TED2006
Majora Carter: Greening the ghetto
マジョラ・カーターの都市再生の物語
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Readability: 4.9
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感動のトーク マッカーサー賞受賞者である活動家のマジョラ・カーターが サウスブロンクスの環境正義を求める闘いについて詳しく説明し 都市政策の欠陥がマイノリティ地区に最大の被害を受けることを示します
Majora Carter - Activist for environmental justice
Majora Carter redefined the field of environmental equality, starting in the South Bronx at the turn of the century. Now she is leading the local economic development movement across the USA. Full bio
Majora Carter redefined the field of environmental equality, starting in the South Bronx at the turn of the century. Now she is leading the local economic development movement across the USA. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
If you're here today --
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今日は 来てくださって本当に有難うございます
00:27
and I'm very happy that you are --
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皆さんは 持続可能な開発が 私たちを自らの手から救うと
00:29
you've all heard about
how sustainable development
how sustainable development
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お聞きになった事があると思います でもTEDを離れると 私たちは
00:31
will save us from ourselves.
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00:33
However, when we're not at TED,
we are often told
we are often told
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特にニューヨークのような大規模な都市地域では 持続可能な政策課題は
00:37
that a real sustainability policy agenda
is just not feasible,
is just not feasible,
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実現不可能だと しょっちゅう 聞かされます
00:41
especially in large urban areas
like New York City.
like New York City.
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それは意志決定力を持つ大半の人たちは
00:44
And that's because most people
with decision-making powers,
with decision-making powers,
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公共部門でも民間部門でも
00:47
in both the public and the private sector,
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自分らが危険に瀕していると 感じていないからです
00:49
really don't feel
as though they're in danger.
as though they're in danger.
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私が今日 ここにいる理由の一つは 犬です
00:52
The reason why I'm here today,
in part, is because of a dog --
in part, is because of a dog --
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1998年 雨の日に私が見つけた捨てられた子犬です
00:56
an abandoned puppy I found
back in the rain, back in 1998.
back in the rain, back in 1998.
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思っていたより ずっと大きくなりました
00:59
She turned out to be
a much bigger dog than I'd anticipated.
a much bigger dog than I'd anticipated.
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この子が私と暮らすようになった頃 私たちはイーストリバーの河岸に計画されていた
01:03
When she came into my life, we were
fighting against a huge waste facility
fighting against a huge waste facility
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巨大なゴミ処理施設に反対して戦っていました。 ニューヨーク市の
01:07
planned for the East River waterfront
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01:09
despite the fact that
our small part of New York City
our small part of New York City
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私たちのちっぽけな地区は すでに市の商業廃棄物の４０％を扱っていたのです
01:12
already handled more than 40 percent
of the entire city's commercial waste:
of the entire city's commercial waste:
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下水処理ペレット化工場、 下水ヘドロ工場、 ４つの発電所
01:16
a sewage treatment pelletizing plant,
a sewage sludge plant, four power plants,
a sewage sludge plant, four power plants,
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01:21
the world's largest
food-distribution center,
food-distribution center,
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世界最大の食品流通センター、 その他の
産業のためにディーゼル・トラックが毎週６万回以上 やって来ました
01:24
as well as other industries that bring
more than 60,000 diesel truck trips
more than 60,000 diesel truck trips
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01:28
to the area each week.
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この地区はまた 市の中で人口に対する公園の数の率が最低でした
01:29
The area also has one of the lowest ratios
of parks to people in the city.
of parks to people in the city.
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01:33
So when I was contacted
by the Parks Department
by the Parks Department
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市の公園部と契約を結び １万ドルの補助金を元手に
ウォーターフロント・プロジェクトを支援するイニシアティブを始めることになった時
01:36
about a $10,000 seed-grant initiative
to help develop waterfront projects,
to help develop waterfront projects,
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善意なんだろうけれど 少しナイーブじゃないかなと思いました
01:40
I thought they were really
well-meaning, but a bit naive.
well-meaning, but a bit naive.
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私はずっとこの地区で暮らしてきましたが さっき挙げた 素敵な施設のため
01:43
I'd lived in this area all my life,
and you could not get to the river,
and you could not get to the river,
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川岸に辿り着くことが出来ませんでした
01:47
because of all the lovely facilities
that I mentioned earlier.
that I mentioned earlier.
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ある朝 犬と一緒にジョギングしていた時
01:50
Then, while jogging
with my dog one morning,
with my dog one morning,
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不法投棄されたゴミの山と思いこんでいた場所に 犬が私を引っ張って行きました
01:52
she pulled me into what I thought
was just another illegal dump.
was just another illegal dump.
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雑草とゴミの山と 口にするのがはばかられるような物がありました
01:56
There were weeds and piles of garbage
and other stuff that I won't mention here,
and other stuff that I won't mention here,
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でも犬は 私を引っ張り続け そして なんとその敷地の先に 川が見えたのです
02:00
but she kept dragging me,
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02:01
and lo and behold, at the end
of that lot was the river.
of that lot was the river.
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この忘れられた小道の突き当たり 私を引っ張った犬のように
02:04
I knew that this forgotten
little street-end,
little street-end,
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見捨てられた場所は 保存する価値のある場所だということを知りました
02:06
abandoned like the dog that brought
me there, was worth saving.
me there, was worth saving.
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市が主導する新しいサウスブロンクス再生化の
02:09
And I knew it would grow
to become the proud beginnings
to become the proud beginnings
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誇らしい始まりとして成長すると 知りました
02:12
of the community-led revitalization
of the new South Bronx.
of the new South Bronx.
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アイデアは私の新しい犬のように 思っていたよりずっと大きくなりました
02:15
And just like my new dog, it was an idea
that got bigger than I'd imagined.
that got bigger than I'd imagined.
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途上で ずっと大きな援助を獲得しました
02:19
We garnered much support along the way,
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ハンツポイント・リバーサイド公園は サウスブロンクスが６０年ぶりに手にした
02:21
and the Hunts Point Riverside Park
became the first waterfront park
became the first waterfront park
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初のウォーターフロント公園になりました
02:24
that the South Bronx had had
in more than 60 years.
in more than 60 years.
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１万ドルの元手補助金を300倍にして 300万ドルの公園にしました
02:26
We leveraged that $10,000 seed grant
more than 300 times,
more than 300 times,
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02:30
into a $3 million park.
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そして 秋には
02:32
And in the fall, I'm going to exchange
marriage vows with my beloved.
marriage vows with my beloved.
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私は 愛する人と結婚の誓いを交わします 感謝です （拍手）
02:37
(Audience whistles)
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02:38
Thank you very much.
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02:39
(Applause)
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そこでボタン操作をしている 彼です。 いつでもそうです
02:44
That's him pressing my buttons
back there, which he does all the time.
back there, which he does all the time.
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02:47
(Laughter)
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（笑）（拍手）
02:50
(Applause)
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02:53
But those of us living
in environmental justice communities
in environmental justice communities
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環境正義コミュニティで暮らす私たちのような人間は
炭坑に住むカナリアです。 私たちは 問題を感じ ある時それを抱えています
02:56
are the canary in the coal mine.
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02:58
We feel the problems right now,
and have for some time.
and have for some time.
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環境正義という言葉に おなじみでない方もいらっしゃるかもしれません。 こんなことです
03:02
Environmental justice, for those of you
who may not be familiar with the term,
who may not be familiar with the term,
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03:05
goes something like this:
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どんな地域社会も ほかの地域以上に多くの環境負担を負うべきでなく
03:07
no community should be saddled
with more environmental burdens
with more environmental burdens
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より少ない環境の恩恵を与えられるべきでもありません
03:10
and less environmental benefits
than any other.
than any other.
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残念ながら 人種と階級は 公園や樹木など 良いものがどこで見られるか
03:12
Unfortunately, race and class
are extremely reliable indicators
are extremely reliable indicators
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03:16
as to where one might find the good stuff,
like parks and trees,
like parks and trees,
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そして 発電所や廃棄物施設など 悪いものが
どこで見られるかを示す 極めて信頼のおける標識です
03:19
and where one might find the bad stuff,
like power plants and waste facilities.
like power plants and waste facilities.
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米国の黒人である私は 大気汚染が私の健康にとって最大のリスクとなる
03:23
As a black person in America,
I am twice as likely as a white person
I am twice as likely as a white person
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地域に住む可能性が 白人の２倍あります
03:26
to live in an area where air pollution
poses the greatest risk to my health.
poses the greatest risk to my health.
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発電所と化学工場が徒歩圏にある地域に住む可能性は ５倍で
03:30
I am five times more likely
to live within walking distance
to live within walking distance
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実際 私はそんな地域に住んでいます
03:33
of a power plant or chemical facility,
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03:35
which I do.
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このような土地利用決定は 敵対的な条件を生み
03:36
These land-use decisions
created the hostile conditions
created the hostile conditions
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03:39
that lead to problems like obesity,
diabetes and asthma.
diabetes and asthma.
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肥満や 糖尿病 ぜんそくなどの問題を引き起こします
有害なご近所を急ぎ足で散歩するために 外出する人が いるでしょうか？
03:42
Why would someone leave their home to go
for a brisk walk in a toxic neighborhood?
for a brisk walk in a toxic neighborhood?
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この国でさえ ２７％の肥満率は 高く 糖尿病につながります
03:46
Our 27 percent obesity rate
is high even for this country,
is high even for this country,
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03:49
and diabetes comes with it.
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サウスブロンクスの子供は ４人に１人がぜんそく患者です
03:50
One out of four South Bronx
children has asthma.
children has asthma.
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ぜんそくの入院率は 全国平均の７倍です
03:53
Our asthma hospitalization rate
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03:55
is seven times higher
than the national average.
than the national average.
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誰もが 影響を受けています
03:57
These impacts are coming everyone's way.
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固形廃棄物 汚染に関連する健康問題に
03:59
And we all pay dearly
for solid waste costs,
for solid waste costs,
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04:01
health problems associated
with pollution and more odiously,
with pollution and more odiously,
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多大の犠牲を払い さらにおぞましいことに
04:04
the cost of imprisoning
our young black and Latino men,
our young black and Latino men,
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試されることのない無数の可能性を持つ 黒人とラティノの若者が
刑務所に入るというコストも あります
04:07
who possess untold amounts
of untapped potential.
of untapped potential.
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住民の５０％が 貧困ライン以下の暮らしを送っています
04:10
Fifty percent of our residents
live at or below the poverty line;
live at or below the poverty line;
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２５％が失業中です 低所得市民は
04:13
25 percent of us are unemployed.
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04:15
Low-income citizens often use
emergency-room visits as primary care.
emergency-room visits as primary care.
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救急治療室を家庭医代わりに使っています
納税者には高くつき それに見合う利得を生みません
04:19
This comes at a high cost to taxpayers
and produces no proportional benefits.
and produces no proportional benefits.
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貧乏な人たちは 貧乏なままであるだけでなく 不健康なままです
04:23
Poor people are not only still poor,
they are still unhealthy.
they are still unhealthy.
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幸運なことに 私のような人が大勢いて 短期的にみて 有色人種の
04:27
Fortunately, there are many people
like me who are striving for solutions
like me who are striving for solutions
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コミュニティの暮らしを危うくせず 長期的にみて 私たち全員を
04:31
that won't compromise the lives
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04:32
of low-income communities of color
in the short term,
in the short term,
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破壊することのない 解決策を求めて奮闘しています
04:35
and won't destroy us all in the long term.
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破滅や妥協を求める人は いません。 それは全員共通です。 その他 皆に 共通なことは？
04:37
None of us want that,
and we all have that in common.
and we all have that in common.
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04:39
So what else do we have in common?
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まず最初に 皆 信じられないほど 容姿端麗なことです
04:41
Well, first of all,
we're all incredibly good-looking.
we're all incredibly good-looking.
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（笑）高校 大学 大学院を卒業し
04:44
(Laughter)
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04:45
Graduated high school, college,
post-graduate degrees,
post-graduate degrees,
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興味深い場所に旅し 十代で子供を生まず
04:48
traveled to interesting places,
didn't have kids in your early teens,
didn't have kids in your early teens,
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財政的に安定し 前科がありません
04:51
financially stable, never been imprisoned.
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04:55
OK. Good.
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大体あってる？ （笑）
04:56
(Laughter)
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黒人女性であるということ以外でも 私は大半の皆さんと 幾つかの点で違います
04:58
But, besides being a black woman,
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04:59
I am different from most of you
in some other ways.
in some other ways.
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私は近所の建物の半数が全焼するのを目にしました
05:02
I watched nearly half of the buildings
in my neighborhood burn down.
in my neighborhood burn down.
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兄のレニーはベトナムで戦いましたが
05:05
My big brother Lenny fought in Vietnam,
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家から数ブロックのところで銃弾に倒れました
05:07
only to be gunned down
a few blocks from our home.
a few blocks from our home.
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私の家の向かいは 麻薬密売所でした
05:13
Jesus.
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05:15
I grew up with a crack house
across the street.
across the street.
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ええ 私はゲットーで育った貧しい黒人の子供です
05:19
Yeah, I'm a poor black child
from the ghetto.
from the ghetto.
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こんなところが 皆さんと違います
05:23
These things make me different from you.
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でも私たちが共通に持っているものが 私を自分のコミュニティの大半の人たちから引き離し
05:25
But the things we have in common
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05:27
set me apart from most
of the people in my community,
of the people in my community,
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私はこの２つの世界の間にいます
05:30
and I am in between these two worlds
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一方の正義のために戦いたい気持ちは 十分です
05:32
with enough of my heart
to fight for justice in the other.
to fight for justice in the other.
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いろいろなことが どうしてこんなに違ってしまったのでしょう？
05:36
So how did things get so different for us?
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４０年代末に 鉄道のポーターで奴隷の息子だった父は
05:38
In the late '40s, my dad --
a Pullman porter, son of a slave --
a Pullman porter, son of a slave --
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サウスブロンクスのハンツポイント地区に 家を買いました
05:41
bought a house in the Hunts Point
section of the South Bronx,
section of the South Bronx,
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２～３年後に 母と結婚しました
05:44
and a few years later, he married my mom.
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当時 コミュニティは 大半が白人労働者階級でした
05:46
At the time, the community was a mostly
white, working-class neighborhood.
white, working-class neighborhood.
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父だけでは ありませんでした
05:49
My dad was not alone.
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ほかの黒人たちも自分版のアメリカの夢を追い求めました
05:51
And as others like him pursued
their own version of the American dream,
their own version of the American dream,
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白人の郊外への移動は サウスブロンクスだけでなく 全国の多くの場所で 一般的になりました
05:54
white flight became common
in the South Bronx
in the South Bronx
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05:57
and in many cities around the country.
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銀行が 特定警戒地域の線引きを行い 私たちの地区も含め
05:59
Red-lining was used by banks,
wherein certain sections of the city,
wherein certain sections of the city,
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市の特定の地域は 投資禁止区域とみなされました
06:03
including ours, were deemed
off-limits to any sort of investment.
off-limits to any sort of investment.
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大勢の家主は このような条件で売るよりは
06:07
Many landlords believed it was more
profitable to torch their buildings
profitable to torch their buildings
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住人が死のうが負傷しようが 建物に火をつけて
06:10
and collect insurance money rather
than to sell under those conditions --
than to sell under those conditions --
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保険金を受け取る方が儲かると考えました
06:15
dead or injured former tenants
notwithstanding.
notwithstanding.
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ハンツポイントは 以前は 歩いて通勤するコミュニティでした
06:17
Hunts Point was formerly
a walk-to-work community,
a walk-to-work community,
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今では 住民には 働きに行く場所がなかったり 歩いて戻る家がありません
06:20
but now residents had neither
work nor home to walk to.
work nor home to walk to.
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全国的なハイウェイ建設ブームが 私たちの問題に加わりました
06:24
A national highway construction boom
was added to our problems.
was added to our problems.
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ロバート・モーゼスが 強引なハイウェイ拡張キャンペーンの陣頭指揮を執りました
06:27
In New York State,
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06:28
Robert Moses spearheaded
an aggressive highway-expansion campaign.
an aggressive highway-expansion campaign.
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その主要目標は ウェストチェスター郡の
06:32
One of its primary goals was
to make it easier
to make it easier
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富裕地域社会の住民が マンハッタンに行き易くする事でした
06:34
for residents of wealthy communities
in Westchester County to go to Manhattan.
in Westchester County to go to Manhattan.
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間に位置するサウスブロンクスには 勝ち目がありませんでした
06:39
The South Bronx, which lies in between,
did not stand a chance.
did not stand a chance.
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１ヶ月にも満たない事前通告を受け 家を壊滅されることも 珍しくありませんでした
06:43
Residents were often given
less than a month's notice
less than a month's notice
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06:45
before their buildings were razed.
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６０万人が 移転させられました
06:47
600,000 people were displaced.
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サウスブロンクスには ポン引きと 麻薬の売人と 売春婦しかいないと思われるようになりました
06:49
The common perception was
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06:50
that only pimps and pushers
and prostitutes were from the South Bronx.
and prostitutes were from the South Bronx.
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06:54
And if you are told
from your earliest days
from your earliest days
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子供の頃から 自分のコミュニティからは 何も良いものは生まれない 醜く悪いものだけだと
06:57
that nothing good is going to come
from your community,
from your community,
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聞かされて育ったら 悪影響をえずに済むでしょうか？
07:00
that it's bad and ugly,
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07:01
how could it not reflect on you?
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いまでは 私たちの資産は 無価値です 私たちの家であり 他に何も持っていないことをのぞけば
07:04
So now, my family's property
was worthless,
was worthless,
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07:06
save for that it was our home,
and all we had.
and all we had.
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07:09
And luckily for me, that home
and the love inside of it,
and the love inside of it,
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私にとってラッキーだったのは 家と その中の愛情
07:13
along with help from teachers, mentors
and friends along the way, was enough.
and friends along the way, was enough.
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先生や 助言者 友達の助けが十分だったことでした
このストーリーが どうして重要なのでしょう？
07:18
Now, why is this story important?
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07:19
Because from a planning perspective,
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なぜなら 計画という観点から見て 経済の悪化は
07:21
economic degradation
begets environmental degradation,
begets environmental degradation,
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環境の悪化を引き起こし 社会の悪化を引き起こすからです
07:25
which begets social degradation.
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1960年代に始まった資本の引き上げは
07:28
The disinvestment that began
in the 1960s set the stage
in the 1960s set the stage
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その後に起きたあらゆる環境の不公平のお膳立てになりました
07:31
for all the environmental
injustices that were to come.
injustices that were to come.
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07:33
Antiquated zoning and land-use
regulations are still used to this day
regulations are still used to this day
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時代遅れの建築規制と土地利用規制は 今でも 私たちのご近所に
07:37
to continue putting polluting
facilities in my neighborhood.
facilities in my neighborhood.
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汚染施設を設置し続けるために 使用されています
土地利用政策を決定する際 このような要素は考慮に入れられているでしょうか？
07:40
Are these factors taken into consideration
when land-use policy is decided?
when land-use policy is decided?
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決定には どんなコストが関連づけられているのでしょう？誰が払うのでしょう？
07:44
What costs are associated
with these decisions?
with these decisions?
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07:47
And who pays? Who profits?
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誰が利益を得るのでしょう？現地コミュニティが体験することは 正当化されるでしょうか？
07:49
Does anything justify
what the local community goes through?
what the local community goes through?
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これは 私たちの利益が考慮されていない 「計画」でした
07:53
This was "planning" -- in quotes --
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07:55
that did not have
our best interests in mind.
our best interests in mind.
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それがわかった途端 自分たちで計画する時だと決めました
07:57
Once we realized that, we decided
it was time to do our own planning.
it was time to do our own planning.
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先ほどお話した小さな公園が サウスブロンクスでの
08:01
That small park I told you about earlier
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08:03
was the first stage of building
a Greenway movement in the South Bronx.
a Greenway movement in the South Bronx.
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グリーンウェイ建設の最初の取り組みでした
自転車専用道路がついた ウォーターフロントの散歩道の
08:06
I wrote a one-and-a-quarter-million
dollar federal transportation grant
dollar federal transportation grant
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計画を設計するため 125万ドルの連邦交通助成金を申請しました
08:09
to design the plan
for a waterfront esplanade
for a waterfront esplanade
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08:12
with dedicated on-street bike paths.
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物理的な改善は 交通安全に関する公共政策を知らせるのに役立ちます
08:13
Physical improvements help inform
public policy regarding traffic safety,
public policy regarding traffic safety,
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廃棄物やその他の施設の設置は適切に行われれば
08:17
the placement of the waste
and other facilities,
and other facilities,
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コミュニティの生活の質を脅かしません
08:19
which, if done properly, don't compromise
a community's quality of life.
a community's quality of life.
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物理的に活性化する機会と
08:23
They provide opportunities
to be more physically active,
to be more physically active,
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地域の経済開発を提供します
08:25
as well as local economic development.
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自転車ショップや ジューススタンドなどです
08:28
Think bike shops, juice stands.
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第一段階のプロジェクトを建設するため 2000万ドルを確保しました
08:29
We secured 20 million dollars
to build first-phase projects.
to build first-phase projects.
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マシュー・ニールセン景観設計事務所が 再デザインしたラファイエット通りです
08:32
This is Lafayette Avenue --
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08:34
and that's redesigned
by Mathews Nielsen Landscape Architects.
by Mathews Nielsen Landscape Architects.
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この散歩道が建設されると サウスブロンクスと 161ヘクタールの
08:37
And once this path is constructed,
it'll connect the South Bronx
it'll connect the South Bronx
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ランドール島公園が つながります
08:40
with more than 400 acres
of Randall's Island Park.
of Randall's Island Park.
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今は ８メートルほどの水で隔たれていますが 道をつなぎます
08:43
Right now we're separated by about 25 feet
of water, but this link will change that.
of water, but this link will change that.
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自然環境を育てれば 豊かな自然が それ以上返してくれます
08:47
As we nurture the natural environment,
its abundance will give us back even more.
its abundance will give us back even more.
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私たちは ブロンクス・エコロジー管理者研修というプロジェクトを行ない
08:51
We run a project called the Bronx
[Environmental] Stewardship Training,
[Environmental] Stewardship Training,
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エコロジー修復の分野で職業訓練を提供しています
08:55
which provides job training in the fields
of ecological restoration,
of ecological restoration,
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地域社会出身の人たちが 給料の良いこの仕事で競う技能を持てるようになります
08:58
so that folks from our community
have the skills to compete
have the skills to compete
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09:01
for these well-paying jobs.
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少しずつ 地域にグリーンカラーの仕事の種をまいています
09:02
Little by little, we're seeding
the area with green-collar jobs --
the area with green-collar jobs --
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人々が 自分たちの環境の中で 財政的にも個人的にも利益を得られます
09:06
and with people that have both
a financial and personal stake
a financial and personal stake
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09:09
in their environment.
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シェリダン高速道路は十分に活用されていない ロバート・モーゼス時代の遺物で
09:10
The Sheridan Expressway
is an underutilized relic
is an underutilized relic
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09:12
of the Robert Moses era,
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地域社会の分断をまったく考慮せずに建設されました
09:14
built with no regard for the neighborhoods
that were divided by it.
that were divided by it.
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ラッシュアワーでさえ ほとんど使われていません
09:17
Even during rush hour,
it goes virtually unused.
it goes virtually unused.
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地域社会は この高速道路の撤去を可能にする
09:20
The community created
an alternative transportation plan
an alternative transportation plan
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代替交通案を作成しました
09:23
that allows for the removal
of the highway.
of the highway.
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私たちは この１１ヘクタールを 風致地区や手頃な値段の住宅
09:25
We have the opportunity now to bring
together all the stakeholders
together all the stakeholders
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現地の経済開発により良く利用できる方法を再考するよう
09:28
to re-envision how this 28 acres
can be better utilized
can be better utilized
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09:31
for parkland, affordable housing
and local economic development.
and local economic development.
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利害関係者全員をまとめる機会を手にしています
私たちはまた 私たちの事務所の屋上にニューヨーク市初のグリーンでクールな
09:34
We also built New York City's first green
and cool roof demonstration project
and cool roof demonstration project
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ルーフの宣伝も兼ねて設置しました
09:39
on top of our offices.
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クール・ルーフは 表面の反射が高度で太陽熱を
09:40
Cool roofs are highly-reflective
surfaces that don't absorb solar heat,
surfaces that don't absorb solar heat,
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吸収せず 建物と大気に伝搬します
09:44
and pass it on to
the building or atmosphere.
the building or atmosphere.
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グリーン・ルーフは 土と生きた植物です
09:46
Green roofs are soil and living plants.
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どちらも 熱を吸収して 都市の “熱の島”効果に貢献し
09:48
Both can be used instead
of petroleum-based roofing materials
of petroleum-based roofing materials
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09:51
that absorb heat, contribute
to urban "heat island" effect
to urban "heat island" effect
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日差しで退化し それを私たちが吸い込むはめになる 石油基盤の屋根素材の
09:54
and degrade under the sun,
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代わりに使えます。 グリーン・ルーフはまた 降雨を 最高７５％まで保持するので
09:55
which we in turn breathe.
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09:57
Green roofs also retain
up to 75 percent of rainfall,
up to 75 percent of rainfall,
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09:59
so they reduce a city's need to fund
costly end-of-pipe solutions --
costly end-of-pipe solutions --
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市が高価な末端処理技術的ソリューションに資金供給する必要性を 削減します
そして そういう末端は 私のような環境正義コミュニティに位置し
10:03
which, incidentally, are often located
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10:05
in environmental justice
communities like mine.
communities like mine.
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私たちの小さな友達の居住環境を 形成しています
10:07
And they provide habitats
for our little friends!
for our little friends!
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ですから （笑）なんとも すてきです！
10:10
[Butterfly]
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10:12
(Laughter)
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10:13
So cool!
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ルーフの実演プロジェクトは 私たち自身のグリーン・ルーフ設置事業の出発点で
10:14
Anyway, the demonstration
project is a springboard
project is a springboard
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10:17
for our own green roof
installation business,
installation business,
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サウスブロンクスに職と持続可能な経済をもたらします
10:19
bringing jobs and sustainable
economic activity to the South Bronx.
economic activity to the South Bronx.
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（笑）（拍手）私も気に入っています
10:22
[Green is the new black ...]
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10:24
(Laughter) (Applause)
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10:28
I like that, too.
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売り込みはしないようにと クリスに言われましたが 良い機会なので 一言
10:29
Anyway, I know Chris told us
not to do pitches up here,
not to do pitches up here,
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10:33
but since I have all of your attention:
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私たちには 投資家が必要です。 売り込み 終わり
10:35
We need investors. End of pitch.
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許可を願うより 許しを請う方がいいですから
10:37
It's better to ask
for forgiveness than permission.
for forgiveness than permission.
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10:39
Anyway --
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（笑）（拍手）
10:40
(Laughter)
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10:42
(Applause)
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カトリーナが起きる前 サウスブロンクスとニューオーリンズの第９区には
10:47
OK. Katrina.
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10:50
Prior to Katrina, the South Bronx
and New Orleans' Ninth Ward
and New Orleans' Ninth Ward
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共通点がたくさんありました。 どちらも 人口の大半が 貧しい有色人種で
10:53
had a lot in common.
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10:54
Both were largely populated
by poor people of color,
by poor people of color,
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文化革新の温床です。 ヒップホップとジャズを思い浮かべてください
10:57
both hotbeds of cultural innovation:
think hip-hop and jazz.
think hip-hop and jazz.
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ウォーターフロント・コミュニティで工業地帯と
11:01
Both are waterfront communities
that host both industries and residents
that host both industries and residents
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住宅地帯に 近接しています
11:04
in close proximity of one another.
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カトリーナ後の時代に 共通するものが もっと増えました
11:06
In the post-Katrina era,
we have still more in common.
we have still more in common.
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どちらも 怠慢な規制当局 有害な建築規制 政府の生ぬるい責任説明により
11:09
We're at best ignored,
and maligned and abused, at worst,
and maligned and abused, at worst,
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無視されるばかりか 害を被ったり 虐待を受けています
11:12
by negligent regulatory agencies,
pernicious zoning
pernicious zoning
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11:16
and lax governmental accountability.
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第９区もサウスブロンクスも破壊を避けられる可能性がありました
11:18
Neither the destruction of the Ninth Ward
nor the South Bronx was inevitable.
nor the South Bronx was inevitable.
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でも 経験を通し 私たちは 窮地を逃れる方法について貴重な教訓を手に入れました
11:22
But we have emerged with valuable lessons
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11:25
about how to dig ourselves out.
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私たちは 都市のドーナツ現象の象徴では ありません
11:27
We are more than simply
national symbols of urban blight
national symbols of urban blight
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来ては去る大統領の選挙運動の空約束で解決される 問題でもありません
11:31
or problems to be solved
by empty campaign promises
by empty campaign promises
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11:34
of presidents come and gone.
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ニューオーリンズの湾岸を
11:36
Now will we let the Gulf Coast
languish for a decade or two,
languish for a decade or two,
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サウスブロンクスのように １０年か２０年 劣化に任せるのでしょうか？
それとも 前向きな手順を取り 私の地区のようにコミュニティの絶望から生まれた
11:38
like the South Bronx did?
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11:40
Or will we take proactive steps
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11:41
and learn from the homegrown resource
of grassroots activists
of grassroots activists
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市民活動家の手製の資源から学ぶのでしょうか？
11:44
that have been born of desperation
in communities like mine?
in communities like mine?
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私は 個人や企業 政府が それが正しい
11:47
Now listen, I do not expect individuals,
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あるいは倫理的だという理由で世界をより良くするとは 期待していません
11:50
corporations or government
to make the world a better place
to make the world a better place
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11:53
because it is right or moral.
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このプレゼンテーションは 私の体験の極一部にすぎません
11:55
This presentation today only represents
some of what I've been through.
some of what I've been through.
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ヒントにすら なりません
11:59
Like a tiny little bit. You've no clue.
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12:01
But I'll tell you later,
if you want to know.
if you want to know.
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お望みなら 後でお話ししましょう
結局のところ 人々をその気にさせるのは
12:03
(Laughter)
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12:05
But -- I know it's the bottom line,
or one's perception of it,
or one's perception of it,
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利益です
12:09
that motivates people in the end.
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私の関心は 持続可能な開発が生み出す
12:11
I'm interested in what I like to call
the "triple bottom line"
the "triple bottom line"
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“３つの利益”です
12:14
that sustainable development can produce.
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関係者全員 つまり 開発業者と政府とプロジェクトが起きる地域社会に
12:16
Developments that have the potential
to create positive returns
to create positive returns
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12:20
for all concerned:
the developers, government
the developers, government
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肯定的な利益を生み出す可能性を持つ 開発です
12:23
and the community
where these projects go up.
where these projects go up.
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現在 ニューヨーク市で 起きていません
12:25
At present, that's not happening
in New York City.
in New York City.
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私たちは 十分な包括的都市計画なしで運営しています
12:29
And we are operating with a comprehensive
urban-planning deficit.
urban-planning deficit.
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市の助成金は サウスブロンクスの 華々しい
12:33
A parade of government subsidies
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12:35
is going to propose big-box and stadium
developments in the South Bronx,
developments in the South Bronx,
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大型スタジアム開発に注がれています
でも 交通量の増加、 汚染、 固形廃棄物、 空き地への影響など
12:38
but there is scant coordination
between city agencies
between city agencies
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累積効果にどう対処するのか 市当局の間で
12:41
on how to deal with the cumulative effects
of increased traffic, pollution,
of increased traffic, pollution,
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12:45
solid waste and the impacts on open space.
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ほとんど 調整がされていません 地域経済と職開発へのアプローチは
12:48
And their approaches to local economic
and job development are so lame
and job development are so lame
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あまりにも稚拙で 冗談にもなりません
12:52
it's not even funny.
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そのうえ 世界でもっとも裕福なスポーツチームは 皆に愛されている
12:53
Because on top of that,
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12:56
the world's richest sports team
is replacing the House That Ruth Built
is replacing the House That Ruth Built
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コミュニティ公園を破壊し ヤンキー・スタジアムを建て替えています
13:00
by destroying two
well-loved community parks.
well-loved community parks.
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公園の数が 先ほどお話した統計 以下になりますね
13:03
Now, we'll have even less
than that stat I told you about earlier.
than that stat I told you about earlier.
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サウスブロンクスで車を持っている住民は２５％以下ですが
13:06
And although less than 25 percent
of South Bronx residents own cars,
of South Bronx residents own cars,
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このプロジェクトには 数千の駐車スペースが
13:09
these projects include
thousands of new parking spaces,
thousands of new parking spaces,
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含まれており 大量公共輸送機関は ゼロです
13:13
yet zip in terms of mass public transit.
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より大きな視野での討論に欠けているのは
13:16
Now, what's missing from the larger debate
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不健康で環境に問題をもたらすコミュニティと
13:18
is a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis
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13:20
between not fixing an unhealthy,
environmentally-challenged community,
environmentally-challenged community,
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連携し構造的で持続可能な変化との間の
13:24
versus incorporating structural,
sustainable changes.
sustainable changes.
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包括的な費用便益分析です
私の機関は コロンビア大学などと緊密に協働して
13:27
My agency is working closely
with Columbia University and others
with Columbia University and others
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これらの問題に光を当てています
13:31
to shine a light on these issues.
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はっきり申し上げておきます。 私は 開発反対論者ではありません
13:32
Now let's get this straight:
I am not anti-development.
I am not anti-development.
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私たちの対象は 都市であり 野生生物保存では ありません 私は自分の中の 資本家を
13:35
Ours is a city, not a wilderness preserve.
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13:38
And I've embraced my inner capitalist.
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大事にしています たぶん 皆さんも同じでしょう 必要ですよ
13:41
And, but I don't have --
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13:42
(Laughter)
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13:44
You probably all have,
and if you haven't, you need to.
and if you haven't, you need to.
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私には 開発業者がお金を儲けることを 問題視していません
13:47
(Laughter)
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13:51
So I don't have a problem
with developers making money.
with developers making money.
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持続可能で 地域社会に優しい開発が
13:54
There's enough precedent out there
to show that a sustainable,
to show that a sustainable,
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富を築いた前例は いくつもあります
13:57
community-friendly development
can still make a fortune.
can still make a fortune.
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TED参加者のビル・マクドノーとエメリー・ロビンスは
14:01
Fellow TEDsters Bill McDonough
and Amory Lovins --
and Amory Lovins --
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私のヒーローです それが可能なことを証明してくれました
14:04
both heroes of mine by the way --
have shown that you can actually do that.
have shown that you can actually do that.
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私が問題とするのは 政治的に脆弱な地域社会を
14:08
I do have a problem
with developments that hyper-exploit
with developments that hyper-exploit
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14:11
politically vulnerable
communities for profit.
communities for profit.
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利益のために超搾取する開発です
それが 無くならないのは 恥ずべきことです
14:13
That it continues is a shame upon us all,
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なぜなら 私たちは皆 自分たちが作る未来に対し 責任があるからです
14:16
because we are all responsible
for the future that we create.
for the future that we create.
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私がより大きな可能性として 肝に銘じているのは ほかの都市の夢想家から学ぶことです
14:19
But one of the things I do
to remind myself of greater possibilities,
to remind myself of greater possibilities,
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14:23
is to learn from visionaries
in other cities.
in other cities.
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これは 私流のグローバル化です
14:25
This is my version of globalization.
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ボゴタは貧しいラティノ人の街 銃撃の暴力と麻薬取引に囲まれています
14:27
Let's take Bogota.
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14:28
Poor, Latino, surrounded by
runaway gun violence and drug trafficking;
runaway gun violence and drug trafficking;
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サウスブロンクスと似かよった評判です
14:32
a reputation not unlike
that of the South Bronx.
that of the South Bronx.
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でも ボゴタは 1990年代末に 影響力の大変強い
14:35
However, this city was blessed
in the late 1990s
in the late 1990s
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14:38
with a highly-influential
mayor named Enrique Peñalosa.
mayor named Enrique Peñalosa.
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エンリケ・ペナロサ市長にめぐまれました
彼は市の人口統計に注目しました
14:42
He looked at the demographics.
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ボゴタで車を持っている少数者のために 市の資財源の多くが 使われていました
14:44
Few Bogotanos own cars,
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14:46
yet a huge portion of the city's resources
was dedicated to serving them.
was dedicated to serving them.
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市長であれば 解決できる問題です
14:50
If you're a mayor, you can
do something about that.
do something about that.
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市長は市の幹線道路を５車線から３車線にしました
14:52
His administration narrowed key municipal
thoroughfares from five lanes to three,
thoroughfares from five lanes to three,
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これらの道路での駐車を法律違反にし 遊歩道と
14:57
outlawed parking on those streets,
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14:59
expanded pedestrian walkways
and bike lanes,
and bike lanes,
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自転車の散歩道を拡張し 公共広場を作りました
15:02
created public plazas,
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世界中でもっとも効率的な バス大量輸送システムを作りました
15:04
created one of the most efficient
bus mass-transit systems
bus mass-transit systems
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15:07
in the entire world.
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輝かしい努力のおかげで 危うく弾劾されそうになりました
15:08
For his brilliant efforts,
he was nearly impeached.
he was nearly impeached.
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でもいろいろな問題に関し 自分たちが最優先され 日々の暮らしが
15:12
But as people began to see
that they were being put first
that they were being put first
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15:16
on issues reflecting
their day-to-day lives,
their day-to-day lives,
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反映されていると住民が気づき始め すばらしいことが起きました
15:18
incredible things happened.
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人々はゴミを投げ捨てるのをやめました。 犯罪率が下がりました
15:20
People stopped littering.
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15:21
Crime rates dropped, because the streets
were alive with people.
were alive with people.
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通りが人で 活気づいたからです
彼の政権は 複数の都市問題を
15:25
His administration attacked several
typical urban problems at one time,
typical urban problems at one time,
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発展途上国の予算で解決させたのです
15:29
and on a third-world budget, at that.
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米国で 言い訳は 通りません
15:31
We have no excuse
in this country, I'm sorry.
in this country, I'm sorry.
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でも 大切なのは 彼らの住民優先という基準は
15:34
But the bottom line is:
their people-first agenda
their people-first agenda
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15:37
was not meant to penalize
those who could actually afford cars,
those who could actually afford cars,
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車を買える人々を罰することを意図せず
ボゴタの全市民に 市の蘇生に参加する機会を提供するものだったことです
15:41
but rather, to provide opportunities
for all Bogotanos to participate
for all Bogotanos to participate
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開発は過半数の人口を犠牲にして行われるべきではないという考えは
15:45
in the city's resurgence.
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15:46
That development should not come
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米国ではいまだに 過激な考えだとみなされています
15:48
at the expense of the majority
of the population
of the population
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15:51
is still considered
a radical idea here in the U.S.
a radical idea here in the U.S.
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でも ボゴタの例には それを変える力があります
15:54
But Bogota's example
has the power to change that.
has the power to change that.
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皆さんは 影響力という能力に恵まれていらっしゃいます
15:57
You, however, are blessed
with the gift of influence.
with the gift of influence.
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だからこそ ここにいらして 私たちが交換する情報を重視なさいます
16:00
That's why you're here and why you
value the information we exchange.
value the information we exchange.
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包括的な持続可能な変化を支援するためにいたるところで 影響力を使ってください
16:04
Use your influence
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16:05
in support of comprehensive,
sustainable change everywhere.
sustainable change everywhere.
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TEDで話すだけでなく これは 私が構築しようとしている全国的規模の政策目標であり
16:09
Don't just talk about it at TED.
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16:11
This is a nationwide policy agenda
I'm trying to build,
I'm trying to build,
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ご存じのように 政治は個人的です
16:15
and as you all know,
politics are personal.
politics are personal.
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グリーンを新しい流行色にしてください 持続可能性を 魅力的にするよう助けてください
16:18
Help me make green the new black.
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16:21
Help me make sustainability sexy.
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皆さんのディナーやパーティでの会話の一部にしてください
16:23
Make it a part of your dinner
and cocktail conversations.
and cocktail conversations.
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環境と経済の正義のために戦うのを手助けしてください
16:26
Help me fight for environmental
and economic justice.
and economic justice.
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"３つの利益"への投資を支援してください
16:30
Support investments
with a triple-bottom-line return.
with a triple-bottom-line return.
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16:32
Help me democratize sustainability
by bringing everyone to the table,
by bringing everyone to the table,
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人々を全員を集め 包括的な計画にいたるところで対処できると主張し
持続可能性を民主化するのを 助けてください
16:37
and insisting that comprehensive
planning can be addressed everywhere.
planning can be addressed everywhere.
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よかった 残り時間が まだ少しあるわ
16:40
Oh good, glad I have a little more time!
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聞いてください・先日 朝食の後で アル・ゴア氏と話した時
16:42
Listen -- when I spoke to Mr. Gore
the other day after breakfast,
the other day after breakfast,
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彼の新しいマーケティング戦略の中に 環境正義活動家は どのように
16:46
I asked him how environmental justice
activists were going to be included
activists were going to be included
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含まれる予定ですかと質問してみました
16:51
in his new marketing strategy.
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彼の答えは 助成金プログラムでした
16:53
His response was a grant program.
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私が資金援助を求めていない事を 理解していませんでした
16:57
I don't think he understood
that I wasn't asking for funding.
that I wasn't asking for funding.
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私は 彼にオファーをあげていたんです （拍手）
17:03
I was making him an offer.
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17:07
(Applause)
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17:14
What troubled me was that this
top-down approach is still around.
top-down approach is still around.
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私を当惑させたのは 「上から下へ」のアプローチが いまだに健在なことでした
誤解しないでください お金は 必要です （笑）
17:20
Now, don't get me wrong, we need money.
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17:21
(Laughter)
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17:23
But grassroots groups
are needed at the table
are needed at the table
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でも 市民グループが 意志決定過程で会議に参加する必要があります
17:27
during the decision-making process.
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無駄遣いしているとゴア氏が思い出させてくれたエネルギーの９０％は 私たちのエネルギーの
17:30
Of the 90 percent of the energy
that Mr. Gore reminded us
that Mr. Gore reminded us
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17:34
that we waste every day,
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無駄遣いを含んでいません。 それは 知性と
17:35
don't add wasting our energy, intelligence
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骨折って手にした経験の無駄遣いです （拍手）
17:39
and hard-earned experience to that count.
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17:42
(Applause)
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こうして 皆さんにお目にかかるため 私はとても長い道のりを辿りました
17:48
I have come from so far
to meet you like this.
to meet you like this.
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どうか 私を無駄にしないでください 一緒に取り組むことにより
17:56
Please don't waste me.
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18:00
By working together,
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私たちは 急速に成長する 小さなグループのひとつになることができます
18:01
we can become one of those small,
rapidly-growing groups of individuals
rapidly-growing groups of individuals
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世界を変えることができると信じる 大胆な勇気をもつグループです
18:06
who actually have the audacity and courage
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18:08
to believe that we actually
can change the world.
can change the world.
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私たちは 人生のとても異なる場所から この場所にやってきました
18:12
We might have come to this conference
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18:13
from very, very different
stations in life,
stations in life,
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でも 信じてきてください 驚くほどパワフルなものを共有しています
18:16
but believe me, we all share
one incredibly powerful thing.
one incredibly powerful thing.
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失うものは 何もなく 得るものしかないことです
18:23
We have nothing to lose
and everything to gain.
and everything to gain.
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どうも ありがとう！
18:28
Ciao, bellos!
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18:29
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Majora Carter - Activist for environmental justiceMajora Carter redefined the field of environmental equality, starting in the South Bronx at the turn of the century. Now she is leading the local economic development movement across the USA.
Why you should listen
Majora Carter is a visionary voice in city planning who views urban renewal through an environmental lens. The South Bronx native draws a direct connection between ecological, economic and social degradation. Hence her motto: "Green the ghetto!"
With her inspired ideas and fierce persistence, Carter managed to bring the South Bronx its first open-waterfront park in 60 years, Hunts Point Riverside Park. Then she scored $1.25 million in federal funds for a greenway along the South Bronx waterfront, bringing the neighborhood open space, pedestrian and bike paths, and space for mixed-use economic development.
Her success is no surprise to anyone who's seen her speak; Carter's confidence, energy and intensely emotional delivery make her talks themselves a force of nature. (The release of her TEDTalk in 2006 prompted Guy Kawasaki to wonder on his blog whether she wasn't "every bit as good as [Apple CEO] Steve Jobs," a legendary presenter.)
Carter, who was awarded a 2005 MacArthur "genius" grant, served as executive director of Sustainable South Bronx for 7 years, where she pushed both for eco-friendly practices (such as green and cool roofs) and, equally important, job training and green-related economic development for her vibrant neighborhood on the rise. Since leaving SSBx in 2008, Carter has formed the economic consulting and planning firm the Majora Carter Group, to bring her pioneering approach to communities far outside the South Bronx. Carter is working within the cities of New Orleans, Detroit and the small coastal towns of Northeastern North Carolina. The Majora Carter Group is putting the green economy and green economic tools to use, unlocking the potential of every place -- from urban cities and rural communities, to universities, government projects, businesses and corporations -- and everywhere else in between.
Majora Carter | Speaker | TED.com