TEDxRiodelaPlata
Karina Galperin: Should we simplify spelling?
卡琳娜 戈尔佩林: 为什么西班牙语的单词拼写与读音不一样？
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我们要投入多少精力和脑力来学习拼写？语言在不断进化，我们有拼写规则，不过是否值得花费大量时间记忆这些充满例外的拼写规则呢？文学学者卡琳娜 戈尔佩林指出，或许我们是时候应该革新对语言的思考方式和学习规则了。
Karina Galperin - Literary scholar
Karina Galperin studies the culture, language and literature of early modern Iberia. Full bio
Karina Galperin studies the culture, language and literature of early modern Iberia. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
We lost a lot of time at school
learning spelling.
learning spelling.
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我们上学的时候浪费了
许多时间学习拼写，
许多时间学习拼写，
现在的孩子也一样。
00:17
Kids are still losing a lot of time
at school with spelling.
at school with spelling.
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00:24
That's why I want to share
a question with you:
a question with you:
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所以我想问一个问题，
00:29
Do we need new spelling rules?
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我们是否需要一套新的拼写规则？
00:33
I believe that yes, we do.
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我认为答案是肯定的，我们需要。
或者更好的方法是简化
现有的拼写规则，
现有的拼写规则，
00:35
Or even better, I think we need
to simplify the ones we already have.
to simplify the ones we already have.
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00:41
Neither the question nor the answer
are new in the Spanish language.
are new in the Spanish language.
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这个问题及答案并不是
第一次出现在西班牙语历史上，
第一次出现在西班牙语历史上，
人们已经反复讨论了几个世纪，
00:45
They have been bouncing around
from century to century
from century to century
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00:49
since 1492, when in the first grammar
guide of the Spanish language,
guide of the Spanish language,
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1492年，第一部语法指南面世，
安东尼奥·德·内夫里哈为我们
制定了一套简洁明了的拼写规则，
制定了一套简洁明了的拼写规则，
00:55
Antonio de Nebrija, set a clear and simple
principle for our spelling:
principle for our spelling:
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因此，我们需要在读出单词
的同时将其拼写出来，
的同时将其拼写出来，
01:01
"... thus, we have to write words
as we pronounce them,
as we pronounce them,
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反之亦然，
01:04
and pronounce words as we write them."
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01:06
Each sound was to correspond
to one letter,
to one letter,
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每一读音都对应一个字母，
每一字母都代表一个读音，
01:09
each letter was to represent
a single sound,
a single sound,
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不代表任一读音的字母则应移除，
01:13
and those which did not represent
any sound should be removed.
any sound should be removed.
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这个发音方法，
01:19
This approach, the phonetic approach,
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01:21
which says we have to write
words as we pronounce them,
words as we pronounce them,
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就是在我们读出单词的时候
就能够将其拼写出来，
就能够将其拼写出来，
正如我们今天实践中一样，
这个方法既是也不是拼写的根源，
这个方法既是也不是拼写的根源，
01:25
both is and isn't at the root of spelling
as we practice it today.
as we practice it today.
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这是因为西班牙语同
其他语言相比，像英语或法语，
其他语言相比，像英语或法语，
01:30
It is, because the Spanish language,
in contrast to English, French or others,
in contrast to English, French or others,
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它的拼写，
01:36
always strongly resisted
writing words too differently
writing words too differently
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与发音差别过大。
但这一发音方法在今天并不常见，
01:41
to how we pronounce them.
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01:43
But the phonetic approach
is also absent today,
is also absent today,
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因为18世纪，我们就决定将书写
01:45
because when, in the 18th century,
we decided how we would standardize
we decided how we would standardize
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规范化，
01:49
our writing,
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01:50
there was another approach which guided
a good part of the decisions.
a good part of the decisions.
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有另外一种方法促成了这个决定，
01:54
It was the etymological approach,
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那就是词源法，
01:57
the one that says we have to write words
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也就是根据单词，
01:59
according to how they were written
in their original language,
in their original language,
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源语言（拉丁语，希腊语）的书写形式，
02:02
in Latin, in Greek.
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来确定单词写法，
02:04
That's how we ended up with silent H's,
which we write but don't pronounce.
which we write but don't pronounce.
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所以有些单词结尾有字母H却不发音，
02:09
That's how we have B's and V's that,
contrary to what many people believe,
contrary to what many people believe,
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b和v许多人都以为的发音却完全不同，
但是在西班牙语中的发音
却是完全一样的。
却是完全一样的。
02:14
were never differentiated
in Spanish pronunciation.
in Spanish pronunciation.
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带有G的单词，
02:18
That's how we wound up with G's,
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有时是送气音，例如gente。
02:20
that are sometimes aspirated,
as in "gente,"
as in "gente,"
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02:23
and other times unaspirated, as in "gato."
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有时是非送气音，例如gato。
02:25
That's how we ended up
with C's, S's and Z's,
with C's, S's and Z's,
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带有CSZ的单词，
02:29
three letters that in some places
correspond to one sound,
correspond to one sound,
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有的时候都发同一个音，
02:33
and in others, to two,
but nowhere to three.
but nowhere to three.
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有时候发成两个音
不过没有第三种读音，
不过没有第三种读音，
02:37
I'm not here to tell you anything
you don't know from your own experience.
you don't know from your own experience.
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我在这不是为了给你们
讲一些生活中用不到的理论。
02:43
We all went to school,
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02:46
we all invested big amounts
of learning time,
of learning time,
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大家都上过学，
都花费大把的时间学习，顺从家长，
02:51
big amounts of pliant,
childlike brain time
childlike brain time
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听写、
02:55
in dictation,
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02:57
in the memorization of spelling rules
filled, nevertheless, with exceptions.
filled, nevertheless, with exceptions.
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记忆拼写规则不过也有例外，
别人一直有意无意的
向我们渗透着一个观念，
向我们渗透着一个观念，
03:02
We were told in many ways,
implicitly and explicitly,
implicitly and explicitly,
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03:06
that in spelling, something fundamental
to our upbringing was at stake.
to our upbringing was at stake.
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那就是拼写在我们成长过程中
扮演着非常基础重要的角色，
扮演着非常基础重要的角色，
但是，我发觉
03:13
Yet, I have the feeling
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03:15
that teachers didn't ask themselves
why it was so important.
why it was so important.
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老师从来不问问自己
为什么拼写如此重要？
为什么拼写如此重要？
03:19
In fact, they didn't ask themselves
a previous question:
a previous question:
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实际上，他们没有给自己先提个问题，
03:22
What is the purpose of spelling?
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学习拼写的目的是什么？
要拼写有何用？
03:25
What do we need spelling for?
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而事实就是，
当你问自己这个问题的时候，
当你问自己这个问题的时候，
03:30
And the truth is, when someone
asks themselves this question,
asks themselves this question,
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答案要比我们想象中，
03:33
the answer is much simpler
and less momentous
and less momentous
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03:36
than we'd usually believe.
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要简单轻松得多。
我们用拼写规则来规范书写形式，
这样大家都保持书写一致，
这样大家都保持书写一致，
03:38
We use spelling to unify the way we write,
so we can all write the same way,
so we can all write the same way,
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03:45
making it easier for us to understand
when we read to each other.
when we read to each other.
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也更容易在交谈过程中理解对方，
03:50
But unlike in other aspects of language
such as punctuation,
such as punctuation,
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但是拼写与语言的
其他方面不同，例如标点符号。
其他方面不同，例如标点符号。
拼写中不涉及个人情感的表达，
03:56
in spelling, there's no
individual expression involved.
individual expression involved.
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04:02
In punctuation, there is.
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标点符号则相反，
04:04
With punctuation, I can choose
to change the meaning of a phrase.
to change the meaning of a phrase.
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利用不同的标点符号，
可以改变一句话的意思，
可以改变一句话的意思，
还可以给一句话加上特定的韵律，
04:08
With punctuation, I can impose
a particular rhythm to what I am writing,
a particular rhythm to what I am writing,
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04:13
but not with spelling.
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拼写则不尽然，
说到拼写只有对错之分，
04:15
When it comes to spelling,
it's either wrong or right,
it's either wrong or right,
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04:19
according to whether it conforms
or not to the current rules.
or not to the current rules.
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通过判断是否符合
现有拼写规则区分对错，
现有拼写规则区分对错，
所以简化拼写规则不是更合理吗？
04:23
But then, wouldn't it be more sensible
to simplify the current rules
to simplify the current rules
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04:29
so it would be easier to teach, learn
and use spelling correctly?
and use spelling correctly?
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教学学习和正确使用拼写
规则就会变得更简单不是吗？
规则就会变得更简单不是吗？
04:35
Wouldn't it be more sensible
to simplify the current rules
to simplify the current rules
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简化拼写规则更合理，
04:40
so that all the time we devote today
to teaching spelling,
to teaching spelling,
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这样我们用在教学生
拼写规则的时间就可以
拼写规则的时间就可以
04:45
we could devote to other language issues
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用在学习语言的其他方面了。
04:48
whose complexities do, in fact,
deserve the time and effort?
deserve the time and effort?
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那些值得我们花费时间和
精力研究的较复杂的方面，
精力研究的较复杂的方面，
我并不是提倡废除拼写规则，
大家想怎么写就怎么写，
语言是一种常用的工具，
04:54
What I propose is not to abolish spelling,
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所以我认为在使用时要
遵循一个常用的标准这是基础，
遵循一个常用的标准这是基础，
我还认为标准应该尽量保持越简单越好。
这一点也很重要，
因为如果我们简化了拼写规则，
并不代表是其水平下降，
04:59
and have everyone write however they want.
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拼写简化，
05:03
Language is a tool of common usage,
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语言的质量丝毫不受影响，
05:07
and so I believe it's fundamental
that we use it following common criteria.
that we use it following common criteria.
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我每天都在研究西班牙黄金时代的文学，
我读加西拉索、塞万提斯、
龚果拉、克维多的作品，
龚果拉、克维多的作品，
05:13
But I also find it fundamental
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他们的作品中hombre
这个单词有时候不写h，
这个单词有时候不写h，
05:15
that those common criteria
be as simple as possible,
be as simple as possible,
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单词escribir中加上v，
05:20
especially because
if we simplify our spelling,
if we simplify our spelling,
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05:24
we're not leveling it down;
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我非常清楚，
05:26
when spelling is simplified,
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这些单词和我们现在的
单词的差别在于拼写规则，
单词的差别在于拼写规则，
或者更准确的说
他们的年代缺少拼写规则，
他们的年代缺少拼写规则，
05:29
the quality of the language
doesn't suffer at all.
doesn't suffer at all.
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05:34
I work every day with Spanish
Golden Age literature,
Golden Age literature,
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但是这并不影响文字质量。
我们再回到大师们这里，
05:38
I read Garcilaso, Cervantes,
Góngora, Quevedo,
Góngora, Quevedo,
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因为他们是这个故事的主角，
05:41
who sometimes write "hombre" without H,
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05:44
sometimes write "escribir" with V,
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之前我提到老师们不假思索的坚持，
要我们学习，
05:47
and it's absolutely clear to me
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拼写规则，
05:50
that the difference between those texts
and ours is one of convention,
and ours is one of convention,
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但这就是事实，
05:55
or rather, a lack of convention
during their time.
during their time.
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05:59
But it's not a difference of quality.
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完全合情合理。
06:02
But let me go back to the masters,
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在我们的社会，
掌握拼写就是掌握了特权，
掌握拼写就是掌握了特权，
06:04
because they're key characters
in this story.
in this story.
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将有教养和粗鲁的人，
知识分子和文盲区分开来，
知识分子和文盲区分开来，
完全与写作内容无关
06:08
Earlier, I mentioned this slightly
thoughtless insistence
thoughtless insistence
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一个人能否找到工作
06:13
with which teachers pester and pester us
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取决于他是否在单词中
写出不发音的H，
写出不发音的H，
06:16
over spelling.
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一个人可能成为大家的笑柄，
06:18
But the truth is,
things being as they are,
things being as they are,
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只因为他把字母B写错了地方，
06:21
this makes perfect sense.
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由此而论，
06:23
In our society, spelling serves
as an index of privilege,
as an index of privilege,
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花费再多的时间
学习拼写也是有道理的，
学习拼写也是有道理的，
但是别忘了，
06:29
separating the cultured from the brute,
the educated from the ignorant,
the educated from the ignorant,
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06:33
independent of the content
that's being written.
that's being written.
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我们的语言在发展历史中，
总是有
06:38
One can get or not get a job
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第一批学习语言的老师和人们，
06:42
because of an H that one put or did not.
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06:44
One can become
an object of public ridicule
an object of public ridicule
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他们促进了拼写的改革进程，
也意识到在传授知识的过程中，
06:47
because of a misplaced B.
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我们的拼写规则总会遇到障碍。
06:50
Therefore, in this context,
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06:52
of course, it makes sense to dedicate
all this time to spelling.
all this time to spelling.
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举个例子，
萨米安托和安德雷斯贝略发起了，
06:57
But we shouldn't forget
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西班牙语历史上最大的一场拼写改革，
07:00
that throughout the history
of our language,
of our language,
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也就是19世纪中叶智利改革，
07:02
it has always been teachers
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那为何不接替那些老师的任务，
07:04
or people involved
in the early learning of language
in the early learning of language
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07:08
who promoted spelling reforms,
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开始为我们的拼写改革做出贡献呢？
07:11
who realized that in our spelling
there was often an obstacle
there was often an obstacle
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这里在座的有一万人，
我想要跟大家分享的是，
07:15
to the transmission of knowledge.
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07:18
In our case, for example,
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我觉得值得讨论做出的一些改变，
我们把不发音的H，
07:19
Sarmiento, together with Andrés Bello,
spearheaded the biggest spelling reform
spearheaded the biggest spelling reform
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从单词中去除吧。
07:24
to take place in the Spanish language:
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不要再写H，
07:27
the mid-19th century Chilean reform.
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（鼓掌）
07:33
Then, why not take over
the task of those teachers
the task of those teachers
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我很难想象一个人得多喜欢字母H，
07:38
and start making progress in our spelling?
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才能将它造成的不便忽略不计，
07:41
Here, in this intimate group of 10,000,
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字母B和V的发音我们之前提到过，
07:45
I'd like to bring to the table
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在西班牙语中完全一样。
07:46
some changes that I find reasonable
to start discussing.
to start discussing.
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07:52
Let's remove the silent H.
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（鼓掌）
07:54
In places where we write an H
but pronounce nothing,
but pronounce nothing,
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就从中选一个字母留下
哪个都行我们可以讨论讨论，
哪个都行我们可以讨论讨论，
每个人的偏好不一样可以各抒己见，
07:59
let's not write anything.
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08:01
(Applause)
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我们只留下一个，
08:02
It's hard for me to imagine
what sentimental attachment
what sentimental attachment
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字母G和J，我们来明确
一下两个字母的分工，
一下两个字母的分工，
G应该保留非送气音，
例如在“gato”“mago”"aguila"中的发音，
例如在“gato”“mago”"aguila"中的发音，
08:04
can justify to someone
all the hassle caused by the silent H.
all the hassle caused by the silent H.
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J应该保留为送气音，
08:09
B and V, as we said before,
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08:12
were never differentiated
in the Spanish language --
in the Spanish language --
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例如在“jarabe”“jirafa”
“gente”"argentino"中的发音，
“gente”"argentino"中的发音，
字母C,S,Z的发音规则很有趣，
08:15
(Applause)
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因为其表明发音方法是引导，
08:16
Let's choose one; it could be either.
We can discuss it, talk it over.
We can discuss it, talk it over.
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但并不是绝对的规则，
08:19
Everyone will have their preferences
and can make their arguments.
and can make their arguments.
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在某些情况下，
要指出发音的区别，
要指出发音的区别，
08:23
Let's keep one, remove the other.
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像之前提到的CSZ的发音，
08:25
G and J, let's separate their roles.
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08:28
G should keep the unaspirated sound,
like in "gato," "mago," and "águila,"
like in "gato," "mago," and "águila,"
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在一个单词的不同位置
发音有时是一个音，有时是两个音，
发音有时是一个音，有时是两个音，
08:33
and J should keep the aspirated sound,
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如果三个字母只用两个，这样更好
08:36
as in "jarabe," "jirafa,"
"gente," "argentino."
"gente," "argentino."
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对于一些人来说，
这些变化或许有点突然，
这些变化或许有点突然，
事实并不是这样，
08:42
The case of C, S and Z is interesting,
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皇家西班牙语学院中
所有语言学院的老师，
所有语言学院的老师，
08:47
because it shows that the phonetic
approach must be a guide,
approach must be a guide,
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都认为拼写规则应该逐渐调整，
08:51
but it can't be an absolute principle.
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08:54
In some cases, the differences
in pronunciation must be addressed.
in pronunciation must be addressed.
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语言同历史，传统习俗密切相关，
08:59
As I said before, C, S and Z,
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与此同时也是每天用得到的实用工具。
09:02
in some places, correspond
to one sound, in others to two.
to one sound, in others to two.
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不过有时语言同历史，
传统习俗之间的联系，
传统习俗之间的联系，
09:05
If we go from three letters
to two, we're all better off.
to two, we're all better off.
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会变成使用中的障碍，
的确，这也解释了，
09:12
To some, these changes
may seem a bit drastic.
may seem a bit drastic.
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09:17
They're really not.
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语言，与我们的生活距离最近，密切相关。
长久以来基于我们自身需求而改变，
09:19
The Royal Spanish Academy,
all of language academies,
all of language academies,
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09:22
also believes that spelling
should be progressively modified;
should be progressively modified;
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例如 "ortographia" 变为"ortografía"，
"theatro" 变为 "teatro,"
"quantidad" 变为"cantidad"
"quantidad" 变为"cantidad"
09:27
that language is linked to history,
tradition and custom,
tradition and custom,
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09:32
but that at the same time,
it is a practical everyday tool
it is a practical everyday tool
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"symbolo" 变为"símbolo"
一些不发音的H逐渐不写出来了，
09:37
and that sometimes this attachment
to history, tradition and custom
to history, tradition and custom
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在皇家学院的字典中，
09:42
becomes an obstacle for its current usage.
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"arpa" "armonía"两个单词写不写H都可以，
09:47
Indeed, this explains the fact
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09:49
that our language, much more than
the others we are geographically close to,
the others we are geographically close to,
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大家都可以接受。
我还认为，
09:56
has been historically
modifying itself based on us,
modifying itself based on us,
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现在来谈论这个问题时机尤其恰当，
10:00
for example, we went
from "ortographia" to "ortografía,"
from "ortographia" to "ortografía,"
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10:03
from "theatro" to "teatro,"
from "quantidad" to "cantidad,"
from "quantidad" to "cantidad,"
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人们常说语言的变化很随意，
10:08
from "symbolo" to "símbolo."
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是自下而上的改变，
10:10
And some silent H's are slowly
being stealthily removed:
being stealthily removed:
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语言使用者才是吸收新单词的人，
才是提出改变语法的人，
10:15
in the Dictionary of the Royal Academy,
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10:18
"arpa" and "armonía" can be written
with or without an H.
with or without an H.
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而语言权威--可能是学院，
也可能是一本词典或者政府部门，
10:24
And everybody is OK.
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10:27
I also believe
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会在很久之后才接受这些改变，
以上事实仅限于语言的一些方面，
10:30
that this is a particularly appropriate
moment to have this discussion.
moment to have this discussion.
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例如词汇方面，
10:37
It's always said that language
changes spontaneously,
changes spontaneously,
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在语法方面就差了一些，
10:41
from the bottom up,
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10:43
that its users are the ones
who incorporate new words
who incorporate new words
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在拼写方面我会说完全不是这样，
拼写是自上而下的改变。
10:46
and who introduce grammatical changes,
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语言机构立下规则，
10:50
and that the authority --
in some places an academy,
in some places an academy,
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提出改变，
10:54
in others a dictionary,
in others a ministry --
in others a ministry --
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10:57
accepts and incorporates them
long after the fact.
long after the fact.
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那我为什么说现在这个时机尤其合适呢？
一直以来，
11:02
This is true only
for some levels of language.
for some levels of language.
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书写往往比言语限制多，更私密，
11:06
It is true on the lexical level,
the level of words.
the level of words.
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但现在是网络时代，
11:09
It is less true on the grammatical level,
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11:12
and I would almost say
it is not true for the spelling level,
it is not true for the spelling level,
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我们正在经历变革，
11:17
that has historically changed
from the top down.
from the top down.
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人们从来没有书写过这么多的时候，
人们从来没有写过
这么多文字给其他人看，
这么多文字给其他人看，
11:21
Institutions have always been the ones
to establish the rules
to establish the rules
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在社交网络中，我们第一次看到，
11:25
and propose changes.
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看到拼写被如此大规模的革新使用，
11:29
Why do I say this is a particularly
appropriate moment?
appropriate moment?
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11:33
Until today,
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许多知识分子对拼写规则了如指掌，
在使用社交网络的时候，
11:35
writing always had a much more restricted
and private use than speech.
and private use than speech.
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11:42
But in our time,
the age of social networks,
the age of social networks,
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和大多数用户一样，
懒得检查拼写，
11:46
this is going through
a revolutionary change.
a revolutionary change.
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只注重沟通速度和效率，
11:50
Never before have people written so much;
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11:53
never before have people written
for so many others to see.
for so many others to see.
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现在，社交网络上出现
拼写混乱的使用现象，
拼写混乱的使用现象，
我认为我们应该关注这个问题。
11:58
And in these social networks,
for the first time,
for the first time,
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因为这一问题可能是在告诉我们，
12:01
we're seeing innovative uses
of spelling on a large scale,
of spelling on a large scale,
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12:06
where even more-than-educated people
with impeccable spelling,
with impeccable spelling,
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在这个社交网络上书写的年代，
需要新的拼写规则，
12:11
when using social networks,
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12:13
behave a lot like the majority of users
of social networks behave.
of social networks behave.
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我认为拒绝和放弃是错误的，
因为我们把这个现象
看作当今时代文化退步的标志，
看作当今时代文化退步的标志，
12:19
That is to say, they slack
on spell-checking
on spell-checking
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12:22
and prioritize speed and efficacy
in communication.
in communication.
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不，我认为我们要留心观察，
积极组织引导，
积极组织引导，
遵循符合时代需求的规则，
12:28
For now, on social networks,
we see chaotic, individual usages.
we see chaotic, individual usages.
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我能想到有人反对，
12:33
But I think we have
to pay attention to them,
to pay attention to them,
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会有一些人说，
12:36
because they're probably telling us
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12:39
that an era that designates
a new place for writing
a new place for writing
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如果简化拼写规则，我们会丢掉语源。
12:43
seeks new criteria for that writing.
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严格来讲，如果我们要保留语源，
12:48
I think we'd be wrong
to reject them, to discard them,
to reject them, to discard them,
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那就不仅仅涉及拼写规则了，
12:53
because we identify them as symptoms
of the cultural decay of our times.
of the cultural decay of our times.
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我们还要学习拉丁语，
希腊语，阿拉伯语，
希腊语，阿拉伯语，
简化拼写，
12:58
No, I believe we have to observe them,
organize them and channel them
organize them and channel them
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我们还会在语源词典中，
13:03
within guidelines that better correspond
to the needs of our times.
to the needs of our times.
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将语源标准化，
13:10
I can anticipate some objections.
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第二批反对的声音是，
如果简化拼写规则就无法区分，
13:15
There will be those who'll say
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只有一个不同字母的单词了，
13:16
that if we simplify spelling
we'll lose etymology.
we'll lose etymology.
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这点没错，但是并不是
解决不了的问题，
解决不了的问题，
13:22
Strictly speaking, if we wanted
to preserve etymology,
to preserve etymology,
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13:26
it would go beyond just spelling.
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我们的语言中有同音异义词，
这些词还不止一个意思，
这些词还不止一个意思，
我们并没有混淆坐在banco课桌，
13:28
We'd also have to learn
Latin, Greek, Arabic.
Latin, Greek, Arabic.
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和存钱的banco银行啊，
13:33
With simplified spelling,
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13:35
we would normalize etymology
in the same place we do now:
in the same place we do now:
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也没有混淆我们穿的礼服traje和trajimos。
13:41
in etymological dictionaries.
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13:44
A second objection will come
from those who say:
from those who say:
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大多数情况语境会消除混淆，
还有一些人会反对，
13:47
"If we simplify spelling,
we'll stop distinguishing
we'll stop distinguishing
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对我而言，
13:50
between words that differ
in just one letter."
in just one letter."
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这是我最能理解的理由了，
这些人会说 我不想改变，
13:54
That is true, but it's not a problem.
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我从小到大就是
这么学的，都已经习惯了，
这么学的，都已经习惯了，
13:58
Our language has homonyms,
words with more than one meaning,
words with more than one meaning,
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要我读简化后的拼写，我眼睛疼，
14:03
yet we don't confuse
the "banco" where we sit
the "banco" where we sit
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（笑声）
14:06
with the "banco" where we deposit money,
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最后这个反对观点我们都会有一点，
14:08
or the "traje" that we wear
with the things we "trajimos."
with the things we "trajimos."
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那我们该怎么办呢？
14:11
In the vast majority of situations,
context dispels any confusion.
context dispels any confusion.
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和这类问题的解决方法一样，
14:19
But there's a third objection.
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改变是未来的事情，
孩子们学习新规则
孩子们学习新规则
14:24
To me,
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14:27
it's the most understandable,
even the most moving.
even the most moving.
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不想学习新规则的人们
可以使用从前的拼写规则，
可以使用从前的拼写规则，
14:30
It's the people who'll say:
"I don't want to change.
"I don't want to change.
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希望时间会巩固这些新规则，
14:34
I was brought up like this,
I got used to doing it this way,
I got used to doing it this way,
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每一次成功的拼写改革，
深切影响书写的习惯，
深切影响书写的习惯，
14:38
when I read a written word
in simplified spelling, my eyes hurt."
in simplified spelling, my eyes hurt."
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都依赖于谨慎，大众一致，
渐进，和忍耐，
渐进，和忍耐，
与此同时，也不要依赖于从前的习惯，
14:44
(Laughter)
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会妨碍我们前进，
14:46
This objection is, in part, in all of us.
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14:52
What do I think we should do?
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14:53
The same thing that's always
done in these cases:
done in these cases:
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14:56
changes are made looking forward;
children are taught the new rules,
children are taught the new rules,
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15:01
those of us who don't want to adapt
can write the way we're used to writing,
can write the way we're used to writing,
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15:06
and hopefully, time will cement
the new rules in place.
the new rules in place.
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15:11
The success of every spelling reform
that affects deeply rooted habits
that affects deeply rooted habits
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15:17
lies in caution, agreement,
gradualism and tolerance.
gradualism and tolerance.
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15:23
At the same time, can't allow
the attachment to old customs
the attachment to old customs
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15:28
impede us from moving forward.
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15:30
The best tribute we can pay to the past
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我们对过去最好的致敬，
15:34
is to improve upon what it's given us.
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就是改善现状，
15:37
So I believe that we must
reach an agreement,
reach an agreement,
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所以我认为我们一定要达成一致，
语言学院也要达成一致，
15:39
that academies must reach an agreement,
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简化我们的拼写规则，
15:42
and purge from our spelling rules
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我们现有的拼写习惯都是过去保留下来的，
即使他们现在毫无用处，
即使他们现在毫无用处，
15:45
all the habits we practice
just for the sake of tradition,
just for the sake of tradition,
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15:49
even if they are useless now.
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15:51
I'm convinced that if we do that
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我确信如果我们，
对语言的重要领域
改变这些习惯的话，
改变这些习惯的话，
15:55
in the humble but extremely
important realm of language,
important realm of language,
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15:59
we'll be leaving a better future
to the next generations.
to the next generations.
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我们会给下一代留下
更美好的未来。
16:05
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Karina Galperin - Literary scholarKarina Galperin studies the culture, language and literature of early modern Iberia.
Why you should listen
Karina Galperin spends long hours reading old books, with old spelling, in her office at Universidad Torcuato Di Tella in Buenos Aires, Argentina. She received her Ph.D. in Romance Languages and Literatures from Harvard University in 2002, specializing in early modern Spanish literature.
In her scholarship and teaching, she became familiar with the discussions on spelling that took place in Spanish and other languages from as early as the 15th century to today. However, what ended up calling her attention to the spelling issue was the convergence of her academic awareness with other experiences. As a social media user, she noticed how spelling mistakes are frequently pointed out with unusual harshness and contempt. As a mother, she saw her children devote huge amounts of time to memorizing words and rules, in detriment to other aspects of language.
Karina Galperin | Speaker | TED.com