TED-Ed
Jon Bergmann: Just how small is an atom?
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Just how small are atoms? Really, really, really small. This fast-paced animation from TED-Ed uses metaphors (imagine a blueberry the size of a football stadium!) to give a visceral sense of just how small atoms are. Lesson by Jon Bergmann, animation by Cognitive Media.
Jon Bergmann - Educator
Jon Bergmann co-wrote the book on the "flipped classroom" -- using video to help students master new ideas outside the traditional class setting. Full bio
Jon Bergmann co-wrote the book on the "flipped classroom" -- using video to help students master new ideas outside the traditional class setting. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
(hudba)
TED Ed
Lekcie hodné šírenia
Lekcie hodné šírenia
Zrejme už všetci viete,
že všetko sa skladá
že všetko sa skladá
00:26
You probably already know
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00:28
everything is made up
of little tiny things called atoms
of little tiny things called atoms
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z malinkých častí, ktoré voláme atómy.
Možno viete aj to, že atóm
sa skladá z ešte menších častíc
sa skladá z ešte menších častíc
00:30
or even that each atom
is made up of even smaller particles
is made up of even smaller particles
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– protónov, neutrónov a elektrónov.
00:33
called protons, neutrons and electrons.
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A pravdepodobne ste už počuli,
že atómy sú malé.
že atómy sú malé.
00:35
And you've probably heard
that atoms are small.
that atoms are small.
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Ale stavím sa, že ste ešte nepremýšľali,
aké malé v skutočnosti sú.
aké malé v skutočnosti sú.
00:38
But I bet you haven't ever thought
about how small atoms really are.
about how small atoms really are.
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Nuž, pravda je, že sú veľmi,
veľmi, veľmi malinké.
veľmi, veľmi malinké.
00:42
Well, the answer is
that they are really, really small.
that they are really, really small.
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Takže ste zvedaví, aké malé tie atómy sú?
00:46
So you ask, just how small are atoms?
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Pre lepšie pochopenie
si najprv položme otázku:
si najprv položme otázku:
00:49
To understand this,
let's ask this question:
let's ask this question:
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Koľko atómov je v grepe?
00:53
How many atoms are in a grapefruit?
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Predstavme si, že grep
sa skladá len z atómov dusíka,
sa skladá len z atómov dusíka,
00:55
Well, let's assume that the grapefruit
is made up of only nitrogen atoms,
is made up of only nitrogen atoms,
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čo síce nie je pravda, ale
v grepe sú ozaj aj atómy dusíka.
v grepe sú ozaj aj atómy dusíka.
00:59
which isn't at all true, but there
are nitrogen atoms in a grapefruit.
are nitrogen atoms in a grapefruit.
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Pre lepšiu predstavu nafúknime každý atóm
01:02
To help you visualize this,
let's blow up each of the atoms
let's blow up each of the atoms
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na veľkosť čučuriedky.
01:05
to the size of a blueberry.
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Aký veľký by bol potom ten grep?
01:07
And then how big
would the grapefruit have to be?
would the grapefruit have to be?
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Tak to by bol veľký ako –
nuž, vlastne veľký ako Zem.
nuž, vlastne veľký ako Zem.
01:10
It would have to be the same size of
-- well, actually, the Earth.
-- well, actually, the Earth.
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Bláznivé! To znamená, že keby som
naplnil Zemeguľu čučoriedkami,
naplnil Zemeguľu čučoriedkami,
01:14
That's crazy!
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01:16
You mean to say that if I filled
the Earth with blueberries,
the Earth with blueberries,
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mal by som toľko atómov dusíka,
ako je v grepe?
ako je v grepe?
01:18
I would have the same number
of nitrogen atoms as a grapefruit?
of nitrogen atoms as a grapefruit?
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Presne tak! Takže aký veľký je atóm?
01:21
That's right!
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01:23
So how big is the atom?
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Nuž, je veľmi, veľmi, veľmi, veľmi malý.
01:25
Well, it's really, really small!
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A viete čo?
01:28
And you know what?
It gets even more crazy.
It gets even more crazy.
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Je to ešte bláznivejšie.
01:31
Let's now look inside of each atom
-- and thus the blueberry, right? --
-- and thus the blueberry, right? --
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Pozrime sa teraz do vnútra atómu –
našej čučoriedky, áno?
našej čučoriedky, áno?
Čo to tam vidíte?
01:34
What do you see there?
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V strede atómu je niečo, čo sa volá jadro,
01:35
In the center of the atom
is something called the nucleus,
is something called the nucleus,
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a to obsahuje protóny a neutróny
01:38
which contains protons and neutrons,
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a na vonkajšej strane vidíte elektróny.
01:40
and on the outside, you'd see electrons.
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A aké veľké je to jadro?
01:42
So how big is the nucleus?
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Nuž, ak je atóm ako čučoriedka v Zemi,
aké veľké potom bude jadro?
aké veľké potom bude jadro?
01:44
If atoms are like blueberries
in the Earth,
in the Earth,
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01:46
how big would the nucleus be?
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Možno si pamätáte starý
obrázok atómu z hodín fyziky,
obrázok atómu z hodín fyziky,
01:48
You might remember the old pictures
of the atom from science class,
of the atom from science class,
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kde ste videli malú bodku,
na ktorú ukazovala šípka, ako na jadro.
na ktorú ukazovala šípka, ako na jadro.
01:51
where you saw this tiny dot on the page
with an arrow pointing to the nucleus.
with an arrow pointing to the nucleus.
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Lenže tieto obrázky
neboli v správnej mierke,
neboli v správnej mierke,
01:55
Well, those pictures,
they're not drawn to scale,
they're not drawn to scale,
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takže sú vlastne nesprávne.
01:57
so they're kind of wrong.
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Tak aké veľké je jadro?
01:59
So how big is the nucleus?
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No, ak by ste otvorili čučoriedku
02:01
So if you popped open the blueberry
and were searching for the nucleus ...
and were searching for the nucleus ...
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a hľadali v nej jadro,
tak viete čo? Nebudete ho vidieť.
02:06
You know what? It would be invisible.
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Je príliš malé, aby bolo vidieť.
02:08
It's too small to see!
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OK. Poďme nafúknuť atóm – čučoriedku –
02:10
OK. Let's blow up the atom --
the blueberry --
the blueberry --
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na veľkosť domu.
02:13
to the size of a house.
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02:15
So imagine a ball that is as tall
as a two-story house.
as a two-story house.
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Predstavte si loptu veľkosti
dvojposchodového domu.
dvojposchodového domu.
Hľadajme tam jadro v strede atómu.
02:18
Let's look for the nucleus
in the center of the atom.
in the center of the atom.
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A viete čo? Aj tak ho bude tažko vidieť.
02:21
And do you know what?
It would just barely be visible.
It would just barely be visible.
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Takže aby sme si vedeli
predstaviť veľkosť jadra,
predstaviť veľkosť jadra,
02:25
So to get our minds wrapped
around how big the nucleus is,
around how big the nucleus is,
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musíme nafúknuť našu čučoriedku
až na veľkosť futbalového štadióna.
až na veľkosť futbalového štadióna.
02:27
we need to blow up the blueberry,
up to the size of a football stadium.
up to the size of a football stadium.
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02:32
So imagine a ball the size
of a football stadium,
of a football stadium,
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Predstavte si teda loptu
veľkosti futbalového štadióna
veľkosti futbalového štadióna
02:35
and right smack dab
in the center of the atom,
in the center of the atom,
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a rovno v strede atómu,
02:38
you would find the nucleus,
and you could see it!
and you could see it!
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nájdete jadro, a budete ho vidieť!
Bude veľké ako malá gulička.
02:41
And it would be the size
of a small marble.
of a small marble.
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A je toho viac, ak som vás ešte neunavil.
02:45
And there's more, if I haven't
blown your mind by now.
blown your mind by now.
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Pozrime sa na atóm ešte lepšie.
Obsahuje protóny, neutróny a elektróny.
Obsahuje protóny, neutróny a elektróny.
02:47
Let's consider the atom some more.
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02:49
It contains protons,
neutrons and electrons.
neutrons and electrons.
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Protóny a neutróny žijú vnútri jadra
02:51
The protons and neutrons
live inside of the nucleus,
live inside of the nucleus,
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a obsahujú skoro všetku hmotu atómu.
02:54
and contain almost
all of the mass of the atom.
all of the mass of the atom.
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Úplne na kraji sú elektróny.
02:56
Way on the edge are the electrons.
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02:58
So if an atom is like a ball
the size of a football stadium,
the size of a football stadium,
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Takže ak je atóm lopta
veľká ako futbalový štadión,
veľká ako futbalový štadión,
03:01
with the nucleus in the center,
and the electrons on the edge,
and the electrons on the edge,
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s jadrom v strede a elektrónmi na okraji,
čo je medzi jadrom a elektrónmi?
03:03
what is in between the nucleus
and the electrons?
and the electrons?
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Prekvapivo, je tam prázdny priestor.
03:07
Surprisingly, the answer is empty space.
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(zvuk vetra)
03:10
(Wind noise)
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Áno správne. Prázdny!
03:13
That's right. Empty!
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03:15
Between the nucleus and the electrons,
there are vast regions of empty space.
there are vast regions of empty space.
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Medzi jadrom a elektrónmi
sú obrovské oblasti prázdneho priestoru.
sú obrovské oblasti prázdneho priestoru.
Technicky sú tam elektromagnetické polia,
03:19
Now, technically there are
some electromagnetic fields,
some electromagnetic fields,
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ale z pohľadu hmoty,
materiálu, je tam prázdno.
materiálu, je tam prázdno.
03:21
but in terms of stuff,
matter, it is empty.
matter, it is empty.
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Uvedomte si, že tento
obrovský prázdny priestor
obrovský prázdny priestor
03:24
Remember this vast region of empty space
is inside the blueberry,
is inside the blueberry,
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je vo vnútri čučoriedky,
ktorá je vo vnútri Zeme,
ktorá je vo vnútri Zeme,
03:28
which is inside the Earth,
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a sú to vlastne atómy v grepe.
03:30
which really are the atoms
in the grapefruit.
in the grapefruit.
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OK, tak ešte jedna vec,
ak môžem byť ešte bizarnejší.
ak môžem byť ešte bizarnejší.
03:32
OK, one more thing,
if I can even get more bizarre.
if I can even get more bizarre.
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Kedže prakticky
celá hmota atómu je v jadre –
celá hmota atómu je v jadre –
03:36
Since virtually all the mass
of an atom is in the nucleus --
of an atom is in the nucleus --
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aj keď časť z nej je aj v elektrónoch,
03:40
now, there is some amount
of mass in the electrons,
of mass in the electrons,
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aj tak je väčšina v jadre –
03:43
but most of it is in the nucleus --
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aké husté je teda jadro?
03:45
how dense is the nucleus?
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Nuž, odpoveď je bláznivá.
03:46
Well, the answer is crazy.
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Hustota bežného jadra
03:48
The density of a typical nucleus
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je 4-krát 10 na 17-tu
kilogramu na meter kubický.
kilogramu na meter kubický.
03:50
is four times 10 to the 17th
kilograms per meter cubed.
kilograms per meter cubed.
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To sa však ťažko predstavuje.
03:54
But that's hard to visualize.
OK, I'll put it in English units.
OK, I'll put it in English units.
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V anglických jednotkách
je to 2,5-krát 10 na 16-tu
je to 2,5-krát 10 na 16-tu
03:57
2.5 times 10 to the 16th pounds
per cubic feet.
per cubic feet.
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libier na kubickú stopu.
OK, to je stále dosť ťažko predstaviteľné.
04:02
OK, that's still kind of hard to figure.
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OK, chcem, aby ste spravili toto.
04:04
OK, here's what I want you to do.
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Spravte si škatuľu
veľkosti 30 x 30 x 30 centimetrov.
veľkosti 30 x 30 x 30 centimetrov.
04:06
Make a box that is one foot
by one foot by one foot.
by one foot by one foot.
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Teraz choďte a zoberte
všetky jadrá z bežného auta.
všetky jadrá z bežného auta.
04:10
Now let's go and grab
all of the nuclei from a typical car.
all of the nuclei from a typical car.
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Priemerné auto má dve tony.
04:14
Now, cars on average weigh two tons.
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Jadrá koľkých áut
by sme museli dať do krabice,
by sme museli dať do krabice,
04:16
How many cars' nuclei would you
have to put into the box
have to put into the box
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aby mala rovnakú hustotu ako jadro?
04:20
to have your one-foot-box have
the same density of the nucleus?
the same density of the nucleus?
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Je to jedno auto? Dve? A čo tak 100?
04:23
Is it one car? Two?
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04:24
How about 100?
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Nie, nie a ešte raz nie.
04:26
Nope, nope and nope.
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Odpoveď je oveľa viac.
04:28
The answer is much bigger.
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Je to 6,2 miliardy.
04:30
It is 6.2 billion.
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To je skoro toľko,
ako počet obyvateľov na Zemi.
ako počet obyvateľov na Zemi.
04:34
That is almost equal to the number
of people in the Earth.
of people in the Earth.
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Takže keby každý na Zemi vlastnil auto –
04:37
So if everyone in the Earth
owned their own car --
owned their own car --
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a to nevlastní –
04:39
and they don't --
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04:40
(Cars honking)
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a vložili by sme všetky
tie autá do vašej krabice,
tie autá do vašej krabice,
04:42
and we put all of those
cars into your box ...
cars into your box ...
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potom by sme dostali
približne hustotu jadra.
približne hustotu jadra.
04:46
That would be about
the density of a nucleus.
the density of a nucleus.
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Čiže keby ste strčili všetky autá na svete
do jednej 30 cm veľkej krabice
do jednej 30 cm veľkej krabice
04:49
So I'm saying that if you took
every car in the world
every car in the world
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04:52
and put it into your one-foot box,
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vytvorili by ste tam
hustotu jediného jadra.
hustotu jediného jadra.
04:54
you would have the density of one nucleus.
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OK, teraz si to zopakujme.
04:57
OK, let's review.
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04:58
The atom is really,
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Atóm je veľmi, veľmi, veľmi malý.
04:59
really, really small.
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Berme atómy v grepe ako čučoriedky v Zemi.
05:02
Think atoms in a grapefruit
like blueberries in the Earth.
like blueberries in the Earth.
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Jadro je šialene malé.
05:06
The nucleus is crazy small.
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Pozrime sa do čučoriedky a zväčšme ju
na veľkosť futbalového štadióna.
na veľkosť futbalového štadióna.
05:09
Now look inside the blueberry,
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05:10
and blow it up to the size
of a football stadium,
of a football stadium,
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Teraz je jadro ako gulička v strede.
05:13
and now the nucleus
is a marble in the middle.
is a marble in the middle.
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Atóm je zložený z obrovských
oblastí prázdneho priestoru.
oblastí prázdneho priestoru.
05:16
The atom is made up
of vast regions of empty space.
of vast regions of empty space.
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To je divné.
05:20
That's weird.
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Jadro má strašne veľkú hustotu.
05:21
The nucleus has a crazy-high density.
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Spomeňte si na všetky tie autá v krabici.
05:23
Think of putting all those cars
in your one-foot box.
in your one-foot box.
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Asi som už unavený.
05:27
I think I'm tired.
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(zívanie)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jon Bergmann - EducatorJon Bergmann co-wrote the book on the "flipped classroom" -- using video to help students master new ideas outside the traditional class setting.
Why you should listen
Jon Bergmann is considered one of the pioneers in the Flipped Class Movement -- in fact, he co-wrote the book on the Flipped Classroom, available from ISTE Press in June 2012. Bergmann believes educators should ask one guiding question: What is best for my students in my classroom? To the best of his abilities he has done this in his two-plus decades as a high school science teacher. He received the Presidential Award for Excellence for Math and Science Teaching in 2002 and was named Semi-Finalist for Colorado Teacher of the Year in 2010. He blogs at flipped-learning.com.
He is the Lead Technology Facilitator for the Joseph Sears School in Kenilworth, Illinois.
Read about the making of "How Small Is an Atom?" >>
Jon Bergmann | Speaker | TED.com