TED2013
Jack Andraka: A promising test for pancreatic cancer ... from a teenager
Jack Andraka: Nový diagnostický test na rakovinu pankreasu nevymysleli vedci, ale šestnásťročný chalan
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Viac než 85 % prípadov rakoviny pankreasu je diagnostikovaných prineskoro, keď je šanca na prežitie menšia než 2 %. Ako je to možné? Jack Andraka hovorí, ako vyvinul nový, veľmi sľubný diagnostický text použiteľný už v raných štádiách choroby. Je lacný, efektívny, neinvazívny. A to všetko zvládol ešte predtým, čo oslávil šestnáste narodeniny.
Jack Andraka - Cancer detector inventor
A paper on carbon nanotubes, a biology lecture on antibodies and a flash of insight led 15-year-old Jack Andraka to design a cheaper, more sensitive cancer detector. Full bio
A paper on carbon nanotubes, a biology lecture on antibodies and a flash of insight led 15-year-old Jack Andraka to design a cheaper, more sensitive cancer detector. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Have you ever experienced a moment in your life
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Zažili ste už niečo
00:16
that was so painful and confusing
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tak bolestné a mätúce,
00:19
that all you wanted to do
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že ste zrazu chceli len
00:21
was learn as much as you could to make sense of it all?
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zistiť čo najviac,
aby ste zážitok dokázali pochopiť?
aby ste zážitok dokázali pochopiť?
00:25
When I was 13, a close family friend
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Keď som mal 13, blízky rodinný priateľ,
00:28
who was like an uncle to me
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ktorý mi bol ako strýko,
00:30
passed away from pancreatic cancer.
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umrel na rakovinu pankreasu.
00:33
When the disease hit so close to home,
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Keďže choroba postihla niekoho tak blízkeho,
00:35
I knew I needed to learn more,
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vedel som, že potrebujem zistiť viac,
00:37
so I went online to find answers.
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a tak som hľadal odpovede online.
00:40
Using the Internet, I found a variety of statistics
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Na internete som našiel rôzne štatistiky
00:43
on pancreatic cancer,
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o rakovine pankreasu.
00:45
and what I had found shocked me.
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Informácie ma šokovali.
00:47
Over 85 percent of all pancreatic cancers
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Vo vyše 85 % prípadov rakovinu pankreasu
00:51
are diagnosed late,
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diagnostikujú prineskoro,
00:53
when someone has less than a two percent chance of survival.
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keď je šanca na prežitie menšia než 2 %.
00:57
Why are we so bad at detecting pancreatic cancer?
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Prečo máme taký problém
diagnostikovať rakovinu pankreasu?
diagnostikovať rakovinu pankreasu?
01:01
The reason? Today's current modern medicine
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Dôvod? Moderná medicína dnes
01:05
is a 60-year-old technique.
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používa 60-ročnú techniku.
01:07
That's older than my dad.
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Staršiu ako môj ocko.
01:09
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
01:13
But also, it's extremely expensive,
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Okrem toho je aj hrozne drahá.
01:15
costing 800 dollars per test,
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Jeden test stojí 800 dolárov.
01:19
and it's grossly inaccurate,
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A je značne nepresná,
01:21
missing 30 percent of all pancreatic cancers.
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v 30 % prípadov sa ňou rakovina nezistí.
01:25
Your doctor would have to be ridiculously suspicious
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Doktor by musel mať až komické podozrenie,
01:28
that you have the cancer in order to give you this test.
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že máte rakovinu,
aby vám tento test urobil.
aby vám tento test urobil.
01:31
Learning this, I knew there had to be a better way.
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Keď som to videl, vedel som,
že musí existovať lepší spôsob.
že musí existovať lepší spôsob.
01:35
So I set up a scientific criteria
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Určil som vedecké kritériá,
01:37
as to what a sensor would have to look like
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ako by mal senzor vyzerať,
01:39
in order to effectively diagnose pancreatic cancer.
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aby bola diagnostika choroby efektívna.
01:43
The sensor would have to be inexpensive, rapid,
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Senzor mal byť lacný, rýchly,
01:47
simple, sensitive, selective,
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jednoduchý, citlivý, selektívny,
01:50
and minimally invasive.
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a čo najmenej invazívny.
01:53
Now, there's a reason why this test
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Je tu dôvod, prečo sa test
01:55
hasn't been updated in over six decades,
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za viac než 60 rokov nezmenil.
01:59
and that's because, when we're looking for pancreatic cancer,
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Keď hľadáme známky rakoviny pankreasu,
02:02
we're looking at your bloodstream,
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skúmame krvný obeh,
02:03
which is already abundant in all these tons and tons of protein,
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ktorý priam oplýva množstvami proteínov
02:08
and you're looking for this miniscule difference
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a pritom hľadáme drobné rozdiely
02:10
in this tiny amount of protein,
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v malinkom množstve proteínu,
02:12
just this one protein.
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len jedného z nich.
02:13
That's next to impossible.
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Takmer nemožné.
02:15
However, undeterred due to my teenage optimism --
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Vďaka mladíckemu optimizmu
som sa však nedal odradiť
som sa však nedal odradiť
02:19
(Applause) —
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(Aplauz)
02:25
I went online to a teenager's two best friends,
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Obrátil som sa na
dvoch najlepších priateľov tínedžera
dvoch najlepších priateľov tínedžera
02:28
Google and Wikipedia.
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Google a Wikipediu.
02:30
I got everything for my homework from those two sources.
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Vždy mi boli dobrými pomocníkmi
pri domácich úlohách.
pri domácich úlohách.
02:34
And what I had found was an article
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Našiel som článok, ktorý obsahoval
02:37
that listed a database of over 8,000 different proteins
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databázu viac než 8 000 rozličných proteínov,
02:41
that are found when you have pancreatic cancer.
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ktoré sú v krvi pacienta s rakovinou pankreasu.
02:43
So I decided to go and make it my new mission
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Rozhodol som sa a určiť si nový cieľ -
02:47
to go through all these proteins and see which ones
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prejsť si všetky proteíny a zistiť, ktoré
02:50
could serve as a biomarker for pancreatic cancer.
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by mohli poslúžiť ako biomarker pre rakovinu pankreasu.
02:52
And to make it a bit simpler for myself,
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A aby som si to trošku zjednodušil,
02:55
I decided to map out a scientific criteria. And here it is.
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rozhodol som sa určiť si vedecké kritériá.
Tu sú.
Tu sú.
02:59
Essentially first, the protein would have to be found
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Po prvé, konkrétny proteín by sa mal
03:01
in all pancreatic cancers at high levels in the bloodstream
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vo veľkých množstvách nachádzať
v krvi všetkých postihnutých
v krvi všetkých postihnutých
03:04
in the earliest stages, but also only in cancer.
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už v ranom štádiu, ale len a len ak ide o rakovinu.
03:09
And so I'm just plugging and chugging through this gargantuan task,
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A tak som sa pracne prehrýzal touto syzifovskou úlohou,
03:12
and finally, on the 4,000th try,
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a napokon na 4000-ci pokus,
03:15
when I'm close to losing my sanity,
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keď som už takmer prišiel o rozum,
03:17
I find the protein.
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som proteín našiel.
03:19
And the name of the protein I'd located
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Ten proteín
03:21
was called mesothelin,
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sa volá mezotelín.
03:23
and it's just your ordinary, run-of-the-mill type protein,
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Je to len obyčajný, priemerný proteín.
03:26
unless of course you have pancreatic,
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Ak však máte rakovinu pankreasu,
03:27
ovarian or lung cancer,
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vaječníkov alebo pľúc,
03:29
in which case it's found at these very high levels in your bloodstream.
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v krvi sa nachádza vo veľkých množstvách.
03:32
But also the key is
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Kľúčové je však aj to,
03:34
that it's found in the earliest stages of the disease,
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že sa ho toľko v krvi nachádza aj v ranom štádiu,
03:37
when someone has close to 100 percent chance
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keď je šanca na prežitie ešte takmer
03:39
of survival.
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100 %.
03:40
So now that I'd found a reliable protein I could detect,
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Keď som už mal spoľahlivý proteín,
03:44
I then shifted my focus to actually detecting that protein,
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sústredil som sa na to, ako ho odhaliť
03:47
and, thus, pancreatic cancer.
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a diagnostikovať tak rakovinu.
03:49
Now, my breakthrough came in a very unlikely place,
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Prelom som dosiahol na nepravdepodobnom mieste,
03:53
possibly the most unlikely place for innovation:
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možno tom najnepravdepodobnejšom pre inovácie:
03:55
my high school biology class,
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na hodine biológie,
03:57
the absolute stifler of innovation.
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na úplnom pohrebisku inovácii.
04:00
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smiech)
(Aplauz)
(Aplauz)
04:05
And I had snuck in this article on these things called
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Prepašoval som si na hodinu článok o tých vecičkách,
04:08
carbon nanotubes, and that's just a long, thin pipe of carbon
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o uhlíkových nanorúrkach. Sú to dlhé tenké rúrky z uhlíka,
04:12
that's an atom thick
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hrubé ako atóm,
04:13
and one 50 thousandth the diameter of your hair.
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len jednu 50 000-cínu priemeru ľudského vlasu.
04:16
And despite their extremely small sizes,
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No napriek extrémne malým rozmerom,
04:18
they have these incredible properties.
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majú neuveriteľné vlastnosti.
04:20
They're kind of like the superheroes of material science.
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Sú trošku ako superhrdinovia materiálového inžinierstva.
04:22
And while I was sneakily reading this article
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A keď som pod lavicou na biológii
04:25
under my desk in my biology class,
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čítal tento článok,
04:27
we were supposed to be paying attention
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mali sme dávať pozor na výklad o
04:28
to these other kind of cool molecules called antibodies.
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ďalších super molekulách, o protilátkach.
04:32
And these are pretty cool because they only react
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Protilátky sú skvelé, lebo reagujú
04:34
with one specific protein,
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len s jedným špecifickým proteínom.
04:36
but they're not nearly as interesting as carbon nanotubes.
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Nie sú však ani zďaleka také zaujímavé
ako uhlíkové nanorúrky.
ako uhlíkové nanorúrky.
04:38
And so then, I was sitting in class,
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A vtedy, keď som tak sedel v triede,
04:42
and suddenly it hit me:
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mi zrazu napadlo:
04:44
I could combine what I was reading about,
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mohol by som skombinovať to, o čom čítam,
04:47
carbon nanotubes,
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uhlíkové nanorúrky,
04:48
with what I was supposed to be thinking about, antibodies.
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s tým, o čom sa hovorilo na hodine, s protilátkami.
04:51
Essentially, I could weave a bunch of these antibodies
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V podstate by som mohol do siete uhlíkových rúrok,
04:54
into a network of carbon nanotubes
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pridať nejaké z týchto protilátok,
04:56
such that you have a network
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a získal by som sieť,
04:58
that only reacts with one protein,
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ktorá reaguje len s jedným proteínom,
05:00
but also, due to the properties of these nanotubes,
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ale vďaka vlastnostiam nanorúrok,
05:03
it would change its electrical properties
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by sa tiež zmenili elektrické vlastnosti
05:05
based on the amount of protein present.
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na základe množstva prítomného proteínu.
05:08
However, there's a catch.
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Je tu však háčik.
05:10
These networks of carbon nanotubes are extremely flimsy,
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Takéto siete uhlíkových nanorúrok
sú mimoriadne krehké
sú mimoriadne krehké
05:13
and since they're so delicate, they need to be supported.
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a preto potrebujú nejakú podporu.
05:17
So that's why I chose to use paper.
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Preto som sa rozhodol použiť papier.
05:19
Making a cancer sensor out of paper
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Vyrobiť rakovinový senzor z papiera
05:21
is about as simple as making chocolate chip cookies,
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je asi také ťažké ako upiecť moje obľúbené
05:23
which I love.
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čokoládové keksíky.
05:27
You start with some water, pour in some nanotubes,
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Vezmete vodu, vlejete do nej nanorúrky,
05:30
add antibodies, mix it up,
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pridáte protilátky, zmiešate,
05:33
take some paper, dip it, dry it,
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vezmete papier, namočíte ho, vysušíte
05:35
and you can detect cancer.
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a môžete diagnostikovať rakovinu.
05:38
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
05:45
Then, suddenly, a thought occurred
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Potom mi zrazu napadlo čosi,
05:48
that kind of put a blemish on my amazing plan here.
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čo trošku skazilo môj úžasný plán.
05:53
I can't really do cancer research
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Nemôžem robiť výskum rakoviny
05:54
on my kitchen countertop.
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na kuchynskej linke.
05:56
My mom wouldn't really like that.
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Mamka by z toho nebola nadšená.
05:58
So instead, I decided to go for a lab.
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Tak som sa rozhodol ísť do labáku.
06:01
So I typed up a budget, a materials list,
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Spísal som rozpočet, zoznam materiálu,
06:03
a timeline, and a procedure,
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časový rozvrh a postup
06:06
and I emailed it to 200 different professors
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a poslal to e-mailom 200 profesorom
06:08
at Johns Hopkins University
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na Univerzitu Johna Hopkinsa
06:10
and the National Institutes of Health,
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do Národného inštitútu pre zdravie,
06:12
essentially anyone that had anything to do with pancreatic cancer.
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proste každému, kto má niečo dočinenia
s rakovinou pankreasu.
s rakovinou pankreasu.
06:15
And I sat back waiting for these positive emails to be pouring in,
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Sedel som a čakal na prílev pozitívnych odpovedí,
06:18
saying, "You're a genius!
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pochvál, že som génius,
06:19
You're going to save us all!"
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ktorý všetkých zachráni.
06:21
And — (Laughter)
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A... (Smiech)
06:25
Then reality took hold,
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Musel som čeliť realite.
06:26
and over the course of a month,
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Za niečo viac než mesiac
06:29
I got 199 rejections out of those 200 emails.
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som dostal odmietavú odpoveď na 199 z 200 e-mailov.
06:33
One professor even went through my entire procedure,
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Istý profesor si dôkladne prešiel celý postup -
06:36
painstakingly -- I'm not really sure where he got all this time --
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- ani neviem, kde si našiel toľko času -
06:39
and he went through and said why each and every step
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prešiel si ho a vysvetlil mi, prečo je každý jeden krok
06:43
was like the worst mistake I could ever make.
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to najhoršie, čo sa dá urobiť.
06:46
Clearly, the professors did not have as high
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Profesori o mojej práci očividne nezmýšľali
06:48
of an opinion of my work as I did.
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tak dobre ako ja.
06:51
However, there was a silver lining.
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Ale našlo sa aj svetlo na konci tunela.
06:54
One professor said, "Maybe I might be able to help you, kid."
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Istý profesor povedal: „Možno ti pomôžem, chlapče."
06:57
So I went in that direction.
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Chytil som sa toho.
06:59
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
07:03
As you can never say no to a kid.
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Lebo deťom predsa nepoviete nie.
07:06
And so then, three months later,
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A potom, o 3 mesiace neskôr,
07:08
I finally nailed down a harsh deadline with this guy,
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som si s profesorom dohodol termín
07:11
and I get into his lab,
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a prišiel do jeho labáku,
07:12
I get all excited, and then I sit down,
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celý natešený som si sadol
07:15
I start opening my mouth and talking,
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a len čo som otvoril ústa,
07:16
and five seconds later he calls in another Ph.D.
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zavolal ďalšieho vedca s PhD.
07:19
Ph.D.'s just flock into this little room,
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Zrazu bola miestnosť plná ľudí s doktorátom,
07:23
and they're just firing these questions at me,
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ktorí ma zasypávali otázkami,
07:25
and by the end, I kind of felt like I was in a clown car.
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až som sa cítil ako keby som prišiel z cirkusu.
07:28
There were 20 Ph.D.'s plus me and the professor
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V malinkej kancelárii sa so mnou a profesorom
07:29
crammed into this tiny office space
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tlačili 20 doktori
07:32
with them firing these rapid-fire questions at me,
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a zasypávali ma otázkami,
07:35
trying to sink my procedure.
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aby podkopali moju teóriu.
07:37
How unlikely is that? I mean, pshhh.
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Ako nepravdepodobne to znie?
07:40
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
07:44
However, subjecting myself to that interrogation,
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Po tomto výsluchu,
07:47
I answered all of their questions,
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keď som odpovedal na všetky otázky,
07:48
and I guessed on quite a few but I got them right,
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občas som len hádal, ale trafil som sa,
07:50
and I finally landed the lab space I needed.
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som konečne dostal priestor v labáku.
07:55
But it was shortly afterwards that I discovered
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No čoskoro som zistil,
07:57
my once brilliant procedure
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že v mojom geniálnom postupe
07:59
had something like a million holes in it,
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je asi milión medzier
08:01
and over the course of seven months,
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a v priebehu 7 mesiacov,
08:03
I painstakingly filled each and every one of those holes.
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som ich všetky jednu po druhej zaplnil.
08:06
The result? One small paper sensor
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Výsledok? Malý papierový test,
08:09
that costs three cents and takes five minutes to run.
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čo stojí 3 centy a trvá 5 minút.
08:12
This makes it 168 times faster,
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Čiže je 168 ráz rýchlejší,
08:16
over 26,000 times less expensive,
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viac ako 26 000 ráz lacnejší
08:19
and over 400 times more sensitive
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a viac než 400 ráz citlivejší
08:21
than our current standard for pancreatic cancer detection.
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než štandardný test na rakovinu pankreasu.
08:24
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
08:34
One of the best parts of the sensor, though,
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Najlepšie na teste však je,
08:36
is that it has close to 100 percent accuracy,
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že dosahuje 100-percentnú presnosť
08:39
and can detect the cancer in the earliest stages
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a chorobu ním zistíte aj v ranom štádiu,
08:41
when someone has close to 100 percent chance of survival.
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keď je šanca na prežitie ešte takmer 100 %.
08:45
And so in the next two to five years,
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Takže za 5 rokov
08:47
this sensor could potentially lift for pancreatic cancer survival rates
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by test mohol zlepšiť vyhliadky na prežitie
pri rakovine pankreasu
pri rakovine pankreasu
08:50
from a dismal 5.5 percent
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zo žalostných 5,5 percenta
08:52
to close to 100 percent,
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na takmer 100 percent.
08:54
and it would do similar for ovarian and lung cancer.
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A to platí aj pre rakovinu vaječníkov a pľúc.
08:57
But it wouldn't stop there.
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Ale tým sa to nekončí.
09:00
By switching out that antibody,
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Ak zmeníte protilátku,
09:01
you can look at a different protein,
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môžete hľadať iný proteín
09:03
thus, a different disease,
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a s ním inú chorobu,
09:05
potentially any disease in the entire world.
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možno akúkoľvek chorobu na svete.
09:08
So that ranges from heart disease
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Od ochorení srdca,
09:10
to malaria, HIV, AIDS,
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až po maláriu, HIV, AIDS,
09:13
as well as other forms of cancer -- anything.
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iných druhov rakoviny - čokoľvek.
09:16
And so hopefully one day
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A dúfam, že už nikomu
09:18
we can all have that one extra uncle,
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rakovina nevezme strýka,
09:20
that one mother, that one brother, sister,
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mamu, brata, sestru,
09:23
we can have that one more family member to love,
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a že sa budeme tešiť z člena rodiny
ktorý by inak nebol medzi nami.
ktorý by inak nebol medzi nami.
09:26
and that our hearts will be rid of that one disease burden
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Zo srdca nám spadne kameň
09:31
that comes from pancreatic, ovarian and lung cancer,
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v podobe rakoviny pankreasu, vaječníkov a pľúc,
09:34
and potentially any disease,
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a možno akejkoľvek choroby.
09:36
that through the Internet anything is possible.
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Na internete je možné všetko.
09:39
Theories can be shared,
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Môžete sa podeliť o teórie
09:40
and you don't have to be a professor
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a nemusíte byť profesor
09:42
with multiple degrees to have your ideas valued.
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s neviemkoľkými titulmi,
aby vaše nápady niekto ocenil.
aby vaše nápady niekto ocenil.
09:45
It's a neutral space,
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Je to neutrálna pôda,
09:46
where what you look like, age or gender,
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kde nezáleží na tom, ako vyzeráte, koľko máte rokov
09:49
it doesn't matter.
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a či ste muž alebo žena.
09:50
It's just your ideas that count.
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Záleží len na vašich myšlienkach.
09:52
For me, it's all about looking at the Internet
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Pre mňa je to všetko o používaní internetu
09:55
in an entirely new way
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úplne novým spôsobom.
09:57
to realize that there's so much more to it
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Treba si uvedomiť, že sú tam aj iné možnosti
09:59
than just posting duck-face pictures of yourself online.
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ako zverejňovanie fotiek s perami vystrčenými na kačičku.
10:04
You could be changing the world.
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Cez internet môžete zmeniť svet.
10:08
So if a 15-year-old
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Ak 15-ročné decko,
10:10
who didn't even know what a pancreas was
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čo nevedelo ani, kde pankreas je,
10:13
could find a new way to detect pancreatic cancer,
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dokázalo nájsť nový spôsob diagnostiky rakoviny,
10:16
just imagine what you could do.
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len si predstavte, čo dokážete vy.
10:19
Thank you.
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Ďakujem.
10:20
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jack Andraka - Cancer detector inventorA paper on carbon nanotubes, a biology lecture on antibodies and a flash of insight led 15-year-old Jack Andraka to design a cheaper, more sensitive cancer detector.
Why you should listen
After Andraka’s proposal to build and test his idea for a pancreatic cancer detector was rejected from 199 labs, the teen landed at Johns Hopkins. There, he built his device using inexpensive strips of filter paper, carbon nanotubes and antibodies sensitive to mesothelin, a protein found in high levels in people with pancreatic cancer. When dipped in blood or urine, the mesothelin adheres to these antibodies and is detectable by predictable changes in the nanotubes’ electrical conductivity.
In preliminary tests, Andraka’s invention has shown 100 percent accuracy. It also finds cancers earlier than current methods, costs a mere 3 cents and earned the high schooler the 2012 Intel Science Fair grand prize.
Jack Andraka | Speaker | TED.com