不夠的方式，
11:25
to demand with urgency
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1648
來急迫地要求：
11:27
freedom now.
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1318
現在就要自由。
11:29
I believe the future is what we make it.
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2855
我相信未來是我們自己創造的。
11:32
But first, we have to decide
that time belongs to all of us.
that time belongs to all of us.
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680646
4445
但我們必須先要斷定
時間屬於我們所有人。
時間屬於我們所有人。
11:37
No, we don't all get equal time,
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2703
不，不是每個人都有同等的時間，
11:40
but we can decide that the time
we do get is just and free.
we do get is just and free.
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4018
但我們可以決定
我們得到的時間公正且自由，
我們得到的時間公正且自由，
11:44
We can stop making your zip code
the primary determinant
the primary determinant
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692586
2645
我們可以不要讓郵遞區號成為
決定你壽命長短的主要因素。
11:47
of your lifespan.
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695255
1222
11:49
We can stop stealing learning time
from black children
from black children
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697024
2720
我們可以不要再透過
過度使用退學和停學
過度使用退學和停學
11:51
through excessive use
of suspensions and expulsions.
of suspensions and expulsions.
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3056
來偷走黑人孩子的學習時間。
11:54
We can stop stealing time
from black people
from black people
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2069
我們可以不要再透過
非暴力犯罪的長期監禁
非暴力犯罪的長期監禁
11:56
through long periods
of incarceration for nonviolent crimes.
of incarceration for nonviolent crimes.
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3319
來偷走黑人的時間。
12:00
The police can stop
stealing time and black lives
stealing time and black lives
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2996
警可以不要再透過過度武力
來偷走黑人的時間和性命。
12:03
through use of excessive force.
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2092
12:07
I believe the future is what we make it.
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我相信未來是我們自己創造的。
12:10
But we can't get there
on colored people's time
on colored people's time
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4015
但如果我們想要辦到，
不能用有色人種的時間，
不能用有色人種的時間，
12:14
or white time
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1928
或白人的時間，
12:16
or your time
233
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1812
或你們的時間，
12:18
or even my time.
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或甚至我的時間。
12:20
It's our time.
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應該要用的是我們的時間。
12:23
Ours.
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1272
我們的。
12:24
Thank you.
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謝謝。
12:25
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Brittney Cooper - Cultural theoristWith scholarship and incisive commentary that exposes the marginalized narratives hidden within "mainstream" history, Brittney Cooper writes at the vanguard of cultural criticism.
Why you should listen
Brittney Cooper spends her days in conversation with college students about everything from feminism to hip hop. During her other waking hours, she uses digital platforms and blogging as a virtual classroom to incite her national readership to have more robust and honest conversations about racism, popular culture and how to take down the patriarchy. She is an Assistant Professor of Women's and Gender Studies and Africana Studies at Rutgers University.
Cooper's work and words have appeared on MSNBC, BET, NPR, PBS, the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, TV Guide, New York Magazine, Salon.com, The Root.com and Al Jazeera America, among many others. She is a regular contributor at Cosmpolitan.com and co-founder of the Crunk Feminist Collective and blog. Cooper is author of two forthcoming books, Beyond Respectability: The Intellectual Thought of Race Women (University of Illinois Press 2017) and Never Scared: One Black Feminist's Refusal to Bow Down, Back Up, or Give In (St. Martin’s Press 2017) and editor of one co-edited volume, The Crunk Feminist Collection (The Feminist Press 2017).
Brittney Cooper | Speaker | TED.com