TED2006
Majora Carter: Greening the ghetto
Majora Carter城市改建的故事
Filmed:
Readability: 4.9
2,626,277 views
在慷慨激昂的演讲中，获得麦克阿瑟奖的活动家Majora Carter详细地表述了她在South Bronx为环境正义而斗争的故事--并讲述了少数民族地区如何被不完善的城市政策害得最惨。
Majora Carter - Activist for environmental justice
Majora Carter redefined the field of environmental equality, starting in the South Bronx at the turn of the century. Now she is leading the local economic development movement across the USA. Full bio
Majora Carter redefined the field of environmental equality, starting in the South Bronx at the turn of the century. Now she is leading the local economic development movement across the USA. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
If you're here today --
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假若你今天有幸来此--我对你的到来亦是甚喜－－
00:27
and I'm very happy that you are --
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你们一定听说过可持续发展可以拯救我们的生活
00:29
you've all heard about
how sustainable development
how sustainable development
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然而，我们不在TED的时候
00:31
will save us from ourselves.
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00:33
However, when we're not at TED,
we are often told
we are often told
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我们一定听说现实中的可持续发展议程并没有可行性
00:37
that a real sustainability policy agenda
is just not feasible,
is just not feasible,
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特别是在大的城市，比如纽约
00:41
especially in large urban areas
like New York City.
like New York City.
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这是因为大多数的决策者们
00:44
And that's because most people
with decision-making powers,
with decision-making powers,
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不管是公共还是私人部门
00:47
in both the public and the private sector,
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都没有真的意识到他们正处于危险境地
00:49
really don't feel
as though they're in danger.
as though they're in danger.
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我今天之所以在此，其中一个原因，是因为一只狗
00:52
The reason why I'm here today,
in part, is because of a dog --
in part, is because of a dog --
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是我在1998年在雨中捡到的被遗弃的小狗
00:56
an abandoned puppy I found
back in the rain, back in 1998.
back in the rain, back in 1998.
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它已经长成了一只大狗，比我想象的要大
00:59
She turned out to be
a much bigger dog than I'd anticipated.
a much bigger dog than I'd anticipated.
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它刚刚来的时候，我们正在抗议计划建于东河海滨的巨型垃圾处理场
01:03
When she came into my life, we were
fighting against a huge waste facility
fighting against a huge waste facility
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尽管事实上我们这个区域
01:07
planned for the East River waterfront
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01:09
despite the fact that
our small part of New York City
our small part of New York City
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已经处理了整个纽约市超过40%的商业垃圾
01:12
already handled more than 40 percent
of the entire city's commercial waste:
of the entire city's commercial waste:
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一个废水处理球团矿厂、一个污泥处理厂，四个发电厂，
01:16
a sewage treatment pelletizing plant,
a sewage sludge plant, four power plants,
a sewage sludge plant, four power plants,
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01:21
the world's largest
food-distribution center,
food-distribution center,
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世界上最大的食品分销中心
还有其他行业每周有超过6万辆的柴油车开到这里
01:24
as well as other industries that bring
more than 60,000 diesel truck trips
more than 60,000 diesel truck trips
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01:28
to the area each week.
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这里也是纽约市公园占地率最低的地区
01:29
The area also has one of the lowest ratios
of parks to people in the city.
of parks to people in the city.
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01:33
So when I was contacted
by the Parks Department
by the Parks Department
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所以，当公园管理处联系到我
用1万美元的种子启动资金来开发海滨时
01:36
about a $10,000 seed-grant initiative
to help develop waterfront projects,
to help develop waterfront projects,
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我觉得这确实是善举，但是有些天真
01:40
I thought they were really
well-meaning, but a bit naive.
well-meaning, but a bit naive.
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我一生都住在这个地区，但是却不能到河里去
01:43
I'd lived in this area all my life,
and you could not get to the river,
and you could not get to the river,
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都是因为我先前提到的那些垃圾处理厂
01:47
because of all the lovely facilities
that I mentioned earlier.
that I mentioned earlier.
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一天早上，我和我的狗去慢跑
01:50
Then, while jogging
with my dog one morning,
with my dog one morning,
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她拖着我往河里走，我想这仅仅是又一次非法的倾倒垃圾
01:52
she pulled me into what I thought
was just another illegal dump.
was just another illegal dump.
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到处都是野草和成堆的垃圾以及其他的东西，这里我就不想说了
01:56
There were weeds and piles of garbage
and other stuff that I won't mention here,
and other stuff that I won't mention here,
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但是，她一直拖着我——啊，瞧瞧，在垃圾的尽头就是河流啊
02:00
but she kept dragging me,
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02:01
and lo and behold, at the end
of that lot was the river.
of that lot was the river.
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我知道这条被遗忘的死胡同
02:04
I knew that this forgotten
little street-end,
little street-end,
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就像是拽我到这里的这条狗一样，被遗弃了，而且是值得拯救的
02:06
abandoned like the dog that brought
me there, was worth saving.
me there, was worth saving.
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而且我也知道这将是令人自豪的开始
02:09
And I knew it would grow
to become the proud beginnings
to become the proud beginnings
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有社区发起的使新South Bronx焕发生机
02:12
of the community-led revitalization
of the new South Bronx.
of the new South Bronx.
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就像我的狗一样，这个主意比我预想的要博大得多。
02:15
And just like my new dog, it was an idea
that got bigger than I'd imagined.
that got bigger than I'd imagined.
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一路上我们得到了很多的支持
02:19
We garnered much support along the way,
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而且Hunts Point海滨公园成了South Bronx六十年以来的
02:21
and the Hunts Point Riverside Park
became the first waterfront park
became the first waterfront park
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第一个海滨公园
02:24
that the South Bronx had had
in more than 60 years.
in more than 60 years.
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我们的一万元的启动资金，增加了超过300倍，变成了一个价值300万的公园
02:26
We leveraged that $10,000 seed grant
more than 300 times,
more than 300 times,
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02:30
into a $3 million park.
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而且，这个秋天，我实际上打算——
02:32
And in the fall, I'm going to exchange
marriage vows with my beloved.
marriage vows with my beloved.
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和我心爱的人结婚。谢谢大家
02:37
(Audience whistles)
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02:38
Thank you very much.
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02:39
(Applause)
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是他一直在背后支持着我，他一直这样。
02:44
That's him pressing my buttons
back there, which he does all the time.
back there, which he does all the time.
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02:47
(Laughter)
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（笑声）（掌声）
02:50
(Applause)
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02:53
But those of us living
in environmental justice communities
in environmental justice communities
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但是，我们这些生活在环境正义社区里的人们
就像是煤矿中金丝雀。我们现在发现的这个问题，其实已经存在好久了
02:56
are the canary in the coal mine.
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02:58
We feel the problems right now,
and have for some time.
and have for some time.
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环境正义对于你们而言，可能是并不太熟悉的名词
03:02
Environmental justice, for those of you
who may not be familiar with the term,
who may not be familiar with the term,
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03:05
goes something like this:
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没有一个社区应该承担过多的环境负担
03:07
no community should be saddled
with more environmental burdens
with more environmental burdens
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而享受更少的福利
03:10
and less environmental benefits
than any other.
than any other.
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不幸的是，种族和阶级成了最可靠的指示剂
03:12
Unfortunately, race and class
are extremely reliable indicators
are extremely reliable indicators
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03:16
as to where one might find the good stuff,
like parks and trees,
like parks and trees,
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就像是哪里能找到好的东西，如公园和树
哪里能找到不好的东西，比如发电厂和垃圾处理厂
03:19
and where one might find the bad stuff,
like power plants and waste facilities.
like power plants and waste facilities.
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身为美国的一个黑人，我有两倍于白人的可能性
03:23
As a black person in America,
I am twice as likely as a white person
I am twice as likely as a white person
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居住在一个空气污染严重威胁我健康的地区
03:26
to live in an area where air pollution
poses the greatest risk to my health.
poses the greatest risk to my health.
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我有五倍高于白人的可能性会居住在
03:30
I am five times more likely
to live within walking distance
to live within walking distance
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离发电厂和化工厂近在咫尺的地方——而且确实如此
03:33
of a power plant or chemical facility,
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03:35
which I do.
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这些土地使用决策造成了很恶劣的环境，这导致了很多的问题
03:36
These land-use decisions
created the hostile conditions
created the hostile conditions
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03:39
that lead to problems like obesity,
diabetes and asthma.
diabetes and asthma.
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比如肥胖、糖尿病和哮喘
哪里还有人离开家在有毒的社区快速的行走呢？
03:42
Why would someone leave their home to go
for a brisk walk in a toxic neighborhood?
for a brisk walk in a toxic neighborhood?
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我们27%的肥胖率是相当高的，即使就全国范围而言也是相当高的，糖尿病随之而来
03:46
Our 27 percent obesity rate
is high even for this country,
is high even for this country,
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03:49
and diabetes comes with it.
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South Bronx的孩子，四个中的一个就有哮喘
03:50
One out of four South Bronx
children has asthma.
children has asthma.
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我们的哮喘住院率是全国平均水平的7倍
03:53
Our asthma hospitalization rate
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03:55
is seven times higher
than the national average.
than the national average.
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这些影响每个人都会遇到
03:57
These impacts are coming everyone's way.
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我们为固体废料的花费
03:59
And we all pay dearly
for solid waste costs,
for solid waste costs,
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health problems associated
with pollution and more odiously,
with pollution and more odiously,
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与环境相关的健康问题发出了高昂的代价，
04:04
the cost of imprisoning
our young black and Latino men,
our young black and Latino men,
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更可恨的是，为监禁这些年轻的黑人和拉美人说支付的开支
这些人拥有着说不清的未开发的潜能
04:07
who possess untold amounts
of untapped potential.
of untapped potential.
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我们50%的居民生活在贫困线或贫困线以下
04:10
Fifty percent of our residents
live at or below the poverty line;
live at or below the poverty line;
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25%的人没有工作。低收入的市民仅仅把
04:13
25 percent of us are unemployed.
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04:15
Low-income citizens often use
emergency-room visits as primary care.
emergency-room visits as primary care.
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急诊室作为他们的基本医疗
这就造成纳税人上缴了很多，却没有相应比例的获利
04:19
This comes at a high cost to taxpayers
and produces no proportional benefits.
and produces no proportional benefits.
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穷人不仅仅是穷，而且也不健康
04:23
Poor people are not only still poor,
they are still unhealthy.
they are still unhealthy.
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幸运的是，像我这样的很多人正在努力寻找解决办法
04:27
Fortunately, there are many people
like me who are striving for solutions
like me who are striving for solutions
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这在短期内不能危害到有色人种低收入社区的生活
04:31
that won't compromise the lives
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04:32
of low-income communities of color
in the short term,
in the short term,
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也不会最终完全毁掉我们
04:35
and won't destroy us all in the long term.
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我们没有人想那样，这是我们的共同点。那么我们还有什么共同点呢？
04:37
None of us want that,
and we all have that in common.
and we all have that in common.
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04:39
So what else do we have in common?
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首先，毫无疑问的是，我们都长得惊人地好看
04:41
Well, first of all,
we're all incredibly good-looking.
we're all incredibly good-looking.
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（笑声）——我们都获得了高中、大学和研究生的学位
04:44
(Laughter)
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04:45
Graduated high school, college,
post-graduate degrees,
post-graduate degrees,
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到有意思的地方去旅行，没有在十多岁就有了孩子
04:48
traveled to interesting places,
didn't have kids in your early teens,
didn't have kids in your early teens,
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财务状况稳定，没有进过监狱。好的
04:51
financially stable, never been imprisoned.
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04:55
OK. Good.
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非常好（笑声）
04:56
(Laughter)
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但是，作为一个黑人妇女，我在其他方面跟你们中的大多数不同
04:58
But, besides being a black woman,
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04:59
I am different from most of you
in some other ways.
in some other ways.
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我亲眼看见我邻居的近半个房子被烧成灰烬
05:02
I watched nearly half of the buildings
in my neighborhood burn down.
in my neighborhood burn down.
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我征战越南战场的大哥哥Lenny
05:05
My big brother Lenny fought in Vietnam,
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在离我家几个街区远的地方被枪杀
05:07
only to be gunned down
a few blocks from our home.
a few blocks from our home.
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老天。我在街对面的一个危房里长大
05:13
Jesus.
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05:15
I grew up with a crack house
across the street.
across the street.
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是的，我是从贫民窟来的一个贫穷的黑人小孩
05:19
Yeah, I'm a poor black child
from the ghetto.
from the ghetto.
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这些东西让我显得与你不同
05:23
These things make me different from you.
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但是我所提到的那些共同点把我和我社区的其他大多数人区分开来
05:25
But the things we have in common
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05:27
set me apart from most
of the people in my community,
of the people in my community,
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我介于两个世界之间
05:30
and I am in between these two worlds
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我有足够的勇气去为了另一个世界争取正义
05:32
with enough of my heart
to fight for justice in the other.
to fight for justice in the other.
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那么，世界是如何把我们变得不一样的？
05:36
So how did things get so different for us?
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40年代后期，我的父亲——一个帕尔曼酒店的服务生，奴隶的儿子——
05:38
In the late '40s, my dad --
a Pullman porter, son of a slave --
a Pullman porter, son of a slave --
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在South Bronx的Hunts Point街区买了房子
05:41
bought a house in the Hunts Point
section of the South Bronx,
section of the South Bronx,
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几年后，他娶了我的母亲
05:44
and a few years later, he married my mom.
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那个时候，这个社区是一个几乎是白人的工人阶级社区
05:46
At the time, the community was a mostly
white, working-class neighborhood.
white, working-class neighborhood.
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我的父亲并不孤单
05:49
My dad was not alone.
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跟其他寻找美国梦的人一样
05:51
And as others like him pursued
their own version of the American dream,
their own version of the American dream,
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白人大迁徙在South Bronx和全国其他城市成了一种常态
05:54
white flight became common
in the South Bronx
in the South Bronx
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05:57
and in many cities around the country.
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银行被拉了红线，市里的特定区域
05:59
Red-lining was used by banks,
wherein certain sections of the city,
wherein certain sections of the city,
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包括我们的，都成了投资的禁区
06:03
including ours, were deemed
off-limits to any sort of investment.
off-limits to any sort of investment.
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很多房东坚信烧掉他们的房子更加有利可图
06:07
Many landlords believed it was more
profitable to torch their buildings
profitable to torch their buildings
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他们宁可领取保险金，也不愿意在这种情况下卖掉房子——
06:10
and collect insurance money rather
than to sell under those conditions --
than to sell under those conditions --
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不管前租客死了还是受伤
06:15
dead or injured former tenants
notwithstanding.
notwithstanding.
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Hunts Point以前是一个步行上班的社区
06:17
Hunts Point was formerly
a walk-to-work community,
a walk-to-work community,
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但是现在人们既没有工作，也无家可归
06:20
but now residents had neither
work nor home to walk to.
work nor home to walk to.
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一个全国公路建设热给我们雪上加霜
06:24
A national highway construction boom
was added to our problems.
was added to our problems.
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在纽约州，Robert Moses成立了一家有野心的公路发展公司
06:27
In New York State,
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06:28
Robert Moses spearheaded
an aggressive highway-expansion campaign.
an aggressive highway-expansion campaign.
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他的其中一个目标是让居住在Westchester县的富人们
06:32
One of its primary goals was
to make it easier
to make it easier
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到曼哈顿更加方便
06:34
for residents of wealthy communities
in Westchester County to go to Manhattan.
in Westchester County to go to Manhattan.
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South Bronx，位于两者之间，当然无法幸免
06:39
The South Bronx, which lies in between,
did not stand a chance.
did not stand a chance.
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居民们的房屋通常会在收到通知的不到一个月内被夷为平地
06:43
Residents were often given
less than a month's notice
less than a month's notice
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06:45
before their buildings were razed.
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60万人无家可归
06:47
600,000 people were displaced.
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当时给人们的印象就是，只有皮条客、非法推销员和妓女才来自这个地区
06:49
The common perception was
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06:50
that only pimps and pushers
and prostitutes were from the South Bronx.
and prostitutes were from the South Bronx.
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06:54
And if you are told
from your earliest days
from your earliest days
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如果在你还小的时候被告知你的社区没有什么好东西
06:57
that nothing good is going to come
from your community,
from your community,
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只是肮脏和丑陋的东西，你身上怎么会反映不出那些坏东西呢？
07:00
that it's bad and ugly,
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07:01
how could it not reflect on you?
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现在，我们的财产分文不值，除了我们的家和我们自己
07:04
So now, my family's property
was worthless,
was worthless,
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07:06
save for that it was our home,
and all we had.
and all we had.
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07:09
And luckily for me, that home
and the love inside of it,
and the love inside of it,
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幸运的是，对我而言，那个家和家中的爱，以及
07:13
along with help from teachers, mentors
and friends along the way, was enough.
and friends along the way, was enough.
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来自老师、教练和朋友们一路上的帮助，这就足够了
现在，为何这个故事如此重要？
07:18
Now, why is this story important?
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07:19
Because from a planning perspective,
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因为从规划的角度讲，经济恶化就
07:21
economic degradation
begets environmental degradation,
begets environmental degradation,
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导致环境的恶化，然后就导致社会的恶化
07:25
which begets social degradation.
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这次负投资开始于二十世纪六十年代
07:28
The disinvestment that began
in the 1960s set the stage
in the 1960s set the stage
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为即将到来的环境不公平打下了基础
07:31
for all the environmental
injustices that were to come.
injustices that were to come.
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07:33
Antiquated zoning and land-use
regulations are still used to this day
regulations are still used to this day
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老旧的街区划分和土地使用政策一直沿用到今天
07:37
to continue putting polluting
facilities in my neighborhood.
facilities in my neighborhood.
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继续在我们的周围建造产生污染的各种处理厂
当制定土地政策的时候，有把这些因素考虑在内吗？
07:40
Are these factors taken into consideration
when land-use policy is decided?
when land-use policy is decided?
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这些决策会产生哪些开销？谁又会为此买单？
07:44
What costs are associated
with these decisions?
with these decisions?
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07:47
And who pays? Who profits?
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谁有受益了？对于当地居民正经受的苦难有任何正义可言吗?
07:49
Does anything justify
what the local community goes through?
what the local community goes through?
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这就是所谓的“规划”——加上引号——根本就没有考虑我们的利益
07:53
This was "planning" -- in quotes --
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07:55
that did not have
our best interests in mind.
our best interests in mind.
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当我们意识到这一点，我们决定是时候制定自己规划的时候了
07:57
Once we realized that, we decided
it was time to do our own planning.
it was time to do our own planning.
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我先前提到的小公园只是
08:01
That small park I told you about earlier
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08:03
was the first stage of building
a Greenway movement in the South Bronx.
a Greenway movement in the South Bronx.
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在South Bronx地区进行绿化运动的第一步
我写信申请一项一百二十五万的联邦交通拨款
08:06
I wrote a one-and-a-quarter-million
dollar federal transportation grant
dollar federal transportation grant
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来规划一处海滨休闲空地，配有专用的自行车道
08:09
to design the plan
for a waterfront esplanade
for a waterfront esplanade
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08:12
with dedicated on-street bike paths.
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身体上的改善帮助宣传关于交通安全的公共政策
08:13
Physical improvements help inform
public policy regarding traffic safety,
public policy regarding traffic safety,
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废物和其他类型的处理厂
08:17
the placement of the waste
and other facilities,
and other facilities,
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如果建造得当，是不会损害社区的生活质量的
08:19
which, if done properly, don't compromise
a community's quality of life.
a community's quality of life.
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这些将提供更多的机会，利于健康
08:23
They provide opportunities
to be more physically active,
to be more physically active,
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也利于当地经济发展
08:25
as well as local economic development.
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设想一下自行车商店、饮料摊
08:28
Think bike shops, juice stands.
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第一阶段的工程我们得到了两千万美元
08:29
We secured 20 million dollars
to build first-phase projects.
to build first-phase projects.
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这是Lafayette大道——由Matthews-Nielsen景观设计师重新设计
08:32
This is Lafayette Avenue --
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08:34
and that's redesigned
by Mathews Nielsen Landscape Architects.
by Mathews Nielsen Landscape Architects.
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一旦这条道路修建起来，它就把South Bronx
08:37
And once this path is constructed,
it'll connect the South Bronx
it'll connect the South Bronx
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同超过四百英亩的Randall的内陆公园连接起来了
08:40
with more than 400 acres
of Randall's Island Park.
of Randall's Island Park.
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现在我们被大约二十五英尺的水域隔开，但是这个连接将改变这个现状
08:43
Right now we're separated by about 25 feet
of water, but this link will change that.
of water, but this link will change that.
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我们去精心呵护自然环境，她会回报给我们更多
08:47
As we nurture the natural environment,
its abundance will give us back even more.
its abundance will give us back even more.
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我们运作了一个称为“Bronx生态管理训练”的项目
08:51
We run a project called the Bronx
[Environmental] Stewardship Training,
[Environmental] Stewardship Training,
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它在生态恢复方面提供了工作培训
08:55
which provides job training in the fields
of ecological restoration,
of ecological restoration,
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然后，来自我们社区的人们就具有去竞争这些高薪工作的技能
08:58
so that folks from our community
have the skills to compete
have the skills to compete
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09:01
for these well-paying jobs.
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慢慢的，这个地区就会到处都能找到绿领的工作岗位
09:02
Little by little, we're seeding
the area with green-collar jobs --
the area with green-collar jobs --
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然后人们也具有财务资本和个人技能资本
09:06
and with people that have both
a financial and personal stake
a financial and personal stake
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09:09
in their environment.
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Sheridan高速公路是Robert Moses时期遗留下来的，而且没有被充分使用
09:10
The Sheridan Expressway
is an underutilized relic
is an underutilized relic
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09:12
of the Robert Moses era,
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修建的时候没有考虑邻里的利益，把邻里隔开
09:14
built with no regard for the neighborhoods
that were divided by it.
that were divided by it.
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即使是在交通高峰期，它实际上也没有被利用起来
09:17
Even during rush hour,
it goes virtually unused.
it goes virtually unused.
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社区研究了一个替代性交通规划
09:20
The community created
an alternative transportation plan
an alternative transportation plan
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来拆除这条公路
09:23
that allows for the removal
of the highway.
of the highway.
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我们现在有机会让所有的利益相关人一起
09:25
We have the opportunity now to bring
together all the stakeholders
together all the stakeholders
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来重新设想一下这28英亩的土地更好地为公共用地、
09:28
to re-envision how this 28 acres
can be better utilized
can be better utilized
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09:31
for parkland, affordable housing
and local economic development.
and local economic development.
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经济适用房和当地经济发展服务
我们也建造了纽约市的第一个绿色的清凉屋顶
09:34
We also built New York City's first green
and cool roof demonstration project
and cool roof demonstration project
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示范项目，它位于我们办公楼的顶层
09:39
on top of our offices.
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清凉屋顶具有高度反射的表面，它不会吸收太阳热量
09:40
Cool roofs are highly-reflective
surfaces that don't absorb solar heat,
surfaces that don't absorb solar heat,
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而是把它传递给建造或者大气
09:44
and pass it on to
the building or atmosphere.
the building or atmosphere.
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绿色屋顶都是泥土和鲜活的植被
09:46
Green roofs are soil and living plants.
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这些都可以用来替代石油为主的屋顶材料
09:48
Both can be used instead
of petroleum-based roofing materials
of petroleum-based roofing materials
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09:51
that absorb heat, contribute
to urban "heat island" effect
to urban "heat island" effect
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后者吸收热量，造成城市的“热岛”效应，然后在太阳底下
09:54
and degrade under the sun,
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降解成我们呼吸的空气。绿色屋顶也能留住75%的雨水
09:55
which we in turn breathe.
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09:57
Green roofs also retain
up to 75 percent of rainfall,
up to 75 percent of rainfall,
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09:59
so they reduce a city's need to fund
costly end-of-pipe solutions --
costly end-of-pipe solutions --
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这也有助于城市减少地下管道设施的高昂支出
这些设施恰好在环境正义的社区就能看到，比如说我居住的社区
10:03
which, incidentally, are often located
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10:05
in environmental justice
communities like mine.
communities like mine.
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而且绿色屋顶也给我们的小朋友提供了栖息场所
10:07
And they provide habitats
for our little friends!
for our little friends!
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所以——（笑声）——相当酷
10:10
[Butterfly]
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10:12
(Laughter)
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10:13
So cool!
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总之，这项示范项目是我们的绿色屋顶设施项目的开始
10:14
Anyway, the demonstration
project is a springboard
project is a springboard
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10:17
for our own green roof
installation business,
installation business,
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它给South Bronx带来了工作机会和持续的经济活动
10:19
bringing jobs and sustainable
economic activity to the South Bronx.
economic activity to the South Bronx.
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（笑声）（掌声）我也喜欢这个
10:22
[Green is the new black ...]
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10:24
(Laughter) (Applause)
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10:28
I like that, too.
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不管怎样，我知道Chris告诉我们不要再上面做修改
10:29
Anyway, I know Chris told us
not to do pitches up here,
not to do pitches up here,
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10:33
but since I have all of your attention:
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但是我们必须引起你们的注意：我们需要投资。修改完之后
10:35
We need investors. End of pitch.
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我们更应该寻求宽恕而不是许可
10:37
It's better to ask
for forgiveness than permission.
for forgiveness than permission.
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10:39
Anyway --
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无论如何——（笑声）（掌声）
10:40
(Laughter)
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10:42
(Applause)
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好的。Katrina。在Katrina之前，South Bronx和新奥尔良的第九区
10:47
OK. Katrina.
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10:50
Prior to Katrina, the South Bronx
and New Orleans' Ninth Ward
and New Orleans' Ninth Ward
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有太多的相似之处。两个地方都居住着大量的贫穷的有色人种
10:53
had a lot in common.
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10:54
Both were largely populated
by poor people of color,
by poor people of color,
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都是文化创新的温床：想想嘻哈乐和爵士
10:57
both hotbeds of cultural innovation:
think hip-hop and jazz.
think hip-hop and jazz.
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都是滨海社区，其中工业区
11:01
Both are waterfront communities
that host both industries and residents
that host both industries and residents
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和居民区靠的如此之近
11:04
in close proximity of one another.
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在后Katrina时代，我们还是有很多相同点
11:06
In the post-Katrina era,
we have still more in common.
we have still more in common.
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我们被最多的忽略、诽谤和滥用，最糟糕的是
11:09
We're at best ignored,
and maligned and abused, at worst,
and maligned and abused, at worst,
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都是由于疏忽的管理机构、有害的分区制和松散的政府责任
11:12
by negligent regulatory agencies,
pernicious zoning
pernicious zoning
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11:16
and lax governmental accountability.
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无论是对第九区的破坏还是South Bronx都是必然的
11:18
Neither the destruction of the Ninth Ward
nor the South Bronx was inevitable.
nor the South Bronx was inevitable.
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我们提供能解救我们自身的有价值的课程
11:22
But we have emerged with valuable lessons
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11:25
about how to dig ourselves out.
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而不仅仅是城市萎缩的民族象征
11:27
We are more than simply
national symbols of urban blight
national symbols of urban blight
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或者是历任总统的空洞的参选承诺来解决问题
11:31
or problems to be solved
by empty campaign promises
by empty campaign promises
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11:34
of presidents come and gone.
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现在我们会让墨西哥沿岸
11:36
Now will we let the Gulf Coast
languish for a decade or two,
languish for a decade or two,
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像South Bronx曾经那样因渴望而苦恼等上几十年吗？
或者是向草根活动家的自身资源那里学习，主动采取行动
11:38
like the South Bronx did?
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11:40
Or will we take proactive steps
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11:41
and learn from the homegrown resource
of grassroots activists
of grassroots activists
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这些草根活动家都是从像我居住的社区一样的地方，在绝望中产生的
11:44
that have been born of desperation
in communities like mine?
in communities like mine?
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现在听着，我们并不需要个人
11:47
Now listen, I do not expect individuals,
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公司或政府来把世界变得更好，仅仅是因为它的正确的或是道德上的
11:50
corporations or government
to make the world a better place
to make the world a better place
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11:53
because it is right or moral.
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今天的演讲仅仅代表了我经历的一小部分
11:55
This presentation today only represents
some of what I've been through.
some of what I've been through.
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很小的一部分。你找不到任何线索
11:59
Like a tiny little bit. You've no clue.
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12:01
But I'll tell you later,
if you want to know.
if you want to know.
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但是如果你确实想了解，我待会儿告诉你
但是——我知道这是本质，或者是一个人的见解
12:03
(Laughter)
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12:05
But -- I know it's the bottom line,
or one's perception of it,
or one's perception of it,
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最后能激励其他人
12:09
that motivates people in the end.
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我 感兴趣的是，我所称呼的“三重盈利”
12:11
I'm interested in what I like to call
the "triple bottom line"
the "triple bottom line"
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能产生持续性的发展
12:14
that sustainable development can produce.
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发展有可能给所有相关的人带来积极的回报
12:16
Developments that have the potential
to create positive returns
to create positive returns
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12:20
for all concerned:
the developers, government
the developers, government
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开发商、政府和项目所在地的社区
12:23
and the community
where these projects go up.
where these projects go up.
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目前，纽约市还没有实施这个
12:25
At present, that's not happening
in New York City.
in New York City.
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我们正面临全面的城市规划财政赤字
12:29
And we are operating with a comprehensive
urban-planning deficit.
urban-planning deficit.
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针对政府补贴的游行正计划提议在
12:33
A parade of government subsidies
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12:35
is going to propose big-box and stadium
developments in the South Bronx,
developments in the South Bronx,
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South Bronx发展大型商场和体育馆
但是，市政部门直接缺乏合作
12:38
but there is scant coordination
between city agencies
between city agencies
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来应对日益严重的交通、污染、固体废料
12:41
on how to deal with the cumulative effects
of increased traffic, pollution,
of increased traffic, pollution,
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12:45
solid waste and the impacts on open space.
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和空地的影响的问题。而且他们发展当地经济
12:48
And their approaches to local economic
and job development are so lame
and job development are so lame
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工作机会的方式如此跛脚，而不仅仅是好笑那么简单
12:52
it's not even funny.
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因为，还有一个例子，世界上最富有的运动团体为了修建贝比鲁斯之屋
12:53
Because on top of that,
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12:56
the world's richest sports team
is replacing the House That Ruth Built
is replacing the House That Ruth Built
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而毁掉了两个非常好的社区公园
13:00
by destroying two
well-loved community parks.
well-loved community parks.
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现在，我们也只有少于先前提供给你们的数据
13:03
Now, we'll have even less
than that stat I told you about earlier.
than that stat I told you about earlier.
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尽管只有少于25%的South Bronx居民有用私车
13:06
And although less than 25 percent
of South Bronx residents own cars,
of South Bronx residents own cars,
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这些项目还是包括了成千上万新的车位
13:09
these projects include
thousands of new parking spaces,
thousands of new parking spaces,
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仅仅是给庞大的交通系统提供一点活力
13:13
yet zip in terms of mass public transit.
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现在，从大的争论中遗失的是一个全面的
13:16
Now, what's missing from the larger debate
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成本收益分析，不是为了修复一个不健康的
13:18
is a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis
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13:20
between not fixing an unhealthy,
environmentally-challenged community,
environmentally-challenged community,
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危害环境的社区，而是一个合作的
13:24
versus incorporating structural,
sustainable changes.
sustainable changes.
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建设性的，可持续性的改变
我的机构和哥伦比亚大学和其他机构密切合作
13:27
My agency is working closely
with Columbia University and others
with Columbia University and others
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来在这些问题上指明出路
13:31
to shine a light on these issues.
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现在，让我澄清一下。我并不是一个反对发展的人
13:32
Now let's get this straight:
I am not anti-development.
I am not anti-development.
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我们居住的是一个城市，而不是一个野生动物保护区。而且我信奉资本主义
13:35
Ours is a city, not a wilderness preserve.
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13:38
And I've embraced my inner capitalist.
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而且你们可能也是，如果你不是的，那你需要那样做
13:41
And, but I don't have --
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13:42
(Laughter)
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13:44
You probably all have,
and if you haven't, you need to.
and if you haven't, you need to.
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所以我对 开发商挣钱没有任何异议
13:47
(Laughter)
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13:51
So I don't have a problem
with developers making money.
with developers making money.
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而且先前有足够多的例子显示可持续发展的
13:54
There's enough precedent out there
to show that a sustainable,
to show that a sustainable,
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帮助社区发展的开发是可以挣到很多钱的
13:57
community-friendly development
can still make a fortune.
can still make a fortune.
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TED的朋友Bill Mcdonough和Amory Lovins
14:01
Fellow TEDsters Bill McDonough
and Amory Lovins --
and Amory Lovins --
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都是这方面的楷模——都展示了你确实能在这里挣到钱
14:04
both heroes of mine by the way --
have shown that you can actually do that.
have shown that you can actually do that.
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但我对于那些去在政治弱势群体身上盈利
14:08
I do have a problem
with developments that hyper-exploit
with developments that hyper-exploit
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14:11
politically vulnerable
communities for profit.
communities for profit.
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的开发商确实是有异议的
那对于我们大家而言都是一件可耻的事情
14:13
That it continues is a shame upon us all,
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因为我们要为我们创造的一切负责任
14:16
because we are all responsible
for the future that we create.
for the future that we create.
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但是我时常提醒我自己的一件事就是，最大可能的从其他城市的愿景规划中学到东西
14:19
But one of the things I do
to remind myself of greater possibilities,
to remind myself of greater possibilities,
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14:23
is to learn from visionaries
in other cities.
in other cities.
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这是我的全球化设想
14:25
This is my version of globalization.
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让我们看看波哥大，一个平穷的拉丁语地区，到处都是枪支犯罪
14:27
Let's take Bogota.
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14:28
Poor, Latino, surrounded by
runaway gun violence and drug trafficking;
runaway gun violence and drug trafficking;
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和毒品走私：跟South Bronx的名声差不多
14:32
a reputation not unlike
that of the South Bronx.
that of the South Bronx.
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然而，这个城市在二十世纪90年代受惠于
14:35
However, this city was blessed
in the late 1990s
in the late 1990s
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14:38
with a highly-influential
mayor named Enrique Peñalosa.
mayor named Enrique Peñalosa.
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一个高度有影响力的市长，名叫Enrique Penalosa
他查看了人口统计资料
14:42
He looked at the demographics.
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很少的波哥大人拥有汽车，但是很大比例的城市资源是专为他们服务的
14:44
Few Bogotanos own cars,
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14:46
yet a huge portion of the city's resources
was dedicated to serving them.
was dedicated to serving them.
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如果你是市长，你当然能做一些事情
14:50
If you're a mayor, you can
do something about that.
do something about that.
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他把主要的市内车道从五车道变成了三车道
14:52
His administration narrowed key municipal
thoroughfares from five lanes to three,
thoroughfares from five lanes to three,
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禁止在这些街道停车，扩宽人行道
14:57
outlawed parking on those streets,
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14:59
expanded pedestrian walkways
and bike lanes,
and bike lanes,
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和自行车道，修建公共广场
15:02
created public plazas,
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创建了世界上最高效的公共汽车交通系统
15:04
created one of the most efficient
bus mass-transit systems
bus mass-transit systems
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15:07
in the entire world.
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由于他出色的政绩，她差点被调查
15:08
For his brilliant efforts,
he was nearly impeached.
he was nearly impeached.
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但是人们开始发现他们开始把日常生活中的事情
15:12
But as people began to see
that they were being put first
that they were being put first
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15:16
on issues reflecting
their day-to-day lives,
their day-to-day lives,
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放在第一位，不可思议的事情发生了
15:18
incredible things happened.
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人们不再乱扔垃圾。犯罪率下降了。
15:20
People stopped littering.
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15:21
Crime rates dropped, because the streets
were alive with people.
were alive with people.
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街道因为大家而生机勃勃
他的政策一次性解决了很多典型的城市问题
15:25
His administration attacked several
typical urban problems at one time,
typical urban problems at one time,
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而且使用一个第三世界国家的财力解决的
15:29
and on a third-world budget, at that.
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我们在这样一个国家没有任何借口。对不起
15:31
We have no excuse
in this country, I'm sorry.
in this country, I'm sorry.
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但是实质是，他们人民的首要议程不是
15:34
But the bottom line is:
their people-first agenda
their people-first agenda
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15:37
was not meant to penalize
those who could actually afford cars,
those who could actually afford cars,
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惩罚那些拥有车辆的人
而是让所有的波哥大人参与进来
15:41
but rather, to provide opportunities
for all Bogotanos to participate
for all Bogotanos to participate
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让城市恢复活力。发展不应该以牺牲
15:45
in the city's resurgence.
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15:46
That development should not come
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大多数人的利益为代价。这也是美国人民普遍认可的观点
15:48
at the expense of the majority
of the population
of the population
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15:51
is still considered
a radical idea here in the U.S.
a radical idea here in the U.S.
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但是波哥大的例子有能力去改变它
15:54
But Bogota's example
has the power to change that.
has the power to change that.
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然而，你受益于影响的恩惠
15:57
You, however, are blessed
with the gift of influence.
with the gift of influence.
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这也是为何你在此，来评估我们所交换的信息的原因
16:00
That's why you're here and why you
value the information we exchange.
value the information we exchange.
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用你的影响力来支持各地全面而持久的改变
16:04
Use your influence
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16:05
in support of comprehensive,
sustainable change everywhere.
sustainable change everywhere.
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不要只是在TED谈论。我尝试建立的是一个世界性的议程
16:09
Don't just talk about it at TED.
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16:11
This is a nationwide policy agenda
I'm trying to build,
I'm trying to build,
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正如你所知的，政治是个人的
16:15
and as you all know,
politics are personal.
politics are personal.
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帮助我去绿化新的黑人社区。帮助我使它永远迷人
16:18
Help me make green the new black.
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16:21
Help me make sustainability sexy.
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让它成为你茶余饭后的谈资
16:23
Make it a part of your dinner
and cocktail conversations.
and cocktail conversations.
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帮助我为了环境和经济的正义而进行的斗争
16:26
Help me fight for environmental
and economic justice.
and economic justice.
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支持三赢的投资
16:30
Support investments
with a triple-bottom-line return.
with a triple-bottom-line return.
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16:32
Help me democratize sustainability
by bringing everyone to the table,
by bringing everyone to the table,
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帮助我把持续发展大众化，把每个人都叫到一起
而且坚信全面的规划在任何地方都是可以实施的
16:37
and insisting that comprehensive
planning can be addressed everywhere.
planning can be addressed everywhere.
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天哪，很高兴我还有点时间
16:40
Oh good, glad I have a little more time!
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听着——那天早饭后我跟戈尔先生说话
16:42
Listen -- when I spoke to Mr. Gore
the other day after breakfast,
the other day after breakfast,
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我问他如何把环境正义活动家
16:46
I asked him how environmental justice
activists were going to be included
activists were going to be included
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包含到他新的行销策略当中
16:51
in his new marketing strategy.
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他的回答是一个拨款计划
16:53
His response was a grant program.
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我不认为他明白，我不是为了寻求拨款
16:57
I don't think he understood
that I wasn't asking for funding.
that I wasn't asking for funding.
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我是向他伸出了机会的橄榄枝。（掌声）
17:03
I was making him an offer.
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17:07
(Applause)
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17:14
What troubled me was that this
top-down approach is still around.
top-down approach is still around.
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一直困扰着我的是，这个至上而下的方法一直都还在周围萦绕
别误会我了，我们是需要钱（笑声）
17:20
Now, don't get me wrong, we need money.
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17:21
(Laughter)
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17:23
But grassroots groups
are needed at the table
are needed at the table
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在决策的过程中需要草根阶层的参与
17:27
during the decision-making process.
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戈尔先生提醒我们，我们每天浪费了90%的能量
17:30
Of the 90 percent of the energy
that Mr. Gore reminded us
that Mr. Gore reminded us
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17:34
that we waste every day,
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那就不要再浪费我们的智慧
17:35
don't add wasting our energy, intelligence
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和很难才获得的经验（掌声）
17:39
and hard-earned experience to that count.
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17:42
(Applause)
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我大老远跑过来以这种方式与你们见面
17:48
I have come from so far
to meet you like this.
to meet you like this.
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请不要辜负我。通过一起协作
17:56
Please don't waste me.
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18:00
By working together,
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我们能够变成这些小的，快速发展的团队中的一员
18:01
we can become one of those small,
rapidly-growing groups of individuals
rapidly-growing groups of individuals
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我们有胆量和勇气相信我们真的能改变这个世界
18:06
who actually have the audacity and courage
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18:08
to believe that we actually
can change the world.
can change the world.
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我们可能从生命中不同的站点来到了这个会场
18:12
We might have come to this conference
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1770
18:13
from very, very different
stations in life,
stations in life,
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但是请相信我，我们都拥有一个难以置信的能力——
18:16
but believe me, we all share
one incredibly powerful thing.
one incredibly powerful thing.
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我们没有什么可以失去，却可以获得一切
18:23
We have nothing to lose
and everything to gain.
and everything to gain.
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再见（掌声）
18:28
Ciao, bellos!
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18:29
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Majora Carter - Activist for environmental justiceMajora Carter redefined the field of environmental equality, starting in the South Bronx at the turn of the century. Now she is leading the local economic development movement across the USA.
Why you should listen
Majora Carter is a visionary voice in city planning who views urban renewal through an environmental lens. The South Bronx native draws a direct connection between ecological, economic and social degradation. Hence her motto: "Green the ghetto!"
With her inspired ideas and fierce persistence, Carter managed to bring the South Bronx its first open-waterfront park in 60 years, Hunts Point Riverside Park. Then she scored $1.25 million in federal funds for a greenway along the South Bronx waterfront, bringing the neighborhood open space, pedestrian and bike paths, and space for mixed-use economic development.
Her success is no surprise to anyone who's seen her speak; Carter's confidence, energy and intensely emotional delivery make her talks themselves a force of nature. (The release of her TEDTalk in 2006 prompted Guy Kawasaki to wonder on his blog whether she wasn't "every bit as good as [Apple CEO] Steve Jobs," a legendary presenter.)
Carter, who was awarded a 2005 MacArthur "genius" grant, served as executive director of Sustainable South Bronx for 7 years, where she pushed both for eco-friendly practices (such as green and cool roofs) and, equally important, job training and green-related economic development for her vibrant neighborhood on the rise. Since leaving SSBx in 2008, Carter has formed the economic consulting and planning firm the Majora Carter Group, to bring her pioneering approach to communities far outside the South Bronx. Carter is working within the cities of New Orleans, Detroit and the small coastal towns of Northeastern North Carolina. The Majora Carter Group is putting the green economy and green economic tools to use, unlocking the potential of every place -- from urban cities and rural communities, to universities, government projects, businesses and corporations -- and everywhere else in between.
Majora Carter | Speaker | TED.com