ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Emily Balcetis - Psychologist
Social psychologist Emily Balcetis explores perception, motivation, goal-setting and decision-making from conscious and nonconscious levels.

Why you should listen

The world around us often seems insurmountable, with all the cards stacked against us -- but as social psychologist Emily Balcetis seeks to show, it doesn't have to be that way. Through her research at New York University she explores how small differences in perception, whether conscious or nonconscious, can have potentially major consequences. For example, in a series of studies conducted in 2009 Balcetis helped show that people who saw Barack Obama as lighter skinned tended to report voting for him in the 2008 presidential election -- and vice versa.

Her current work focuses on how video evidence can bias jury members differently and how our vision can work against us when it comes to effective exercise. Balcetis' goal is to show that through our awareness of these biases, we can also overcome them, for an ever so slightly less daunting world.

More profile about the speaker
Emily Balcetis | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxNewYork

Emily Balcetis: Why some people find exercise harder than others

Emily Balcetis: 为何有些人会比别人觉得锻炼身体要难得多

Filmed:
3,770,270 views

为何有些人在减肥这件事上比别人更苦恼?社会心理学家Emily Balcetis为我们展示了她的研究,揭示了众多原因之一:视觉。在这个启发性的演讲中,她展示了在健身这件事上,为何有些人眼中的世界就是和别人不一样——也提供了一个格外简单的办法来克服这些难题。
- Psychologist
Social psychologist Emily Balcetis explores perception, motivation, goal-setting and decision-making from conscious and nonconscious levels. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Vision视力 is the most important重要
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视觉是我们所有感觉中
00:15
and prioritized优先 sense that we have.
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最重要和最优先的。
00:17
We are constantly经常 looking
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我们在不停地注视着
00:19
at the world世界 around us,
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周围的一切,
00:21
and quickly很快 we identify鉴定 and make sense
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并且快速的识别和分析
00:23
of what it is that we see.
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我们所看到的事物。
00:25
Let's just start开始 with an example
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让我先举一个例子
00:27
of that very fact事实.
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来说明这个事实。
00:28
I'm going to show显示 you
a photograph照片 of a person,
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我会让你们花几秒钟时间
00:30
just for a second第二 or two,
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来观看一个人的照片,
00:32
and I'd like for you to identify鉴定
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并且请你们辨别出
00:34
what emotion情感 is on his face面对.
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这个人的表情所代表的情绪。
00:36
Ready准备?
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准备好了吗?
00:37
Here you go. Go with your gut肠道 reaction反应.
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就是这张,跟随你们的第一感觉,
00:40
Okay. What did you see?
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好了,你们看到了什么?
00:42
Well, we actually其实 surveyed调查
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事实上我们调查了
00:45
over 120 individuals个人,
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一百二十多个人,
00:47
and the results结果 were mixed.
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而调查结果很复杂。
00:49
People did not agree同意
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人们在所看到的情绪上面
00:51
on what emotion情感 they saw on his face面对.
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并没有达成共识。
00:54
Maybe you saw discomfort不舒服.
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可能你看到了不安,
00:56
That was the most frequent频繁 response响应
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这是我们收到的
00:58
that we received收到.
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最常见的回答。
00:59
But if you asked the person on your left,
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但是如果你问问你左边的人,
01:01
they might威力 have said regret后悔 or skepticism怀疑论,
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他们也许会说是遗憾或者怀疑。
01:04
and if you asked somebody on your right,
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如果问的是右边的人,
01:06
they might威力 have said
something entirely完全 different不同,
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他们的回答可能又完全不同,
01:09
like hope希望 or empathy同情.
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比如说希望或者同情。
01:12
So we are all looking
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那么我们现在
01:13
at the very same相同 face面对 again.
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再回到这张照片。
01:16
We might威力 see something
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我们可能会看到
01:18
entirely完全 different不同,
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完全不同的东西。
01:20
because perception知觉 is subjective主观.
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因为感觉是主观的,
01:23
What we think we see
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我们认为自己所看到的东西
01:25
is actually其实 filtered过滤
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事实上是经过
01:27
through通过 our own拥有 mind's心灵的 eye.
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我们思维的视角过滤过的。
01:29
Of course课程, there are many许多 other examples例子
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当然,还有很多其他例子能
01:31
of how we see the world世界
through通过 own拥有 mind's心灵的 eye.
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证明我们是如何通过
主观思维的视角观察世界的。
01:34
I'm going to give you just a few少数.
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再举几个这样的例子。
01:36
So dieters节食, for instance,
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比如说,节食者
01:38
see apples苹果 as larger
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眼中的苹果
01:40
than people who are not counting数数 calories卡路里.
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会比不节食的人眼中的更大。
01:43
Softball垒球 players玩家 see the ball as smaller
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当垒球运动员从他的低迷状态中
恢复的时候,
01:47
if they've他们已经 just come out of a slump暴跌,
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相比起那些手感火热的运动员
01:49
compared相比 to people who
had a hot night at the plate盘子.
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会感觉球更小。
01:53
And actually其实, our political政治 beliefs信仰 also
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事实上, 我们的政治信仰
01:56
can affect影响 the way we see other people,
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也会影响我们观察其他人,
01:58
including包含 politicians政治家.
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包括政治家。
02:00
So my research研究 team球队 and I
decided决定 to test测试 this question.
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所以我和我的研究团队决定探索这个问题。
02:04
In 2008, Barack巴拉克 Obama奥巴马
was running赛跑 for president主席
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在2008年,巴拉克-奥巴马正在第一次
02:07
for the very first time,
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竞选总统。
02:09
and we surveyed调查 hundreds数以百计 of Americans美国人
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我们在选举开始前一个月,
02:12
one month before the election选举.
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调查了几百名美国人。
02:14
What we found发现 in this survey调查
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研究表明
02:16
was that some people, some Americans美国人,
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一些人,一些美国公民
02:18
think photographs照片 like these
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认为这样的照片
02:20
best最好 reflect反映 how Obama奥巴马 really looks容貌.
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展现了奥巴马最真实的一面。
02:23
Of these people, 75 percent百分
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这些人中的75%
02:25
voted for Obama奥巴马 in the actual实际 election选举.
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在选举中投票给了奥巴马。
02:28
Other people, though虽然,
thought photographs照片 like these
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但是其他的人认为在这些照片中
02:31
best最好 reflect反映 how Obama奥巴马 really looks容貌.
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奥巴马看起来更真实,
02:34
89 percent百分 of these people
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他们中的89%
02:36
voted for McCain麦凯恩.
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投票给了麦凯恩。
02:37
We presented呈现 many许多 photographs照片 of Obama奥巴马
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我们把许多奥巴马的照片
02:41
one at a time,
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每次逐张地展示,
02:42
so people did not realize实现
that what we were changing改变
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所以人们并没有意识到,
02:45
from one photograph照片 to the next下一个
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在这些照片中
02:47
was whether是否 we had artificially人为 lightened减轻
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我们只是人为地
02:49
or darkened黑暗 his skin皮肤 tone.
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调亮或调暗了他的肤色。
02:52
So how is that possible可能?
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那么这是为什么呢?
02:53
How could it be that
when I look at a person,
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为什么当我观察一个人,
02:56
an object目的, or an event事件,
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一个物体或一个事件的时候,
02:58
I see something very different不同
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我所看到的与其他人
03:00
than somebody else其他 does?
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非常不同呢?
03:02
Well, the reasons原因 are many许多,
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原因有很多。
03:04
but one reason原因 requires要求 that we understand理解
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其中的一个要求我们了解一些
03:06
a little bit more about how our eyes眼睛 work.
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眼睛的工作原理。
03:09
So vision视力 scientists科学家们 know
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视觉科学家们知道
03:11
that the amount of information信息
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我们的视觉
03:12
that we can see
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03:14
at any given特定 point in time,
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在任意给定时刻
所掌握的信息量,
03:16
what we can focus焦点 on,
is actually其实 relatively相对 small.
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我们所能聚焦的范围其实是很少的。
03:19
What we can see with great sharpness锐度
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我们在保证较高的锐利度,
03:21
and clarity明晰 and accuracy准确性
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清晰度和准确度下所能看到的范围,
03:24
is the equivalent当量
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等同于
03:26
of the surface表面 area of our thumb拇指
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把胳膊伸直时
03:28
on our outstretched伸开 arm.
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大拇指那么大,
03:30
Everything else其他 around that is blurry模糊,
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这片区域周围的一切都是模糊的,
03:32
rendering翻译 much of what is presented呈现
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导致大部分呈现在眼中的事物
03:35
to our eyes眼睛 as ambiguous暧昧.
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都是模糊的。
03:37
But we have to clarify澄清
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但是我们必须进行辨认,
03:40
and make sense of what it is that we see,
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以识别出我们看到的是什么。
03:42
and it's our mind心神 that
helps帮助 us fill in that gap间隙.
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这时大脑就会帮助我们
填补缺失的信息,
03:45
As a result结果, perception知觉
is a subjective主观 experience经验,
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结果就是,感觉变得很主观,
03:49
and that's how we end结束 up seeing眼看
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这就是我们如何通过思维的视角
03:50
through通过 our own拥有 mind's心灵的 eye.
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进行观察的。
03:53
So, I'm a social社会 psychologist心理学家,
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我是一个社会心理学家,
03:54
and it's questions问题 like these
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所以这样的问题
03:56
that really intrigue诡计 me.
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会让我非常感兴趣。
03:58
I am fascinated入迷 by those times
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每当人们看到的东西不一样时,
03:59
when people do not see eye to eye.
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我都会觉得非常有趣。
04:02
Why is it that somebody might威力
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为什么有的人
04:03
literally按照字面 see the glass玻璃 as half full充分,
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看一个杯子会认为它是半满的?
04:06
and somebody literally按照字面 sees看到 it
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而另一些人会把它当成
04:07
as half empty?
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半空的?
04:09
What is it about what one person
is thinking思维 and feeling感觉
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到底是什么使得一个人
所看到和感觉到的
04:12
that leads引线 them to see the world世界
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让他们从完全不同的角度
04:14
in an entirely完全 different不同 way?
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观察这个世界呢?
04:16
And does that even matter?
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这真的很重要吗?
04:18
So to begin开始 to tackle滑车 these questions问题,
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那么为了回答这个问题,
04:21
my research研究 team球队 and I
decided决定 to delve钻研 deeply
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我和我的研究团队决定更加深入研究
04:24
into an issue问题 that has received收到
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一个引起了
04:26
international国际 attention注意:
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国际关注的问题:
04:28
our health健康 and fitness身体素质.
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我们的健康和健身。
04:30
Across横过 the world世界,
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全世界的人
04:31
people are struggling奋斗的
to manage管理 their weight重量,
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都在为了控制体重而奋斗。
04:33
and there is a variety品种 of strategies策略
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并且有许多不同的方式
04:36
that we have to help us
keep the pounds英镑 off.
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可以帮助我们减轻体重。
04:39
For instance, we set
the best最好 of intentions意图
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例如我们会寄希望于
04:42
to exercise行使 after the holidays假期,
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在节假日之后进行锻炼。
04:45
but actually其实, the majority多数 of Americans美国人
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但事实上,大部分美国人
04:47
find that their New Year's年份 resolutions决议
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都会遗憾的发现他们的新年变革之梦
04:49
are broken破碎 by Valentine's情人节 Day.
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在情人节的时候就磨灭了。
04:52
We talk to ourselves我们自己
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我们会告诉自己
04:54
in very encouraging鼓舞人心的 ways方法,
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并鼓励自己说,
今年就是我们
04:56
telling告诉 ourselves我们自己 this is our year
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成功恢复体型的时候。
04:57
to get back into shape形状,
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04:59
but that is not enough足够 to bring带来 us back
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但是这并不足以使我们真的
05:01
to our ideal理想 weight重量.
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恢复理想体重。
05:03
So why?
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那么为什么呢?
05:05
Of course课程, there is no simple简单 answer回答,
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当然了,答案很复杂。
05:07
but one reason原因, I argue争论,
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但是我认为,其中一个原因,
05:09
is that our mind's心灵的 eye
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是我们的思维视角
05:11
might威力 work against反对 us.
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可能会阻碍我们的努力。
05:13
Some people may可能 literally按照字面 see exercise行使
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有些人可能会认为锻炼
05:16
as more difficult,
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是个相当困难的过程,
05:18
and some people might威力 literally按照字面
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而有些人则会认为
05:19
see exercise行使 as easier更轻松.
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它其实很容易。
05:22
So, as a first step
to testing测试 these questions问题,
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所以,为了解决这些问题, 首先
05:26
we gathered云集 objective目的 measurements测量
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我们为人们的体型状况
05:28
of individuals'个人 physical物理 fitness身体素质.
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找出了客观的生理指标。
05:31
We measured测量 the
circumference圆周 of their waist腰部,
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我们测量了他们的腰围,
05:33
compared相比 to the
circumference圆周 of their hips臀部.
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并将之与他们的臀围做对比。
较高的腰臀比
05:36
A higher更高 waist-to-hip腰围与臀围 ratio
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05:38
is an indicator指示符 of being存在
less physically物理 fit适合
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与较低的腰臀比相比,
05:40
than a lower降低 waist-to-hip腰围与臀围 ratio.
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健康状况更不理想。
05:42
After gathering搜集 these measurements测量,
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得到了这些测量数据之后,
05:44
we told our participants参与者 that
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我们要求我们的研究对象
05:46
they would walk步行 to a finish line线
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带着负重
05:48
while carrying携带 extra额外 weight重量
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走向一条终点线,
05:49
in a sort分类 of race种族.
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就像赛跑那样。
05:51
But before they did that,
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但是在他们开始之前,
05:52
we asked them to estimate估计 the distance距离
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我们让他们估计
05:55
to the finish line线.
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到终点线的距离。
05:57
We thought that the physical物理
states状态 of their body身体
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我们认为他们的身体状况
05:59
might威力 change更改 how
they perceived感知 the distance距离.
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可能会影响他们对距离的估计。
06:02
So what did we find?
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我们发现了什么呢?
06:04
Well, waist-to-hip腰围与臀围 ratio
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事实上,腰臀比
06:07
predicted预料到的 perceptions看法 of distance距离.
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预示了他们对距离的估测。
06:10
People who were out of shape形状 and unfit不适当
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与体型状况更好的人相比
06:12
actually其实 saw the distance距离
to the finish line线
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那些身材走型的人,
06:15
as significantly显著 greater更大
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会认为
06:16
than people who were in better shape形状.
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到终点的距离更远。
06:18
People's人们 states状态 of their own拥有 body身体
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人们的身体状况
06:20
changed how they
perceived感知 the environment环境.
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影响了他们观察环境的方式。
06:23
But so too can our mind心神.
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但我们的大脑也可以。
06:25
In fact事实, our bodies身体 and our minds头脑
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事实上,我们的身体和大脑
06:27
work in tandem串联
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会共同
06:29
to change更改 how we see the world世界 around us.
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影响我们对世界的观察。
06:31
That led us to think that maybe people
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这使得我们想到
06:34
with strong强大 motivations动机
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或许那些有强烈动机
06:35
and strong强大 goals目标 to exercise行使
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去运动的人们,
06:37
might威力 actually其实 see
the finish line线 as closer接近
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相比起动机较弱的人们
06:40
than people who have weaker较弱 motivations动机.
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会认为终点线更近。
06:44
So to test测试 whether是否 motivations动机
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所以为了测试
06:46
affect影响 our perceptual知觉的
experiences经验 in this way,
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动机是否会这样影响我们的观察,
06:49
we conducted进行 a second第二 study研究.
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我们进行了第二项研究。
06:51
Again, we gathered云集 objective目的 measurements测量
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我们又一次收集了
06:54
of people's人们 physical物理 fitness身体素质,
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人们体型状况的测量数据,
06:56
measuring测量 the circumference圆周 of their waist腰部
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包括了他们的
06:58
and the circumference圆周 of their hips臀部,
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腰围和臀围,
07:00
and we had them do a
few少数 other tests测试 of fitness身体素质.
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我们还让他们做了其他
健康状况的测试。
07:03
Based基于 on feedback反馈 that we gave them,
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基于我们的反馈,
07:06
some of our participants参与者 told us
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一些研究参与者告诉我们,
07:07
they're not motivated动机
to exercise行使 any more.
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他们没有继续锻炼的动力了。
07:09
They felt like they already已经
met会见 their fitness身体素质 goals目标
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他们感觉已经达到了健康目标,
07:12
and they weren't going
to do anything else其他.
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不想继续锻炼下去了。
07:14
These people were not motivated动机.
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这些人是没有动机的人。
07:16
Other people, though虽然,
based基于 on our feedback反馈,
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但是另一些人基于我们的反馈,
07:18
told us they were highly高度
motivated动机 to exercise行使.
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告诉我们他们非常想要继续锻炼。
07:20
They had a strong强大 goal目标
to make it to the finish line线.
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他们想要到达终点的目的性很强。
07:23
But again, before we had them
walk步行 to the finish line线,
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但是在他们开始走向终点线之前,
07:26
we had them estimate估计 the distance距离.
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我们又要求他们估计到终点的距离,
07:28
How far away was the finish line线?
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他们到终点的距离有多远呢?
07:29
And again, like the previous以前 study研究,
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再一次,就像之前的研究那样,
07:32
we found发现 that waist-to-hip腰围与臀围 ratio
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我们发现腰臀比
07:34
predicted预料到的 perceptions看法 of distance距离.
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预示了他们对距离的估测。
07:36
Unfit不适当 individuals个人 saw
the distance距离 as farther更远,
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体型较差的人
07:40
saw the finish line线 as farther更远 away,
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相比体型较好的来说,
07:42
than people who were in better shape形状.
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认为到终点的距离更远。
07:44
Importantly重要的, though虽然, this only happened发生
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重要的是,这个现象只发生在
07:46
for people who were not motivated动机
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那些没有强烈的
07:48
to exercise行使.
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运动动机的人中间。
07:50
On the other hand,
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另一方面,
07:51
people who were highly高度
motivated动机 to exercise行使
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运动动机很强烈的人,
07:54
saw the distance距离 as short.
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认为到终点的距离很近。
07:57
Even the most out of shape形状 individuals个人
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甚至他们中最胖的人
07:59
saw the finish line线
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看待终点线
08:00
as just as close,
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也是一样近,
08:02
if not slightly closer接近,
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甚至会比
08:04
than people who were in better shape形状.
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其他身材更好的人还要近一点。
08:06
So our bodies身体 can change更改
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也就是说我们的身体,
08:08
how far away that finish line线 looks容貌,
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可以改变终点看起来的距离,
08:11
but people who had committed提交
to a manageable管理 goal目标
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而那些有着明确的、
08:15
that they could accomplish完成
in the near future未来
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可以在短时间内达到的目标的人,
08:17
and who believed相信 that they were capable
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和那些相信自己
08:19
of meeting会议 that goal目标
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有能力达到目标的人,
08:20
actually其实 saw the exercise行使 as easier更轻松.
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会认为这种锻炼更加轻松。
08:24
That led us to wonder奇迹,
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这使我们想到,
08:26
is there a strategy战略 that we could use
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我们可否可以借助某种方法
08:28
and teach people that would help
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来帮助人们,
08:31
change更改 their perceptions看法 of the distance距离,
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改变他们对距离的估测,
08:33
help them make exercise行使 look easier更轻松?
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使锻炼看起来容易一些呢?
08:35
So we turned转身 to
the vision视力 science科学 literature文学
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所以我们转向视觉科学的资料
08:38
to figure数字 out what should we do,
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来试着找到这种方法,
08:40
and based基于 on what we read,
we came来了 up with a strategy战略
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基于这些资料
我们想到了一种方法。
08:42
that we called, "Keep
your eyes眼睛 on the prize."
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我们称它为“聚焦奖赏”。
08:46
So this is not the slogan口号
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这并不是来自某张
08:47
from an inspirational励志 poster海报.
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鼓励性海报的标语。
08:49
It's an actual实际 directive指示
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这是一个确切的指令,
08:52
for how to look around your environment环境.
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告诉你如何观察四周的环境。
08:54
People that we trained熟练 in this strategy战略,
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根据这种方法训练的一些人,
08:57
we told them to focus焦点
their attention注意 on the finish line线,
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我们告诉他们要专注于终点线,
09:01
to avoid避免 looking around,
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不要四处张望,
09:02
to imagine想像 a spotlight聚光灯
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1341
要想象一个聚光点,
09:04
was shining闪亮的 on that goal目标,
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1613
就在目标那里闪烁着,
09:05
and that everything around it was blurry模糊
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聚光点周围的一切都应该是模糊的,
09:08
and perhaps也许 difficult to see.
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无法辨认的。
09:10
We thought that this strategy战略
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我们认为这个方法
可以让做运动感觉要容易一些。
09:12
would help make the exercise行使 look easier更轻松.
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09:14
We compared相比 this group
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1619
我们把这个组的人
09:16
to a baseline底线 group.
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和对照组的人比较。
09:18
To this group we said,
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1205
我们跟这个组的人说
09:19
just look around the environment环境
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随便看看四周,
09:20
as you naturally自然 would.
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就像你平时一样,
09:22
You will notice注意 the finish line线,
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你会注意到终点线,
09:23
but you might威力 also notice注意
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1703
但可能也会看到
09:25
the garbage垃圾 can off to the right,
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1869
终点线右边的垃圾桶,
09:27
or the people and the
lamp post岗位 off to the left.
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2286
或者是左边的人和灯柱。
09:29
We thought that people
who used this strategy战略
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我们认为运用这个方法的人们
09:32
would see the distance距离 as farther更远.
250
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会觉得距离更远一点。
09:34
So what did we find?
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2447
那么我们发现了什么呢?
09:36
When we had them estimate估计 the distance距离,
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1973
当我们让他们预测距离时,
09:38
was this strategy战略 successful成功
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这个方法是否能成功的
09:40
for changing改变 their perceptual知觉的 experience经验?
254
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2500
改变他们对距离的感知呢?
09:43
Yes.
255
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答案是可以的。
09:44
People who kept不停 their eyes眼睛 on the prize
256
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2205
那些把注意力放在奖赏上的人,
09:46
saw the finish line线 as 30 percent百分 closer接近
257
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3049
看到的终点线,比那些
09:49
than people who looked看着 around
258
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1611
放眼四周的人
09:51
as they naturally自然 would.
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1280
要近30%。
09:52
We thought this was great.
260
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我们对这个结果很满意。
09:53
We were really excited兴奋 because it meant意味着
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我们非常激动,因为这意味着
09:55
that this strategy战略 helped帮助 make
262
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这个方法可以让做运动
09:57
the exercise行使 look easier更轻松,
263
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1892
看起来更简单,
09:58
but the big question was,
264
586938
1934
但最重要的问题来了,
10:00
could this help make exercise行使
265
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1837
它能让做运动
10:02
actually其实 better?
266
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变得更有效吗?
10:04
Could it improve提高 the quality质量
267
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1665
它能否提高
10:05
of exercise行使 as well?
268
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1881
运动的质量呢?
10:07
So next下一个, we told our participants参与者,
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2263
所以下一步,我们告诉参与者,
10:09
you are going to walk步行 to the finish line线
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1895
你们将在负重的情况下
10:11
while wearing穿着 extra额外 weight重量.
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走向终点线。
10:14
We added添加 weights权重 to their ankles脚踝
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2020
我们在脚踝那里给他们加重,
10:16
that amounted to 15 percent百分
of their body身体 weight重量.
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2697
重量是他们体重的15%,
10:18
We told them to lift电梯 their knees膝盖 up high
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1948
我们告诉他们把膝盖抬高,
10:20
and walk步行 to the finish line线 quickly很快.
275
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2219
然后快速走到终点线。
10:22
We designed设计 this exercise行使 in particular特定
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2160
我们特意设计了这个运动,
10:25
to be moderately适当地 challenging具有挑战性的
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1722
让它具有一定挑战性,
10:26
but not impossible不可能,
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但不至于无法完成。
10:28
like most exercises演习
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就像大多数运动一样,
10:29
that actually其实 improve提高 our fitness身体素质.
280
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2842
可以提升我们的体型,
10:32
So the big question, then:
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2660
那么问题就是:
10:35
Did keeping保持 your eyes眼睛 on the prize
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2112
把焦点放在奖品上,
10:37
and narrowly险些 focusing调焦 on the finish line线
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2332
然后把注意力放在终点线上,
10:39
change更改 their experience经验 of the exercise行使?
284
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2765
会改变运动的体验吗?
10:42
It did.
285
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1595
答案是肯定的。
10:44
People who kept不停 their eyes眼睛 on the prize
286
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2235
那些专注于奖赏的人
10:46
told us afterward之后 that it required需要
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1814
后来告诉我们,
10:48
17 percent百分 less exertion用力
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2095
他们做运动所需的努力
10:50
for them to do this exercise行使
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1670
比平时着眼四周的人,
10:51
than people who looked看着 around naturally自然.
290
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3439
要少了17%。
10:55
It changed their subjective主观 experience经验
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2064
这改变了他们做运动的
10:57
of the exercise行使.
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1623
主观体验,
10:59
It also changed the objective目的 nature性质
293
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3012
同时也改变了做运动的
11:02
of their exercise行使.
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客观本质。
11:03
People who kept不停 their eyes眼睛 on the prize
295
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2248
那些专注于奖赏的人,
11:05
actually其实 moved移动 23 percent百分 faster更快
296
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2648
比平时着眼四周的人,
11:08
than people who looked看着 around naturally自然.
297
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3448
敏捷性提高了23%。
11:11
To put that in perspective透视,
298
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1682
换个方式说,
11:13
a 23 percent百分 increase增加
299
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1673
23%的增长
11:15
is like trading贸易 in your
1980 Chevy烦扰 Citation引文
300
663090
3885
就相当于把你1980年的雪佛兰
Citation(袖珍小轿车)
11:18
for a 1980 Chevrolet雪佛兰 Corvette克尔维特.
301
666975
4644
换成一辆同年的雪佛兰科尔维特(跑车)。
11:23
We were so excited兴奋 by this,
302
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2512
我们对此感到很激动。
11:26
because this meant意味着 that a strategy战略
303
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2167
因为这意味着,
11:28
that costs成本 nothing,
304
676298
1682
一个无需成本的方法,
11:29
that is easy简单 for people to use,
305
677980
1767
简单易行,
11:31
regardless而不管 of whether是否 they're in shape形状
306
679747
1971
对那些不管是已经体型良好的人,
11:33
or struggling奋斗的 to get there,
307
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1858
或朝那个方向努力的人来说,
11:35
had a big effect影响.
308
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1440
都有极大的效果。
11:37
Keeping保持 your eyes眼睛 on the prize
309
685016
1557
专注于奖赏,
11:38
made制作 the exercise行使 look and feel easier更轻松
310
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2944
可以让做运动看起来和感觉上更容易。
11:41
even when people were working加工 harder更难
311
689517
2558
由于敏捷性更高了,所以对那些
11:44
because they were moving移动 faster更快.
312
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2219
更加努力的人也同样适用。
11:46
Now, I know there's more to good health健康
313
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2970
我知道健康的概念
11:49
than walking步行 a little bit faster更快,
314
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2022
不仅仅是走得快一些。
11:51
but keeping保持 your eyes眼睛 on the prize
315
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2185
但聚焦于奖赏
11:53
might威力 be one additional额外 strategy战略
316
701471
1630
或许可以是一个额外的技巧,
11:55
that you can use to help promote促进
317
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1609
你可以用它来实现
11:56
a healthy健康 lifestyle生活方式.
318
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2315
一种更健康的生活方式。
11:59
If you're not convinced相信 yet然而
319
707025
2081
如果你对此还抱有疑问,
12:01
that we all see the world世界
through通过 our own拥有 mind's心灵的 eye,
320
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2520
怀疑我们是否真的通过
思维的视角来看世界,
12:03
let me leave离开 you with one final最后 example.
321
711626
2027
那么我再举最后一个例子。
12:05
Here's这里的 a photograph照片 of a beautiful美丽
street in Stockholm斯德哥尔摩, with two cars汽车.
322
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3423
这是一张斯德哥尔摩街头美景的照片,
还有两辆车。
12:09
The car汽车 in the back looks容貌 much larger
323
717076
2191
后面那辆车看起来
12:11
than the car汽车 in the front面前.
324
719267
1426
比前面的大得多。
12:12
However然而, in reality现实,
325
720693
1606
但是,事实上
12:14
these cars汽车 are the same相同 size尺寸,
326
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2379
这两辆车都一样大。
12:16
but that's not how we see it.
327
724678
2895
但我们看到的并不是这样。
12:19
So does this mean that
328
727573
2124
难道这表明
12:21
our eyes眼睛 have gone走了 haywire失控
329
729697
1714
我们的眼睛出毛病了,
12:23
and that our brains大脑 are a mess食堂?
330
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2570
我们的大脑也混乱了?
12:25
No, it doesn't mean that at all.
331
733981
2572
不,完全不是这样。
12:28
It's just how our eyes眼睛 work.
332
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2021
这只是眼睛的工作原理。
12:30
We might威力 see the world世界 in a different不同 way,
333
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2689
我们可能用不同的方式看世界,
12:33
and sometimes有时 that might威力 not
334
741263
1772
有时看到的和事实
12:35
line线 up with reality现实,
335
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2066
并不相符。
12:37
but it doesn't mean
that one of us is right
336
745101
2125
但这并不代表我们中间
某个人就是对的,
12:39
and one of us is wrong错误.
337
747226
2095
另一个就是错的。
12:41
We all see the world世界
through通过 our mind's心灵的 eye,
338
749321
2136
我们其实都是以思维的视角来看世界。
12:43
but we can teach ourselves我们自己
to see it differently不同.
339
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2851
但我们能主动学会
用不同的方法去看。
12:46
So I can think of days
340
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1824
我能够回忆起
12:48
that have gone走了 horribly可怕 wrong错误 for me.
341
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2034
那些曾经很糟糕的日子,
12:50
I'm fed美联储 up, I'm grumpy性情乖戾的, I'm tired,
342
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2396
我感到厌倦,暴躁,疲惫,
12:52
and I'm so behind背后,
343
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1540
完全跟不上节奏,
12:54
and there's a big black黑色 cloud
344
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2406
在我的头顶上
12:56
hanging over my head,
345
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1483
还有一大片乌云笼罩,
12:57
and on days like these,
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1434
而且在这些日子里,
12:59
it looks容貌 like everyone大家 around me
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1875
周围的人看起来
13:01
is down in the dumps转储 too.
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2134
也垂头丧气似的。
13:03
My colleague同事 at work looks容貌 annoyed懊恼
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当我向同事请求延迟期限时,
13:05
when I ask for an extension延期 on a deadline截止日期,
350
773167
2710
他看起来很恼火,
13:07
and my friend朋友 looks容貌 frustrated受挫
351
775877
1978
当我约了朋友吃午饭
但因开会迟到时,
13:09
when I show显示 up late晚了 for lunch午餐
because a meeting会议 ran long,
352
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2699
他看起来很不爽,
13:12
and at the end结束 of the day,
353
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1593
当结束了一天的工作,
13:14
my husband丈夫 looks容貌 disappointed失望
354
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2026
因为我想早点睡觉不想去看电影,
13:16
because I'd rather go to
bed than go to the movies电影.
355
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2533
我的丈夫看起来就很失望。
13:18
And on days like these,
when everybody每个人 looks容貌
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3017
像这样的日子
13:21
upset烦乱 and angry愤怒 to me,
357
789723
2008
每个人看起来都对我不爽。
13:23
I try to remind提醒 myself that there
are other ways方法 of seeing眼看 them.
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3218
我试着开解自己,
或许有别的方法来看待他们,
13:26
Perhaps也许 my colleague同事 was confused困惑,
359
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3310
可能我的同事只是感到困惑,
13:30
perhaps也许 my friend朋友 was concerned关心,
360
798259
2436
可能我的朋友只是担心,
13:32
and perhaps也许 my husband丈夫 was
feeling感觉 empathy同情 instead代替.
361
800695
3267
可能我的丈夫只是对我感到同情。
13:35
So we all see the world世界
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1894
所以我们都是
13:37
through通过 our own拥有 mind's心灵的 eye,
363
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1826
以思维的视角看世界。
13:39
and on some days, it might威力 look
364
807682
2003
在某些日子里,
13:41
like the world世界 is a dangerous危险
365
809685
1408
这个世界看起来似乎很危险,
13:43
and challenging具有挑战性的 and insurmountable不可逾越 place地点,
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2537
充满挑衅,不可逾越,
13:45
but it doesn't have to look
that way all the time.
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2970
但未必一直是这样。
13:48
We can teach ourselves我们自己
to see it differently不同,
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2196
我们可以学会
用不同的方法去看待,
13:50
and when we find a way to make the world世界
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2666
当我们找到一个方法,
13:53
look nicer更好 and easier更轻松,
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1937
让这个世界看起来更美好更轻松,
13:55
it might威力 actually其实 become成为 so.
371
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2340
或许它就真的会成为现实。
13:57
Thank you.
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谢谢。
13:59
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Psycho Decoder
Reviewed by Yuanqing Edberg

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Emily Balcetis - Psychologist
Social psychologist Emily Balcetis explores perception, motivation, goal-setting and decision-making from conscious and nonconscious levels.

Why you should listen

The world around us often seems insurmountable, with all the cards stacked against us -- but as social psychologist Emily Balcetis seeks to show, it doesn't have to be that way. Through her research at New York University she explores how small differences in perception, whether conscious or nonconscious, can have potentially major consequences. For example, in a series of studies conducted in 2009 Balcetis helped show that people who saw Barack Obama as lighter skinned tended to report voting for him in the 2008 presidential election -- and vice versa.

Her current work focuses on how video evidence can bias jury members differently and how our vision can work against us when it comes to effective exercise. Balcetis' goal is to show that through our awareness of these biases, we can also overcome them, for an ever so slightly less daunting world.

More profile about the speaker
Emily Balcetis | Speaker | TED.com