ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Richard Weller - Dermatologist
Dermatologist Richard Weller wants to know: Why are Scots so sick?

Why you should listen

Edinburgh-native Richard Weller was studying medicine in Australia when something suddenly struck him as odd: Why are the Scots so sick? Australians suffer from heart disease at one-third the rate that Britons do, with lower death rates from heart attacks and heart failure, and fewer strokes overall. When Weller looked into it, this wasn't unique to Australia and England: In fact, there are wide gaps in mortality even within the UK, a gradient which maps roughly ... geographically? A five-degree change in latitude -- between London and Edinburg, for example -- shows a nearly 20 percent higher rate of mortality. Weller and his team have been working ever since to crack this mysterious gap, and most recently their research shows it may be related to exposure to sunlight. Nitric oxide (NO), a chemical transmitter produced by the skin and stored in great reserves, is released by exposure to UV rays, and this in turn is very important to cardiovascular health.

Weller is a senior lecturer in Dermatology at the University of Edinburgh. His two areas of study are the role of NO in human skin physiology and the role of skin barrier function deficiencies in atopic disease.

More profile about the speaker
Richard Weller | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxGlasgow

Richard Weller: Could the sun be good for your heart?

理查德·威勒:晒太阳对心脏有益吗?

Filmed:
1,175,703 views

人体通过晒太阳来合成维生素D,可是皮肤科医生理查德·威勒指出,阳光还可以带来另一个惊人的益处。他的团队通过新研究表明:一氧化氮这种大量储存在皮肤中的化学传递质,能通过紫外线照射而释放出来,对血压和心血管系统产生很大益处。这是什么意思呢?那好,就从解释为什么苏格兰人比澳大利亚人更容易生病开始吧……
- Dermatologist
Dermatologist Richard Weller wants to know: Why are Scots so sick? Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
So, before I became成为 a dermatologist皮肤科医生,
0
380
2407
在成为皮肤科医生之前
00:18
I started开始 in general一般 medicine医学,
1
2787
2552
我最初在一般内科(实习)
00:21
as most dermatologists皮肤科医生 do in Britain英国.
2
5339
2216
正如英国的大多数皮肤科医生所经历的那样
00:23
At the end结束 of that time, I went off to Australia澳大利亚,
3
7555
2048
在实习结束前我去了澳大利亚
00:25
about 20 years年份 ago.
4
9603
1896
那是大约20年前了。
00:27
What you learn学习 when you go to Australia澳大利亚
5
11499
2121
去了澳大利亚
00:29
is the Australians澳大利亚人 are very competitive竞争的.
6
13620
2726
你就知道那里的人非常争强好胜
00:32
And they are not magnanimous坦荡 in victory胜利.
7
16346
2057
他们对于获胜可谓是斤斤计较
00:34
And that happened发生 a lot:
8
18403
2064
这类事情经常发生:
00:36
"You pommiespommies, you can't play cricket蟋蟀, rugby橄榄球."
9
20467
2432
“你们英国佬不会打板球和橄榄球。”
00:38
I could accept接受 that.
10
22899
2118
这个我能接受
00:40
But moving移动 into work --
11
25017
2330
但换到工作中——
00:43
and we have each week what's called a journal日志 club俱乐部,
12
27347
2538
我们每周有一次期刊俱乐部的活动,
00:45
when you'd sit down with the other doctors医生
13
29885
2458
我跟别的医生们一起坐下来
00:48
and you'd study研究 a scientific科学 paper
14
32343
2120
研究一篇科学论文
00:50
in relation关系 to medicine医学.
15
34463
1841
只要与医学相关
00:52
And after week one, it was about cardiovascular心血管 mortality死亡,
16
36304
2749
第一个星期后,课题是关于心血管疾病的死亡率,
00:54
a dry subject学科 -- how many许多 people die of heart disease疾病,
17
39053
3680
这很枯燥—— 多少人死于心脏病,
00:58
what the rates利率 are.
18
42733
1384
死亡率是多少。
01:00
And they were competitive竞争的 about this:
19
44117
1976
他们就抬杠说
01:01
"You pommiespommies, your rates利率 of heart disease疾病 are shocking触目惊心."
20
46093
3096
“你们英国佬的心脏病率令人震惊。”
01:05
And of course课程, they were right.
21
49189
1896
当然,他们没错
01:06
Australians澳大利亚人 have about a third第三 less heart disease疾病 than we do --
22
51085
3981
澳大利亚人的心脏病发病率比我们少三分之一
01:10
less deaths死亡 from heart attacks攻击, heart failure失败, less strokes --
23
55066
3791
心脏病、心率衰竭、以及中风等病致死的概率也低
01:14
they're generally通常 a healthier健康 bunch.
24
58857
2060
他们(跟英国人比)是个更健康的人群
01:16
And of course课程 they said this was because of
25
60917
1691
当然他们说这是因为
01:18
their fine moral道德 standing常设, their exercise行使,
26
62608
2064
澳大利人道德高尚,喜爱运动
01:20
because they're Australians澳大利亚人 and we're weedy pommiespommies, and so on.
27
64672
4068
因为他们是澳大利亚人,而我们是瘦弱的英国佬,等等。
01:24
But it's not just Australia澳大利亚 that has better health健康 than Britain英国.
28
68740
5031
但是不只是澳大利亚人比英国人健康。
01:29
Within Britain英国, there is a gradient梯度 of health健康 --
29
73771
3528
在英国内部,健康也是有梯度的
01:33
and this is what's called standardized标准化 mortality死亡,
30
77299
1936
这就是所谓的标准化死亡率
01:35
basically基本上 your chances机会 of dying垂死.
31
79235
2088
大致来说就是你死亡的概率
01:37
This is looking at data数据 from the paper about 20 years年份 ago,
32
81323
3344
论文引用的是20年前的数据
01:40
but it's true真正 today今天.
33
84667
1475
在今天也适用
01:42
Comparing对比 your rates利率 of dying垂死 50 degrees north --
34
86142
3090
对比北纬50度以北地区的死亡率
01:45
that's the South, that's London伦敦 and places地方 --
35
89232
2267
这是南方的伦敦和周边地区
01:47
by latitude纬度, and 55 degrees --
36
91499
3352
北纬55度
01:50
the bad news新闻 is that's here, Glasgow格拉斯哥.
37
94851
2384
这里情况不太好,是格拉斯哥
01:53
I'm from Edinburgh爱丁堡. Worse更差 news新闻, that's even Edinburgh爱丁堡.
38
97235
2848
我来自爱丁堡 。更糟的是,这里也有爱丁堡 。
01:55
(Laughter笑声)
39
100083
4124
(笑声)
02:00
So what accounts账户 for this horrible可怕 space空间 here
40
104207
3306
是什么导致了这些地方的数据如此恐怖
02:03
between之间 us up here in southern南部的 Scotland苏格兰
41
107513
2204
在苏格兰南部
02:05
and the South?
42
109717
1010
和英格兰南部之间?
02:06
Now, we know about smoking抽烟,
43
110727
1418
现在,我们知道愿意包括吸烟、
02:08
deep-fried油炸 Mars火星 bars酒吧, chips芯片 -- the Glasgow格拉斯哥 diet饮食.
44
112145
2702
油炸的巧克力棒、薯片——这些都是格拉斯哥的饮食。
02:10
All of these things.
45
114847
1328
所有这些都是。
02:12
But this graph图形 is after taking服用 into account帐户
46
116175
2792
但这张图是综合考虑了
02:14
all of these known已知 risk风险 factors因素.
47
118967
2064
所有这些已知风险因素的
02:16
This is after accounting会计 for smoking抽烟, social社会 class, diet饮食,
48
121031
3769
排除了吸烟,社会地位,饮食,
02:20
all those other known已知 risk风险 factors因素.
49
124800
1743
以及其他所有已知的危险因素的影响
02:22
We are left with this missing失踪 space空间
50
126543
2224
这里有个空白区域
02:24
of increased增加 deaths死亡 the further进一步 north you go.
51
128767
3860
越往北,死亡率越高
02:28
Now, sunlight阳光, of course课程, comes into this.
52
132627
2637
现在,日照这个因素参与了进来
02:31
And vitamin维他命 D has had a great deal合同 of press,
53
135264
2320
媒体有过大量关于维生素D的报道
02:33
and a lot of people get concerned关心 about it.
54
137584
2002
许多人也开始关注
02:35
And we need vitamin维他命 D. It's now a requirement需求 that children孩子 have a certain某些 amount.
55
139586
3992
我们需要维生素D。现在对儿童每天的摄入量有所规定。
02:39
My grandmother祖母 grew成长 up in Glasgow格拉斯哥,
56
143578
2232
我祖母在格拉斯哥长大
02:41
back in the 1920s and '30s when rickets was a real真实 problem问题
57
145810
3586
在20世纪二三十年代,佝偻病是个大问题
02:45
and cod鳕鱼 liver oil was brought in.
58
149396
2198
鱼肝油被采用,
02:47
And that really prevented防止 the rickets that used to be common共同 in this city.
59
151594
3944
真正起到了预防佝偻病这种常见病的作用
02:51
And I as a child儿童 was fed美联储 cod鳕鱼 liver oil by my grandmother祖母.
60
155538
3920
小时候,祖母就给我吃过。
02:55
I distinctly历历 -- nobody没有人 forgets忘记 cod鳕鱼 liver oil.
61
159458
3024
无疑,没人会忘记鱼肝油。
02:58
But an association协会: The higher更高 people's人们 blood血液 levels水平 of vitamin维他命 D are,
62
162482
4782
可是有一个关联:血液里维生素D越高的人
03:03
the less heart disease疾病 they have, the less cancer癌症.
63
167264
3327
患心脏病和癌症的几率越低
03:06
There seems似乎 to be a lot of data数据 suggesting提示 that vitamin维他命 D is very good for you.
64
170591
3842
有很多数据标明维生素D对人体有益。
03:10
And it is, to prevent避免 rickets and so on.
65
174433
2294
它会预防佝偻病,等等。
03:12
But if you give people vitamin维他命 D supplements补品,
66
176727
2720
但如果你给人们维生素D补充剂,
03:15
you don't change更改 that high rate of heart disease疾病.
67
179447
3432
并不会改变心脏病的高发率。
03:18
And the evidence证据 for it preventing防止 cancers癌症 is not yet然而 great.
68
182879
3728
它预防癌症的证据还不太具说服力
03:22
So what I'm going to suggest建议 is that vitamin维他命 D is not the only story故事 in town.
69
186607
4857
我的想法是,维生素D不是唯一的影响因素
03:27
It's not the only reason原因 preventing防止 heart disease疾病.
70
191464
3311
它不是预防心脏病的唯一原因。
03:30
High vitamin维他命 D levels水平, I think, are a marker标记 for sunlight阳光 exposure曝光,
71
194775
4369
维生素D高,是常晒太阳的结果
03:35
and sunlight阳光 exposure曝光, in methods方法 I'm going to show显示,
72
199144
3215
我将要说明,多晒太阳
03:38
is good for heart disease疾病.
73
202359
2439
能减少患心脏病的风险
03:40
Anyway无论如何, I came来了 back from Australia澳大利亚,
74
204798
1961
不管怎样,我从澳大利亚回来了,
03:42
and despite尽管 the obvious明显 risks风险 to my health健康, I moved移动 to Aberdeen阿伯丁.
75
206759
3496
我冒着生命危险搬到了阿伯丁
03:46
(Laughter笑声)
76
210255
2552
(笑声)
03:48
Now, in Aberdeen阿伯丁, I started开始 my dermatology皮肤科 training训练.
77
212807
3151
现在,在阿伯丁,我开始进行皮肤科的培训
03:51
But I also became成为 interested有兴趣 in research研究,
78
215958
1945
可我也对研究感兴趣,
03:53
and in particular特定 I became成为 interested有兴趣 in this substance物质, nitric oxide氧化.
79
217903
3175
特别是对一氧化氮这种物质感兴趣。
03:56
Now these three guys up here,
80
221078
1376
这三个人
03:58
Furchgott弗奇戈特, Ignarro伊格纳罗 and Murad穆拉德,
81
222454
1570
弗奇戈特、伊格纳罗和穆拉德
03:59
won韩元 the Nobel诺贝尔 Prize for medicine医学 back in 1998.
82
224024
3262
是1998年诺贝尔医学奖的得主
04:03
And they were the first people to describe描述
83
227286
2143
他们是最早来描述
04:05
this new chemical化学 transmitter发射机, nitric oxide氧化.
84
229429
3345
这种新的化学传递物——一氧化氮——的人
04:08
What nitric oxide氧化 does is it dilates瞳孔会放大 blood血液 vessels船只,
85
232774
3025
一氧化氮会扩张血管,
04:11
so it lowers降低 your blood血液 pressure压力.
86
235799
1871
降低血压。
04:13
It also dilates瞳孔会放大 the coronary冠状动脉 arteries动脉, so it stops停止 angina心绞痛.
87
237670
4167
它也能扩张冠状动脉,从而缓解心绞痛。
04:17
And what was remarkable卓越 about it
88
241837
1386
它与众不同的是
04:19
was in the past过去 when we think of chemical化学 messengers使者 within the body身体,
89
243223
4071
过去当我们想到体内的化学信使时,
04:23
we thought of complicated复杂 things like estrogen雌激素 and insulin胰岛素,
90
247294
3170
我们会想到一些复杂的诸东西,如雌激素、胰岛素、
04:26
or nerve神经 transmission传输.
91
250464
1470
或神经传导。
04:27
Very complex复杂 processes流程 with very complex复杂 chemicals化学制品
92
251934
3295
非常复杂的流程伴有非常复杂的化学物质
04:31
that fit适合 into very complex复杂 receptors受体.
93
255229
2288
存在于非常复杂的受体中。
04:33
And here's这里的 this incredibly令人难以置信 simple简单 molecule分子,
94
257517
2361
这是个非常简单的分子,
04:35
a nitrogen and an oxygen that are stuck卡住 together一起,
95
259878
3338
一个氮和一个氧粘在一起,
04:39
and yet然而 these are hugely巨大 important重要 for [unclear不明] our low blood血液 pressure压力,
96
263216
4630
但这些对我们的维持较低的血压至关重要,
04:43
for neurotransmission神经传递, for many许多, many许多 things,
97
267846
2606
它作用于神经传递和许多许多东西,
04:46
but particularly尤其 cardiovascular心血管 health健康.
98
270452
3402
尤其是心血管健康。
04:49
And I started开始 doing research研究, and we found发现, very excitingly令人兴奋,
99
273854
3302
我们开始研究,并且非常激动地发现,
04:53
that the skin皮肤 produces产生 nitric oxide氧化.
100
277156
2610
皮肤会生成一氧化氮。
04:55
So it's not just in the cardiovascular心血管 system系统 it arises出现.
101
279766
2897
所以它不只是在心血管系统中才出现
04:58
It arises出现 in the skin皮肤.
102
282663
1867
它在皮肤上也出现。
05:00
Well, having found发现 that and published发表 that,
103
284530
1866
将这个发现发表之后
05:02
I thought, well, what's it doing?
104
286396
2056
我就想,它在干啥呢?
05:04
How do you have low blood血液 pressure压力 in your skin皮肤?
105
288452
1480
你皮肤上怎么能有低血压呢?
05:05
It's not the heart. What do you do?
106
289932
2091
不是心脏。你是干啥呢?
05:07
So I went off to the States状态, as many许多 people do if they're going to do research研究,
107
292023
4071
于是我去了美国,很多人都去美国做研究
05:11
and I spent花费 a few少数 years年份 in Pittsburgh匹兹堡. This is Pittsburgh匹兹堡.
108
296094
3737
我在匹斯堡呆了几年,这就是匹斯堡。
05:15
And I was interested有兴趣 in these really complex复杂 systems系统.
109
299831
2613
我对这些超级复杂的系统感兴趣。
05:18
We thought that maybe nitric oxide氧化 affected受影响 cell细胞 death死亡,
110
302444
4041
我们认为也许一氧化氮影响细胞死亡,
05:22
and how cells细胞 survive生存, and their resistance抵抗性 to other things.
111
306485
2480
影响细胞存活,也影响细胞的免疫
05:24
And I first off started开始 work in cell细胞 culture文化, growing生长 cells细胞,
112
308965
3367
我先开始研究细胞文化,细胞生长
05:28
and then I was using运用 knockout击倒 mouse老鼠 models楷模 --
113
312332
2120
接着用被击昏了的老鼠作为模特
05:30
mice老鼠 that couldn't不能 make the gene基因.
114
314452
1737
那些老鼠不能生产基因。
05:32
We worked工作 out a mechanism机制, which哪一个 -- NO was helping帮助 cells细胞 survive生存.
115
316189
4410
我们研究出一个机理:一氧化氮帮助细胞存活
05:36
And I then moved移动 back to Edinburgh爱丁堡.
116
320599
3821
后来我搬回爱丁堡。
05:40
And in Edinburgh爱丁堡, the experimental试验 animal动物 we use is the medical student学生.
117
324420
2782
在爱丁堡,我的实验动物是医学院学生。
05:43
It's a species种类 close to human人的,
118
327202
2058
是接近人类的一个物种,
05:45
with several一些 advantages优点 over mice老鼠:
119
329260
1902
跟老鼠相比有以下几个好处:
05:47
They're free自由, you don't shave刮胡子 them, they feed饲料 themselves他们自己,
120
331162
3456
不用付费,不用给他们剃毛,不用喂养他们
05:50
and nobody没有人 pickets纠察队 your office办公室 saying,
121
334618
2120
没人查你的办公室,还要说:
05:52
"Save保存 the lab实验室 medical student学生."
122
336738
2400
“管好你实验室的医科学生。”
05:55
So they're really an ideal理想 model模型.
123
339138
3263
所以说,他们真是理想的模特。
05:58
But what we found发现
124
342401
1961
但我们发现
06:00
was that we couldn't不能 reproduce复制 in man the data数据 we had shown显示 in mice老鼠.
125
344362
4617
我们不能在人身上复制出在老鼠身上得到的数据。
06:04
It seemed似乎 we couldn't不能 turn off the production生产
126
348979
3240
看来我们不能停止
06:08
of nitric oxide氧化 in the skin皮肤 of humans人类.
127
352219
3080
人体皮肤产生一氧化氮
06:11
We put on creams面霜 that blocked受阻 the enzyme that made制作 it,
128
355299
2792
我们涂上乳液就能阻挡制造它的酶,
06:13
we injected注射 things. We couldn't不能 turn off the nitric oxide氧化.
129
358091
4384
我们能注射药品。但我们无法停住一氧化氮。
06:18
And the reason原因 for this, it turned转身 out, after two or three years'年份' work,
130
362475
3264
经过两三年的工作,我们终于找出了原因,
06:21
was that in the skin皮肤 we have huge巨大 stores商店
131
365739
4048
我们皮肤里大量储存的并非一氧化氮
06:25
not of nitric oxide氧化, because nitric oxide氧化 is a gas加油站,
132
369787
3088
因为一氧化氮是气体
06:28
and it's released发布 -- (Poof!) -- and in a few少数 seconds it's away,
133
372875
3152
它要挥发的——(噗!) ——几秒钟就没影了,
06:31
but it can be turned转身 into these forms形式 of nitric oxide氧化 --
134
376027
3224
但一氧化氮能转化成
06:35
nitrate硝酸盐, NO3; nitrite亚硝酸盐, NO2; nitrosothiols亚硝基硫醇.
135
379251
3632
硝酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、二氧化氮、亚硝基硫醇。
06:38
And these are more stable稳定,
136
382883
1416
这些形式更稳定
06:40
and your skin皮肤 has got really large stores商店 of NO.
137
384299
4160
你的皮肤就得到了大量的一氧化氮
06:44
And we then thought to ourselves我们自己, with those big stores商店,
138
388459
2825
我们就寻思
06:47
I wonder奇迹 if sunlight阳光 might威力 activate启用 those stores商店
139
391284
3311
阳光是否会活化这大量的一氧化氮
06:50
and release发布 them from the skin皮肤,
140
394595
1744
将它们从皮肤中释放出来
06:52
where the stores商店 are about 10 times as big as what's in the circulation循环.
141
396339
3392
这些一氧化氮的存量10倍于参与新陈代谢的一氧化氮量
06:55
Could the sun太阳 activate启用 those stores商店 into the circulation循环,
142
399731
2840
太阳能不能激活这些存量让它们参与新陈代谢,
06:58
and there in the circulation循环 do its good things for your cardiovascular心血管 system系统?
143
402571
5240
从而作用于心血管系统呢?
07:03
Well, I'm an experimental试验 dermatologist皮肤科医生,
144
407811
2528
我呢,是个实验皮肤科医生,
07:06
so what we did was we thought
145
410339
1305
所以我们想到
07:07
we'd星期三 have to expose暴露 our experimental试验 animals动物 to sunlight阳光.
146
411644
3527
应该让实验动物多晒太阳
07:11
And so what we did was we took a bunch of volunteers志愿者
147
415171
4080
于是,我们找来了一群志愿者
07:15
and we exposed裸露 them to ultraviolet紫外线 light.
148
419251
2698
让他们接受紫外线照射
07:17
So these are kind of sunlamps太阳灯.
149
421949
1729
这些是太阳灯。
07:19
Now, what we were careful小心 to do was,
150
423678
2696
这里我们要小心
07:22
vitamin维他命 D is made制作 by ultraviolet紫外线 B rays阳光
151
426374
2960
维生素D是通过中波紫外线(UVB)射线生成的
07:25
and we wanted to separate分离 our story故事 from the vitamin维他命 D story故事.
152
429334
3976
而我们想排除维生素D的干扰
07:29
So we used ultraviolet紫外线 A, which哪一个 doesn't make vitamin维他命 D.
153
433310
3847
所以,我们使用了不生成维生素D的长波紫外线(UVA)
07:33
When we put people under a lamp
154
437157
2281
我们对受试者进行照射
07:35
for the equivalent当量 of about 30 minutes分钟 of sunshine阳光 in summer夏季 in Edinburgh爱丁堡,
155
439438
5076
强度相当于暴露在爱丁堡夏日阳光中30分钟
07:40
what we produced生成 was, we produced生成 a rise上升
156
444514
2540
结果是我们得到了
07:42
in circulating循环 nitric oxide氧化.
157
447054
1992
新陈代谢中一氧化氮的提升
07:44
So we put patients耐心 with these subjects主题 under the UVUV,
158
449046
2848
我们让心血管病的患者接受紫外线照射
07:47
and their NO levels水平 do go up,
159
451894
2416
他们的一氧化氮水平上升了
07:50
and their blood血液 pressure压力 goes down.
160
454310
2136
而他们的血压下降了
07:52
Not by much, as an individual个人 level水平,
161
456446
2377
就个人而言不算多
07:54
but enough足够 at a population人口 level水平
162
458823
2367
但对于整个人群而言有显著意义
07:57
to shift转移 the rates利率 of heart disease疾病 in a whole整个 population人口.
163
461190
3720
足以改变整个人群的心脏病患病率
08:00
And when we shone闪闪发光 UVUV at them,
164
464910
2424
给他们照射紫外线
08:03
or when we warmed温暖 them up to the same相同 level水平 as the lamps灯具,
165
467334
3662
或者使他们的皮肤太阳灯的温度那样温暖
08:06
but didn't actually其实 let the rays阳光 hit击中 the skin皮肤, this didn't happen发生.
166
470996
3262
但不让光线接触皮肤,同样的结果就不会发生
08:10
So this seems似乎 to be a feature特征 of ultraviolet紫外线 rays阳光 hitting the skin皮肤.
167
474258
3864
这似乎说明了其中关键在于紫外线要接触到皮肤
08:14
Now, we're still collecting搜集 data数据.
168
478122
1824
我们至今仍在收集数据
08:15
A few少数 good things here:
169
479946
1448
有几样好的发现:
08:17
This appeared出现 to be more marked in older旧的 people.
170
481394
3147
这在年长者身上效果更明显
08:20
I'm not sure exactly究竟 how much.
171
484541
1613
我不确定具体的数量
08:22
One of the subjects主题 here was my mother-in-law岳母,
172
486154
1773
其中一个被试是我的岳母大人
08:23
and clearly明确地 I do not know her age年龄.
173
487927
2952
很显然我不太清楚她的年龄
08:26
But certainly当然 in people older旧的 than my wife妻子,
174
490879
3432
但肯定比我太太年纪要大
08:30
this appears出现 to be a more marked effect影响.
175
494311
3133
在她身上效果更明显
08:33
And the other thing I should mention提到
176
497444
1251
我要提到的另一点是
08:34
was there was no change更改 in vitamin维他命 D.
177
498695
2056
在整个过程中维生素D并没有发生变化
08:36
This is separate分离 from vitamin维他命 D.
178
500751
2120
维生素D的影响是被分离的
08:38
So vitamin维他命 D is good for you -- it stops停止 rickets,
179
502871
1536
维生素D对人有益——它预防佝偻病
08:40
it prevents防止 calcium metabolism代谢, important重要 stuff东东.
180
504407
2240
还能预防钙流失,是很重要的微量元素
08:42
But this is a separate分离 mechanism机制 from vitamin维他命 D.
181
506647
3032
但(我们研究的)这是一个与维生素D相分离的机制
08:45
Now, one of the problems问题 with looking at blood血液 pressure压力
182
509679
2576
现今在血压的问题上有一点要注意
08:48
is your body身体 does everything it can
183
512255
1552
就是你的身体会竭尽所能
08:49
to keep your blood血液 pressure压力 at the same相同 place地点.
184
513807
1583
去把血压维持在同一个水平
08:51
If your leg is chopped切碎的 off and you lose失去 blood血液,
185
515390
1649
如果你的腿被剁断,你会失血,
08:52
your body身体 will clamp down, increase增加 the heart rate,
186
517039
2905
你的身体会施加压力,增加心跳,
08:55
do everything it can to keep your blood血液 pressure压力 up.
187
519944
2224
来尽可能地维持你的正常血压。
08:58
That is an absolutely绝对 fundamental基本的 physiological生理 principle原理.
188
522168
2976
这是一个绝对的基本生理原则。
09:01
So what we've我们已经 next下一个 doneDONE
189
525144
1807
所以我们接下来做的
09:02
is we've我们已经 moved移动 on to looking at blood血液 vessel船只 dilatation扩张.
190
526951
3656
就是转而研究血管扩张
09:06
So we've我们已经 measured测量 -- this is again,
191
530607
1497
我们测试了同一批(实验动物)
09:08
notice注意 no tail尾巴 and hairless无毛, this is a medical student学生.
192
532104
5328
注意他们没有尾巴也没有皮毛,这是个医科学生。
09:13
In the arm, you can measure测量 blood血液 flow in the arm
193
537432
2618
你测量手臂上的血流
09:15
by how much it swells骤升 up as some blood血液 flows流动 into it.
194
540050
3232
测量血流通过时血管扩张了多少
09:19
And what we've我们已经 shown显示 is that doing a sham irradiation放射 --
195
543282
3475
这里显示的是在做假射机
09:22
this is the thick line线 here --
196
546757
1469
这里有条粗线
09:24
this is shining闪亮的 UVUV on the arm so it warms变暖 up
197
548226
2400
紫外线照射到手臂上,皮肤升温
09:26
but keeping保持 it covered覆盖 so the rays阳光 don't hit击中 the skin皮肤.
198
550626
2824
但我们盖住皮肤,所以紫外线就接触不到了
09:29
There is no change更改 in blood血液 flow, in dilatation扩张 of the blood血液 vessels船只.
199
553450
3912
血流量没有变化,血管也没有扩张
09:33
But the active活性 irradiation放射,
200
557362
1849
但如果让紫外线接触皮肤
09:35
during the UVUV and for an hour小时 after it,
201
559211
3352
在紫外线照射期间及照射后一小时
09:38
there is dilation扩张 of the blood血液 vessels船只.
202
562563
2097
血管都有所扩张
09:40
This is the mechanism机制 by which哪一个 you lower降低 blood血液 pressure压力,
203
564660
2600
这就是降低血压的机制
09:43
by which哪一个 you dilate膨胀 the coronary冠状动脉 arteries动脉 also,
204
567260
2376
你的冠状动脉也扩张了
09:45
to let the blood血液 be supplied供应 with the heart.
205
569636
1711
给心脏提供更多的血液
09:47
So here, further进一步 data数据 that ultraviolet紫外线 -- that's sunlight阳光 --
206
571347
4393
这里有更多有关紫外线——也就是太阳光的作用
09:51
has benefits好处 on the blood血液 flow and the cardiovascular心血管 system系统.
207
575740
4879
数据显示紫外线有益于血流和心血管系统。
09:56
So we thought we'd星期三 just kind of model模型 --
208
580619
2343
我们认为我们只是一种模型--
09:58
Different不同 amounts of UVUV hit击中 different不同 parts部分 of the Earth地球 at different不同 times of year,
209
582962
6249
不同时节照射到不同地域的紫外线是不等的
10:05
so you can actually其实 work out those stores商店 of nitric oxide氧化 --
210
589211
4024
所以,你其实可以
10:09
the nitrates硝酸盐, nitrites亚硝酸盐, nitrosothiols亚硝基硫醇 in the skin皮肤 --
211
593235
2256
将皮肤里的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、还有亚硝基硫醇
10:11
cleave劈开 to release发布 NO.
212
595491
2872
分解得到一氧化氮
10:14
Different不同 wavelengths波长 of light have different不同 activities活动 of doing that.
213
598363
3825
不同波长的光产生不同的反应
10:18
So you can look at the wavelengths波长 of light that do that.
214
602188
2079
所以你可以去检视光波
10:20
And you can look -- So, if you live生活 on the equator赤道, the sun太阳 comes straight直行 overhead高架,
215
604267
3985
如果你住在赤道地区,太阳光垂直射入
10:24
it comes through通过 a very thin bit of atmosphere大气层.
216
608252
1816
薄薄的大气
10:25
In winter冬季 or summer夏季, it's the same相同 amount of light.
217
610068
2439
无论冬夏,光照的量是相同的
10:28
If you live生活 up here, in summer夏季
218
612507
2513
如果你住在(高纬度地区)
10:30
the sun太阳 is coming未来 fairly相当 directly down,
219
615020
2656
太阳光在夏季几乎是直射的
10:33
but in winter冬季 it's coming未来 through通过 a huge巨大 amount of atmosphere大气层,
220
617676
3307
而在冬季就会斜穿厚厚的大气
10:36
and much of the ultraviolet紫外线 is weeded淘汰 out,
221
620983
3221
很多紫外线无法到达地面
10:40
and the range范围 of wavelengths波长 that hit击中 the Earth地球
222
624204
2352
而到达地面的波长范围
10:42
are different不同 from summer夏季 to winter冬季.
223
626556
2328
夏天和冬天是不同的
10:44
So what you can do is you can multiply those data数据
224
628884
1942
你可以把这些数据
10:46
by the NO that's released发布
225
630826
1993
乘上一氧化氮的释放量
10:48
and you can calculate计算 how much nitric oxide氧化
226
632819
3184
你就可以算出有多少一氧化氮
10:51
would be released发布 from the skin皮肤 into the circulation循环.
227
636003
3169
从皮肤里释放,参与到新陈代谢中去
10:55
Now, if you're on the equator赤道 here --
228
639172
2000
如果你在赤道地区
10:57
that's these two lines线 here, the red line线 and the purple紫色 line线 --
229
641172
3427
也就是这两条红色和紫色的线
11:00
the amount of nitric oxide氧化 that's released发布 is the area under the curve曲线,
230
644599
4397
线下方的区域代表一氧化氮的释放量
11:04
it's the area in this space空间 here.
231
648996
2031
也就是这片区域
11:06
So if you're on the equator赤道, December十二月 or June六月,
232
651027
2697
所以如果你在赤道地区,不管是12月份还是6月份
11:09
you've got masses群众 of NO being存在 released发布 from the skin皮肤.
233
653724
3256
你的皮肤里都能释放大量的一氧化氮
11:12
So Ventura文图拉 is in southern南部的 California加州.
234
656980
2464
南加州有个地方叫文图拉
11:15
In summer夏季, you might威力 as well be at the equator赤道.
235
659444
2216
你在夏天能得到相当于赤道地区的日照
11:17
It's great. Lots of NO is released发布.
236
661660
2056
这太棒了,释放了很多的一氧化氮
11:19
Ventura文图拉 mid-winter隆冬, well, there's still a decent正经 amount.
237
663716
3943
文图拉的隆冬,结果也不错
11:23
Edinburgh爱丁堡 in summer夏季, the area beneath下面 the curve曲线 is pretty漂亮 good,
238
667659
3961
爱丁堡的夏季,曲线以下的区域也还行
11:27
but Edinburgh爱丁堡 in winter冬季, the amount of NO that can be released发布
239
671620
4215
可以一到冬季,一氧化氮
11:31
is next下一个 to nothing, tiny amounts.
240
675835
3858
几乎就不释放了
11:35
So what do we think?
241
679693
1805
我们如何看待这个结果?
11:37
We're still working加工 at this story故事,
242
681498
1592
我们仍然在研究
11:38
we're still developing发展 it, we're still expanding扩大 it.
243
683090
1912
我们仍然在发掘和扩展
11:40
We think it's very important重要.
244
685002
1648
我们认为这项研究非常重要
11:42
We think it probably大概 accounts账户 for a lot of the north-south南北 health健康 divide划分 within Britain英国,
245
686650
3593
我们认为这项研究能解释英国南北部很多的健康问题的差异
11:46
It's of relevance关联 to us.
246
690243
1631
这是与我们切实相关的
11:47
We think that the skin皮肤 --
247
691874
1688
我们认为人的皮肤
11:49
well, we know that the skin皮肤 has got very large stores商店
248
693562
2888
我们知道人的皮肤上有很多
11:52
of nitric oxide氧化 as these various各个 other forms形式.
249
696450
2224
以不同形式存在的一氧化氮
11:54
We suspect疑似 a lot of these come from diet饮食,
250
698674
1873
我们猜想其中有很多来自于饮食
11:56
green绿色 leafy多叶 vegetables蔬菜, beetroot红菜头, lettuce生菜
251
700547
2271
绿叶蔬菜,甜菜根、还有生菜
11:58
has a lot of these nitric oxides氧化物 that we think go to the skin皮肤.
252
702818
3320
含有很多的一氧化氮,我们认为它最终来到皮肤
12:02
We think they're then stored存储 in the skin皮肤,
253
706138
2144
并且贮存在皮肤里
12:04
and we think the sunlight阳光 releases发布 this
254
708282
2400
我们认为太阳光能释放这些一氧化氮
12:06
where it has generally通常 beneficial有利 effects效果.
255
710682
2633
起到很多有益的作用
12:09
And this is ongoing不断的 work, but dermatologists皮肤科医生 --
256
713315
2479
这个研究还在进行之中,可皮肤科医生们——
12:11
I mean, I'm a dermatologist皮肤科医生.
257
715794
1720
我就是一名皮肤科医生
12:13
My day job工作 is saying to people, "You've got skin皮肤 cancer癌症,
258
717514
2528
白天的工作中我要对病人说,“你得了皮肤癌,
12:15
it's caused造成 by sunlight阳光, don't go in the sun太阳."
259
720042
1880
是阳光引起的, 别去晒太阳。”
12:17
I actually其实 think a far more important重要 message信息
260
721922
2736
其实我认为还有更重要的一则讯息
12:20
is that there are benefits好处 as well as risks风险 to sunlight阳光.
261
724658
3424
就是晒太阳既有益处,也有风险
12:23
Yes, sunlight阳光 is the major重大的 alterable可变 risk风险 factor因子 for skin皮肤 cancer癌症,
262
728082
5753
没错,阳光是引发皮肤癌的一个主要风险变量
12:29
but deaths死亡 from heart disease疾病 are a hundred times higher更高
263
733835
2871
但是死于心脏病的人数
12:32
than deaths死亡 from skin皮肤 cancer癌症.
264
736706
1952
是死于皮肤癌的一百倍
12:34
And I think that we need to be more aware知道的 of,
265
738658
2649
我们需要加深对此的了解
12:37
and we need to find the risk-benefit风险收益 ratio.
266
741307
2079
我们还需要找到其中的风险效益比
12:39
How much sunlight阳光 is safe安全,
267
743386
1472
晒多少太阳是安全的?
12:40
and how can we finesse灵巧 this best最好 for our general一般 health健康?
268
744858
4200
如何掌握其中分寸来增进大家普遍的健康?
12:44
So, thank you very much indeed确实.
269
749058
2180
非常感谢大家。
12:47
(Applause掌声)
270
751238
6897
(掌声)
Translated by Emma Zhao
Reviewed by Karen SONG

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Richard Weller - Dermatologist
Dermatologist Richard Weller wants to know: Why are Scots so sick?

Why you should listen

Edinburgh-native Richard Weller was studying medicine in Australia when something suddenly struck him as odd: Why are the Scots so sick? Australians suffer from heart disease at one-third the rate that Britons do, with lower death rates from heart attacks and heart failure, and fewer strokes overall. When Weller looked into it, this wasn't unique to Australia and England: In fact, there are wide gaps in mortality even within the UK, a gradient which maps roughly ... geographically? A five-degree change in latitude -- between London and Edinburg, for example -- shows a nearly 20 percent higher rate of mortality. Weller and his team have been working ever since to crack this mysterious gap, and most recently their research shows it may be related to exposure to sunlight. Nitric oxide (NO), a chemical transmitter produced by the skin and stored in great reserves, is released by exposure to UV rays, and this in turn is very important to cardiovascular health.

Weller is a senior lecturer in Dermatology at the University of Edinburgh. His two areas of study are the role of NO in human skin physiology and the role of skin barrier function deficiencies in atopic disease.

More profile about the speaker
Richard Weller | Speaker | TED.com