TEDGlobal 2013
Eric X. Li: A tale of two political systems
Erik X. Li (Eric X. Li): Priča o dva politička sistema
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Na zapadu je to uvreženo mišljenje: kako neko društvo napreduje, tako postaje kapitalistička, višepartijska demokratija. Tačno? Erik X. Li, kineski investitor i politikolog, se ne slaže. U ovom provokativnom govoru koji pomera granice, on od publike traži da razmisli o tome da postoji više od jednog načina da se upravlja uspešnom, modernom nacijom.
Eric X. Li - Investor and political scientist
A venture capitalist and political scientist, Eric X Li argues that the universality claim of Western democratic systems is going to be "morally challenged" by China. Full bio
A venture capitalist and political scientist, Eric X Li argues that the universality claim of Western democratic systems is going to be "morally challenged" by China. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Good morning.
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Dobro jutro.
00:14
My name is Eric Li, and I was born here.
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Moje ime je Erik Li i ovde sam se rodio.
00:19
But no, I wasn't born there.
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Ali ne, ja se nisam tu rodio.
00:21
This was where I was born:
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Ovde sam rođen:
00:24
Shanghai, at the height of the Cultural Revolution.
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Šangaj, na vrhuncu Kulturne revolucije.
00:28
My grandmother tells me that she heard
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Moja baka mi je rekla da je čula
00:29
the sound of gunfire along with my first cries.
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zvuk pucnja zajedno sa mojim plačem.
00:33
When I was growing up, I was told a story
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Dok sam odrastao, pričali su mi priču
00:36
that explained all I ever needed to know about humanity.
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koja je objasnila sve
što je trebalo da znam o čovečanstvu.
što je trebalo da znam o čovečanstvu.
00:40
It went like this.
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Ovako je zvučala.
00:41
All human societies develop in linear progression,
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Sva ljudska društva se razvijaju linearno,
00:45
beginning with primitive society, then slave society,
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počinjući od primitivnih društava,
zatim robovlasničkog društva,
zatim robovlasničkog društva,
00:48
feudalism, capitalism, socialism,
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feudalizma, kapitalizma, socijalizma
00:51
and finally, guess where we end up?
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i na kraju, pogodite gde završavamo?
00:54
Communism!
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U komunizmu!
00:57
Sooner or later, all of humanity,
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Pre ili kasnije, sveukupno čovečanstvo,
01:01
regardless of culture, language, nationality,
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bez obzira na kulturu, jezik,
nacionalnost,
nacionalnost,
01:03
will arrive at this final stage
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stiže do ovog poslednjeg stupnja
01:06
of political and social development.
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političkog i društvenog razvoja.
01:08
The entire world's peoples will be unified
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Ljudi čitave planete će se ujediniti
01:10
in this paradise on Earth
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u ovom raju na Zemlji
01:13
and live happily ever after.
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i živeće zauvek srećno.
01:15
But before we get there, we're engaged
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Ali pre nego što stignemo tamo,
učestvujemo u borbi dobra i zla,
01:18
in a struggle between good and evil,
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01:20
the good of socialism against the evil of capitalism,
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dobrote socijalizma i zla kapitalizma
01:23
and the good shall triumph.
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i dobrota će pobediti.
01:25
That, of course, was the meta-narrative
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To je, naravno, bila meta-priča
01:28
distilled from the theories of Karl Marx.
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izdvojena iz teorija Karla Marksa.
01:31
And the Chinese bought it.
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I Kinezi su joj poverovali.
01:33
We were taught that grand story day in and day out.
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Pričali su nam tu veliku priču
dan za danom.
dan za danom.
01:36
It became part of us, and we believed in it.
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Postala je deo nas i verovali smo u nju.
01:39
The story was a bestseller.
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Ta priča je bila bestseler.
01:41
About one third of the entire world's population
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Oko jedne trećine ukupne populacije sveta
01:43
lived under that meta-narrative.
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je živelo pod uticajem te meta-priče.
01:46
Then, the world changed overnight.
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Onda se svet preko noći promenio.
01:49
As for me, disillusioned by the failed religion of my youth,
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Ja, razočaran neuspelom
religijom svoje mladosti,
religijom svoje mladosti,
01:52
I went to America and became a Berkeley hippie.
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otišao sam u Ameriku
i postao Berkli hipik.
i postao Berkli hipik.
01:55
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:59
Now, as I was coming of age, something else happened.
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Dok sam rastao, nešto drugo se desilo.
02:02
As if one big story wasn't enough,
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Kao da jedna velika priča
nije bila dovoljna,
nije bila dovoljna,
02:04
I was told another one.
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ispričana mi je još jedna.
02:07
This one was just as grand.
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Ova je bila podjednako velika.
02:10
It also claims that all human societies
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Ona takođe tvrdi da se sva ljudska društva
02:12
develop in a linear progression towards a singular end.
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razvijaju linearno ka jedinstvenom kraju.
02:16
This one went as follows:
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Ovako je zvučala:
02:19
All societies, regardless of culture,
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sva društva, bez obzira na kulturu,
02:21
be it Christian, Muslim, Confucian,
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bila to hrišćanska, muslimanska,
konfučijanska,
konfučijanska,
02:24
must progress from traditional societies
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moraju se razvijati
iz tradicionalnih društava,
iz tradicionalnih društava,
02:26
in which groups are the basic units
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u kojima su grupe osnovne jedinice,
02:29
to modern societies in which atomized individuals
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ka modernim društvima,
u kojima su pojedinci
u kojima su pojedinci
02:33
are the sovereign units,
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suverene jedinice
02:34
and all these individuals are, by definition, rational,
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i svi ovi pojedinci su, po definiciji,
racionalni
racionalni
02:38
and they all want one thing:
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i žele jednu stvar:
02:40
the vote.
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glas.
02:42
Because they are all rational, once given the vote,
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Pošto su svi oni racionalni,
jednom kada su im dati glasovi,
jednom kada su im dati glasovi,
02:45
they produce good government
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oni stvaraju dobru vladu
02:46
and live happily ever after.
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i žive zauvek srećni.
02:49
Paradise on Earth, again.
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Raj na Zemlji, još jednom.
02:52
Sooner or later, electoral democracy will be
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Pre ili kasnije,
izborna demokratija će biti
izborna demokratija će biti
02:55
the only political system for all countries and all peoples,
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jedini politički sistem
svih država i svih ljudi,
svih država i svih ljudi,
02:59
with a free market to make them all rich.
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sa otvorenim tržištem
koje će ih sve obogatiti.
koje će ih sve obogatiti.
03:01
But before we get there, we're engaged in a struggle
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Ali pre nego što stignemo tamo,
učestvujemo u borbi
učestvujemo u borbi
03:05
between good and evil.
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između dobra i zla.
03:06
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:08
The good belongs to those who are democracies
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Dobrota pripada onima
koji su demokratije
koji su demokratije
03:10
and are charged with a mission of spreading it
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i oni imaju misiju da je šire svetom,
03:12
around the globe, sometimes by force,
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ponekad silom,
03:16
against the evil of those who do not hold elections.
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protiv zla, onih koji ne drže izbore.
03:19
(Video) George H.W. Bush: A new world order ...
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(Video) Džordž H.V. Buš:
Novi svetski poredak...
Novi svetski poredak...
03:21
(Video) George W. Bush: ... ending tyranny in our world ...
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(Video) Džordž H.V. Buš:
...koji zaustavlja tiraniju u svetu...
...koji zaustavlja tiraniju u svetu...
03:23
(Video) Barack Obama: ... a single standard for all
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(Video) Barak Obama:
...jedinstveni standard za sve
...jedinstveni standard za sve
03:25
who would hold power.
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koji žele da imaju moć.
03:28
Eric X. Li: Now --
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Erik K. Li: Sad -
03:30
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smeh) (Aplauz)
03:38
This story also became a bestseller.
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I ova priča je postala bestseler.
03:42
According to Freedom House,
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Prema navodima Kuće slobode,
03:44
the number of democracies went from 45 in 1970
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broj demokratija je porastao
sa 45 1970. godine
sa 45 1970. godine
03:47
to 115 in 2010.
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na 115 u 2010. godini.
03:49
In the last 20 years, Western elites tirelessly
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U poslednjih 20 godina,
zapadnjačke elite su neumorno
zapadnjačke elite su neumorno
03:52
trotted around the globe selling this prospectus:
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išle planetom propagirajući ovu viziju:
03:56
Multiple parties fight for political power
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mnogobrojne partije
se bore za političku moć
se bore za političku moć
03:58
and everyone voting on them
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i glasanje za neku od njih
04:00
is the only path to salvation
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je jedini put ka spasenju
04:02
to the long-suffering developing world.
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sveta u razvoju koji večno pati.
04:05
Those who buy the prospectus are destined for success.
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Oni koji poveruju u ovu viziju
su predodređeni da uspeju.
su predodređeni da uspeju.
04:08
Those who do not are doomed to fail.
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Ostali su osuđeni na propast.
04:11
But this time, the Chinese didn't buy it.
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Ali ovog puta,
Kinezi nisu poverovali u nju.
Kinezi nisu poverovali u nju.
04:14
Fool me once ...
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Prevari me jednom...
04:17
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:21
The rest is history.
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Ostatak je istorija.
04:23
In just 30 years, China went from
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Za samo 30 godina,
Kina je napredovala
Kina je napredovala
04:25
one of the poorest agricultural countries in the world
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od jedne od najsiromašnijih
poljoprivrednih zemalja na svetu
poljoprivrednih zemalja na svetu
04:27
to its second-largest economy.
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do druge najveće ekonomije sveta.
04:30
Six hundred fifty million people
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Šestopedeset miliona ljudi
04:32
were lifted out of poverty.
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je izbavljeno iz siromaštva.
04:33
Eighty percent of the entire world's poverty alleviation
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80% ukupne svetske populacije
koja je izbavljena iz siromaštva
koja je izbavljena iz siromaštva
04:36
during that period happened in China.
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u tom periodu je izbavljeno u Kini.
04:38
In other words, all the new and old democracies
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Drugim rečima,
sve nove i stare demokratije
sve nove i stare demokratije
04:41
put together amounted to a mere fraction
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zajedno su činile mali deo
04:44
of what a single, one-party state did without voting.
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onoga što je jedna, jednopartijska država
uradila bez glasanja.
uradila bez glasanja.
04:49
See, I grew up on this stuff: food stamps.
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Vidite, ja sam odrastao na ovom:
kuponima za hranu.
kuponima za hranu.
04:53
Meat was rationed to a few hundred grams
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Meso je deljeno u porcijama,
ljudi su u jednom trenutku
ljudi su u jednom trenutku
04:55
per person per month at one point.
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dobijali nekoliko stotina grama mesečno.
04:57
Needless to say, I ate all my grandmother's portions.
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Bespotrebno je reći
da sam ja jeo porcije svoje bake.
da sam ja jeo porcije svoje bake.
05:01
So I asked myself, what's wrong with this picture?
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Zapitao sam se, šta nije u redu sa ovim?
05:05
Here I am in my hometown,
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Evo me ovde, u svom rodnom gradu,
05:07
my business growing leaps and bounds.
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moj biznis naveliko raste.
05:09
Entrepreneurs are starting companies every day.
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Preduzetnici osnivaju kompanije
svakog dana.
svakog dana.
05:11
Middle class is expanding in speed and scale
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Srednja klasa se širi brzinom i rasponom
05:14
unprecedented in human history.
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neviđenim u ljudskoj istoriji.
05:16
Yet, according to the grand story,
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Ali ipak, prema velikoj priči,
05:19
none of this should be happening.
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ništa od ovoga ne bi trebalo da se dešava.
05:22
So I went and did the only thing I could. I studied it.
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Zato sam uradio jedinu stvar
koju sam mogao - proučavao sam je.
koju sam mogao - proučavao sam je.
05:25
Yes, China is a one-party state
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Da, Kina jeste jednopartijska država
05:27
run by the Chinese Communist Party, the Party,
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koju vodi Kineska komunistička partija,
Partija
Partija
05:31
and they don't hold elections.
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i oni ne raspisuju izbore.
05:33
Three assumptions are made
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Napravljene su tri pretpostavke
05:35
by the dominant political theories of our time.
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u dominantnim savremenim
političkim teorijama.
političkim teorijama.
05:38
Such a system is operationally rigid,
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Takav sistem je operativno krut,
05:41
politically closed, and morally illegitimate.
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politički zatvoren i moralno nezakonit.
05:45
Well, the assumptions are wrong.
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To su pogrešne pretpostavke.
05:48
The opposites are true.
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Njihova suprotnost je istinita.
05:50
Adaptability, meritocracy, and legitimacy
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Prilagodljivost, meritokratija
i zakonitost
i zakonitost
05:53
are the three defining characteristics
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su tri određujuće osobine
05:55
of China's one-party system.
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kineskog jednopartijskog sistema.
05:58
Now, most political scientists will tell us
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Većina politikologa će nam reći
05:59
that a one-party system is inherently incapable
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da jedan jednopartijski sistem
nije sam po sebi sposoban
nije sam po sebi sposoban
06:03
of self-correction.
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za samoispravljanje.
06:05
It won't last long because it cannot adapt.
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Neće dugo opstati jer nije prilagodljiv.
06:07
Now here are the facts.
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Evo sada činjenica.
06:09
In 64 years of running the largest country in the world,
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Tokom 64 godine vođenja
najveće države na svetu,
najveće države na svetu,
06:12
the range of the Party's policies has been wider
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domet politike Partije je širi
06:15
than any other country in recent memory,
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od bilo koje druge države
u skorijoj istoriji,
u skorijoj istoriji,
06:18
from radical land collectivization to the Great Leap Forward,
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od radikalne kolektivizacije zemljišta
do Velikog skoka napred,
do Velikog skoka napred,
06:22
then privatization of farmland,
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zatim privatizacije
poljoprivrednog zemljišta,
poljoprivrednog zemljišta,
06:25
then the Cultural Revolution,
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Kulturne Revolucije,
06:27
then Deng Xiaoping's market reform,
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reforme tržišta Donga Šaopinga,
06:30
then successor Jiang Zemin took the giant political step
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zatim je naslednik Jiang Zemin napravio
ogroman politički iskorak
ogroman politički iskorak
06:33
of opening up Party membership to private businesspeople,
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otvorivši članstvo Partije
privatnim biznismenima,
privatnim biznismenima,
06:36
something unimaginable during Mao's rule.
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nešto što je bilo nezamislivo
u vreme Maove vladavine.
u vreme Maove vladavine.
06:39
So the Party self-corrects in rather dramatic fashions.
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Dakle, Partija se ispravlja
na poprilično dramatične načine.
na poprilično dramatične načine.
06:43
Institutionally, new rules get enacted
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Institucionalno, donose se novi zakoni
06:46
to correct previous dysfunctions.
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kako bi se ispravile
prethodne disfunkcije.
prethodne disfunkcije.
06:48
For example, term limits.
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Na primer, ograničenje mandata.
06:50
Political leaders used to retain their positions for life,
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Političke vođe su zadržavale
svoje pozicije ceo život
svoje pozicije ceo život
06:53
and they used that to accumulate power
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i to su često koristili
kako bi nagomilavali moć
kako bi nagomilavali moć
06:54
and perpetuate their rules.
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i produžili svoju vladavinu.
06:56
Mao was the father of modern China,
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Mao je otac savremene Kine,
06:59
yet his prolonged rule led to disastrous mistakes.
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ali je ipak njegova preduga vladavina
dovela do katastrofalnih grešaka.
dovela do katastrofalnih grešaka.
07:01
So the Party instituted term limits
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Zato je Partija uvela ograničenje mandata
07:04
with mandatory retirement age of 68 to 70.
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sa obaveznim odlaskom u penziju
između 68. i 70. godine.
između 68. i 70. godine.
07:07
One thing we often hear is,
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Jedna stvar koju često čujemo je:
07:10
"Political reforms have lagged far behind economic reforms,"
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"Političke reforme su zaostale
za ekonomskim reformama"
za ekonomskim reformama"
07:13
and "China is in dire need of political reform."
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i "Kini je preko potrebna
politička reforma."
politička reforma."
07:16
But this claim is a rhetorical trap
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Ali ova tvrdnja je retorička zamka,
07:19
hidden behind a political bias.
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skrivena iza političkih predrasuda.
07:22
See, some have decided a priori
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Vidite, neki su a priori odredili
07:24
what kinds of changes they want to see,
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kakve promene žele da vide
07:26
and only such changes can be called political reform.
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i samo takve promene
nazivaju političkom reformom.
nazivaju političkom reformom.
07:30
The truth is, political reforms have never stopped.
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Istina je, političke reforme
nikada nisu prestajale.
nikada nisu prestajale.
07:33
Compared with 30 years ago, 20 years, even 10 years ago,
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U poređenju sa pre 30 godina,
20, pa čak i pre 10 godina,
20, pa čak i pre 10 godina,
07:36
every aspect of Chinese society,
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svaki vid kineskog društva,
07:38
how the country is governed,
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kako se državom vlada,
07:39
from the most local level to the highest center,
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od najmanjeg lokalnog nivoa
do najvišeg centra,
do najvišeg centra,
07:41
are unrecognizable today.
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danas je neprepoznatljiv.
07:44
Now such changes are simply not possible
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Takve promene jednostavno nisu moguće
07:47
without political reforms of the most fundamental kind.
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bez osnovnih političkih reformi.
07:51
Now I would venture to suggest the Party
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Sada bih vam rekao da je Partija
07:53
is the world's leading expert in political reform.
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vodeći svetski ekspert
u političkim reformama.
u političkim reformama.
07:57
The second assumption is that in a one-party state,
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Druga pretpostavka je
da se u jednopartijskoj državi
da se u jednopartijskoj državi
08:00
power gets concentrated in the hands of the few,
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moć koncentriše u rukama nekolicine
08:03
and bad governance and corruption follow.
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i loše upravljanje i korupcija
iz toga slede.
iz toga slede.
08:05
Indeed, corruption is a big problem,
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Uistinu, korupcija je veliki problem,
08:08
but let's first look at the larger context.
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ali hajde da prvo pogledamo širi kontekst.
08:10
Now, this may be counterintuitive to you.
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Ovo će vam možda zvučati kontraintuitivno.
08:12
The Party happens to be one of the most meritocratic
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Partija je jedna od najvećih meritokratija
08:15
political institutions in the world today.
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od svih političkih institucija
u svetu danas.
u svetu danas.
08:18
China's highest ruling body, the Politburo, has 25 members.
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Najviše vladajuće telo Kine,
Politbiro, ima 25 članova.
Politbiro, ima 25 članova.
08:22
In the most recent one, only five of them
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U najskorijem Politbirou, samo pet od njih
08:24
came from a background of privilege, so-called princelings.
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je poticalo iz privilegovanih položaja
takozvani kneščići.
takozvani kneščići.
08:27
The other 20, including the president and the premier,
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Ostalih 20, uključujući
i predsednika i premijera,
i predsednika i premijera,
08:30
came from entirely ordinary backgrounds.
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poticalo je iz potpuno običnih položaja.
08:33
In the larger central committee of 300 or more,
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U većem centralnom komitetu
koji ima oko 300 članova,
koji ima oko 300 članova,
08:35
the percentage of those who were born
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procenat onih koji su rođeni
08:37
into power and wealth was even smaller.
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kao bogati i moćni je još manji.
08:39
The vast majority of senior Chinese leaders
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Velika većina viših kineskih vođa
08:42
worked and competed their way to the top.
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je radila i takmičila se
na svom putu ka vrhu.
na svom putu ka vrhu.
08:45
Compare that with the ruling elites
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Uporedite to sa vladajućom elitom
08:47
in both developed and developing countries,
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u razvijenim i državama u razvoju.
08:49
I think you'll find the Party being near the top
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2510
Mislim da ćete shvatiti
da je Partija blizu vrha
da je Partija blizu vrha
08:52
in upward mobility.
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što se tiče vertikalne pokretljivosti.
08:54
The question then is, how could that be possible
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Onda je pitanje, kako je to moguće
08:57
in a system run by one party?
192
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u sistemu koji vodi jedna partija?
09:00
Now we come to a powerful political institution,
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Sada dolazimo
do moćne političke institucije,
do moćne političke institucije,
09:03
little-known to Westerners:
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koja je malo poznata zapadnjacima:
09:04
the Party's Organization Department.
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Organizacioni odsek partije.
09:07
The department functions like a giant
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2200
Ovaj odsek funkcioniše poput ogromnog
09:09
human resource engine that would be the envy
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motora ljudskih resursa
kojem bi pozavidele
kojem bi pozavidele
09:12
of even some of the most successful corporations.
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i neke od najuspešnijih korporacija.
09:15
It operates a rotating pyramid
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On rukovodi rotirajućom piramidom
09:17
made up of three components:
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koju čine tri dela:
09:19
civil service, state-owned enterprises,
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civilna služba, državna preduzeća
09:21
and social organizations like a university
202
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i društvene ogranizacije
poput univerziteta
poput univerziteta
09:23
or a community program.
203
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2138
ili zajednice.
09:26
They form separate yet integrated career paths
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2511
Oni čine odvojene,
ali integrisane karijere
ali integrisane karijere
09:28
for Chinese officials.
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1904
za kineske službenike.
09:30
They recruit college grads into entry-level positions
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3085
Oni regrutuju diplomce
za nezahtevne pozicije
za nezahtevne pozicije
09:33
in all three tracks, and they start from the bottom,
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2750
u sva tri dela i oni počinju sa dna,
09:36
called "keyuan" [clerk].
208
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koje se zove kejuan [službenik].
09:37
Then they could get promoted
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Zatim ih unapređuju
09:39
through four increasingly elite ranks:
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567317
5116
kroz četiri rastuća elitna čina:
fuke [zamenik rukovodioca odeljka],
ke [rukovodilac odeljka],
ke [rukovodilac odeljka],
09:44
fuke [deputy section manager], ke [section manager], fuchu [deputy division manager], and chu [division manger].
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fuku [zamenik rukovodioca odseka]
i ku [rukovodilac odseka].
i ku [rukovodilac odseka].
09:47
Now these are not moves from "Karate Kid," okay?
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Ovo nisu pokreti iz filma "Karate Kid".
09:49
It's serious business.
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Ovo je ozbiljno.
09:53
The range of positions is wide,
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Raspon položaja je širok,
09:55
from running health care in a village
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1604
od rukovođenja bolnicom u selu
09:57
to foreign investment in a city district
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do stranih investicija u gradskoj oblasti
09:59
to manager in a company.
217
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2125
i menadžera u kompaniji.
10:01
Once a year, the department reviews their performance.
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Jednom godišnje,
Odsek ocenjuje njihov učinak.
Odsek ocenjuje njihov učinak.
10:04
They interview their superiors, their peers,
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Razgovaraju sa njihovim nadređenima,
njihovim vršnjacima,
njihovim vršnjacima,
10:06
their subordinates. They vet their personal conduct.
220
594639
2781
njihovim podređenima.
Ocenjuju njihovo lično ponašanje.
Ocenjuju njihovo lično ponašanje.
10:09
They conduct public opinion surveys.
221
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2032
Vrše ankete javnog mnjenja.
10:11
Then they promote the winners.
222
599452
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I onda unaprede pobednike.
10:13
Throughout their careers, these cadres
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Tokom njihovih karijera, ovi kadrovi
10:14
can move through and out of all three tracks.
224
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mogu da se kreću kroz sva tri dela.
10:18
Over time, the good ones move beyond the four base levels
225
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2878
Vremenom, dobri napreduju
preko četiri početna nivoa
preko četiri početna nivoa
10:20
to the fuju [deputy bureau chief] and ju [bureau chief] levels.
226
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na fuđu [zamenik šefa biroa]
i đu [šef biroa] nivoe.
i đu [šef biroa] nivoe.
10:23
There, they enter high officialdom.
227
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2844
Tada zalaze u visoko činovništvo.
10:26
By that point, a typical assignment will be
228
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2160
Do tog trenutka, tipičan zadatak bi bio
10:28
to manage a district with a population in the millions
229
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upravljanje oblašću
sa populacijom u milionima
sa populacijom u milionima
10:31
or a company with hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue.
230
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3531
ili kompanijom sa hiljadama miliona dolara
u prihodima.
u prihodima.
10:35
Just to show you how competitive the system is,
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Samo da bih vam pokazao
koliko je konkurentan sistem,
koliko je konkurentan sistem,
10:38
in 2012, there were 900,000 fuke and ke levels,
232
626976
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u 2012. godini,
bilo je 900 000 fuke i ke nivoa,
bilo je 900 000 fuke i ke nivoa,
10:42
600,000 fuchu and chu levels,
233
630694
2824
600 000 fuku i ku nivoa
10:45
and only 40,000 fuju and ju levels.
234
633518
3435
i samo 40 000 fuđu i đu nivoa.
10:48
After the ju levels,
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1728
Posle đu nivoa,
10:50
the best few move further up several more ranks,
236
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2601
najbolji napreduju još nekoliko činova
10:53
and eventually make it to the Central Committee.
237
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3131
i u svoje vreme
stignu do Centralnog komiteta.
stignu do Centralnog komiteta.
10:56
The process takes two to three decades.
238
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2752
Taj proces traje dve do tri decenije.
10:59
Does patronage play a role? Yes, of course.
239
647165
3109
Da li pokroviteljstvo igra neku ulogu?
Da, naravno.
Da, naravno.
11:02
But merit remains the fundamental driver.
240
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3572
Ali zasluge ostaju osnovni pokretač.
11:05
In essence, the Organization Department runs
241
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2530
U suštini, Organizacioni odsek vodi
11:08
a modernized version of China's centuries-old
242
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2473
modernu verziju kineskog vekovima starog
11:10
mentoring system.
243
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2064
sistema podučavanja.
11:12
China's new president, Xi Jinping,
244
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2091
Novi predsednik Kine, Ći Jinping,
11:15
is the son of a former leader, which is very unusual,
245
663004
2579
je sin bivšeg vođe, što je veoma neobično,
11:17
first of his kind to make the top job.
246
665583
2220
prvi njegove vrste koji je uspeo
da zauzme vrhovni posao.
da zauzme vrhovni posao.
11:19
Even for him, the career took 30 years.
247
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2895
Čak i njegova karijera
je trajala 30 godina.
je trajala 30 godina.
11:22
He started as a village manager,
248
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1868
Počeo je kao rukovodilac sela
11:24
and by the time he entered the Politburo,
249
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1912
i dok je ušao u Politbiro,
11:26
he had managed areas with a total population
250
674478
2206
rukovodio je oblastima ukupne populacije
11:28
of 150 million people
251
676684
1604
od 150 miliona ljudi
11:30
and combined GDPs of 1.5 trillion U.S. dollars.
252
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4446
i ukupnim BDP-om od 1,5 biliona dolara.
11:34
Now, please don't get me wrong, okay?
253
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2320
Nemojte sada da me pogrešno razumete, OK?
11:37
This is not a put-down of anyone. It's just a statement of fact.
254
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3254
Ovo ne treba nikog da uvredi.
To je samo činjenica.
To je samo činjenica.
11:40
George W. Bush, remember him?
255
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3834
Džordž V. Buš, sećate se njega?
11:44
This is not a put-down.
256
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2441
Ovo nije uvreda.
11:46
(Laughter)
257
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805
(Smeh)
11:47
Before becoming governor of Texas,
258
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3099
Pre nego što je postao guverner Teksasa,
11:50
or Barack Obama before running for president,
259
698487
2619
ili Barak Obama,
pre nego što je postao predsednik,
pre nego što je postao predsednik,
11:53
could not make even a small county manager
260
701106
2759
ne bi mogao da postane
ni rukovodilac malog okruga
ni rukovodilac malog okruga
11:55
in China's system.
261
703865
1928
u kineskom sistemu.
11:57
Winston Churchill once said that democracy
262
705793
2022
Vinston Čerčil je jednom rekao
da je demokratija
da je demokratija
11:59
is a terrible system except for all the rest.
263
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2319
užasan sistem osim svih ostalih.
12:02
Well, apparently he hadn't heard of the Organization Department.
264
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4281
Očigledno nije čuo za Organizacioni odsek.
12:06
Now, Westerners always assume that
265
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2344
Sad, Zapadnjaci uvek pretpostave
12:08
multi-party election with universal suffrage
266
716759
3018
da su višepartijski izbori
sa univerzalnim pravom glasa
sa univerzalnim pravom glasa
12:11
is the only source of political legitimacy.
267
719777
3142
jedini izvor političke legitimnosti.
12:14
I was asked once, "The Party wasn't voted in by election.
268
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3362
Jednom su me pitali:
"Partija nije izglasana na izborima.
"Partija nije izglasana na izborima.
12:18
Where is the source of legitimacy?"
269
726281
2230
Gde je izvor njene legitimnosti?"
12:20
I said, "How about competency?"
270
728511
3562
Rekao sam: "Možda njena sposobnost?"
12:24
We all know the facts.
271
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1477
Svi znamo činjenice.
12:25
In 1949, when the Party took power,
272
733550
1941
1949. godine,
kada je Partija preuzela vlast,
kada je Partija preuzela vlast,
12:27
China was mired in civil wars, dismembered by foreign aggression,
273
735491
3327
Kina je bila ukaljana građanskim ratovima,
raskomadana stranim agresijama,
raskomadana stranim agresijama,
12:30
average life expectancy at that time, 41 years old.
274
738818
4295
prosečni stanovnik
je u to vreme živeo 41 godinu.
je u to vreme živeo 41 godinu.
12:35
Today, it's the second largest economy in the world,
275
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2910
Danas, Kina je druga
najveća svetska ekonomija,
najveća svetska ekonomija,
12:38
an industrial powerhouse, and its people live
276
746023
2603
industrijski pokretač
i njeni stanovnici žive
i njeni stanovnici žive
12:40
in increasing prosperity.
277
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2087
u sve većem blagostanju.
12:42
Pew Research polls Chinese public attitudes,
278
750713
3153
"Pew Research" ispituje javno mnjenje Kine
12:45
and here are the numbers in recent years.
279
753866
2057
i evo brojki
iz poslednjih nekoliko godina.
iz poslednjih nekoliko godina.
12:47
Satisfaction with the direction of the country: 85 percent.
280
755923
4500
Zadovoljstvo zbog smera
u kom se kreće država: 85 procenata.
u kom se kreće država: 85 procenata.
12:52
Those who think they're better off than five years ago:
281
760423
2311
Oni koji misle da žive bolje
nego pre pet godina:
nego pre pet godina:
12:54
70 percent.
282
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2264
70 procenata.
12:56
Those who expect the future to be better:
283
764998
2384
Oni koji očekuju
da će budućnost biti bolja:
da će budućnost biti bolja:
12:59
a whopping 82 percent.
284
767382
2664
ogromnih 82 procenta.
13:02
Financial Times polls global youth attitudes,
285
770046
3529
"Financial Times" ispituje stavove mladih
širom sveta
širom sveta
13:05
and these numbers, brand new, just came from last week.
286
773575
3415
i ovo su brojke, potpuno nove,
objavljene prošle nedelje.
objavljene prošle nedelje.
13:08
Ninety-three percent of China's Generation Y
287
776990
2782
Devedeset tri procenta generacije Y u Kini
13:11
are optimistic about their country's future.
288
779772
2586
je optimistično
u pogledu budućnosti svoje države.
u pogledu budućnosti svoje države.
13:14
Now, if this is not legitimacy, I'm not sure what is.
289
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5888
Ako ovo nije legitimitet,
onda ne znam šta je.
onda ne znam šta je.
13:20
In contrast, most electoral democracies around the world
290
788246
3169
U poređenju,
većina izbornih demokratija širom sveta
većina izbornih demokratija širom sveta
13:23
are suffering from dismal performance.
291
791415
2103
pati od sumornih učinaka.
13:25
I don't need to elaborate for this audience
292
793518
2315
Ne moram da objašnjavam ovoj publici
13:27
how dysfunctional it is, from Washington to European capitals.
293
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4337
koliko je disfunkcionalna, od Vašingtona
do glavnih gradova Evrope.
do glavnih gradova Evrope.
13:32
With a few exceptions, the vast number
294
800170
2889
Uz nekoliko izuzetaka, ogroman broj
13:35
of developing countries that have adopted electoral regimes
295
803059
2907
država u razvoju
koje su prihvatile izborne režime
koje su prihvatile izborne režime
13:37
are still suffering from poverty and civil strife.
296
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3811
još uvek muči siromaštvo i demonstracije.
13:41
Governments get elected, and then they fall
297
809777
1940
Vlade se izaberu i onda padnu
13:43
below 50 percent approval in a few months
298
811717
2735
ispod 50 procenata podrške
za nekoliko meseci
za nekoliko meseci
13:46
and stay there and get worse until the next election.
299
814452
3548
i ostanu tako i pogoršaju se
do sledećih izbora.
do sledećih izbora.
13:50
Democracy is becoming a perpetual cycle
300
818000
2423
Demokratija postaje trajni ciklus
13:52
of elect and regret.
301
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2378
izglasavanja i kajanja.
13:54
At this rate, I'm afraid it is democracy,
302
822801
3529
Ovim tempom,
plašim se da je demokratija,
plašim se da je demokratija,
13:58
not China's one-party system, that is in danger
303
826330
2620
ne jednopartijski sistem Kine,
ta koja je u opasnosti
ta koja je u opasnosti
14:00
of losing legitimacy.
304
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2259
od gubljenja legitimiteta.
14:03
Now, I don't want to create the misimpression
305
831209
2850
Ne želim da stvorim pogrešan utisak
14:06
that China's hunky-dory, on the way
306
834059
2008
kako je u Kini sve sjajno i bajno na putu
14:08
to some kind of superpowerdom.
307
836067
1793
ka nekoj vrsti supermoći.
14:09
The country faces enormous challenges.
308
837860
2959
Država se suočava sa ogromnim izazovima.
14:12
The social and economic problems that come
309
840819
1903
Socijalni i ekonomski problemi
koji se javljaju
koji se javljaju
14:14
with wrenching change like this are mind-boggling.
310
842722
4006
sa bolnim promenama
poput ovih su zapanjujući.
poput ovih su zapanjujući.
14:18
Pollution is one. Food safety. Population issues.
311
846728
3547
Zagađenje je jedan. Bezbednost hrane.
Problemi sa brojem populacije.
Problemi sa brojem populacije.
14:22
On the political front, the worst problem is corruption.
312
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3947
Na političkom frontu,
najgori problem je korupcija.
najgori problem je korupcija.
14:26
Corruption is widespread and undermines the system
313
854222
2832
Korupcija se proširila i podriva sistem
14:29
and its moral legitimacy.
314
857054
1802
i njegov moralni legitimitet.
14:30
But most analysts misdiagnose the disease.
315
858856
2847
Ali većina analitičara
postavlja pogrešnu dijagnozu ovoj bolesti.
postavlja pogrešnu dijagnozu ovoj bolesti.
14:33
They say that corruption is the result of the one-party system,
316
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2909
Oni smatraju da je korupcija
rezultat jednopartijskog sistema
rezultat jednopartijskog sistema
14:36
and therefore, in order to cure it,
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i da, kako bismo je izlečili,
14:38
you have to do away with the entire system.
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treba da odbacimo ceo sistem.
14:40
But a more careful look would tell us otherwise.
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Ali pažljiviji pogled
bi nam pokazao nešto drugo.
bi nam pokazao nešto drugo.
14:43
Transparency International ranks China
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"Transparency International" rangira Kinu
14:46
between 70 and 80 in recent years among 170 countries,
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između 70. i 80. mesta
u poslednjih nekoliko godina,
u poslednjih nekoliko godina,
14:49
and it's been moving up.
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od 170 država i napreduje.
14:52
India, the largest democracy in the world,
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Indija, najveća demokratija na svetu,
14:54
94 and dropping.
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94. i nazaduje.
14:56
For the hundred or so countries that are ranked below China,
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Od sto ili više država
koje su rangirane ispod Kine,
koje su rangirane ispod Kine,
14:58
more than half of them are electoral democracies.
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više od polovine čine izborne demokratije.
15:01
So if election is the panacea for corruption,
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Ako su izbori lek za korupciju,
15:05
how come these countries can't fix it?
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kako to da ove države
ne mogu da je izleče?
ne mogu da je izleče?
15:08
Now, I'm a venture capitalist. I make bets.
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Ja sam preduzetnik.
Ja pravim opklade.
Ja pravim opklade.
15:11
It wouldn't be fair to end this talk without
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Ne bi bilo fer da završim ovaj govor,
15:14
putting myself on the line and making some predictions.
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a da prethodno ne postavim
nekoliko prognoza.
nekoliko prognoza.
15:16
So here they are.
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Pa, evo ih.
15:18
In the next 10 years, China will surpass the U.S.
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U sledećih 10 godina,
Kina će nadmašiti SAD
Kina će nadmašiti SAD
15:21
and become the largest economy in the world.
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i postaće najveća ekonomija sveta.
15:23
Income per capita will be near the top
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Prihod po glavi stanovnika
će biti pri vrhu
će biti pri vrhu
15:25
of all developing countries.
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svih država u razvoju.
15:28
Corruption will be curbed, but not eliminated,
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Korupcija će biti umanjena,
ali ne eliminisana
ali ne eliminisana
15:30
and China will move up 10 to 20 notches
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2413
i Kina će napredovati 10 do 20 mesta,
15:32
to above 60 in T.I. ranking.
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iznad 60 po T.I. sistemu rangiranja.
15:35
Economic reform will accelerate, political reform will continue,
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Ekonomske reforme će se ubrzati,
političke reforme će se nastaviti
političke reforme će se nastaviti
15:38
and the one-party system will hold firm.
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i jednopartijski sistem
će ostati stabilan.
će ostati stabilan.
15:42
We live in the dusk of an era.
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Živimo u sumraku jedne ere.
15:45
Meta-narratives that make universal claims
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Meta-priče koje prave univerzalne tvrdnje
15:48
failed us in the 20th century
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1961
podbacile su u 20. veku
15:50
and are failing us in the 21st.
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i podbacuju u 21. veku.
15:53
Meta-narrative is the cancer
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Meta-priča je rak
15:55
that is killing democracy from the inside.
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koji ubija demokratiju iznutra.
15:58
Now, I want to clarify something.
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Sada želim nešto da razjasnim.
16:00
I'm not here to make an indictment of democracy.
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Nisam ovde kako bih podigao optužnicu
protiv demokratije.
protiv demokratije.
16:02
On the contrary, I think democracy contributed
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950932
2593
Naprotiv, mislim da je demokratija
doprinela
doprinela
16:05
to the rise of the West and the creation of the modern world.
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3196
usponu Zapada i stvaranju
savremenog sveta.
savremenog sveta.
16:08
It is the universal claim that many Western elites
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Univerzalne tvrdnje
koje mnoge zapadnjačke elite
koje mnoge zapadnjačke elite
16:11
are making about their political system, the hubris,
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959832
3489
postavljaju o svom političkom sistemu,
oholost,
oholost,
16:15
that is at the heart of the West's current ills.
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963321
3239
to je u samom središtu
trenutne bolesti Zapada.
trenutne bolesti Zapada.
16:18
If they would spend just a little less time
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2305
Kada bi proveli samo malo manje vremena
16:20
on trying to force their way onto others,
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pokušavajući da nametnu svoj način drugima
16:23
and a little bit more on political reform at home,
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971005
3652
i malo više posvetili
političkim reformama kod kuće,
političkim reformama kod kuće,
16:26
they might give their democracy a better chance.
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974672
3390
možda bi pružili bolju šansu
njihovoj demokratiji.
njihovoj demokratiji.
16:30
China's political model will never supplant
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978062
2378
Politički model Kine nikada neće potisnuti
16:32
electoral democracy, because unlike the latter,
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980440
2320
izbornu demokratiju jer,
za razliku od nje,
za razliku od nje,
16:34
it doesn't pretend to be universal.
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982760
1957
ne pretvara se da je univerzalan.
16:36
It cannot be exported. But that is the point precisely.
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984717
3832
Ne može se izvoziti.
Ali to je i poenta.
Ali to je i poenta.
16:40
The significance of China's example
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988549
2599
Značaj primera Kine nije to
16:43
is not that it provides an alternative,
364
991148
1967
da on pruža alternativu,
16:45
but the demonstration that alternatives exist.
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993115
4440
već to što on pokazuje
da alternative postoje.
da alternative postoje.
16:49
Let us draw to a close this era of meta-narratives.
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3634
Hajde da završimo ovu eru meta-priča.
16:53
Communism and democracy may both be laudable ideals,
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1001189
3363
Komunizam i demokratija
su možda ideali za pohvalu,
su možda ideali za pohvalu,
16:56
but the era of their dogmatic universalism is over.
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1004552
4101
ali era njihovog
dogmatičnog univerzalizma je završena.
dogmatičnog univerzalizma je završena.
17:00
Let us stop telling people and our children
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1008653
2487
Hajde da prestanemo da govorimo
ljudima i našoj deci
ljudima i našoj deci
17:03
there's only one way to govern ourselves
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1011140
2252
da postoji samo jedan način
da rukovodimo sobom
da rukovodimo sobom
17:05
and a singular future towards which
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1013392
1809
i jedinstvena budućnost ka kojoj
17:07
all societies must evolve.
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1015201
2382
sva društva moraju da evoluiraju.
17:09
It is wrong. It is irresponsible.
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2795
To je pogrešno. To je neodgovorno.
17:12
And worst of all, it is boring.
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1020378
4238
I najgore od svega, dosadno je.
17:16
Let universality make way for plurality.
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1024616
3919
Neka univerzalnost
napravi mesta za pluralitet.
napravi mesta za pluralitet.
17:20
Perhaps a more interesting age is upon us.
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1028535
3197
Možda nas čeka zanimljivije doba.
17:23
Are we brave enough to welcome it?
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1031732
2213
Jesmo li dovoljno hrabri da ga dočekamo?
17:25
Thank you.
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1033945
1194
Hvala vam.
17:27
(Applause)
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1035139
16019
(Aplauz)
17:43
Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thanks.
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1051158
3636
Hvala vam. Hvala vam. Hvala.
17:46
Bruno Giussani: Eric, stay with me for a couple of minutes,
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1054794
2206
Bruno Đuzani:
Eriče, ostani sa mnom na par minuta,
Eriče, ostani sa mnom na par minuta,
17:49
because I want to ask you a couple of questions.
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1057000
2714
želim da ti postavim par pitanja.
17:51
I think many here, and in general in Western countries,
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1059714
3528
Mislim da bi se većina ljudi ovde,
a i u zapadnim državama uopšte,
a i u zapadnim državama uopšte,
17:55
would agree with your statement about analysis
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1063242
3402
složila sa tvojom izjavom o analizi
17:58
of democratic systems becoming dysfunctional,
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1066644
2705
da demokratski sistemi
postaju disfunkcionalni,
postaju disfunkcionalni,
18:01
but at the same time, many would kind of find
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1069349
2927
ali istovremeno, dosta ljudi
18:04
unsettling the thought that there is an unelected
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1072276
3945
bi uznemirila pomisao
da postoji neizabrani autoritet
da postoji neizabrani autoritet
18:08
authority that, without any form of oversight or consultation,
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1076221
5396
koji, bez ikakve forme nadzora
ili konsultacije,
ili konsultacije,
18:13
decides what the national interest is.
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1081617
2915
odlučuje koji su to nacionalni interesi.
18:16
What is the mechanism in the Chinese model
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1084532
3002
Koji su to mehanizmi u modelu Kine
18:19
that allows people to say, actually,
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1087534
2219
koji dozvoljavaju ljudima da kažu
18:21
the national interest as you defined it is wrong?
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1089753
2587
da je nacionalni interes,
kako si ga ti nazvao, pogrešan?
kako si ga ti nazvao, pogrešan?
18:24
EXL: You know, Frank Fukuyama, the political scientist,
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4062
EKL: Znaš, Frenk Fukujama, politikolog,
18:28
called the Chinese system "responsive authoritarianism."
394
1096402
3844
kineski sistem je nazvao
"odgovorna autoritarnost".
"odgovorna autoritarnost".
18:32
It's not exactly right, but I think it comes close.
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1100246
3110
To nije potpuno tačno, ali je približno.
18:35
So I know the largest public opinion survey company
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3974
Ja znam najveću kompaniju
za ispitivanje javnog mnjenja
za ispitivanje javnog mnjenja
18:39
in China, okay?
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1107330
1882
u Kini, OK?
18:41
Do you know who their biggest client is?
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2680
Znate ko je njihov najveći klijent?
18:43
The Chinese government.
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1111892
1846
Kineska vlada.
18:45
Not just from the central government,
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2466
Ne samo centralna vlada,
18:48
the city government, the provincial government,
401
1116204
1424
već i gradska vlada, pokrajinska vlada,
18:49
to the most local neighborhood districts.
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1117628
2079
sve do oblasti lokalnih komšiluka.
18:51
They conduct surveys all the time.
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1119707
2143
Oni sprovode ankete sve vreme.
18:53
Are you happy with the garbage collection?
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2610
Jeste li zadovoljni odnošenjem smeća?
18:56
Are you happy with the general direction of the country?
405
1124460
2112
Jeste li zadovoljni opštim smerom
kojim se kreće država?
kojim se kreće država?
18:58
So there is, in China, there is a different kind of mechanism
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1126572
3261
Dakle, u Kini postoje
različite vrste mehanizama
različite vrste mehanizama
19:01
to be responsive to the demands and the thinking of the people.
407
1129833
3561
koji reaguju na zahteve i mišljenje ljudi.
19:05
My point is, I think we should get unstuck
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1133394
3208
Moja poenta je, mislim da bi trebalo
da se oslobodimo
da se oslobodimo
19:08
from the thinking that there's only one political system --
409
1136602
2431
misli da postoji samo jedan
politički sistem -
politički sistem -
19:11
election, election, election --
410
1139033
1545
izbori, izbori, izbori -
19:12
that could make it responsive.
411
1140578
1728
na koji vlada reaguje.
19:14
I'm not sure, actually, elections produce
412
1142306
1984
U stvari, nisam siguran
da izbori još uvek stvaraju
da izbori još uvek stvaraju
19:16
responsive government anymore in the world.
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1144290
2946
odgovorne vlade u svetu.
19:19
(Applause)
414
1147236
4707
(Aplauz)
BĐ: Izgleda da se mnogi slažu.
19:23
BG: Many seem to agree.
415
1151943
1160
19:25
One of the features of a democratic system
416
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2656
Jedna od osobina demokratskog sistema
19:27
is a space for civil society to express itself.
417
1155759
3269
je mogućnost za izražavanje
građanskog društva.
građanskog društva.
19:31
And you have shown figures about the support
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2368
Ti si pokazao brojke o podršci
19:33
that the government and the authorities have in China.
419
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2904
koju imaju vlada i službena lica u Kini.
19:36
But then you've just mentioned other elements
420
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3305
A onda si samo pomenuo druge elemente,
19:39
like, you know, big challenges, and there are, of course,
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2154
poput velikih izazova i, naravno,
19:41
a lot of other data that go in a different direction:
422
1169759
2926
ima dosta drugih podataka
koji govore drugačije:
koji govore drugačije:
19:44
tens of thousands of unrests and protests
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2657
desetine hiljada nemira i protesta
19:47
and environmental protests, etc.
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2859
i protesta za životnu sredinu, itd.
19:50
So you seem to suggest the Chinese model
425
1178201
3016
Dakle, izgleda da ti želiš da pokažeš
da u modelu Kine
da u modelu Kine
19:53
doesn't have a space outside of the Party
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1181217
2111
ne postoji mogućnost
za izražavanje građanskog društva
za izražavanje građanskog društva
19:55
for civil society to express itself.
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1183328
2301
izvan Partije.
19:57
EXL: There's a vibrant civil society in China,
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1185629
4178
EKL: U Kini postoji
promenljivo građansko društvo,
promenljivo građansko društvo,
20:01
whether it's environment or what-have-you.
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1189807
1629
bilo da je reč o životnoj sredini
ili nečem drugom.
ili nečem drugom.
20:03
But it's different. You wouldn't recognize it.
430
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2248
Ali ono je drugačije.
Ne biste ga prepoznali.
Ne biste ga prepoznali.
20:05
Because, by Western definitions, a so-called civil society
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2882
Zato što, po zapadnjačkim definicijama,
takozvano građansko društvo
takozvano građansko društvo
20:08
has to be separate or even in opposition
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2844
mora da bude odvojeno ili čak u opoziciji
20:11
to the political system,
433
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1691
političkog sistema,
20:13
but that concept is alien for Chinese culture.
434
1201101
4765
ali taj koncept je nepoznat
kineskoj kulturi.
kineskoj kulturi.
20:17
For thousands of years, you have civil society,
435
1205866
2473
Hiljadama godina,
postojalo je građansko društvo,
postojalo je građansko društvo,
20:20
yet they are consistent and coherent
436
1208339
2489
ali ono je dosledno i povezano
20:22
and part of a political order, and I think
437
1210828
2847
i deo političkog sistema i mislim da je to
20:25
it's a big cultural difference.
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3370
velika kulturološka razlika.
20:29
BG: Eric, thank you for sharing this with TED.
EXL: Thank you.
EXL: Thank you.
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3627
BĐ: Eriče, hvala ti što si podelio to
sa TEDom. EKL: Hvala vam.
sa TEDom. EKL: Hvala vam.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Eric X. Li - Investor and political scientistA venture capitalist and political scientist, Eric X Li argues that the universality claim of Western democratic systems is going to be "morally challenged" by China.
Why you should listen
A well-connected venture capitalist in Shanghai, where he was born, Eric X. Li studied in America (and even worked for Ross Perot's 1992 presidential campaign) before returning home, where he started doubting the idea that China's progress could only follow the path of the West's free-market principles.
In a much-discussed op-ed he wrote for the New York Times in February 2012 and in other writings, he has put forth the idea that China needed a different development framework, around a different idea of modernity. The Chinese system, he says, is meritocratic, highly adaptable despite the one-party rule, long term-oriented, pragmatic and non-individualistic. As he writes: "The Chinese political system ... comes close to the best formula for governing a large country: meritocracy at the top, democracy at the bottom, with room for experimentation in between.
While some criticize him as a cheerleader of the Chinese government and a champion of Chinese exceptionalism, Li is comfortable in the role of provocateur. He is the founder of Chengwei Capital in Shanghai, serves on the board of directors of China Europe International Business School (CEIBS) and is a Fellow of the Aspen Institute.
Eric X. Li | Speaker | TED.com