ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Leonard Susskind - Physicist
Leonard Susskind works on string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics and quantum cosmology at Stanford.

Why you should listen

Leonard Susskind is the Felix Bloch Professor of Physics at Stanford University. His research interests include string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics, and quantum cosmology. He received the Pregel Award from the New York Academy of Science (1975), and the J. J. Sakurai Prize of the American Physical Society (1998) "for his pioneering contributions to hadronic string models, lattice gauge theories, quantum chromodynamics, and dynamical symmetry breaking." He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and, since 2009, has been serving as Director of the Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics.

He is a recent recipient of the Los Angeles Times Book Award in Science and Technology for The Black Hole War: My Battle with Stephen Hawking to Make the World Safe for Quantum Mechanics.

More profile about the speaker
Leonard Susskind | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxCaltech

Leonard Susskind: My friend Richard Feynman

Leonard Susskind: 我的好友 理查●費因曼 (Richard Feynman)

Filmed:
1,213,939 views

是什麼感覺作為一天才的好友? 在 TEDxCaltech,物理學家Leonard Susskind 敘說幾個故事,有關於他與理查●費因曼之間的友誼,也藉著討論理查●費因曼對問題的處理態度,既認真又是。
- Physicist
Leonard Susskind works on string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics and quantum cosmology at Stanford. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
I decided決定 when I was asked to do this
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當我被要求做這演說
00:17
that what I really wanted to talk about
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我立即想到要說的
00:19
was my friend朋友 Richard理查德 Feynman費曼.
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就是我的好友費因曼
00:21
I was one of the fortunate幸運 few少數
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我是少數幾個夠幸運
00:23
that really did get to know him
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能真正的認識他
00:25
and enjoyed享受 his presence存在.
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以及享受他的相處
00:27
And I'm going to tell you the Richard理查德 Feynman費曼 that I knew知道.
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我將告訴你們我所知道的費因曼
00:30
I'm sure there are other people here
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我相信這裡也有其他人
00:32
who could tell you about the Richard理查德 Feynman費曼 they knew知道,
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能告訴你們他們認識的費因曼
00:34
and it would probably大概 be a different不同 Richard理查德 Feynman費曼.
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也可能會不同於我說的
00:36
Richard理查德 Feynman費曼 was a very complex複雜 man.
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費因曼是個非常複雜的人
00:39
He was a man of many許多, many許多 parts部分.
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他是個非常非常多樣的人
00:41
He was, of course課程, foremost最重要的是,
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當然節大部分 他是
00:43
a very, very, very great scientist科學家.
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非常非常偉大的科學家
00:46
He was an actor演員. You saw him act法案.
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他是個演員 你們都看過他的演出
00:49
I also had the good fortune幸運 to be in those lectures講座,
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我也曾聽過幾次的課堂演說
00:52
up in the balcony陽台.
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就在那閣樓
00:54
They were fantastic奇妙.
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這些演講都是精采萬分
00:56
He was a philosopher哲學家;
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他是一個哲學家
00:58
he was a drum player播放機;
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他是個鼓手
01:00
he was a teacher老師 par平價 excellence卓越.
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他是個傑出的教師
01:03
Richard理查德 Feynman費曼 was also a showman藝人,
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費因曼是個愛出風頭的人
01:05
an enormous巨大 showman藝人.
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是個非常愛出風頭
01:07
He was brash性急的, irreverent不敬 --
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他有時傲慢 玩世不恭
01:11
he was full充分 of macho大男子主義,
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他是非常有男子氣概
01:13
a kind of macho大男子主義 one-upmanship勝人一籌.
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一種 one-upsmanship 的男子氣概
01:16
He loved喜愛 intellectual知識分子 battle戰鬥.
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他喜歡挑戰智力
01:20
He had a gargantuan龐大的 ego自我.
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他非常的自我
01:24
But the man had somehow不知何故
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但是 他又是
01:27
a lot of room房間 at the bottom底部.
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非常有肚量
01:29
And what I mean by that
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我的意思是
01:31
is a lot of room房間, in my case案件 --
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肚量是... 這是以我為例
01:34
I can't speak說話 for anybody任何人 else其他 --
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別人我就無法代言
01:36
but in my case案件,
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所以就我而言
01:38
a lot of room房間 for another另一個 big ego自我.
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肚量卻是為了再放一個自我
01:41
Well, not as big as his,
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不是非常大
01:43
but fairly相當 big.
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但足夠
01:45
I always felt good with Dick迪克 Feynman費曼.
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和費因曼相處 我是愉快的
01:48
It was always fun開玩笑 to be with him.
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是非常的有趣
01:50
He always made製作 me feel smart聰明.
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他總是讓我覺得聰明
01:52
How can somebody like that make you feel smart聰明?
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怎麼可能像他這樣的天才能夠讓你覺得自己聰明呢?
01:54
Somehow不知何故 he did.
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不曉得為什麼 他就是
01:56
He made製作 me feel smart聰明. He made製作 me feel he was smart聰明.
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他讓我覺得聰明 也讓我覺得他是聰明的
01:58
He made製作 me feel we were both smart聰明,
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它讓我覺得我們都是聰明的
02:00
and the two of us could solve解決 any problem問題 whatever隨你.
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好像我們兩個可以解決所有問題
02:04
And in fact事實, we did sometimes有時 do physics物理 together一起.
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事實上, 我們也真的有時一起討論物理
02:07
We never published發表 a paper together一起,
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但我們從未一起發表論文
02:09
but we did have a lot of fun開玩笑.
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我們還是有很多的趣事
02:13
He loved喜愛 to win贏得.
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他喜歡贏
02:15
With these little macho大男子主義 games遊戲 we would sometimes有時 play --
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從我們常玩的一斜男人遊戲
02:18
and he didn't only play them with me, he played發揮 them with all sorts排序 of people --
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他不只與我玩 也與各式各樣的人玩
02:21
he would almost幾乎 always win贏得.
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他幾乎總是贏
02:23
But when he didn't win贏得, when he lost丟失,
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當他輸時
02:26
he would laugh and seem似乎 to have just as much fun開玩笑
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他會笑 就像是贏一樣的
02:29
as if he had won韓元.
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歡樂
02:31
I remember記得 once一旦 he told me a story故事
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我記得有一次 他告訴我一個故事
02:33
about a joke玩笑 that the students學生們 played發揮 on him.
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是學生們開在他身上的玩笑
02:36
They took him -- I think it was for his birthday生日 --
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我想是在他的生日上 他們帶他
02:38
they took him for lunch午餐.
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去午餐
02:40
They took him for lunch午餐
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午餐是去
02:42
to a sandwich三明治 place地點 in Pasadena帕薩迪納.
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Pasadena 的三明治餐廳
02:44
It may可能 still exist存在; I don't know.
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或許還在那裡 我不清楚
02:46
Celebrity名人 sandwiches三明治 was their thing.
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名人三明治 就是餐廳的特色
02:49
You could get a Marilyn瑪麗蓮 Monroe夢露 sandwich三明治.
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比方說 你可以點 瑪麗蓮‧夢露 三明治
02:51
You could get a Humphrey漢弗萊 Bogart博加特 sandwich三明治.
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或是 亨弗萊‧鮑嘉 三明治
02:54
The students學生們 went there in advance提前,
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學生先前去過
02:56
and they arranged安排 that they would all order訂購 Feynman費曼 sandwiches三明治.
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就商量安排 所有學生全部都點 費因曼三明治
02:59
One after another另一個, they came來了 in and ordered有序 Feynman費曼 sandwiches三明治.
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學生一個接一個 進來都點 費因曼三明治
03:02
Feynman費曼 loved喜愛 this story故事.
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費因曼很喜歡這個故事
03:04
He told me this story故事, and he was really happy快樂 and laughing.
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他是真的快樂與高興的敘說這個故事
03:08
When he finished the story故事, I said to him,
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當他說完這故事 我跟他說
03:11
"Dick迪克, I wonder奇蹟 what would be the difference區別
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"Dick, 我好奇費因曼三明治 和 我的三明治
03:13
between之間 a Feynman費曼 sandwich三明治 and a Susskind薩斯坎德 sandwich三明治."
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會有什麼不同"
03:17
And without skipping跳繩 a beat擊敗 at all,
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連停都沒停
03:19
he said, "Well, they'd他們會 be about the same相同.
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他就說 "嗯, 大致上會是差不多
03:22
The only difference區別 is a Susskind薩斯坎德 sandwich三明治 would have a lot more ham火腿,"
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這唯一的差異是 你的三明治會有很多的火腿"
03:25
ham火腿, as in bad actor演員.
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火腿是差的角色
03:27
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:29
Well, I happened發生 to have been very quick that day,
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我剛好那天反應很快
03:32
and I said, "Yeah, but a lot less baloney胡扯."
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我說 "是的 但會少很多的 baloney (扯淡)"
03:35
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:38
The truth真相 of the matter
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實際上呢!
03:42
is that a Feynman費曼 sandwich三明治
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費因曼三明治
03:44
had a load加載 of ham火腿,
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有很多的火腿
03:46
but absolutely絕對 no baloney胡扯.
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絕對沒有 baloney (扯淡)
03:50
What Feynman費曼 hated worse更差 than anything else其他
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費因曼最討厭的事就是
03:52
was intellectual知識分子 pretense虛偽 --
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假聰明
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phoniness虛假的,
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做作
03:56
false sophistication詭辯, jargon行話.
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世故 滿嘴名詞
03:59
I remember記得 sometime某時 during the '80s,
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我記得80年代
04:02
the mid-'中-'80s,
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或是80年代中
04:04
Dick迪克 and I and Sidney西德尼 Coleman科爾曼
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Dick 與 我 以及 Sidney Coleman
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would meet遇到 a couple一對 of times
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三個人一起見過好幾次
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up in San Francisco弗朗西斯科 at some very rich豐富 guy's傢伙 house --
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某個舊金山有錢人家
04:11
up in San Francisco弗朗西斯科 for dinner晚餐.
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用晚餐
04:13
And the last time the rich豐富 guy invited邀請 us,
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最後一次那有錢人的晚宴
04:16
he also invited邀請 a couple一對 of philosophers哲學家.
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也邀請了一些哲學家
04:18
These guys were philosophers哲學家 of mind心神.
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那些是腦學的哲學家
04:21
Their specialty專業 was the philosophy哲學 of consciousness意識.
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他們專長在人類意識的哲學探討
04:24
And they were full充分 of all kinds of jargon行話.
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他們用了一大堆的名詞
04:26
I'm trying to remember記得 the words --
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讓我想想這些詞兒 --
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"monism一元論," "dualism二元論," categories類別 all over the place地點.
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"一元論" "二元論" 到處是分類名詞
04:32
I didn't know what those things meant意味著, neither也不 did Dick迪克 --
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我不曉得這些意涵 Dick 也不知道
04:34
neither也不 did Sydney悉尼 for that matter.
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Sydney 也不清楚
04:36
And what did we talk about?
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那我們在講些什麼?
04:38
Well, what do you talk about when you talk about minds頭腦?
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談到腦 你們會談些什麼?
04:41
One thing, there's one obvious明顯 thing to talk about --
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大概只有這件事 ---
04:43
can a machine become成為 a mind心神?
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機器能像腦一樣嗎?
04:45
Can you build建立 a machine
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能夠建造一個機器
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that thinks like a human人的 being存在,
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能像人類一樣思考
04:49
that is conscious意識?
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就是一樣的有意識
04:51
We satSAT around and we talked about this -- we of course課程 never resolved解決 it.
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我們坐下討論 --- 當然是無法有結論的
04:54
But the trouble麻煩 with the philosophers哲學家
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但是哲學家的問題是
04:56
is that they were philosophizing哲思
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他們急想要把事情哲學化
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when they should have been science-iphizing科學iphizing.
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而實際上應該先科學化
05:00
It's a scientific科學 question after all.
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那只是個科學問題
05:03
And this was a very, very dangerous危險 thing to do
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與費因曼共室時 這樣的自以為是
05:05
around Dick迪克 Feynman費曼.
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是非常的危險
05:10
Feynman費曼 let them have it -- both barrels, right between之間 the eyes眼睛.
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費因曼當時就立即給他們難堪
05:13
It was brutal野蠻; it was funny滑稽 -- ooh, it was funny滑稽.
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相當嚴厲 也是有趣的 --- 是有趣的
05:16
But it was really brutal野蠻.
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但也真的是殘酷
05:18
He really popped膨化 their balloon氣球.
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他真的戳破他們的說法
05:20
But the amazing驚人 thing was --
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妙的事是 ---
05:22
Feynman費曼 had to leave離開 a little early.
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費因曼 必需提前離開
05:24
He wasn't feeling感覺 too well, so he left a little bit early.
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他有些不適 所以得先離開
05:27
And Sidney西德尼 and I were left there with the two philosophers哲學家.
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Sidney 與我只好繼續留下
05:30
And the amazing驚人 thing is these guys were flying飛行.
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妙的是 這兩位哲學家
05:33
They were so happy快樂.
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是快樂的
05:35
They had met會見 the great man;
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他們遇到一位偉人
05:38
they had been instructed指示 by the great man;
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他們讓這偉人親自指教
05:40
they had an enormous巨大 amount of fun開玩笑
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他們非常地享受
05:42
having their faces面孔 shoved in the mud,
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即使是當眾顏面掃地
05:45
and it was something special特別.
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但是個美妙的相遇
05:48
I realized實現 there was something just extraordinary非凡 about Feynman費曼,
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我才明白關於費因曼的不平凡
05:51
even when he did what he did.
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即使是像這樣的情況
05:58
Dick迪克, he was my friend朋友. I did call him Dick迪克.
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Dick 是我的朋友 我都是這麼叫他 Dick
06:01
Dick迪克 and I had a certain某些, a little bit of a rapport關係.
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我們兩個是有些一致性
06:03
I think it may可能 have been a special特別 rapport關係 that he and I had.
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我想這共同性就是
06:06
We liked喜歡 each other; we liked喜歡 the same相同 kind of things.
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我們互相喜歡對方; 也會喜歡相同的事
06:09
I also liked喜歡 the kind of intellectual知識分子 macho大男子主義 games遊戲.
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我也喜歡一些 男人的智力遊戲
06:13
Sometimes有時 I would win贏得, mostly大多 he would win贏得,
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我有時贏 但大多數時間是他贏
06:15
but we both enjoyed享受 them.
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但我們都享受這些遊戲
06:17
And Dick迪克 became成為 convinced相信 at some point
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Dick 有時也相信我們有著
06:19
that he and I had some kind of similarity相似 of personality個性.
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類似的個性
06:23
I don't think he was right.
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我不這麼認為
06:25
I think the only point of similarity相似 between之間 us
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我以為我們唯一的相似點是
06:27
is we both like to talk about ourselves我們自己.
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我們都喜歡談論自己
06:30
But he was convinced相信 of this.
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他也這麼贊同我的說法
06:32
And he was curious好奇.
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他很好奇
06:34
The man was incredibly令人難以置信 curious好奇.
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他是個非常好奇的人
06:36
And he wanted to understand理解 what it was and why it was
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他喜歡弄明白事情的本質與緣由
06:39
that there was this funny滑稽 connection連接.
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是不是有有趣的關聯
06:43
And one day we were walking步行. We were in France法國.
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有一天我們在法國散步
06:45
We were in La ZoucheZouche.
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那是在 La Zouche
06:47
We were up in the mountains, 1976.
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那是1976年 的山上
06:49
We were up in the mountains, and Feynman費曼 said to me,
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山林中 費因曼對我說
06:52
he said, "Leonardo萊昂納多."
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他說 "Leonardo"
06:54
The reason原因 he called me Leonardo萊昂納多
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他叫我 "Leonardo"
06:56
is because we were in Europe歐洲
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是因為我們在歐洲
06:58
and he was practicing his French法國.
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他在練習法文
07:01
And he said, "Leonardo萊昂納多,
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他說 "Leonardo
07:04
were you closer接近 to your mother母親 or to you father父親
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你是比較親近妳的母親還是你的父親
07:07
when you were a kid孩子?"
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當你還是個孩子時?"
07:09
And I said, "Well, my real真實 hero英雄 was my father父親.
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我說: "我心中真正的英雄是我父親
07:12
He was a working加工 man,
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他是個勞工
07:14
had a fifth第五 grade年級 education教育.
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只有小學五年級的教育
07:17
He was a master mechanic機械, and he taught me how to use tools工具.
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他是個機械專家 他教我如何使用工具
07:20
He taught me all sorts排序 of things about mechanical機械 things.
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他教我所有關於機械的事
07:24
He even taught me the Pythagorean畢達哥拉斯 theorem定理.
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他還教我畢氏定理
07:26
He didn't call it the hypotenuse斜邊,
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他不是稱那為 直角的斜邊
07:28
he called it the shortcut捷徑 distance距離."
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他說是 捷徑距離"
07:31
And Feynman's費曼 eyes眼睛 just opened打開 up.
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費因曼的眼睛亮了起來
07:33
He went off like a light bulb燈泡.
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就像個電燈泡
07:35
And he said he had had
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他說他也有
07:38
basically基本上 exactly究竟 the same相同 relationship關係
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與他的父親
07:40
with his father父親.
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像是這樣的關係
07:42
In fact事實, he had been convinced相信 at one time
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事實上 他也曾認為
07:45
that, to be a good physicist物理學家,
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要成為一個好的物理學家
07:48
that it was very important重要
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是非常需要有
07:50
to have had that kind of relationship關係 with your father父親.
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與父親這樣的關係
07:53
I apologize道歉 for the sexist性別歧視 conversation會話 here,
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抱歉 這裡的性別論點
07:56
but this is the way it really happened發生.
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但這是曾經發生的
07:58
He said that he had been absolutely絕對 convinced相信 that this was necessary必要 --
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他說 他是完全的相信
08:02
the necessary必要 part部分 of the growing生長 up of a young年輕 physicist物理學家.
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一個年輕的物理學家成長 是需要這樣的關係
08:06
Being存在 Dick迪克, he, of course課程, wanted to check this.
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Dick 當然想驗證這點
08:09
He wanted to go out and do an experiment實驗.
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他曾想做個實驗
08:11
So, well he did.
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他也真的做
08:13
He went out and did an experiment實驗.
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這個實驗
08:15
He asked all his friends朋友 that he thought were good physicists物理學家,
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他跑去問所有他以為是好物理學家的人
08:18
"Was it your mom媽媽 or your pop流行的 that influenced影響 you?"
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"是你的母親或是父親影響你?"
08:21
And to a man -- they were all men男人 --
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每個人 都是男性
08:23
to a man, every一切 single one of them
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每個人都這麼回答
08:25
said, "My mother母親."
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"我的母親"
08:27
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
08:30
There went that theory理論 down the trashcan垃圾箱 of history歷史.
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所以這假說只好扔進歷史的垃圾桶
08:35
But he was very excited興奮 that he had finally最後 met會見 somebody
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但他是十分興奮 總算找到個
08:38
who had the same相同 experience經驗 with my father父親
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有著類似父子關係
08:41
as he had with his father父親.
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的人
08:43
And for some time, he was convinced相信
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有時候 他也認為
08:45
this was the reason原因 we got along沿 so well.
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這就是為什麼我們是合得來的
08:47
I don't know. Maybe. Who knows知道?
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我不曉得 又或許是 誰知道?
08:49
But let me tell you a little bit
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讓我再多告訴你們一些
08:51
about Feynman費曼 the physicist物理學家.
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這位物理學家 費因曼
08:55
Feynman's費曼 style樣式 --
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費因曼的風格
08:57
no, style樣式 is not the right word.
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不 風格用得不對
08:59
Style樣式 makes品牌 you think of the bow tie領帶 he might威力 have worn磨損的
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風格會讓你想到的是 他繫的領帶
09:01
or the suit適合 he was wearing穿著.
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或是他的西裝
09:03
There's something much deeper更深 than that,
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有更深沉的東西
09:05
but I can't think of another另一個 word for it.
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但我卻想不出更好的說法
09:07
Feynman's費曼 scientific科學 style樣式
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費因曼的科學風格
09:10
was always to look for the simplest簡單,
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就是總是找出最簡單的
09:12
most elementary初級 solution to a problem問題 that was possible可能.
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最簡單的解答 可能性才高
09:17
If it wasn't possible可能, you had to use something fancier空想家.
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若不對 就得再找複雜的
09:20
But no doubt懷疑 part部分 of this
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毫無疑問
09:23
was his great joy喜悅 and pleasure樂趣
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他做學問的樂趣
09:26
in showing展示 people that he could think more simply只是 than they could.
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就是表現他能想出比別人更簡單的解答
09:30
But he also deeply believed相信, he truly believed相信,
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他也深深相信
09:33
that if you couldn't不能 explain說明 something simply只是
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如果你無法將事物解釋的夠簡單
09:35
you didn't understand理解 it.
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那表示你不明白它
09:38
In the 1950s, people were trying to figure數字 out
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在1950年代 大家試圖理解
09:41
how superfluid超流體 helium worked工作.
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超流體氦 的原理
09:43
There was a theory理論.
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有一個理論
09:45
It was due應有 to a Russian俄語 mathematical數學的 physicist物理學家,
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由蘇俄物理數學家提出的
09:47
and it was a complicated複雜 theory理論.
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但是個極複雜的理論
09:49
I'll tell you what that theory理論 was soon不久 enough足夠.
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很快的告訴大家
09:51
It was a terribly可怕 complicated複雜 theory理論
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那是個遭透了的複雜理論
09:53
full充分 of very difficult integrals積分 and formulas公式
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一大堆複雜的積分, 程式
09:56
and mathematics數學 and so forth向前.
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以及數學等等
09:58
And it sort分類 of worked工作, but it didn't work very well.
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它似乎能解釋 但並不完善
10:01
The only way it worked工作
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只有當
10:03
is when the helium atoms原子 were very, very far apart距離.
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兩個氦原子相隔很遠時
10:06
The helium atoms原子 had to be very far apart距離.
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只有那時該理論是可用
10:08
And unfortunately不幸, the helium atoms原子 in liquid液體 helium
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不幸的是 氦在液態時
10:10
are right on top最佳 of each other.
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氦原子是緊緊相連
10:12
Feynman費曼 decided決定, as a sort分類 of amateur業餘 helium physicist物理學家,
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費因曼決定 以一業餘的氦物理學家
10:15
that he would try to figure數字 it out.
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來解解看
10:18
He had an idea理念, a very clear明確 idea理念.
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他有了個清楚的點子
10:20
He would try to figure數字 out
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他試著發展
10:22
what the quantum量子 wave function功能
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如此龐大數目原子
10:24
of this huge巨大 number of atoms原子 looked看著 like.
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的量子波動函數
10:26
He would try to visualize想像 it,
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也試著 能視覺化
10:28
guided引導 by a small number of simple簡單 principles原則.
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用的就只是少數量的簡單原理
10:31
The small number of simple簡單 principles原則 were very, very simple簡單.
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這些就都是非常簡單的
10:34
The first one was
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第一個是
10:36
that when helium atoms原子 touch觸摸 each other, they repel擊退.
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當氦原子碰到另一個氦原子時 會排斥
10:39
The implication意義 of that is that the wave function功能 has to go to zero,
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意味著波函數會降到零
10:42
it has to vanish消失 when the helium atoms原子 touch觸摸 each other.
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波函數會消失當兩個氦原子相連
10:45
The other fact事實
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另一個證據是
10:47
is that the ground地面 state, the lowest最低 energy能源 state of a quantum量子 system系統,
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基態 也就是量子系統的最小能階
10:50
the wave function功能 is always very smooth光滑 --
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波函數是非常平滑的
10:54
has the minimum最低限度 number of wiggles.
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有最小的擾動
10:56
So he satSAT down --
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他就坐下 ---
10:58
and I imagine想像 he had nothing more
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我可以想見他沒有其他東西
11:00
than a simple簡單 piece of paper and a pencil鉛筆 --
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只用了鉛筆和一張紙 ---
11:02
and he tried試著 to write down, and did write down,
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試著也真的寫下
11:04
the simplest簡單 function功能 that he could think of
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他認為最簡單的函式開始
11:07
which哪一個 had the boundary邊界 conditions條件
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有著邊界條件:
11:09
that the wave function功能 vanish消失 when things touch觸摸
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波函式會歸零當物體相碰觸
11:11
and is smooth光滑 in between之間.
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也需要是連續平滑的發生
11:13
He wrote down a simple簡單 thing.
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他寫下簡單的式子
11:15
It was so simple簡單, in fact事實,
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是非常的簡單易懂
11:17
that I suspect疑似 a really smart聰明 high school學校 student學生,
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我想一個聰明的高中生
11:19
who didn't even have calculus結石,
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不用懂微積分
11:21
could understand理解 what he wrote down.
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也能懂他所寫下的式子
11:24
The thing was that that simple簡單 thing that he wrote down
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那些簡單的式子
11:27
explained解釋 everything that was known已知 at the time about liquid液體 helium
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便能解釋那時所觀察到一切有關液態氦
11:30
and then some.
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的情況
11:32
I've always wondered想知道
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我常好奇
11:34
whether是否 the professionals專業人士, the real真實 professional專業的 helium physicists物理學家,
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那些真的氦物理專家
11:37
were just a little bit embarrassed尷尬 by this.
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會不會因此而感到窘困
11:40
They had their super-powerful超級強大 technique技術,
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他們也有著高超的技巧
11:42
and they couldn't不能 do as well.
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卻沒有解好
11:44
Incidentally順便, I'll tell you what that super-powerful超級強大 technique技術 was.
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所以這個高超的技巧
11:48
It was the technique技術 of Feynman費曼 diagrams.
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就是 費因曼的圖形學
11:51
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
11:53
He did it again in 1968.
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他在1968年又作了一次
11:56
In 1968, in my own擁有 university大學 --
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1968年 在我自己的大學
11:58
I wasn't there at the time -- but in 1968,
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我當時不在
12:01
they were exploring探索 the structure結構體 of the proton質子.
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他們正在探索有關質子
12:04
The proton質子 is obviously明顯 made製作
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質子明顯是由一群
12:06
of a whole整個 bunch of little particles粒子.
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小粒子組成
12:08
This was more or less known已知.
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這些是隱約明白的
12:10
And the way to analyze分析 it was, of course課程, Feynman費曼 diagrams.
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去理解這件事 當然是用費因曼圖學
12:13
That's what Feynman費曼 diagrams were constructed for --
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也是費因曼圖學的最初設計目的
12:16
to understand理解 particles粒子.
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理解基本粒子理論
12:18
The experiments實驗 that were going on were very simple簡單.
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實驗是相當簡單
12:20
You simply只是 take the proton質子,
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就是把質子用
12:22
and you hit擊中 it really sharply大幅 with an electron電子.
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高速電子撞擊
12:24
This was the thing the Feynman費曼 diagrams were for.
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這就是費因曼圖學的設計目的
12:27
The only problem問題
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唯一的困擾是
12:29
was that Feynman費曼 diagrams are complicated複雜.
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費因曼圖學是複雜的
12:31
They're difficult integrals積分.
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是困難的積分
12:33
If you could do all of them, you would have a very precise精確 theory理論.
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如果能全解決 那就是個完整的理論
12:36
But you couldn't不能; they were just too complicated複雜.
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但是卻無法完成 因為太複雜了
12:39
People were trying to do them.
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大家試著解題
12:41
You could do a one loop循環 diagram. Don't worry擔心 about one loop循環.
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可以作出一迴圈 一點都不擔心
12:44
One loop循環, two loops循環 -- maybe you could do a three loop循環 diagram,
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一迴圈 兩迴圈 甚至可能可以解出三迴圈
12:47
but beyond that, you couldn't不能 do anything.
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但是超過就不太能解開
12:49
Feynman費曼 said, "Forget忘記 all of that.
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費因曼說 "忘了那些解法
12:51
Just think of the proton質子
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只要把質子想成
12:53
as an assemblage裝配 of little particles粒子 --
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是小粒子的集合
12:55
a swarm一群 of little particles粒子."
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一群小粒子的集合"
12:57
He called them partons部分子. He called them partons部分子.
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他叫它們是 部份子 (parton)
13:00
He said, "Just think of it as a swarm一群 of partons部分子
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他說: "就想像質子是一群 部份子 組成
13:02
moving移動 real真實 fast快速."
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快速移動"
13:04
Because they're moving移動 real真實 fast快速,
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因為是快速運動
13:08
relativity相對論 says the internal內部 motions運動 go very slow.
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相對論說明內部運動實際是慢的
13:12
The electron電子 hits點擊 it suddenly突然.
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當電子瞬間撞上
13:14
It's like taking服用 a very sudden突然 snapshot快照 of the proton質子.
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就像是對質子拍一張快照
13:17
What do you see?
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會看到什麼?
13:19
You see a frozen凍結的 bunch of partons部分子.
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就會看到一群靜止的部份子
13:24
They don't move移動, and because they don't move移動
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因為這樣的實驗
13:26
during the course課程 of the experiment實驗,
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造成的靜止狀態
13:28
you don't have to worry擔心 about how they're moving移動.
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你就暫時不用操心它們是如何運動
13:30
You don't have to worry擔心 about the forces軍隊 between之間 them.
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你就不用操心他們之間的作用力
13:32
You just get to think of it
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只需想像
13:34
as a population人口
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是一群靜止
13:36
of frozen凍結的 partons部分子.
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部份子的集合
13:39
This was the key to analyzing分析 these experiments實驗.
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這就是解題的關鍵
13:42
Extremely非常 effective有效, it really did --
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非常有效
13:45
somebody said the word revolution革命 is a bad word.
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有些人認為"革命"是個不好的詞
13:47
I suppose假設 it is, so I won't慣於 say revolution革命 --
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可能吧! 所以我不會說這是革命
13:50
but it certainly當然 evolved進化 very, very deeply
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但它真的徹徹底底的改變
13:53
our understanding理解 of the proton質子,
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我們所理解的質子
13:56
and of particles粒子 beyond that.
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以及其他未來的基本粒子
13:58
Well, I had some more that I was going to tell you
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嗯, 我還想告訴大家一些其他事
14:00
about my connection連接 with Feynman費曼,
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關於我和費因曼的故事
14:02
what he was like,
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以及他是怎樣的人
14:04
but I see I have exactly究竟 half a minute分鐘.
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但我似乎只剩半分鐘了
14:06
So I think I'll just finish up
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所以我最好在此作結束
14:08
by saying I actually其實 don't think Feynman費曼 would have liked喜歡 this event事件.
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我實際上相信 費因曼本人不會喜歡這整件活動
14:12
I think he would have said,
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我想他會說:
14:15
"I don't need this."
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"我不需要這個"
14:18
But how should we honor榮譽 Feynman費曼?
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但是我們又該如何紀念費因曼呢?
14:21
How should we really honor榮譽 Feynman費曼?
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我們真的該如何紀念費因曼呢?
14:23
I think the answer回答 is we should honor榮譽 Feynman費曼
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我想答案就是
14:26
by getting得到 as much baloney胡扯
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在生活與研究上
14:28
out of our own擁有 sandwiches三明治 as we can.
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不再隨便膨風吹噓
14:31
Thank you.
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謝謝
14:33
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by K. C. Peng
Reviewed by Nova Upinel Altesse

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Leonard Susskind - Physicist
Leonard Susskind works on string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics and quantum cosmology at Stanford.

Why you should listen

Leonard Susskind is the Felix Bloch Professor of Physics at Stanford University. His research interests include string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics, and quantum cosmology. He received the Pregel Award from the New York Academy of Science (1975), and the J. J. Sakurai Prize of the American Physical Society (1998) "for his pioneering contributions to hadronic string models, lattice gauge theories, quantum chromodynamics, and dynamical symmetry breaking." He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and, since 2009, has been serving as Director of the Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics.

He is a recent recipient of the Los Angeles Times Book Award in Science and Technology for The Black Hole War: My Battle with Stephen Hawking to Make the World Safe for Quantum Mechanics.

More profile about the speaker
Leonard Susskind | Speaker | TED.com