TED@BCG Paris
Sebastian Kraves: The era of personal DNA testing is here
塞巴斯蒂安 卡維斯: 個人基因分析的時代已經到來
Filmed:
Readability: 5
1,159,063 views
從改善疫苗到改變農作物到解決犯罪，基因技術已經改變我們的世界。現在，歷史上第一次，任何人可以在家，廚房做基因試驗，使用一個比鞋盒還要小的設備。“我們生活在個人基因技術的革命，”生物技術企業家塞巴斯蒂安 卡維斯說。讓我們來一起探索被掩埋的基因秘密。
Sebastian Kraves - Biotech entrepreneur
Sebastian Kraves wants to bring DNA science to more people in new places. Full bio
Sebastian Kraves wants to bring DNA science to more people in new places. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Imagine that you're a pig farmer.
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想像一下你是一個養豬人，
00:16
You live on a small farm
in the Philippines.
in the Philippines.
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你住在菲律賓的一個小農場。
00:19
Your animals are your family's
sole source of income --
sole source of income --
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你的動物是你家庭的主要收入來源，
00:22
as long as they're healthy.
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只要它們保持健康。
00:24
You know that any day,
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你知道總會有一天，
00:26
one of your pigs can catch the flu,
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其中一隻豬會得禽流感，
00:28
the swine flu.
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豬流感。
00:29
Living in tight quarters,
one pig coughing and sneezing
one pig coughing and sneezing
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它們住在狹小的住所裡，
一隻豬咳嗽和打噴嚏，
一隻豬咳嗽和打噴嚏，
00:33
may soon lead to the next pig
coughing and sneezing,
coughing and sneezing,
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遲早會造成下一隻豬咳嗽和打噴嚏，
00:35
until an outbreak of swine flu
has taken over your farm.
has taken over your farm.
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直達豬流感爆發，佔領農場。
00:39
If it's a bad enough virus,
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如果是一個很嚴重的病毒，
00:41
the health of your herd may be gone
in the blink of an eye.
in the blink of an eye.
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你豬群的健康可能就在眨眼間灰飛煙滅。
00:45
If you called in a veterinarian,
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如果你聯繫一個獸醫，
00:46
he or she would visit your farm
and take samples
and take samples
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他或她可能會造訪你的農場，
並從豬的鼻子和口腔中採集樣本，
00:49
from your pigs' noses and mouths.
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00:51
But then they would have to drive
back into the city
back into the city
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但是接下來，他們需要開車回城市，
00:54
to test those samples
in their central lab.
in their central lab.
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在他們的大型實驗室中測試樣本，
00:57
Two weeks later,
you'd hear back the results.
you'd hear back the results.
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兩週後，你會得到結果，
01:00
Two weeks may be just enough time
for infection to spread
for infection to spread
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兩周時間可能足夠疾病傳染，
01:04
and take away your way of life.
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並奪走你賴以為生的東西。
01:07
But it doesn't have to be that way.
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但是事情並不一定會發展成那樣，
01:09
Today, farmers can take
those samples themselves.
those samples themselves.
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現在，農場主們可以自己採集樣本，
01:12
They can jump right into the pen
and swab their pigs' noses and mouths
and swab their pigs' noses and mouths
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他們可以直接用筆和一張小濾紙，
擦豬的鼻子和口腔，
擦豬的鼻子和口腔，
01:16
with a little filter paper,
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01:18
place that little filter paper
in a tiny tube,
in a tiny tube,
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把濾紙放在一個試管內，
01:21
and mix it with some chemicals
that will extract genetic material
that will extract genetic material
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並加入一些能夠提取他們豬的鼻子
和口腔基因的化學材料，
和口腔基因的化學材料，
01:25
from their pigs' noses and mouths.
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01:27
And without leaving their farms,
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並且不需要離開農場，
01:29
they take a drop of that genetic material
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取一滴基因材料，
01:31
and put it into a little analyzer
smaller than a shoebox,
smaller than a shoebox,
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放入一個比鞋盒還小的分析器內，
01:35
program it to detect DNA or RNA
from the swine flu virus,
from the swine flu virus,
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設置並探測豬流感病毒內的
DNA和RNA，
DNA和RNA，
01:40
and within one hour get back the results,
visualize the results.
visualize the results.
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一小時之內就可取得結果，
可視化的結果。
可視化的結果。
01:45
This reality is possible
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這一切是可能的，
01:47
because today we're living in the era
of personal DNA technology.
of personal DNA technology.
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因為我們活在一個
個人DNA技術的時代。
個人DNA技術的時代。
01:51
Every one of us can actually
test DNA ourselves.
test DNA ourselves.
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每一個人都可以檢測自己的DNA。
01:55
DNA is the fundamental molecule
the carries genetic instructions
the carries genetic instructions
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DNA是攜帶遺傳信息結構
的基本分子，
的基本分子，
01:59
that help build the living world.
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它幫助我們建造這個生機勃勃的世界。
02:02
Humans have DNA.
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人類有DNA。
02:03
Pigs have DNA.
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豬有DNA。
02:05
Even bacteria and some
viruses have DNA too.
viruses have DNA too.
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甚至細菌和一些病毒都有DNA。
02:08
The genetic instructions encoded in DNA
inform how our bodies develop,
inform how our bodies develop,
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DNA攜帶的遺傳信息結構告訴我們
我們會怎樣進化，成長，運作。
我們會怎樣進化，成長，運作。
02:13
grow, function.
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在很多情況下，
一樣的遺傳信息會造廠疾病。
一樣的遺傳信息會造廠疾病。
02:14
And in many cases, that same information
can trigger disease.
can trigger disease.
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02:18
Your genetic information
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你的基因信息
02:20
is strung into a long and twisted
molecule, the DNA double helix,
molecule, the DNA double helix,
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被串在一個長條的旋轉的分子中，
DNA雙螺旋結構。
DNA雙螺旋結構。
02:24
that has over three billion letters,
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從頭到尾，
有超過30億個字母。
02:26
beginning to end.
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02:28
But the lines that carry
meaningful information
meaningful information
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但是攜帶有意義信息的片段
02:31
are usually very short --
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通常其實很短——
02:33
a few dozen to several
thousand letters long.
thousand letters long.
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幾十到幾千個字母那麼長。
02:36
So when we're looking to answer
a question based on DNA,
a question based on DNA,
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所以當我們需要根據DNA
來解決一個問題的時候，
來解決一個問題的時候，
02:39
we actually don't need to read
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我們並不需要閱讀
02:41
all those three billion
letters, typically.
letters, typically.
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所有30億個字母。
02:43
That would be like getting hungry at night
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這就像是在晚上感覺到飢餓，
02:46
and having to flip through
the whole phone book
the whole phone book
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要翻遍整本電話簿，
02:48
from cover to cover,
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從頭到尾，
02:49
pausing at every line,
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查看每一行，
02:51
just to find the nearest pizza joint.
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只為了找到最近的披薩店。
02:53
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:54
Luckily, three decades ago,
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幸運的是，三十年前，
02:57
humans started to invent tools
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人類開始研究能夠追蹤
特定遺傳信息片段的工具，
特定遺傳信息片段的工具，
02:59
that can find any specific line
of genetic information.
of genetic information.
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03:02
These DNA machines are wonderful.
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這些DNA機器棒極了。
03:04
They can find any line in DNA.
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它們可以找到任何DNA的片段。
03:07
But once they find it,
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但是一旦找到了片段，
03:09
that DNA is still tiny, and surrounded
by so much other DNA,
by so much other DNA,
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微小的DNA依舊被無數其他
DNA環繞著，
DNA環繞著，
03:14
that what these machines then do
is copy the target gene,
is copy the target gene,
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及其接下來做的，
就是複製目標基因片段，
就是複製目標基因片段，
03:19
and one copy piles on top of another,
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一段複製基因堆在另一段複製基因上，
03:21
millions and millions
and millions of copies,
and millions of copies,
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它會複製上百萬份基因，
03:23
until that gene stands out
against the rest;
against the rest;
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直到目標基因從中脫穎而出，
03:26
until we can visualize it,
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直到我們能夠把它可視化，
03:28
interpret it, read it, understand it,
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能夠翻譯它，讀取它，理解它，
03:31
until we can answer:
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直到我們能夠回答，
03:32
Does my pig have the flu?
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我的豬得流感了嗎？
03:35
Or other questions buried in our own DNA:
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或則其他埋藏在我們基因裡的問題，
03:39
Am I at risk of cancer?
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我有患癌風險嗎？
03:42
Am I of Irish descent?
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我有愛爾蘭血統嗎?
03:44
Is that child my son?
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那是我的兒子嗎？
03:47
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:50
This ability to make copies of DNA,
as simple as it sounds,
as simple as it sounds,
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這種複製基因能力就和它
聽起來一樣簡單，
聽起來一樣簡單，
03:55
has transformed our world.
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這已經改變了我們的世界。
03:56
Scientists use it every day
to detect and address disease,
to detect and address disease,
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科學家每天都在使用這個技術，
發現並解決疾病，
發現並解決疾病，
04:01
to create innovative medicines,
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研發創新藥物，
04:04
to modify foods,
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改變食物，
04:06
to assess whether our food is safe to eat
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評估我們的食物是否安全，
04:08
or whether it's contaminated
with deadly bacteria.
with deadly bacteria.
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或者是否被致命細菌污染，
04:11
Even judges use the output
of these machines in court
of these machines in court
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甚至法官都會在法庭上使用
這些機器的測驗結果，
這些機器的測驗結果，
04:14
to decide whether someone is innocent
or guilty based on DNA evidence.
or guilty based on DNA evidence.
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根據DNA證物，
來判斷誰是清白或有罪的。
來判斷誰是清白或有罪的。
04:19
The inventor of this DNA-copying technique
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基因複製技術的發明者
04:21
was awarded the Nobel Prize
in Chemistry in 1993.
in Chemistry in 1993.
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1993年獲得了化學諾貝爾獎。
04:25
But for 30 years,
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但是30年裡，
04:27
the power of genetic analysis
has been confined to the ivory tower,
has been confined to the ivory tower,
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基因分析的能力一直被限制，
04:30
or bigwig PhD scientist work.
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被有能力的博士科學家限制。
04:34
Well, several companies around the world
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但是，世界上的一些公司，
04:36
are working on making
this same technology accessible
this same technology accessible
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正在研究如何讓這些技術
普及到像養豬人一樣的普通民眾中，
04:40
to everyday people like the pig farmer,
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04:43
like you.
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比如說你們。
04:44
I cofounded one of these companies.
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我和別人成立了其中一家公司，
04:47
Three years ago,
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三年前，
04:48
together with a fellow biologist
and friend of mine,
and friend of mine,
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我和一個生物學家也是我的朋友，
04:51
Zeke Alvarez Saavedra,
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齐克·阿尔瓦雷斯·萨维德拉，
04:53
we decided to make personal DNA machines
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我們決定研究每個人都可以
使用的個人基因機器，
使用的個人基因機器，
04:55
that anyone could use.
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04:57
Our goal was to bring DNA science
to more people in new places.
to more people in new places.
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我們的目標是把個人基因技術
帶給更多人和地方。
帶給更多人和地方。
05:01
We started working in our basements.
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我們在地下室裡開始工作。
05:04
We had a simple question:
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我們有一個很簡單的問題：
05:06
What could the world look like
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如果每個人都能夠分析基因，
05:07
if everyone could analyze DNA?
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這個世界會變成什麼樣？
05:10
We were curious,
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我們很好奇，
05:12
as curious as you would have been
if I had shown you this picture in 1980.
if I had shown you this picture in 1980.
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就跟我在1980給你們展示這張照片一樣，
05:17
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:18
You would have thought, "Wow!
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你會想 “哇，
05:20
I can now call
my Aunt Glenda from the car
my Aunt Glenda from the car
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我現在可以從車上給格蘭達姑姑
打電話了，
打電話了，
05:22
and wish her a happy birthday.
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並祝她生日快樂。
05:24
I can call anyone, anytime.
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我可以隨時給任何人打電話，
05:27
This is the future!"
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這就是未來！“
05:29
Little did you know,
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你們不知道的是，
05:31
you would tap on that phone
to make dinner reservations
to make dinner reservations
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你可以點擊手機預定晚餐位置，
05:33
for you and Aunt Glenda
to celebrate together.
to celebrate together.
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讓你和格蘭達姑姑能夠一起慶祝。
05:36
With another tap,
you'd be ordering her gift.
you'd be ordering her gift.
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再點擊一下，你就能夠給祂訂購禮物。
05:38
And yet one more tap,
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再點擊一下，
05:40
and you'd be "liking"
Auntie Glenda on Facebook.
Auntie Glenda on Facebook.
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你就能在格蘭達姑姑的臉書上點讚。
05:42
And all of this,
while sitting on the toilet.
while sitting on the toilet.
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這一切，都可以坐在馬桶上完成。
05:45
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:47
It is notoriously hard to predict
where new technology might take us.
where new technology might take us.
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預測未來科技的發展方向是
出了名的難，
出了名的難，
05:52
And the same is true
for personal DNA technology today.
for personal DNA technology today.
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現在的個人基因技術也是一樣。
05:57
For example, I could never have imagined
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比如說，我從來不會想到
06:00
that a truffle farmer, of all people,
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一個普普通通的松露養殖者，
06:02
would use personal DNA machines.
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能夠使用個人基因機器。
06:05
Dr. Paul Thomas grows
truffles for a living.
truffles for a living.
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保羅托馬斯博士以種植松露衛生。
06:08
We see him pictured here,
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我們看他的照片，
06:10
holding the first UK-cultivated truffle
in his hands, on one of his farms.
in his hands, on one of his farms.
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手上抓著他農場之一種植的
第一個英國產的松露，
第一個英國產的松露，
06:16
Truffles are this delicacy
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松露是這麼美味，
06:17
that stems from a fungus
growing on the roots of living trees.
growing on the roots of living trees.
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因為它是生長在樹上的真菌的莖，
06:21
And it's a rare fungus.
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而且還是稀有真菌。
06:23
Some species may fetch 3,000,
7,000, or more dollars per kilogram.
7,000, or more dollars per kilogram.
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一些品種能夠到每千克3000，
7000，甚至更多美金，
7000，甚至更多美金，
06:29
I learned from Paul
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我從保羅那裡學到，
06:31
that the stakes for a truffle farmer
can be really high.
can be really high.
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當一個松露養殖者的賭注是很高的，
06:34
When he sources new truffles
to grow on his farms,
to grow on his farms,
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當他在農場中種植新的松露的時候，
06:37
he's exposed to the threat
of knockoffs --
of knockoffs --
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他有可能會面臨山寨貨——
06:40
truffles that look and feel
like the real thing,
like the real thing,
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看起來和摸起來像是松露.
06:43
but they're of lower quality.
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但是它們質量都很低，
06:45
But even to a trained eye like Paul's,
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但是像保羅這樣訓練過的眼睛，
06:47
even when looked at under a microscope,
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即使把它放在顯微鏡下觀察，
06:49
these truffles can pass for authentic.
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它們也有可能矇混過關，
06:51
So in order to grow
the highest quality truffles,
the highest quality truffles,
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所以為了種植最高質量的松露，
06:55
the ones that chefs
all over the world will fight over,
all over the world will fight over,
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那種世界上的廚師會為之爭奪的。
06:59
Paul has to use DNA analysis.
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保羅需要用基因分析技術，
07:02
Isn't that mind-blowing?
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這不令人興奮嗎？
07:04
I bet you will never look
at that black truffle risotto again
at that black truffle risotto again
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我打賭下一次你看著一盤黑松露焗飯
的時候，
的時候，
07:07
without thinking of its genes.
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一定會思考它的基因。
07:09
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
07:11
But personal DNA machines
can also save human lives.
can also save human lives.
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但是個人基因技術還可以拯救
人類生命。
人類生命。
07:17
Professor Ian Goodfellow is a virologist
at the University of Cambridge.
at the University of Cambridge.
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伊恩·古德費洛教授是劍橋大學的
一個病毒學家，
一個病毒學家，
07:21
Last year he traveled to Sierra Leone.
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去年，他去了塞拉利昂，
07:24
When the Ebola outbreak
broke out in Western Africa,
broke out in Western Africa,
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去年當埃博拉病毒在非洲西部
爆發的時候，
爆發的時候，
07:28
he quickly realized that doctors there
lacked the basic tools
lacked the basic tools
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他迅速的意識到那裡的醫生缺少
基礎探測和抵禦病毒的工具。
基礎探測和抵禦病毒的工具。
07:32
to detect and combat disease.
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07:34
Results could take
up to a week to come back --
up to a week to come back --
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探測結果可能要花一周時間才會反饋——
07:37
that's way too long for the patients
and the families who are suffering.
and the families who are suffering.
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這對於經受痛苦的病人和家人
來說太久了，
來說太久了，
07:42
Ian decided to move his lab
into Makeni, Sierra Leone.
into Makeni, Sierra Leone.
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伊恩決定把他的實驗室搬到
塞拉利昂的馬克尼，
塞拉利昂的馬克尼，
07:47
Here we see Ian Goodfellow
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我們可以看到伊恩·古德費洛
07:49
moving over 10 tons of equipment
into a pop-up tent
into a pop-up tent
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搬運超過十噸重的設備到一個帳篷裡，
07:53
that he would equip to detect
and diagnose the virus
and diagnose the virus
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他能夠在24小時內組裝並開始
探測和診斷病毒
探測和診斷病毒
07:57
and sequence it within 24 hours.
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及其基因序列。
08:00
But here's a surprise:
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但是，令人驚訝的是，
08:02
the same equipment that Ian could use
at his lab in the UK
at his lab in the UK
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伊恩在他英國實驗室能夠使用的
一樣的設備，
一樣的設備，
08:06
to sequence and diagnose Ebola,
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用來排序和診斷埃博拉基因的機器，
08:08
just wouldn't work under these conditions.
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在這個條件下卻無法工作，
08:10
We're talking 35 Celsius heat
and over 90 percent humidity here.
and over 90 percent humidity here.
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我說的可是35度的高溫和91%的濕度。
08:16
But instead, Ian could use
personal DNA machines
personal DNA machines
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但是，伊恩可以使用個人基因機器，
08:19
small enough to be placed
in front of the air-conditioning unit
in front of the air-conditioning unit
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小到能夠放置在空調前面，
08:22
to keep sequencing the virus
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繼續排列病毒基因，
08:24
and keep saving lives.
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繼續拯救生命。
08:25
This may seem like
an extreme place for DNA analysis,
an extreme place for DNA analysis,
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這可能看起來對於分析基因是
一個很極端的環境，
一個很極端的環境，
08:29
but let's move on to an even
more extreme environment:
more extreme environment:
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但是讓我們想想更極端的環境：
08:32
outer space.
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外太空。
08:34
Let's talk about DNA analysis in space.
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讓我們來談談在外太空的基因分析。
08:37
When astronauts live aboard
the International Space Station,
the International Space Station,
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當宇航員們住在國際空間站的時候，
08:40
they're orbiting the planet
250 miles high.
250 miles high.
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他們正在26500千米的高空，
08:44
They're traveling
at 17,000 miles per hour.
at 17,000 miles per hour.
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以27400千米每小時的速度環繞地球。
08:47
Picture that --
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想像一下，
08:48
you're seeing 15 sunsets
and sunrises every day.
and sunrises every day.
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每天，你還看見15次日出和日落，
08:52
You're also living in microgravity,
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而且你住在微重力下，
08:54
floating.
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漂浮著。
08:55
And under these conditions,
our bodies can do funky things.
our bodies can do funky things.
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在這些情況下，
我們的身體會做一些奇怪的反應，
我們的身體會做一些奇怪的反應，
08:59
One of these things is that
our immune systems get suppressed,
our immune systems get suppressed,
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其中的一件就是我們的免疫系統
會被抑制，
會被抑制，
09:03
making astronauts more prone to infection.
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讓宇航員們更容易被感染。
09:07
A 16-year-old girl,
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一個16歲的女孩，
09:09
a high school student from New York,
Anna-Sophia Boguraev,
Anna-Sophia Boguraev,
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一個來自紐約的高中生，
安娜索菲亞 博古拉，
安娜索菲亞 博古拉，
09:13
wondered whether changes
to the DNA of astronauts
to the DNA of astronauts
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她想知道宇航員基因的變化
09:16
could be related
to this immune suppression,
to this immune suppression,
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是否和免疫系統的抑制有關，
09:18
and through a science competition
called "Genes In Space,"
called "Genes In Space,"
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通過一個叫做“太空基因”的比賽，
09:22
Anna-Sophia designed an experiment
to test this hypothesis
to test this hypothesis
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安娜索菲亞設計了一個實驗
來檢驗這一個假說，
來檢驗這一個假說，
09:26
using a personal DNA machine
aboard the International Space Station.
aboard the International Space Station.
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使用一個登上國際空間站的
個人基因機器。
個人基因機器。
09:31
Here we see Anna-Sophia
on April 8, 2016, in Cape Canaveral,
on April 8, 2016, in Cape Canaveral,
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我們看到2016年8月8號，
安娜索菲亞在斗篷狂歡節上，
安娜索菲亞在斗篷狂歡節上，
09:37
watching her experiment launch
to the International Space Station.
to the International Space Station.
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看著她的實驗被送上國際空間站，
09:41
That cloud of smoke is the rocket
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那朵雲是火箭產生的煙霧，
09:43
that brought Anna-Sophia's experiment
to the International Space Station,
to the International Space Station,
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那個火箭帶著安娜索菲亞的
實驗飛往國際空間站，
實驗飛往國際空間站，
09:48
where, three days later,
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在那裡，三天後，
09:50
astronaut Tim Peake
carried out her experiment --
carried out her experiment --
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宇航員蒂姆·皮克在微重力下
進行了實驗，
進行了實驗，
09:54
in microgravity.
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09:56
Personal DNA machines are now
aboard the International Space Station,
aboard the International Space Station,
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國際空間站現在有了個人基因機器，
09:59
where they can help monitor
living conditions
living conditions
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它能幫助監控生活環境，
10:02
and protect the lives of astronauts.
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並保護宇航員生命。
10:05
A 16-year-old designing a DNA experiment
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一個16歲的女孩設計了
一個基因試驗，
一個基因試驗，
10:09
to protect the lives of astronauts
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並能夠保護宇航員生命，
10:11
may seem like a rarity,
the mark of a child genius.
the mark of a child genius.
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這似乎很少見，
但也表現了孩子的才智。
但也表現了孩子的才智。
10:15
Well, to me, it signals
something bigger:
something bigger:
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然而對於我來說，這代表著更重要的東西，
10:18
that DNA technology is finally
within the reach of every one of you.
within the reach of every one of you.
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基因技術終於普及到每個人了。
10:24
A few years ago,
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幾年前，
10:26
a college student armed
with a personal computer
with a personal computer
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一個擁有個人電腦的大學生，
10:29
could code an app,
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他編寫了一個程序，
10:31
an app that is now a social network
with more than one billion users.
with more than one billion users.
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一個現在擁有超過十億用戶的
社交網絡。
社交網絡。
10:35
Could we be moving into a world
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我們能夠進入一個
10:37
of one personal DNA machine in every home?
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每個家體都有一台個人基因機器
的世界嗎？
的世界嗎？
10:41
I know families who are already
living in this reality.
living in this reality.
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我知道一些已經實現這個的家庭，
10:45
The Daniels family, for example,
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比如說，丹尼爾的家庭，
10:47
set up a DNA lab in the basement
of their suburban Chicago home.
of their suburban Chicago home.
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在他們芝加哥城郊家裡的地下室裡
建立了一個基因實驗室，
建立了一個基因實驗室，
10:52
This is not a family
made of PhD scientists.
made of PhD scientists.
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這不是一個擁有博士學位科學家
的家庭，
的家庭，
10:56
This is a family like any other.
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這是一個普通的家庭。
10:58
They just like to spend time together
doing fun, creative things.
doing fun, creative things.
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他們只是喜歡花時間一起做一些
有趣和有創造力的事情。
有趣和有創造力的事情。
11:02
By day, Brian is an executive
at a private equity firm.
at a private equity firm.
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白天，
布萊恩是一個私人企業的執行官，
布萊恩是一個私人企業的執行官，
11:07
At night and on weekends,
he experiments with DNA
he experiments with DNA
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晚上和週末，
他和他七歲和九歲的孩子，
他和他七歲和九歲的孩子，
11:10
alongside his kids, ages seven and nine,
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進行基因實驗，
11:12
as a way to explore the living world.
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當成一個探索世界的方式。
11:15
Last time I called them,
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上一次我給他們打電話的時候，
11:17
they were checking out homegrown produce
from the backyard garden.
from the backyard garden.
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他們正在檢驗家裡後院種植的產品。
11:21
They were testing tomatoes
that they had picked,
that they had picked,
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他們正在檢測他們挑選的番茄，
11:23
taking the flesh of their skin,
putting it in a test tube,
putting it in a test tube,
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挑出番茄的外表皮和肉，
放在檢測管裡，
放在檢測管裡，
11:26
mixing it with chemicals to extract DNA
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和化學材料混合抽取基因，
11:28
and then using their home DNA copier
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然後用他們家裡的基因複製器，
11:31
to test those tomatoes
for genetically engineered traits.
for genetically engineered traits.
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檢測那些蕃茄的基因工程特徵。
11:36
For the Daniels family,
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對於丹尼爾的家庭來說，
11:38
the personal DNA machine
is like the chemistry set
is like the chemistry set
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個人基因機器就像是
21世紀的化學套裝，
21世紀的化學套裝，
11:41
for the 21st century.
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11:43
Most of us may not yet
be diagnosing genetic conditions
be diagnosing genetic conditions
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我們中的大多數人都沒有
檢測過廚房水槽內的基因條件。
檢測過廚房水槽內的基因條件。
11:47
in our kitchen sinks
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11:49
or doing at-home paternity testing.
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或者在家裡做親子鑑定。
11:51
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
11:52
But we've definitely reached
a point in history
a point in history
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但是我們一定已經到達了歷史
的轉折點，
的轉折點，
11:54
where every one of you could actually
get hands-on with DNA
get hands-on with DNA
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你們的每一個人都可以在廚房裡
接觸基因。
接觸基因。
12:00
in your kitchen.
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12:01
You could copy, paste and analyze DNA
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你們可以複製，合成和分析基因
12:05
and extract meaningful
information from it.
information from it.
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並從中取出有用的信息，
12:08
And it's at times like this
that profound transformation
that profound transformation
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這些重大的改變
12:11
is bound to happen;
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是時候要發生了。
12:12
moments when a transformative,
powerful technology
powerful technology
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這個顛覆性的技術
12:16
that was before limited
to a select few in the ivory tower,
to a select few in the ivory tower,
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之前被選擇性的禁錮，
12:19
finally becomes within the reach
of every one of us,
of every one of us,
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終於能夠普及到每一個人，
12:23
from farmers to schoolchildren.
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從農場主到學生。
12:26
Think about the moment
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想像一下，
12:27
when phones stopped being
plugged into the wall by cords,
plugged into the wall by cords,
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當電話不再需要被插在牆上充電，
12:31
or when computers left the mainframe
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或者電腦不需要主機，
12:34
and entered your home or your office.
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而且可以安置在家裡或辦公室。
12:37
The ripples of the personal DNA revolution
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波浪狀的個人基因革命
12:40
may be hard to predict,
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可能很難預測，
12:41
but one thing is certain:
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但是有一件事情是肯定的：
12:43
revolutions don't go backwards,
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革命不會倒退，
12:46
and DNA technology is already spreading
faster than our imagination.
faster than our imagination.
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基因技術的傳播已經比我們想像
的要快。
的要快。
12:50
So if you're curious,
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所以如果你感到好奇，
12:52
get up close and personal
with DNA -- today.
with DNA -- today.
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現在就仔細的看看個人基因技術。
12:55
It is in our DNA to be curious.
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好奇，是存在我們基因中的。
12:58
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
12:59
Thank you.
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謝謝
13:00
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sebastian Kraves - Biotech entrepreneurSebastian Kraves wants to bring DNA science to more people in new places.
Why you should listen
Dr. Sebastian Kraves co-founded the Cambridge-based start-up miniPCR to help bring DNA analysis technology to the masses. Kraves was previously a principal at BCG, where he spent more than six years working on health care challenges, such as how to make biomedical technology accessible in sub-Saharan Africa. A molecular neurobiologist who trained at Harvard, Kraves has published research on optogenetics and the genetic regulation of behavior, but is now focused on his dream to make DNA analysis tools accessible to everyone, everywhere.
Sebastian Kraves | Speaker | TED.com