ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Christien Meindertsma - Artist
Christien Meindertsma uses art (and craft) to expose the hidden processes and connections of our modern life.

Why you should listen

Dutch artist Christien Meindertsma explores raw materials in thoughtful ways, making simple books and products that lay bare complex and once-hidden processes. For her first book, Checked Baggage, she purchased a container filled with a week's worth of objects confiscated at security checkpoints at Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport after 9/11. She meticulously categorized all 3,267 items and photographed them on a white seamless background. Her second book, PIG 05049, documents the astounding array of products that different parts of a pig named 05049 could support -- revealing the lines that link raw materials with producers, products and consumers that have become so invisible in an increasingly globalized world. PIG 05049 was acquired by New York's Museum of Modern Art this winter.

With her product designs, Meindertsma plays with ancient, natural materials and processes. In a project for the Nature Conservancy last year, she made the sensuous Idaho rug, knitted from inch-thick felted wool yarn from the fleece of sheep at Lava Lake Ranch in Idaho. Each panel of the massive rug was knitted (on giant wooden needles) from the fleece of one sheep, using a different stitch per animal to display the personalities that make up a flock.

More profile about the speaker
Christien Meindertsma | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2010

Christien Meindertsma: How pig parts make the world turn

克莉絲丁‧曼得馬:豬隻如何轉動世界

Filmed:
1,301,838 views

「豬05049號」的作者克莉絲丁‧曼得馬,帶我們看一隻平凡的豬死後的不凡貢獻。牠的各個部位被拿來做成187種的非豬肉產品:從子彈到人工心臟。
- Artist
Christien Meindertsma uses art (and craft) to expose the hidden processes and connections of our modern life. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
Hello你好. I would like to start開始 my talk
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嗨,在進入主題之前,我想
00:18
with actually其實 two questions問題, and the first one is:
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先問兩個問題,第一個是:
00:20
How many許多 people here actually其實 eat pig meat?
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在座有多少人吃豬肉?
00:23
Please raise提高 your hand --
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請舉手。
00:25
oh, that's a lot.
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噢,不少呢。
00:27
And how many許多 people have actually其實 seen看到
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那在座有多少人
00:29
a live生活 pig producing生產 this meat?
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在去年看過
00:31
In the last year?
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活生生的豬?
00:34
In the Netherlands荷蘭 -- where I come from --
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在荷蘭,我的祖國,
00:36
you actually其實 never see a pig, which哪一個 is really strange奇怪,
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你根本看不到豬。這是很奇怪的
00:39
because, on a population人口 of 16 million百萬 people,
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因為我們人口1600萬,
00:41
we have 12 million百萬 pigs.
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有1200萬隻豬。
00:44
And well, of course課程, the Dutch荷蘭人 can't eat all these pigs.
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當然荷蘭人吃不了這麼多豬。
00:46
They eat about one-third三分之一, and the rest休息 is exported出口
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他們大約吃三分之一,其他的都出口
00:49
to all kinds of countries國家 in Europe歐洲 and the rest休息 of the world世界.
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到歐洲各國和世界各地。
00:52
A lot goes to the U.K., Germany德國.
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很多賣到英國、德國。
00:54
And what I was curious好奇 about --
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我好奇的是
00:56
because historically歷史, the whole整個 pig would be used up until直到 the last bit
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在過去,豬的身體各部位都會被使用到
00:59
so nothing would be wasted浪費 --
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一丁點都不浪費。
01:01
and I was curious好奇 to find out
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我想知道
01:03
if this was actually其實 still the case案件.
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現在是否還是如此。
01:05
And I spent花費 about three years年份 researching研究.
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我花了約三年的時間研究
01:07
And I followed其次 this one pig
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追隨一隻豬
01:09
with number "05049,"
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編號「05049」
01:11
all the way up until直到 the end結束
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從頭到尾
01:13
and to what products製品 it's made製作 of.
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也跟隨以牠製出的產品。
01:15
And in these years年份, I met會見 all kinds people
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在這三年,我遇上各式各樣的人,
01:17
like, for instance, farmers農民 and butchers屠夫, which哪一個 seems似乎 logical合乎邏輯.
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譬如養豬的和屠夫,這挺合理的。
01:20
But I also met會見 aluminum mold模子 makers製造商,
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但我也結識了鋁模製造業者,
01:23
ammunition彈藥 producers生產商
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軍火製造業者
01:25
and all kinds of people.
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和各式各樣的人。
01:27
And what was striking引人注目 to me
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我訝異的是
01:29
is that the farmers農民 actually其實 had no clue線索
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養豬的完全不知道
01:31
what was made製作 of their pigs,
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他們的豬被拿去做成什麼,
01:33
but the consumers消費者 -- as in us --
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而我們這些消費者
01:36
had also no idea理念
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也都不知道
01:38
of the pigs being存在 in all these products製品.
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這麼多產品的成份裡都含有豬。
01:40
So what I did is,
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所以我做了一件事,
01:42
I took all this research研究
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我把整個研究
01:44
and I made製作 it into a -- well, basically基本上 it's a product產品 catalog目錄 of this one pig,
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整理成一份這隻豬的產品目錄,
01:47
and it carries攜帶 a duplicate重複 of his ear tag標籤
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然後再書背黏上一模一樣的
01:50
on the back.
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耳標。
01:52
And it consists of seven chapters --
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裡面一共有七章。
01:55
the chapters are skin皮膚, bones骨頭, meat, internal內部 organs器官,
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分別是皮膚、骨頭、肉、內臟、
01:57
blood血液, fat脂肪 and miscellaneous.
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血、脂肪和其他。
02:00
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
02:02
In total,
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全部
02:04
they weigh稱重 103.7 kilograms公斤.
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一共重103.7公斤。
02:06
And to show顯示 you how often經常 you actually其實
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為了讓各位知道你們
02:09
meet遇到 part部分 of this pig in a regular定期 day,
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每天到底有多常用到豬,
02:11
I want to show顯示 you some images圖片 of the book.
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我想給你們看一些書裡的圖。
02:15
You probably大概 start開始 the day with a shower淋浴.
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你們每天做的第一件事可能是洗澡。
02:17
So, in soap肥皂, fatty脂肪 acids
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而肥皂裡的脂肪酸
02:19
made製作 from boiling沸騰 pork豬肉 bone fat脂肪
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就來自沸騰而出的豬骨脂
02:21
are used as a hardening硬化 agent代理人,
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它用做硬化劑,
02:23
but also for giving it a pearl-like珍珠般的 effect影響.
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同時給它一種類似珍珠的質感。
02:26
Then if you look around you in the bathroom浴室,
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再來,你們如果環視浴室,
02:28
you see lots more products製品
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可以看見許多產品
02:30
like shampoo洗頭, conditioner調節器,
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諸如洗髮精、護髮乳
02:32
anti-wrinkle抗皺紋 cream奶油, body身體 lotion洗劑,
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除皺霜、身體乳液、
02:35
but also toothpaste牙膏.
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還有牙膏。
02:37
Then, so, before breakfast早餐,
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所以光是早餐前
02:39
you've already已經 met會見 the pig so many許多 times.
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你們就和這隻豬接觸了這麼多次。
02:42
Then, at breakfast早餐, the pig that I followed其次,
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接著吃早餐的時候還是有豬,
02:44
the hairs off the pig or proteins蛋白質 from the hairs off the pig
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豬毛,或者說從豬毛提煉出的蛋白質
02:47
were used as an improver改良劑 of dough麵團.
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用做麵團的"優化劑"。
02:50
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
02:52
Well, that's what the producer製片人 says: it's "improving提高 the dough麵團,
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這就是製造商說的:「它優化了。」
02:54
of course課程."
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你們當然都了解的。
02:57
In low-fat低脂 butter牛油, or actually其實 in many許多 low-fat低脂 products製品,
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低脂奶油,其實很多低脂產品,
02:59
when you take the fat脂肪 out, you actually其實 take the taste味道 and the texture質地 out.
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把脂肪抽出,就等於也抽掉了味道和口感。
03:02
So what they do is they put gelatin明膠 back in,
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所以他們把動物膠放回去
03:05
in order訂購 to retain保留 the texture質地.
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好維持口感。
03:09
Well, when you're off to work, under the road or under the buildings房屋 that you see,
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接著你在上班的路上,可以看到馬路和建築物底下
03:12
there might威力 very well be cellular細胞的 concrete具體,
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可能鋪著微孔混凝土,
03:14
which哪一個 is a very light kind of concrete具體
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它非常輕
03:16
that's actually其實 got proteins蛋白質 from bones骨頭 inside
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其中也含有從骨骼提取的蛋白質,
03:19
and it's also fully充分 reusable可重複使用.
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而且這也完全可以回收利用。
03:22
In the train培養 brakes剎車 -- at least最小 in the German德語 train培養 brakes剎車 --
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火車的煞車,至少是德國的火車煞車,
03:24
there's this part部分 of the brake制動
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其中有一部分
03:26
that's made製作 of bone ash.
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是以骨灰做成的。
03:28
And in cheesecake乳酪蛋糕 and all kinds of desserts甜點,
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還有在起士蛋糕和各種甜點,
03:31
like chocolate巧克力 mousse摩絲, tiramisu提拉米蘇, vanilla香草 pudding布丁,
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像巧克力慕絲、提拉米蘇、香草布丁
03:33
everything that's cooled冷卻 in the supermarket超級市場,
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所有在超市裡冷藏的
03:35
there's gelatin明膠 to make it look good.
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都含有明膠,好讓它美觀。
03:38
Fine bone china中國 -- this is a real真實 classic經典.
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精緻骨瓷,這是個經典。
03:40
Of course課程, the bone in fine-bone細骨 china中國
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當然,精緻骨瓷裡的骨粉
03:42
gives it its translucency半透明
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讓它呈現半透明
03:44
and also its strength強度,
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卻又強韌。
03:46
in order訂購 to make these really fine shapes形狀,
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才可以做出這些美麗的形狀,
03:48
like this deer鹿.
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好比這隻鹿。
03:51
In interior室內 decorating裝潢, the pig's actually其實 quite相當 there.
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室內裝潢也少不了豬。
03:54
It's used in paint塗料 for the texture質地,
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它賦予油漆質感,
03:57
but also for the glossiness光澤度.
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和光澤。
03:59
In sandpaper砂紙, bone glue
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砂紙裡含有骨膠
04:01
is actually其實 the glue between之間 the sand and the paper.
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它就是砂和紙中間的膠。
04:05
And then in paintbrushes油畫刷,
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還有,油漆刷的毛
04:07
hairs are used because, apparently顯然地, they're very suitable適當 for making製造 paintbrushes油畫刷
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也來自豬,顯然它很適合做刷子,
04:10
because of their hard-wearing耐磨 nature性質.
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因為夠耐用。
04:13
I was not planning規劃 on showing展示 you any meat
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我沒打算給你們看肉,
04:15
because, of course課程, half the book's圖書 meat
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因為這書有一半都跟肉有關,
04:17
and you probably大概 all know what meats肉類 they are.
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你們大概也都知道,自己吃得是什麼肉。
04:19
But I didn't want you to miss小姐 out on this one,
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但我想跟大家介紹的是這個
04:21
because this, well, it's called "portion-controlled部控制的 meat cuts削減."
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它叫「份量控制肉塊」。
04:24
And this is actually其實 sold出售
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可以在超級市場
04:26
in the frozen凍結的 area of the supermarket超級市場.
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的冷凍區買到。
04:28
And what it is -- it's actually其實 steak牛扒.
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它其實是牛排。
04:30
So, this is sold出售 as cow,
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是以牛肉的名稱出售,
04:32
but what happens發生 when you slaughter屠宰 a cow --
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但是在工業養殖場
04:34
at least最小 in industrial產業 factory farming農業 --
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宰牛的時候,
04:37
they have all these little bits of steak牛扒 left
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最後都會剩下小小塊的牛肉
04:39
that they can't actually其實 sell as steak牛扒,
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也沒辦法當成牛排賣,
04:41
so what they do is they glue them all together一起
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所以他們乾脆把碎塊黏起來
04:44
with fibrin纖維蛋白 from pig blood血液
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用的是豬血裡的纖維蛋白
04:46
into this really large sausage香腸,
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做成大型香腸,
04:48
then freeze凍結 the sausage香腸, cut it in little slices
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再把它冷凍,切片
04:51
and sell those as steak牛扒 again.
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然後再把他們當牛排賣出。
04:54
And this also actually其實 happens發生 with tuna金槍魚 and scallops扇貝.
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鮪魚和干貝也是一樣。
05:00
So, with the steak牛扒, you might威力 drink a beer啤酒.
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吃牛排,你可能會配啤酒。
05:02
In the brewing釀造 process處理, there's lots of cloudy多雲的 elements分子 in the beer啤酒,
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釀造過程中啤酒會產生很多混濁的物質,
05:05
so to get rid擺脫 of these cloudy多雲的 elements分子,
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為了去除這些雜質,
05:07
what some companies公司 do
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有些公司採取的方式是
05:09
is they pour the beer啤酒 through通過 a sort分類 of gelatin明膠 sieve
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將它倒入一種明膠過濾網
05:11
in order訂購 to get rid擺脫 of that cloudiness雲量.
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來去除雜質。
05:14
This actually其實 also goes for wine紅酒 as well as fruit水果 juice果汁.
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葡萄酒和果汁也採用同樣的流程
05:19
There's actually其實 a company公司 in Greece希臘
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希臘有一家公司
05:21
that produces產生 these cigarettes香煙
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生產一種香煙,
05:23
that actually其實 contain包含 hemoglobin血紅蛋白 from pigs in the filter過濾.
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濾嘴含有豬的血紅素。
05:26
And according根據 to them,
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依照他們的說法,
05:28
this creates創建 an artificial人造 lung in the filter過濾.
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這讓濾嘴成為人工肺。
05:30
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
05:32
So, this is actually其實 a healthier健康 cigarette香煙.
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所以這是比較健康的香煙。
05:35
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
05:37
Injectable注射 collagen膠原 -- or, since以來 the '70s, collagen膠原 from pigs --
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注射式膠原,70年代後稱為「豬的膠原」
05:40
has been used for injecting注射 into wrinkles皺紋.
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用來注射到皺紋裡。
05:42
And the reason原因 for this is that pigs are actually其實 quite相當 close to human人的 beings眾生,
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這是因為豬和人類蠻相近的,
05:45
so the collagen膠原 is as well.
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膠原也一樣。
05:49
Well, this must必須 be the strangest奇怪 thing I found發現.
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這個大概是我找到最詭異的東西。
05:52
This is a bullet子彈 coming未來 from
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這是顆子彈
05:54
a very large ammunition彈藥 company公司 in the United聯合的 States狀態.
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美國一家很大的軍火公司生產的。
05:57
And while I was making製造 the book,
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而我在寫這本書時,
05:59
I contacted聯繫 all the producers生產商 of products製品
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我聯繫了所有產品的製造商,
06:01
because I wanted them to send發送 me the real真實 samples樣本
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因為我希望他們給我寄些
06:03
and the real真實 specimens標本.
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實物樣品和標本。
06:06
So I sent發送 this company公司 an email電子郵件
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於是我寄了電郵給這家公司
06:08
saying, "Hello你好. I'm ChristienChristien. I'm doing this research研究.
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寫著:「您好,我是克莉絲丁。我在做一個研究。
06:10
And can you send發送 me a bullet子彈?"
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您是否能寄一顆子彈給我?」
06:12
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
06:14
And well, I didn't expect期望 them to even answer回答 my email電子郵件.
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我並不期待他們會回信。
06:16
But they answered回答
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但他們回了,
06:18
and they said, "Why, thank you for your email電子郵件. What an interesting有趣 story故事.
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信裡寫著:「謝謝您的電郵。多麼有趣的故事。
06:21
Are you in anyway無論如何 related有關 to the Dutch荷蘭人 government政府?"
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請問您和荷蘭官方有什麼關係嗎?」
06:24
I thought that was really weird奇怪的,
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我感到詫異,
06:26
as if the Dutch荷蘭人 government政府 sends發送 emails電子郵件 to anyone任何人.
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荷蘭政府會寄電郵才奇怪。
06:28
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
06:33
So, the most beautiful美麗 thing I found發現 --
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我找到最美麗的東西
06:36
at least最小 what I think is the most beautiful美麗 -- in the book, is this heart valve.
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至少在我心目中最漂亮的,是心臟辦膜。
06:39
It's actually其實 a very low-tech技術含量低
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這東西既低科技
06:41
and very high-tech高科技 product產品 at the same相同 time.
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又高科技。
06:43
The low-tech技術含量低 bit is that it's literally按照字面 a pig's heart valve
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說低科技是因為,這實質上就是豬的心臟辦膜
06:46
mounted安裝 in the high-tech高科技 bit,
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鑲嵌上一個高科技玩意:
06:48
which哪一個 is a memory記憶 metal金屬 casing套管.
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記憶金屬套管。
06:50
And what happens發生 is this can be implanted植入 into a human人的 heart
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然後它可以植入人的心臟
06:53
without open打開 heart surgery手術.
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不用開心臟手術。
06:55
And once一旦 it's in the right spot,
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一旦放到了正確的位置,
06:57
they remove去掉 the outer shell貝殼,
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他們就移除外殼,
06:59
and the heart valve, well, it gets得到 this shape形狀
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心臟辦膜就變成這形狀,
07:01
and at that moment時刻 it starts啟動 beating跳動, instantly即刻.
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那一刻開始心臟馬上就跳動了。
07:04
It's really a sort分類 of magical神奇 moment時刻.
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那真的是神奇的一刻。
07:07
So this is actually其實 a Dutch荷蘭人 company公司,
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這是家荷蘭公司。
07:09
so I called them up, and I asked,
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我打電話給他們問說:
07:11
"Can I borrow a heart valve from you?"
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「我可不可以跟你們借一個心臟辦膜?」
07:14
And the makers製造商 of this thing were really enthusiastic熱情.
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而那些製作的人充滿熱情。
07:16
So they were like, "Okay, we'll put it in a jar for you with formalin福爾馬林,
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他們說:「好阿,我們把它放進裝有福馬林的罐子裡,
07:19
and you can borrow it."
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借給妳。」
07:21
Great -- and then I didn't hear from them for weeks,
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好極了。但接下來的幾星期,都沒有回音,
07:24
so I called,
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所以我又打去
07:26
and I asked, "What's going on with the heart valve?"
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問說:「心臟辦膜發生了什麼事嗎?」
07:28
And they said, "Well the director導向器 of the company公司
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他們說:「公司的主管
07:31
decided決定 not to let you borrow this heart valve,
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決定不借妳心臟辦膜,
07:33
because want his product產品
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因為他不要公司的產品
07:35
to be associated相關 with pigs."
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與豬有關聯。」
07:38
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
07:41
Well, the last product產品 from the book that I'm showing展示 you is renewable可再生 energy能源 --
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我要給你們看的最後一樣產品是再生能源
07:44
actually其實, to show顯示 that my first question,
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事實上它可以證明我最初提的問題,
07:46
if pigs are still used up until直到 the last bit, was still true真正.
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豬是否會被完全利用。沒錯。
07:49
Well it is, because everything that can't be used for anything else其他
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因為只要是用不到的東西
07:52
is made製作 into a fuel汽油
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都拿來當做燃料
07:54
that can be used as renewable可再生 energy能源 source資源.
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可以作為再生能源。
07:58
In total, I found發現 185 products製品.
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我總共找到185樣產品。
08:01
And what they showed顯示 me
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從中得到的結論是
08:03
is that, well, firstly首先,
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第一,
08:05
it's at least最小 to say odd
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奇怪的很
08:07
that we don't treat對待 these pigs
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我們並不把豬
08:09
as absolute絕對 kings國王 and queens皇后.
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當做國王和皇后來對待。
08:12
And the second第二, is that we actually其實 don't have a clue線索
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第二,我們其實真的不知道
08:15
of what all these products製品 that surround環繞 us are made製作 of.
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身邊有這麼多產品是由什麼做出的。
08:18
And you might威力 think I'm very fond喜歡 of pigs,
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你們可能覺得我對豬情有獨鍾,
08:21
but actually其實 -- well, I am a little bit --
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可能真有一點
08:23
but I'm more fond喜歡
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但我更喜歡的是
08:25
of raw生的 materials物料 in general一般.
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各式各樣的原料。
08:27
And I think that, in order訂購 to take better care關心
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而且我認為,為了讓我們產品的來源
08:30
of what's behind背後 our products製品 --
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能獲得更好的照顧-
08:32
so, the livestock家畜, the crops作物, the plants植物,
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比如家畜、榖物、植物
08:35
the non-renewable不可再生 materials物料,
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不可回收的材料、
08:37
but also the people that produce生產 these products製品 --
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還有製造這些產品的人們等-
08:40
the first step would actually其實 be to know that they are there.
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不可或缺的第一步,是意識到他們的存在。
08:43
Thank you very much.
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謝謝。
08:45
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Pin-hsien Kuo
Reviewed by Adrienne Lin

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Christien Meindertsma - Artist
Christien Meindertsma uses art (and craft) to expose the hidden processes and connections of our modern life.

Why you should listen

Dutch artist Christien Meindertsma explores raw materials in thoughtful ways, making simple books and products that lay bare complex and once-hidden processes. For her first book, Checked Baggage, she purchased a container filled with a week's worth of objects confiscated at security checkpoints at Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport after 9/11. She meticulously categorized all 3,267 items and photographed them on a white seamless background. Her second book, PIG 05049, documents the astounding array of products that different parts of a pig named 05049 could support -- revealing the lines that link raw materials with producers, products and consumers that have become so invisible in an increasingly globalized world. PIG 05049 was acquired by New York's Museum of Modern Art this winter.

With her product designs, Meindertsma plays with ancient, natural materials and processes. In a project for the Nature Conservancy last year, she made the sensuous Idaho rug, knitted from inch-thick felted wool yarn from the fleece of sheep at Lava Lake Ranch in Idaho. Each panel of the massive rug was knitted (on giant wooden needles) from the fleece of one sheep, using a different stitch per animal to display the personalities that make up a flock.

More profile about the speaker
Christien Meindertsma | Speaker | TED.com