TEDNYC
J.D. Vance: America's forgotten working class
J·D·万斯: 被遗忘的美国工人阶级
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J·D·万斯的家乡是位于南俄亥俄州“锈带”的一座贫穷小城，他在那里亲历了许多荼毒美国的社会问题：海洛因泛滥，学校衰败，家庭因为离婚和家暴而分崩离析。在这篇探索性的、能够激起工人阶级广大反响的演讲中，演讲者详述了美国梦的迷失，提出了社区领袖和政策制定者都应该好好思考的问题：如何才能帮助那些出生在被遗忘城镇的孩子，冲破绝望，过上更好的生活。
J.D. Vance - Author
Former Marine and Yale Law School graduate J.D. Vance writes about how upward mobility really feels. Full bio
Former Marine and Yale Law School graduate J.D. Vance writes about how upward mobility really feels. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I remember the very first time
I went to a nice restaurant,
I went to a nice restaurant,
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我还记得第一次走进一家很棒的餐厅，
非常高档。
00:15
a really nice restaurant.
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00:17
It was for a law firm recruitment dinner,
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那是一家律师事务所的招新晚宴，
00:19
and I remember beforehand
the waitress walked around
the waitress walked around
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正式开始前，服务生四处游走，
00:22
and asked whether we wanted some wine,
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询问客人是否需要来点葡萄酒，
00:23
so I said, "Sure,
I'll take some white wine."
I'll take some white wine."
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我说，“好吧，给我来点白葡萄酒。”
00:26
And she immediately said,
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她马上问我，
00:28
"Would you like sauvignon blanc
or chardonnay?"
or chardonnay?"
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“您是想要白苏维翁还是霞多丽？”
00:31
And I remember thinking,
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我当时想，
00:33
"Come on, lady,
stop with the fancy French words
stop with the fancy French words
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“天哪，姐们儿，别整这些
高大上的法语词了行吗，
高大上的法语词了行吗，
00:36
and just give me some white wine."
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给我一杯白葡萄酒就好了。”
00:39
But I used my powers of deduction
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但我发挥了自己杰出的推理能力
00:41
and recognized that chardonnay
and sauvignon blanc
and sauvignon blanc
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猜测霞多丽和白苏维翁
00:43
were two separate types of white wine,
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应该是两种不同的白葡萄酒，
00:45
and so I told her
that I would take the chardonnay,
that I would take the chardonnay,
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于是我要了霞多丽，
00:47
because frankly that was
the easiest one to pronounce for me.
the easiest one to pronounce for me.
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因为这个词更好发音。
00:51
So I had a lot of experiences like that
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这样的经历还有很多，
00:54
during my first couple of years
as a law student at Yale,
as a law student at Yale,
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尤其是在我在耶鲁大学念法律的头几年，
00:57
because, despite all outward appearances,
I'm a cultural outsider.
I'm a cultural outsider.
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因为我不是他们圈子里的人，
尽管看起来挺像，
尽管看起来挺像，
01:01
I didn't come from the elites.
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但我出身平凡。
01:02
I didn't come from the Northeast
or from San Francisco.
or from San Francisco.
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不是东北那一带的人，也不是旧金山人。
01:07
I came from a southern Ohio steel town,
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我的老家是俄亥俄州南部一个钢铁小镇，
01:09
and it's a town that's really
struggling in a lot of ways,
struggling in a lot of ways,
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它一直在挣扎求生，
01:12
ways that are indicative
of the broader struggles
of the broader struggles
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那种挣扎彷徨，就像美国工人阶级
01:14
of America's working class.
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如今的处境一般。
01:16
Heroin has moved in,
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海洛因泛滥，
01:18
killing a lot of people, people I know.
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很多人因此丧生，其中有我的熟人。
01:20
Family violence, domestic violence,
and divorce have torn apart families.
and divorce have torn apart families.
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家庭暴力和离婚
导致许多家庭支离破碎。
导致许多家庭支离破碎。
01:25
And there's a very unique
sense of pessimism that's moved in.
sense of pessimism that's moved in.
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有一种特别悲观的情绪蔓延开来。
01:29
Think about rising mortality rates
in these communities
in these communities
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死亡率不断升高，
01:32
and recognize that
for a lot of these folks,
for a lot of these folks,
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很多人都意识到这一点，
01:34
the problems that they're seeing
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而他们亲眼见到的问题
01:36
are actually causing rising death rates
in their own communities,
in their own communities,
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正是导致社区死亡率升高的原因，
01:39
so there's a very real sense of struggle.
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这种挣扎彷徨的感受是如此真切。
01:43
I had a very front-row seat
to that struggle.
to that struggle.
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而我正是这种感受的亲历者。
01:45
My family has been part of that struggle
for a very long time.
for a very long time.
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我的家庭长期以来
一直经历着这种彷徨挣扎。
一直经历着这种彷徨挣扎。
01:51
I come from a family
that doesn't have a whole lot of money.
that doesn't have a whole lot of money.
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我生于一个不甚富裕的家庭。
01:55
The addiction that plagued my community
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而在我们社区蔓延的毒品问题
01:57
also plagued my family,
and even, sadly, my own mom.
and even, sadly, my own mom.
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同样伤害到了我的家庭，
很不幸，是我的母亲。
很不幸，是我的母亲。
02:01
There were a lot of problems
that I saw in my own family,
that I saw in my own family,
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我亲眼见到了家里的很多问题，
02:05
problems caused sometimes
by a lack of money,
by a lack of money,
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这些问题的起因，有的是因为缺钱，
02:08
problems caused sometimes by a lack
of access to resources and social capital
of access to resources and social capital
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有的是因为缺乏社会资源和人脉，
02:13
that really affected my life.
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而这对我的影响很大。
02:16
If you had looked at my life
when I was 14 years old
when I was 14 years old
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如果你见过我14岁时过得怎么样，
02:19
and said, "Well, what's going
to happen to this kid?"
to happen to this kid?"
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并问到，“这孩子将来会怎么样？”
02:22
you would have concluded
that I would have struggled
that I would have struggled
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你也许会认为我会挣扎着往上爬，
02:25
with what academics call upward mobility.
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学术界管这叫“向上流动”。
02:28
So upward mobility is an abstract term,
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向上流动是一个抽象的术语，
02:31
but it strikes at something
that's very core
that's very core
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但它触及到了美国梦
02:34
at the heart of the American Dream.
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最核心的部分。
02:36
It's the sense,
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它是一个标准，
02:37
and it measures whether kids like me
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能衡量那些像我一样
02:39
who grow up in poor communities
are going to live a better life,
are going to live a better life,
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家境贫寒的孩子，
能不能过上好日子，
能不能过上好日子，
是不是有机会过上衣食无忧的生活，
02:42
whether they're going to have a chance
to live a materially better existence,
to live a materially better existence,
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02:47
or whether they're going to stay
in the circumstances where they came from.
in the circumstances where they came from.
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还是说会继续贫穷下去。
02:51
And one of the things
we've learned, unfortunately,
we've learned, unfortunately,
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但不幸的是，我们了解到，
在美国，向上流动并没有
我们想象的那么容易，
我们想象的那么容易，
02:53
is that upward mobility isn't as high
as we'd like it to be in this country,
as we'd like it to be in this country,
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02:57
and interestingly,
it's very geographically distributed.
it's very geographically distributed.
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而且有趣的是，它跟地域有很大的关系。
03:02
So take Utah, for instance.
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就拿犹他州来说，
03:04
In Utah a poor kid is actually doing OK,
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在犹他州，一个穷孩子可能会过得还好，
03:08
very likely to live their share
and their part in the American Dream.
and their part in the American Dream.
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很有可能在美国梦中找到自己的位置。
03:12
But if you think of where I'm from,
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但如果在我的家乡，
03:14
in the South, in Appalachia,
in southern Ohio,
in southern Ohio,
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南部的一些州，阿巴拉契亚地区，
俄亥俄州南部，
俄亥俄州南部，
03:18
it's very unlikely
that kids like that will rise.
that kids like that will rise.
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穷孩子可能就没什么出路。
03:22
The American Dream
in those parts of the country
in those parts of the country
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从某种意义上来说，美国梦在这些地方
03:24
is in a very real sense just a dream.
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可能真的就只是个梦。
03:27
So why is that happening?
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为什么会这样呢？
03:30
So one reason is obviously
economic or structural.
economic or structural.
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一个原因显然是跟经济或结构有关。
03:32
So you think of these areas.
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看看这些地区。
03:34
They're beset by these
terrible economic trends,
terrible economic trends,
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它们的经济趋势很不好，
03:37
built around industries
like coal and steel
like coal and steel
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当年依靠煤炭和钢铁起家，
03:39
that make it harder
for folks to get ahead.
for folks to get ahead.
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这些产业如今已经没落。
03:42
That's certainly one problem.
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这肯定是原因之一。
03:43
There's also the problem of brain drain,
where the really talented people,
where the really talented people,
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还有一个问题就是人才流失，
很多有才华的人，
很多有才华的人，
因为在家乡找不到有技术含量的工作，
03:47
because they can't find
high-skilled work at home,
high-skilled work at home,
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只能远走他乡，
03:49
end up moving elsewhere,
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他们无法在老家创业或造福社会，
03:51
so they don't build a business
or non-profit where they're from,
or non-profit where they're from,
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就只能带着自己的才华远赴他乡。
03:54
they end up going elsewhere
and taking their talents with them.
and taking their talents with them.
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这些地区有很多衰败的学校，
03:57
There are failing schools
in a lot of these communities,
in a lot of these communities,
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无法给予孩子们更好的教育，
03:59
failing to give kids
the educational leg up
the educational leg up
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因此无法帮助他们在未来占得先机。
04:01
that really makes it possible for kids
to have opportunities later in life.
to have opportunities later in life.
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这些事都很重要。
04:05
These things are all important.
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我并不是说要忽视
（之前提到的）结构壁垒。
（之前提到的）结构壁垒。
04:07
I don't mean to discount
these structural barriers.
these structural barriers.
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但是当我回首人生，
回想我们社区的时候，
回想我们社区的时候，
04:09
But when I look back at my life
and my community,
and my community,
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04:11
something else was going on,
something else mattered.
something else mattered.
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发现还有一些其他的事情也与之有关。
04:15
It's difficult to quantify,
but it was no less real.
but it was no less real.
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这些事情很难量化，但是却真实存在。
04:20
So for starters, there was
a very real sense of hopelessness
a very real sense of hopelessness
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首先，在我成长的社区，
你能真切感受到那种无望的氛围。
04:23
in the community that I grew up in.
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04:25
There was a sense that kids had
that their choices didn't matter.
that their choices didn't matter.
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孩子们觉得自己的选择毫无意义。
04:28
No matter what happened,
no matter how hard they worked,
no matter how hard they worked,
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无论他们如何努力，
04:31
no matter how hard
they tried to get ahead,
they tried to get ahead,
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如何努力向前，
04:33
nothing good would happen.
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结果都是一样。
04:36
So that's a tough feeling
to grow up around.
to grow up around.
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这种消极的情绪四处蔓延。
04:39
That's a tough mindset to penetrate,
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命定论甚嚣尘上，
04:42
and it leads sometimes
to very conspiratorial places.
to very conspiratorial places.
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甚至有点阴谋论的感觉。
04:47
So let's just take one
political issue that's pretty hot,
political issue that's pretty hot,
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以非常热门的一个政治话题为例，
04:51
affirmative action.
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平权法案。
04:52
So depending on your politics,
you might think that affirmative action
you might think that affirmative action
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根据政治观点（不同），
你也许会认为平权法案
你也许会认为平权法案
在推动工作场所或者学校的多样性上
04:56
is either a wise or an unwise way
to promote diversity in the workplace
to promote diversity in the workplace
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是明智的或者不明智的。
04:59
or the classroom.
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05:00
But if you grow up in an area like this,
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但如果你成长于这样的社区，
05:02
you see affirmative action
as a tool to hold people like you back.
as a tool to hold people like you back.
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你可能会把平权法案看作是一种限制。
05:06
That's especially true if you're
a member of the white working class.
a member of the white working class.
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尤其当你是白人工人阶级的一员时。
在你眼里，它不再简单的
是一个好政策或者坏政策。
是一个好政策或者坏政策。
05:09
You see it as something
that isn't just about good or bad policy.
that isn't just about good or bad policy.
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05:13
You see it as something
that's actively conspiring,
that's actively conspiring,
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你会把它看成是
那些握有政治或财政大权的人
05:16
where people with political
and financial power
and financial power
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来压迫你的工具。
05:18
are working against you.
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05:19
And there are a lot of ways that you see
that conspiracy against you --
that conspiracy against you --
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你可以从不同角度
来看待这种针对你的阴谋论——
来看待这种针对你的阴谋论——
05:25
perceived, real, but it's there,
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可察觉的，真实的，但它确实存在，
05:28
and it warps expectations.
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而且会扭曲你的期望。
05:31
So if you think about what do you do
when you grow up in that world,
when you grow up in that world,
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想象一下，成长在
那样的环境中，你该怎么办，
那样的环境中，你该怎么办，
可能应对方法有很多种。
05:34
you can respond in a couple of ways.
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第一种，你可以说，
“我才不会努力奋斗，
“我才不会努力奋斗，
05:36
One, you can say,
"I'm not going to work hard,
"I'm not going to work hard,
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因为无论怎样努力，结果都一样。”
05:38
because no matter how hard I work,
it's not going to matter."
it's not going to matter."
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而另一种方式就是，
05:41
Another thing you might do is say,
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“好吧，我不会追求传统意义上的成功，
05:42
"Well, I'm not going to go
after the traditional markers of success,
after the traditional markers of success,
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比如上大学，或者找份体面的工作，
05:46
like a university education
or a prestigious job,
or a prestigious job,
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因为重视这些事的人跟我不是一类人，
05:48
because the people who care
about those things are unlike me.
about those things are unlike me.
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他们不会接纳我。”
05:51
They're never going to let me in."
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当我被耶鲁大学录取后，一个亲戚问我，
05:53
When I got admitted to Yale,
a family member asked me
a family member asked me
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我是不是假装成民主党成员，
来获得招生委员会的认可。
来获得招生委员会的认可。
05:55
if I had pretended to be a liberal
to get by the admissions committee.
to get by the admissions committee.
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真事儿。
05:58
Seriously.
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06:00
And it's obviously not the case
that there was a liberal box to check
that there was a liberal box to check
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入学申请表上当然没有
“民主党成员”这个选项
“民主党成员”这个选项
06:04
on the application,
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让你勾选，
06:06
but it speaks to a very real
insecurity in these places
insecurity in these places
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但这件事道出了一个事实，
就是我们那里非常缺乏安全感，
就是我们那里非常缺乏安全感，
你需要伪装成另一种人，
06:09
that you have to pretend
to be somebody you're not
to be somebody you're not
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才能越过重重社会壁垒。
06:12
to get past these various social barriers.
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06:15
It's a very significant problem.
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这是一个非常重要的问题。
06:17
Even if you don't give in
to that hopelessness,
to that hopelessness,
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即便你没有感到无望，
06:20
even if you think, let's say,
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即使你坚定的认为，
06:21
that your choices matter
and you want to make the good choices,
and you want to make the good choices,
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你的选择是有意义的，你想做出好的选择，
06:25
you want to do better
for yourself and for your family,
for yourself and for your family,
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你想为了自己和家庭努力奋斗，
06:28
it's sometimes hard
to even know what those choices are
to even know what those choices are
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但生长在我那样的社区，
06:31
when you grow up
in a community like I did.
in a community like I did.
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你甚至都不知道有哪些路可以选。
06:33
I didn't know, for example,
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像我小时候，
06:35
that you had to go
to law school to be a lawyer.
to law school to be a lawyer.
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不知道想成为律师，要先上法学院。
06:38
I didn't know that elite universities,
as research consistently tells us,
as research consistently tells us,
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不知道一流的大学
——像研究结果不断表明的那样——
——像研究结果不断表明的那样——
06:42
are cheaper for low-income kids
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对于贫困的孩子收费要低，
06:44
because these universities
have bigger endowments,
have bigger endowments,
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因为好大学得到的捐款更多，
06:46
can offer more generous financial aid.
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可以给学生更多资助。
06:48
I remember I learned this
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直到我收到耶鲁大学的助学津贴信，
06:50
when I got the financial aid letter
from Yale for myself,
from Yale for myself,
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我才知道有这么回事，
06:53
tens of thousands of dollars
in need-based aid,
in need-based aid,
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那是上万美元的按需资助，
06:55
which is a term I had never heard before.
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我以前连听都没听过。
06:57
But I turned to my aunt
when I got that letter and said,
when I got that letter and said,
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我拿着信对我阿姨说，
07:00
"You know, I think this just means
that for the first time in my life,
that for the first time in my life,
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“这是我有生以来第一次，
因为穷得到的实惠。”
07:03
being poor has paid really well."
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07:07
So I didn't have access
to that information
to that information
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我之前不了解这方面的信息，
07:10
because the social networks around me
didn't have access to that information.
didn't have access to that information.
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是因为我周围的圈子
都不知道这些信息。
都不知道这些信息。
07:13
I learned from my community
how to shoot a gun, how to shoot it well.
how to shoot a gun, how to shoot it well.
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我从社区学到的是
如何开枪，如何打得准。
如何开枪，如何打得准。
07:17
I learned how to make
a damn good biscuit recipe.
a damn good biscuit recipe.
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我学到的是如何做好吃的饼干。
07:20
The trick, by the way,
is frozen butter, not warm butter.
is frozen butter, not warm butter.
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顺便提一句，诀窍就是，
用冰冻的黄油，不要用加热的。
用冰冻的黄油，不要用加热的。
07:24
But I didn't learn how to get ahead.
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但我不知道如何出人头地。
07:26
I didn't learn how to make
the good decisions
the good decisions
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不知道在关键时刻如何抉择，
07:28
about education and opportunity
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比如选择大学，面临机遇，
07:30
that you need to make
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怎样才能做出对的选择，
07:33
to actually have a chance
in this 21st century knowledge economy.
in this 21st century knowledge economy.
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从而在21世纪这个
知识经济时代赢得一席之地。
知识经济时代赢得一席之地。
07:36
Economists call the value
that we gain from our informal networks,
that we gain from our informal networks,
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经济学家将我们从
人脉圈子中获取的价值，
人脉圈子中获取的价值，
07:40
from our friends and colleagues
and family "social capital."
and family "social capital."
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比如朋友、同事和家人，
叫做“社会资本”。
叫做“社会资本”。
07:44
The social capital that I had
wasn't built for 21st century America,
wasn't built for 21st century America,
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而我过去的社会资本根本
不适用于21世纪的美国，
不适用于21世纪的美国，
07:48
and it showed.
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事实也证明了这一点。
07:50
There's something else
that's really important that's going on
that's really important that's going on
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还有一些非常重要的事情
07:53
that our community
doesn't like to talk about,
doesn't like to talk about,
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我们的社区不愿意谈起，
但它们又真实存在。
07:55
but it's very real.
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07:57
Working-class kids are much more likely
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工人阶级的孩子更多的
07:59
to face what's called
adverse childhood experiences,
adverse childhood experiences,
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要面临所谓的“不利的童年经历”，
08:01
which is just a fancy word
for childhood trauma:
for childhood trauma:
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其实这就是对童年创伤
一种比较委婉的说法：
一种比较委婉的说法：
08:06
getting hit or yelled at,
put down by a parent repeatedly,
put down by a parent repeatedly,
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被家长不停打骂和惩罚，
08:09
watching someone hit or beat your parent,
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目睹他人殴打自己的父母，
08:12
watching someone do drugs
or abuse alcohol.
or abuse alcohol.
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目睹别人吸毒或者酗酒。
08:15
These are all instances
of childhood trauma,
of childhood trauma,
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这都是童年创伤的例子，
08:18
and they're pretty
commonplace in my family.
commonplace in my family.
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在我家这些现象很常见。
08:20
Importantly, they're not just
commonplace in my family right now.
commonplace in my family right now.
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重要的是，这种情况不是现在才有。
08:24
They're also multigenerational.
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而是延续了好几代人。
08:26
So my grandparents,
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我的外公外婆，
08:28
the very first time that they had kids,
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在他们刚有了孩子的时候，
08:31
they expected that they
were going to raise them in a way
were going to raise them in a way
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他们原本也期望用好的方法
08:34
that was uniquely good.
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将孩子养育成人。
08:35
They were middle class,
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他们曾属于中产阶级，
08:37
they were able to earn
a good wage in a steel mill.
a good wage in a steel mill.
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在炼钢厂有不错的薪水。
08:39
But what ended up happening
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但结果却是
08:40
is that they exposed their kids
to a lot of the childhood trauma
to a lot of the childhood trauma
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他们给孩子们带来了许多童年创伤，
08:43
that had gone back many generations.
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跟早几代人的处境没什么区别。
08:46
My mom was 12 when she saw
my grandma set my grandfather on fire.
my grandma set my grandfather on fire.
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我母亲12岁那年，
看见我外婆在我外公身上点火，
看见我外婆在我外公身上点火，
08:52
His crime was that he came home drunk
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就因为他喝得醉醺醺地回家，
08:54
after she told him,
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而外婆事先警告过他，
08:56
"If you come home drunk,
I'm gonna kill you."
I'm gonna kill you."
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“如果你喝醉酒回家，我就要杀了你。”
08:59
And she tried to do it.
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结果，她真的试着这么做了。
09:01
Think about the way
that that affects a child's mind.
that that affects a child's mind.
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想想这样的事会对孩子的心灵
产生怎样的影响。
产生怎样的影响。
09:05
And we think of these things
as especially rare,
as especially rare,
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我们可能会认为这只是个别现象，
09:08
but a study by the Wisconsin
Children's Trust Fund found
Children's Trust Fund found
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但威斯康辛儿童信托基金的研究表明，
09:12
that 40 percent of low-income kids face
multiple instances of childhood trauma,
multiple instances of childhood trauma,
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低收入家庭的孩子遭受
多种童年创伤的几率为40%，
多种童年创伤的几率为40%，
而高收入家庭的孩子为29%。
09:18
compared to only 29 percent
for upper-income kids.
for upper-income kids.
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09:22
And think about what that really means.
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想想这意味着什么。
09:24
If you're a low-income kid,
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如果你们都生在低收入家庭，
09:26
almost half of you face multiple
instances of childhood trauma.
instances of childhood trauma.
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你们中间差不多会有
一半的人会遭遇多种童年创伤。
一半的人会遭遇多种童年创伤。
09:31
This is not an isolated problem.
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这不是一个孤立的问题。
非常值得我们注意。
09:32
This is a very significant issue.
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09:35
We know what happens
to the kids who experience that life.
to the kids who experience that life.
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我们都清楚，
这样的孩子会经历怎样的人生。
这样的孩子会经历怎样的人生。
09:39
They're more likely to do drugs,
more likely to go to jail,
more likely to go to jail,
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3296
他们很可能会吸毒，会进监狱，
09:43
more likely to drop out of high school,
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会从高中辍学，
09:45
and most importantly,
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最重要的是，
09:47
they're more likely
to do to their children
to do to their children
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他们很可能会在自己的孩子身上
09:49
what their parents did to them.
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重复父母对自己的所作所为。
09:51
This trauma, this chaos in the home,
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这种伤害，这种家庭的混乱，
09:54
is our culture's
very worst gift to our children,
very worst gift to our children,
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是我们的文化给孩子最糟糕的礼物，
09:58
and it's a gift that keeps on giving.
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而这种礼物还在不停地被送出。
10:02
So you combine all that,
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把这些都加在一起，
10:04
the hopelessness, the despair,
208
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无望，绝望，
对未来的怀疑，
10:06
the cynicism about the future,
209
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10:09
the childhood trauma,
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童年的创伤，
10:11
the low social capital,
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低社会资本，
10:13
and you begin to understand why me,
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你就会了解，为什么我
10:15
at the age of 14,
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1576
在14岁那年，
10:17
was ready to become
just another statistic,
just another statistic,
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几乎就要成为又一个例子，
10:19
another kid who failed to beat the odds.
215
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2320
被这些壁垒困死的又一个孩子。
10:22
But something unexpected happened.
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但意料之外的事情发生了。
10:25
I did beat the odds.
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我冲破了这些壁垒。
10:27
Things turned up for me.
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事情出现了转机。
10:29
I graduated from high school,
from college, I went to law school,
from college, I went to law school,
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3736
我念完高中，上了大学，进入法学院，
10:33
and I have a pretty good job now.
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1600
找到了一份不错的工作。
10:35
So what happened?
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究竟发生了什么呢？
10:37
Well, one thing that happened
is that my grandparents,
is that my grandparents,
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首先是我的外公外婆，
就是尝试在人身上点火的外公外婆，
10:39
the same grandparents
of setting someone on fire fame,
of setting someone on fire fame,
223
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2536
10:42
they really shaped up
by the time I came around.
by the time I came around.
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2240
在我出生之后，改过自新了。
10:45
They provided me a stable home,
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他们给了我一个稳定的家，
稳定的家庭。
10:48
a stable family.
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10:49
They made sure
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他们竭尽全力，
在我的父母无法尽到责任时，
10:50
that when my parents weren't able
to do the things that kids need,
to do the things that kids need,
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他们能及时出现，顶替父母的角色。
10:54
they stepped in and filled that role.
229
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1880
10:56
My grandma especially
did two things that really matter.
did two things that really matter.
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2656
我的外婆做了2件非常重要的事。
第一，她创造了和平的
家庭环境，让我专心做功课，
家庭环境，让我专心做功课，
10:59
One, she provided that peaceful home
that allowed me to focus on homework
that allowed me to focus on homework
231
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3496
11:03
and the things that kids
should be focused on.
should be focused on.
232
651080
2616
专心做孩子应该做的事情。
11:05
But she was also
this incredibly perceptive woman,
this incredibly perceptive woman,
233
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2376
而且她是一位洞察力极强的女性，
尽管连中学都没有上过。
11:08
despite not even having
a middle school education.
a middle school education.
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656120
2376
她察觉到了社区
对我产生的不良影响，
对我产生的不良影响，
11:10
She recognized the message
that my community had for me,
that my community had for me,
235
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11:13
that my choices didn't matter,
236
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就是我们的选择毫无意义，
我们面前有重重阻碍。
11:15
that the deck was stacked against me.
237
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1816
有一次她告诉我，
11:17
She once told me,
238
665120
1216
“JD，不要像那些没出息的人一样，
觉得整个世界都在跟他们作对。
觉得整个世界都在跟他们作对。
11:18
"JD, never be like those losers who think
the deck is stacked against them.
the deck is stacked against them.
239
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3976
你可以做成任何想做的事情。”
11:22
You can do anything you want to."
240
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11:24
And yet she recognized
that life wasn't fair.
that life wasn't fair.
241
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3216
尽管她知道生活是不公平的。
11:27
It's hard to strike that balance,
242
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1616
要打破这种平衡非常难，
11:29
to tell a kid that life isn't fair,
243
677600
2016
要告诉一个孩子生活不公平也非常难。
11:31
but also recognize and enforce in them
the reality that their choices matter.
the reality that their choices matter.
244
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5256
但即使这样，也要告诉孩子，
他们的选择是有意义的。
他们的选择是有意义的。
11:36
But mamaw was able
to strike that balance.
to strike that balance.
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但是外婆能打破这种平衡。
11:41
The other thing that really helped
was the United States Marine Corps.
was the United States Marine Corps.
246
689040
3296
另一个帮到我的就是美国海军陆战队。
我们认为海军陆战队
是一个军事单位，它当然是，
是一个军事单位，它当然是，
11:44
So we think of the Marine Corps
as a military outfit, and of course it is,
as a military outfit, and of course it is,
247
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3496
但对我而言，美国海军陆战队
是一次长达4年的，
是一次长达4年的，
11:47
but for me, the US Marine Corps
was a four-year crash course
was a four-year crash course
248
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2856
性格教育课程。
11:50
in character education.
249
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1216
它教会我如何铺床，怎么洗衣，
11:52
It taught me how to make a bed,
how to do laundry,
how to do laundry,
250
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怎么早起，怎么规划自己的开销。
11:54
how to wake up early,
how to manage my finances.
how to manage my finances.
251
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这些都是社区没有教我的东西。
11:56
These are things
my community didn't teach me.
my community didn't teach me.
252
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2176
11:58
I remember when I went
to go buy a car for the very first time,
to go buy a car for the very first time,
253
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2953
我还记得第一次去买车，
12:01
I was offered a dealer's
low, low interest rate of 21.9 percent,
low, low interest rate of 21.9 percent,
254
709857
4319
一个经销商给了我非常非常
“低”的贷款利息，21.9%，
“低”的贷款利息，21.9%，
12:06
and I was ready
to sign on the dotted line.
to sign on the dotted line.
255
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2600
我都准备签合同了。
12:09
But I didn't take that deal,
256
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1856
但我最后没有签，
12:11
because I went and took it to my officer
257
719560
2016
因为我把合同拿给我的长官看，
12:13
who told me, "Stop being an idiot,
258
721600
2136
他告诉我，“别傻了，
去找本地的信贷联盟，拿一个更好的价。”
12:15
go to the local credit union,
and get a better deal."
and get a better deal."
259
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2496
12:18
And so that's what I did.
260
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1456
我照做了。
12:19
But without the Marine Corps,
261
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1416
如果没有海军陆战队，
我可能永远也没法了解这个知识。
12:21
I would have never had access
to that knowledge.
to that knowledge.
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2256
我可能还会遭遇财政危机。
12:23
I would have had
a financial calamity, frankly.
a financial calamity, frankly.
263
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2200
12:26
The last thing I want to say
is that I had a lot of good fortune
is that I had a lot of good fortune
264
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3136
最后我还想说，我非常幸运
12:29
in the mentors and people
265
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1576
能遇见很多很好的导师和人，
12:31
who have played
an important role in my life.
an important role in my life.
266
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2136
他们在我生命中扮演了
非常重要的角色。
非常重要的角色。
在海军陆战队，在俄亥俄州，在耶鲁大学，
12:33
From the Marines,
from Ohio State, from Yale,
from Ohio State, from Yale,
267
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3056
12:36
from other places,
268
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在其他地方，
12:38
people have really stepped in
269
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大家都走近我，
12:39
and ensured that they filled
that social capital gap
that social capital gap
270
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2816
帮我填满那条社会资本的鸿沟，
12:42
that it was pretty obvious,
apparently, that I had.
apparently, that I had.
271
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2400
这条鸿沟在我身上表现得很明显。
12:45
That comes from good fortune,
272
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1560
这是一种很大的幸运，
12:47
but a lot of children
aren't going to have that good fortune,
aren't going to have that good fortune,
273
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3296
但是很多孩子都没有这样的好运，
12:51
and I think that raises
really important questions for all of us
really important questions for all of us
274
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这就为我们引出了非常重要的问题，
12:54
about how we're going to change that.
275
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1762
那就是该如何改变这一点。
12:57
We need to ask questions about
how we're going to give low-income kids
how we're going to give low-income kids
276
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我们要思考如何帮助
那些低收入家庭的孩子，
那些低收入家庭的孩子，
13:01
who come from a broken home
access to a loving home.
access to a loving home.
277
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3536
让他们破碎的家庭重新充满爱。
13:05
We need to ask questions
278
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我们要思考
13:06
about how we're going
to teach low-income parents
to teach low-income parents
279
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如何教育低收入的父母
同自己的孩子，同自己的爱人，
13:08
how to better interact
with their children,
with their children,
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13:10
with their partners.
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更好地互动。
13:12
We need to ask questions
about how we give social capital,
about how we give social capital,
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我们要思考如何为贫穷的孩子，
13:16
mentorship to low-income kids
who don't have it.
who don't have it.
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提供社会资本和引导。
13:20
We need to think about
how we teach working class children
how we teach working class children
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我们要思考如何教育工人阶级的孩子，
13:23
about not just hard skills,
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不仅仅是硬技能，
13:25
like reading, mathematics,
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比如阅读，数学，
13:28
but also soft skills,
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还有软技能，
13:29
like conflict resolution
and financial management.
and financial management.
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比如危机处理和理财。
13:33
Now, I don't have all of the answers.
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现在，我并没有所有这些问题的答案。
13:36
I don't know all of the solutions
to this problem,
to this problem,
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我也不知该如何彻底解决这些问题，
13:40
but I do know this:
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但我明确知道的是：
13:42
in southern Ohio right now,
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现在，在南俄亥俄州，
13:44
there's a kid who is
anxiously awaiting their dad,
anxiously awaiting their dad,
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有孩子在焦急等待自己的父亲，
13:48
wondering whether,
when he comes through the door,
when he comes through the door,
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在想着，当他走进家门的时候，
是正常的，还是喝得东倒西歪的。
13:50
he'll walk calmly or stumble drunkly.
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13:54
There's a kid
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有的孩子
13:56
whose mom sticks a needle in her arm
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看着自己的母亲往胳膊里扎针，
13:58
and passes out,
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然后失去知觉，
14:00
and he doesn't know
why she doesn't cook him dinner,
why she doesn't cook him dinner,
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他不明白为什么妈妈不给自己做饭，
14:03
and he goes to bed hungry that night.
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只好饿着肚子爬上床。
14:06
There's a kid who has
no hope for the future
no hope for the future
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有的孩子对未来不抱希望，
14:10
but desperately
wants to live a better life.
wants to live a better life.
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但又非常想过上更好的生活。
14:13
They just want somebody
to show it to them.
to show it to them.
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他们需要有人教他们怎么做。
14:16
I don't have all the answers,
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我没有所有的答案，
14:18
but I know that unless our society
starts asking better questions
starts asking better questions
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但我知道，除非整个社会开始思考
14:23
about why I was so lucky
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为什么我如此幸运，
14:25
and about how to get that luck
to more of our communities
to more of our communities
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如何让更多的社区，
14:28
and our country's children,
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让更多的孩子得到这份幸运，
14:30
we're going to continue
to have a very significant problem.
to have a very significant problem.
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否则我们将会
不断遇到非常严重的问题。
不断遇到非常严重的问题。
谢谢大家。
14:33
Thank you.
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14:34
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
J.D. Vance - AuthorFormer Marine and Yale Law School graduate J.D. Vance writes about how upward mobility really feels.
Why you should listen
J.D. Vance grew up in the Rust Belt city of Middletown, Ohio, and the Appalachian town of Jackson, Kentucky. He enlisted in the Marine Corps after high school and served in Iraq. A graduate of the Ohio State University and Yale Law School, he has contributed to the National Review and is a principal at a leading Silicon Valley investment firm. He is the author of Hillbilly Elegy, a number one New York Times Best Seller. Vance lives in San Francisco with his wife and two dogs.
J.D. Vance | Speaker | TED.com