TED-Ed
John Lloyd: An animated tour of the invisible
Kaj je nevidno? Več, kot si mislite - John Lloyd
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Gravitacija. Zvezde čez dan. Misli. Človeški genom. Čas. Atomi. Veliko tega, kar je v svetu pomembno je pravzaprav nevidno. Presunljiva animacija govorca Johna Lloyda in njegovega klasičnega TEDTalk-a iz leta 2009, ki vas bo pripravila do tega, da se boste vprašali "Kaj pravzaprav vem?"
Govor: John Lloyd, Animacija: Cognitive Media.
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
(Glasba)
00:15
(Circus music)
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[Karneval Teda in Eda; odprt vsak dan - ves dan;
Yew Chube Common - Vhod z Googlove avtoceste]
Yew Chube Common - Vhod z Googlove avtoceste]
00:21
[Ted N' Ed's Carnival]
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00:24
[John Lloyd's Inventory of the Invisible]
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[John Lloydov inventar nevidnega]
[Prilagojeno po TED govoru
Johna Lloyda leta 2009]
Johna Lloyda leta 2009]
00:39
[Adapted from a TEDTalk
given by John Lloyd in 2009]
given by John Lloyd in 2009]
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Naš naslednji govorec se že vso kariero
ukvarja z vzbujanjem radovednosti.
ukvarja z vzbujanjem radovednosti.
00:41
June Cohen: Our next speaker
has spent his whole career
has spent his whole career
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00:44
eliciting that sense of wonder.
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Prosim, pozdravite Johna Lloyda. (Aplavz)
00:45
Please welcome John Lloyd.
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00:47
(Applause)
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00:48
[Hall of Mirrors]
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Vprašanje je: kaj je nevidno?
00:50
The question is, "What is invisible?"
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Vsega skupaj je več,
kot si mislite, v bistvu.
kot si mislite, v bistvu.
00:53
There's more of it
than you think, actually.
than you think, actually.
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00:55
Everything, I would say --
everything that matters --
everything that matters --
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Vse, bi rekel -- vse, kar je osnovno --
00:58
Except every thing, and except matter.
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Razen vsega in razen snovi.
01:02
We can see matter
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Mi lahko vidimo snov,
01:04
but we can't see what's the matter.
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ampak ne moremo videti, kaj je snov.
01:06
We can see the stars and the planets
but we can't see what holds them apart,
but we can't see what holds them apart,
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Lahko vidimo zvezde in planete,
ampak ne vidimo, kaj jih ločuje
ampak ne vidimo, kaj jih ločuje
01:11
or what draws them together.
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ali kaj jih drži skupaj.
01:14
With matter as with people,
we see only the skin of things,
we see only the skin of things,
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Tako pri stvareh kot pri ljudeh,
vidimo le površino,
vidimo le površino,
ne vidimo v kolesje stroja,
ne vidimo tiktakanja v ljudeh,
ne vidimo tiktakanja v ljudeh,
01:17
we can't see into the engine room,
we can't see what makes people tick,
we can't see what makes people tick,
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01:20
at least not without difficulty,
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vsaj ne brez težav,
in bliže kot pogledamo karkoli,
01:22
and the closer we look at anything,
the more it disappears.
the more it disappears.
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vse bolj izgine.
01:26
In fact, if you look
really closely at stuff,
really closely at stuff,
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V bistvu, če zelo blizu pogledaš stvari,
če pogledaš osnovno podstrukturo snovi,
če pogledaš osnovno podstrukturo snovi,
01:28
if you look at the basic
substructure of matter,
substructure of matter,
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01:30
there isn't anything there.
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tam ni ničesar. Elektroni izginejo
v nekakšni meglici in tam je samo energija.
v nekakšni meglici in tam je samo energija.
01:32
Electrons disappear in a kind of fuzz,
and there is only energy.
and there is only energy.
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Ena od zanimivih stvari glede nevidnosti je,
da so nam nevidne stvari
da so nam nevidne stvari
01:35
One of the interesting things
about invisibility is,
about invisibility is,
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01:37
the things that we can's see,
we also can't understand.
we also can't understand.
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tudi nerazumljive.
01:40
Gravity is one thing that we can't see,
and which we don't understand.
and which we don't understand.
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Gravitacija je ena od teh stvari,
ki je ne vidimo in ki je ne razumemo.
ki je ne vidimo in ki je ne razumemo.
01:44
It's the least understood
of all the four fundamental forces,
of all the four fundamental forces,
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Je najmanj razumljena
od štirih temeljnih sil
od štirih temeljnih sil
in najbolj šibka, in nihče zares ne ve,
kaj je ali zakaj sploh je.
kaj je ali zakaj sploh je.
01:47
and the weakest, and nobody really
knows what it is or why it's there.
knows what it is or why it's there.
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01:51
For what it's worth, Sir Isaac Newton,
the greatest scientist who ever lived,
the greatest scientist who ever lived,
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Naj omenim; Sir Isaac Newton,
največji znanstvenik, ki je kdajkoli živel,
največji znanstvenik, ki je kdajkoli živel,
je mislil, da je Jezus prišel na Zemljo,
da bi upravljal vzvode gravitacije.
da bi upravljal vzvode gravitacije.
01:55
he thought Jesus came
to Earth specifically
to Earth specifically
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01:57
to operate the levers of gravity.
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01:59
That's what he thought he was there for.
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Mislil je, da je zato prišel sem.
Torej, brihten možiček, bi se lahko
o tem motil? Kaj pa vem. (Smeh)
o tem motil? Kaj pa vem. (Smeh)
02:01
So, bright guy, could be wrong
on that one, I don't know.
on that one, I don't know.
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02:04
(Laughter)
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Zavest. Vidim vse vaše obraze; nimam pojma,
kaj kdorkoli med vami misli.
kaj kdorkoli med vami misli.
02:05
Consciousness. I see all your faces;
I've no idea what any of you are thinking.
I've no idea what any of you are thinking.
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02:09
Isn't that amazing?
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Ni to presunljivo? Kaj ni neverjetno,
da eden drugemu ne moremo brati misli,
da eden drugemu ne moremo brati misli,
02:10
Isn't it incredible that we can't read
each other's minds,
each other's minds,
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če se lahko dotaknemo, okusimo,
mogoče, če pridemo dovolj blizu,
mogoče, če pridemo dovolj blizu,
02:13
when we can touch each other,
taste each other,
taste each other,
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02:16
perhaps, if we get close enough,
but we can't read each other's minds.
but we can't read each other's minds.
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ampak ne moremo si brati misli.
To se mi zdi kar osupljivo.
02:19
I find that quite astonishing.
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02:20
In the Sufi faith,
this great Middle Eastern religion
this great Middle Eastern religion
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V veri Sufi, tej veliki religiji Bližnjega vzhoda,
02:23
which some claim
is the root of all religions,
is the root of all religions,
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za katero pravijo, da je korenika vsake vere,
02:26
Sufi masters are
all telepaths, so they say,
all telepaths, so they say,
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so Sufi mojstri telepati, tako pravijo,
02:31
but their main exercise of telepathy
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telepatijo v glavnem uporabljajo za to, da
nam pošiljajo močne signale, da ne obstaja.
nam pošiljajo močne signale, da ne obstaja.
02:33
is to send out powerful signals
to the rest of us that it doesn't exist.
to the rest of us that it doesn't exist.
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02:37
So that's why we don't think it exists;
the Sufi masters working on us.
the Sufi masters working on us.
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Zato mislimo, da ne obstaja;
Sufi mojstri, ki se ukvarjajo z nami.
Sufi mojstri, ki se ukvarjajo z nami.
02:41
In the question of consciousness
and artificial intelligence,
and artificial intelligence,
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Kar zadeva vprašanje zavesti in
umetne inteligence,
umetne inteligence,
02:45
artificial intelligence has really,
like the study of consciousness,
like the study of consciousness,
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umetna inteligenca je,
tako kot študija zavesti,
tako kot študija zavesti,
prišla nikamor, niti svita se nam ne,
kako zavest deluje.
kako zavest deluje.
02:48
gotten nowhere, we have no idea
how consciousness works.
how consciousness works.
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Ne samo, da niso ustvarili
umetne inteligence,
umetne inteligence,
02:51
Not only have they not created
artificial intelligence,
artificial intelligence,
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niso naredili niti še umetne neumnosti.
02:53
they haven't yet created
artificial stupidity.
artificial stupidity.
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02:56
(Laughter)
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02:57
The laws of physics: invisible,
eternal, omnipresent, all powerful.
eternal, omnipresent, all powerful.
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Zakoni fizike: nevidni, večni,
povsod prisotni, vsemogočni.
povsod prisotni, vsemogočni.
03:02
Remind you of anyone?
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Vas na koga spominja?
03:04
Interesting.
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Zanimivo. Jaz, kot lahko uganete,
nisem materialist, sem imaterialist.
nisem materialist, sem imaterialist.
03:05
I'm, as you can guess,
not a materialist, I'm an immaterialist.
not a materialist, I'm an immaterialist.
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In našel sem novo zelo uporabno besedo --
ignostik. V redu? Jaz sem ignostik,
ignostik. V redu? Jaz sem ignostik,
03:08
And I've found a very useful
new word -- ignostic.
new word -- ignostic.
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03:11
Okay? I'm an ignostic.
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03:12
[God?]
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zavračam, da me kdo vpraša, če Bog obstaja,
03:13
I refuse to be drawn on the question
on whether God exists
on whether God exists
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dokler nekdo ustrezno ne definira pojmov.
03:16
until somebody properly defines the terms.
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03:18
Another thing we can't see
is the human genome.
is the human genome.
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Še ena stvar, ki je ne vidimo,
je človeški genom.
je človeški genom.
03:21
And this is increasingly peculiar,
because about 20 years ago
because about 20 years ago
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In to je naraščajoče neprijetno,
ker pred približno 20 leti,
ker pred približno 20 leti,
03:26
when they started delving into the genome,
they thought it would probably contain
they thought it would probably contain
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ko so začeli kopati v genom, so mislili,
da bo verjetno vseboval
da bo verjetno vseboval
okoli 100 tisoč genov.
Od takrat je bilo vsako leto
Od takrat je bilo vsako leto
03:30
around 100 thousand genes.
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03:31
Every year since,
it's been revised downwards.
it's been revised downwards.
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število znižano. Zdaj mislimo, da je
verjetno le nekaj čez 20 tisoč genov
verjetno le nekaj čez 20 tisoč genov
03:34
We now think there are likely
to be just over 20 thousand genes
to be just over 20 thousand genes
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03:38
in the human genome.
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v človeškem genomu.
03:39
This is extraordinary,
because rice -- get this --
because rice -- get this --
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To je izredno, ker riž -- poslušajte --
03:42
rice is known to have 38 thousand genes.
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znano je, da ima riž 38 tisoč genov.
03:45
Potatoes have 48 chromosomes,
two more than people,
two more than people,
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Krompir -- krompir ima 48 kromosomov.
Dva več kot človek
Dva več kot človek
03:50
and the same as a gorilla.
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in enako kot gorila.
03:52
(Laughter)
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03:55
You can't see these things,
but they are very strange.
but they are very strange.
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Teh stvari ne vidiš, ampak so zelo čudne.
03:58
The stars by day, I always
think that's fascinating.
think that's fascinating.
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Zvezde čez dan, to se mi je
vedno zdelo fascinantno.
vedno zdelo fascinantno.
04:01
The universe disappears.
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Vesolje izgine. Več kot je luči,
manj lahko vidiš.
manj lahko vidiš.
04:02
The more light there is,
the less you can see.
the less you can see.
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Čas. Nihče ne vidi časa.
04:05
Time. Nobody can see time.
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04:08
I don't know if you know this.
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Ne vem, če veste, moderna fizika --
obstaja gibanje v moderni fiziki,
obstaja gibanje v moderni fiziki,
04:09
There's a big movement in modern physics
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04:12
to decide that time doesn't really exist,
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ki predlaga, da čas v resnici ne obstaja,
ker je preveč neprimeren za številke.
ker je preveč neprimeren za številke.
04:14
because it's too inconvenient
for the figures.
for the figures.
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Lažje je, če ga v resnici ni.
04:16
It's much easier if it's not really there.
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04:18
You can't see the future, obviously,
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Ne moreš videti prihodnosti, očitno,
04:21
and you can't see the past,
except in your memory.
except in your memory.
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in ne moreš videti preteklosti,
razen v lastnem spominu.
razen v lastnem spominu.
04:23
One of the interesting
things about the past
things about the past
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Ena od zanimivih stvari pri preteklosti je,
da ne moreš videti--
da ne moreš videti--
04:26
is you particularly can't see --
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moj sin me je vprašal, rekel je:
"Oče, se me spomniš, ko sem imel dve leti?"
"Oče, se me spomniš, ko sem imel dve leti?"
04:27
my son asked me this the other day,
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04:29
"Dad, can you remember
what I was like when I was two?
what I was like when I was two?
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In rekel sem "Ja."
In on je rekel: "Zakaj pa se jaz ne?"
In on je rekel: "Zakaj pa se jaz ne?"
04:31
And I said, "Yes." He said, "Why can't I?"
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Ni to izredno? Ne moreš se spomniti,
kaj se ti je zgodilo,
kaj se ti je zgodilo,
04:33
Isn't that extraordinary?
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04:35
You cannot remember what happened to you
earlier than the age of two or three.
earlier than the age of two or three.
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preden si dopolnil drugo ali tretjo leto.
04:39
Which is great news for psychoanalysts,
because otherwise they'd be out of a job.
because otherwise they'd be out of a job.
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Kar je dobra novica za psihoanalitike,
ker drugače ne bi imeli dela.
ker drugače ne bi imeli dela.
Ker takrat se zgodi vse,
04:43
Because that's where all the stuff happens
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04:45
(Laughter)
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04:48
that makes you who you are.
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kar te naredi, kar si.
04:51
Another thing you can't see
is the grid on which we hang.
is the grid on which we hang.
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Še nekaj, ne vidiš verige, s katere visiš.
04:54
This is fascinating.
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To je fascinantno. Nekateri med vami verjetno
veste, da se celice neprestano obnavljajo.
veste, da se celice neprestano obnavljajo.
04:55
You probably know, some of you,
that cells are continually renewed.
that cells are continually renewed.
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Koža odpada, lasje rastejo, nohti, vse to --
04:58
Skin flakes off, hairs grow,
nails, that kind of stuff --
nails, that kind of stuff --
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05:01
but every cell in your body
is replaced at some point.
is replaced at some point.
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ampak vsaka celica vašega telesa se zamenja.
05:05
Taste buds, every ten days or so.
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Brbončice na jeziku, vsakih 10 dni.
05:07
Livers and internal organs
take a bit longer.
take a bit longer.
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Jetra in notranji organi
potrebujejo nekoliko več časa.
potrebujejo nekoliko več časa.
Hrbtenica vzame nekaj let.
05:10
Spine takes several years.
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05:11
But at the end of seven years,
not one cell in your body
not one cell in your body
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Ampak po sedmih letih, niti ena celica
vašega telesa
vašega telesa
05:15
remains from what was there
seven years ago.
seven years ago.
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ne ostane tam, kjer je bila
pred sedmimi leti.
pred sedmimi leti.
05:18
The question is:
who then are we? What are we?
who then are we? What are we?
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Vprašanje je: kdo potemtakem smo? Kaj smo?
Kaj je ta stvar, s katere visimo,
Kaj je ta stvar, s katere visimo,
05:21
What is this thing that we hang on?
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05:23
That is actually us?
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ki je pravzaprav mi?
05:24
Atoms, can't see them. Nobody ever will.
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Atomi, ne vidim jih. Nihče jih nikoli ne bo.
So manjši kot valovna dolžina svetlobe.
So manjši kot valovna dolžina svetlobe.
05:27
They're smaller
than the wavelength of light.
than the wavelength of light.
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05:29
Gas, can't see that.
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Plin ("gas"), tega ne morem videti,
nekdo je omenil 1600 nazadnje.
nekdo je omenil 1600 nazadnje.
05:31
Interesting, somebody
mentioned 1600 recently.
mentioned 1600 recently.
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Plin ("gas") je 1600 izumil
nemški kemik imenovan Van Helmont.
nemški kemik imenovan Van Helmont.
05:33
Gas was invented in 1600
by a Dutch chemist called van Helmont.
by a Dutch chemist called van Helmont.
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05:38
It's said to be the most successful ever
invention of a word by a known individual.
invention of a word by a known individual.
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Govori se, da gre za najbolj uspešno iznajdbo
besede, s strani znanega posameznika.
besede, s strani znanega posameznika.
05:43
Quite good. He also invented a word
called "blas," meaning astral radiation.
called "blas," meaning astral radiation.
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Precej dobro. Izumil je tudi besedo 'blas',
ki pomeni zvezdno sevanje.
ki pomeni zvezdno sevanje.
05:49
Didn't catch on, unfortunately.
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Ni se prijelo, na žalost.
05:51
(Laughter)
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05:52
But well done, him.
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Ampak, dobro zanj. Svetloba -- ne moreš
videti svetlobe.
videti svetlobe.
05:53
Light -- you can't see light.
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05:55
When it's dark, in a vacuum,
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Ko je tema, v vakuumu,
če nekdo posveti žarek svetlobe
če nekdo posveti žarek svetlobe
05:57
if a person shines a beam of light
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naravnost mimo tvojih oči, ga ne boš videl.
05:59
straight across your eyes,
you won't see it.
you won't see it.
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Malce tehnično, nekateri fiziki se s tem ne bodo strinjali.
06:01
Slightly technical, some physicists
will disagree with this.
will disagree with this.
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Ampak je čudno, da ne moreš videti
svetlobnega žarka.
svetlobnega žarka.
06:04
But it's odd that you can't see
the beam of light,
the beam of light,
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vidiš lahko samo, kar zadane.
06:06
you can only see what it hits.
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Elektrika, tega ne vidiš. Ne dovolite, da
vam kdo reče, da razume elektriko, je ne.
vam kdo reče, da razume elektriko, je ne.
06:08
Electricity, can't see that.
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06:09
Don't let anyone tell you
they understand electricity, they don't.
they understand electricity, they don't.
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06:12
Nobody knows what it is.
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Nihče ne ve, kaj je. Verjetno mislite, da se
elektroni v električnem kablu nemudoma
elektroni v električnem kablu nemudoma
06:13
(Laughter)
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06:15
You probably think the electrons
in an electric wire move instantaneously
in an electric wire move instantaneously
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premikajo po kablu, kajne,
s svetlobno hitrostjo, ko prižgeš luč.
s svetlobno hitrostjo, ko prižgeš luč.
06:18
down a wire, don't you,
at the speed of light,
at the speed of light,
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06:20
when you turn the light on, they don't.
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Ni res. Elektroni se vlečejo po kablu
približno tako, kot se cedi med, pravijo.
približno tako, kot se cedi med, pravijo.
06:23
Electrons bumble down the wire,
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06:24
about the speed of spreading
honey, they say.
honey, they say.
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06:27
Galaxies -- hundred billion of them,
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Galaksije -- ocenjujemo, da jih je v vesolju
približno sto milijard. Sto milijard.
približno sto milijard. Sto milijard.
06:28
estimated in the universe.
Hundred billion.
Hundred billion.
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Koliko jih lahko vidimo? Pet. Pet izmed
stotih milijard galaksij, z golim očesom.
stotih milijard galaksij, z golim očesom.
06:30
How many can we see?
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06:32
Five. Five, out of a hundred billion
galaxies, with the naked eye.
galaxies, with the naked eye.
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06:36
And one of them is quite difficult to see,
unless you've got very good eyesight.
unless you've got very good eyesight.
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In nekatere so težko vidne, razen če imaš
zelo dober vid.
zelo dober vid.
06:39
Radio waves. There's another thing.
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Radijski valovi. Heinrich Hertz, ko je
odkril radijske valove,
odkril radijske valove,
06:41
Heinrich Hertz, when he discovered
radio waves, in 1887,
radio waves, in 1887,
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leta 1887, jim je rekel radijski valovi,
ker so valovali.
ker so valovali.
06:44
he called them radio waves
because they radiated.
because they radiated.
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Nekdo mu je rekel, kaj je poanta teh,
Heinrich? Kaj je poanta teh radijskih valov,
Heinrich? Kaj je poanta teh radijskih valov,
06:47
Somebody said to him,
"What's the point of these, Heinrich?
"What's the point of these, Heinrich?
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06:50
What's the point of these radio waves
that you've found?"
that you've found?"
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ki si jih odkril? In on je odgovoril: "Ne vem,
ampak se bo že kdo domislil, kaj z njimi.
ampak se bo že kdo domislil, kaj z njimi.
06:52
And he said, "Well, I've no idea,
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06:54
but I guess somebody will find
a use for them someday.
a use for them someday.
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Največja stvar, ki je ne vidimo,
je to, kar ne vemo.
je to, kar ne vemo.
06:57
The biggest thing that's invisible
to us is what we don't know.
to us is what we don't know.
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07:00
It is incredible how little we know.
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Neverjetno je, kako malo vemo.
07:02
Thomas Edison once said,
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Thomas Edison je enkrat rekel, da ne vemo
niti enega odstotka milijoninke o čemerkoli.
niti enega odstotka milijoninke o čemerkoli.
07:04
"We don't know one percent
of one millionth about anything."
of one millionth about anything."
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07:08
And I've come to the conclusion --
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In jaz sem prišel do zaključka --
07:12
because you ask this other question:
"What's another thing we can't see?"
"What's another thing we can't see?"
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ker se vprašaš še eno vprašanje:
česa še ne vidimo?
česa še ne vidimo?
Večina nas ne vidi smisla. Kaj je smisel?
07:15
The point, most of us. What's the point?
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07:17
The point -- what I've got it down to
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Smisel -- vse skupaj sem skrčil na dve
vprašanji, ki si ju je vredno zastaviti.
vprašanji, ki si ju je vredno zastaviti.
07:19
is there are only two questions
really worth asking.
really worth asking.
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Zakaj smo tukaj in kaj naj počnemo,
medtem ko smo?
medtem ko smo?
07:21
"Why are we here?",
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07:22
and "What should
we do about it while we are?"
we do about it while we are?"
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07:25
To help you, I've got two things to leave
you with, from two great philosophers,
you with, from two great philosophers,
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Da vam pomagam; imam dve stvari, s katerima
vas bom pustil, dva velika filozofa,
vas bom pustil, dva velika filozofa,
verjetno dva največja filozofska
misleca dvajsetega stoletja.
misleca dvajsetega stoletja.
07:29
perhaps two of the greatest philosopher
thinkers of the 20th century.
thinkers of the 20th century.
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Eden od njiju je matematik in inženir
in drugi je pesnik.
in drugi je pesnik.
07:32
One a mathematician and engineer,
and the other a poet.
and the other a poet.
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07:35
The first is Ludwig Wittgenstein,
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Prvi je Ludwig Wittgenstein, ki je rekel:
07:38
who said, "I don't know why we are here,
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Ne vem, zakaj smo tukaj, ampak sem skoraj
prepričan, da ne zato, da bi uživali.
prepričan, da ne zato, da bi uživali.
07:41
but I am pretty sure it's not
in order to enjoy ourselves."
in order to enjoy ourselves."
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07:44
(Laughter)
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07:45
He was a cheerful bastard, wasn't he?
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Kar vesel pankrt, kajne? (Smeh)
07:47
(Laughter)
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07:48
And secondly, and lastly,
W.H. Auden, one of my favorite poets,
W.H. Auden, one of my favorite poets,
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Kot drugi in zadnji, W. H. Auden,
eden od mojih najljubših pesnikov,
eden od mojih najljubših pesnikov,
07:53
who said, "We are here
on Earth to help others.
on Earth to help others.
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ki je rekel: Mi smo na Zemlji, da pomagamo
drugim. Zakaj so tu drugi, pa nimam pojma.
drugim. Zakaj so tu drugi, pa nimam pojma.
07:58
What the others
are here for, I've no idea."
are here for, I've no idea."
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08:01
(Laughter)
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08:03
(Applause)
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08:06
(Circus music)
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08:07
[Get your souvenir photo here!]
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[Ustvari si fotografijo za spomin!
Nadaljuj potovanje v neznano!]
Nadaljuj potovanje v neznano!]
08:08
[Continue your journey into the unknown!]
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08:11
(Circus music)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
John Lloyd - ProducerJohn Lloyd helps make some of the cleverest television in the UK.
Why you should listen
John Lloyd seems to have known every brilliant and funny person in Britain, and his collaborations are legendary. He's been a fixture on the BBC for four decades, producing such classic comedies as Blackadder, Spitting Image, the BBC's Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and lately QI (short for "Quite Interesting"), hosted by Stephen Fry (read his Reddit AMA about it).
Lloyd has also written more than a dozen funny books -- including The Meaning of Liff, a collaboration with his friend Douglas Adams, which has been in print for 26 years.
John Lloyd | Speaker | TED.com