TEDxMidAtlantic
Jeff Speck: 4 ways to make a city more walkable
傑夫·斯佩克: 使城市更適合步行的四種方法
Filmed:
Readability: 3.7
2,173,018 views
遠離汽車，遠離城市區域的擴張，自由在城市行走！城市規劃師 Jeff Speck 分享了他的「步行能力的一般理論」 - 四條規劃原則，將六車道高速公路和 600 英尺的城市街區變成安全、可步行的綠洲，充滿自行車道和綠樹成蔭的街道。
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
我今天來和你們討論
所謂適宜步行的城市
所謂適宜步行的城市
00:12
So I'm here to talk to you
about the walkable city.
about the walkable city.
0
897
2889
00:15
What is the walkable city?
1
3810
1359
什麼才是適宜步行的城市呢？
00:17
Well, for want of a better definition,
2
5193
2481
最好的解釋就是
00:19
it's a city in which the car
is an optional instrument of freedom,
is an optional instrument of freedom,
3
7698
6888
汽車是城市一種可供選擇的工具
00:26
rather than a prosthetic device.
4
14610
1884
而不是像一個義肢般的必不可缺
00:28
And I'd like to talk about
why we need the walkable city,
why we need the walkable city,
5
16518
2955
而我今天想談論
為什麼我們需要一個適宜步行的城市
為什麼我們需要一個適宜步行的城市
00:31
and I'd like to talk about
how to do the walkable city.
how to do the walkable city.
6
19497
4158
同時我也想談論
要怎麼做才能有一個適宜步行的城市
要怎麼做才能有一個適宜步行的城市
00:35
Most of the talks I give these days
are about why we need it,
are about why we need it,
7
23679
4340
最近我大部分的演講
都是關於為什麼我們需要它？
都是關於為什麼我們需要它？
00:40
but you guys are smart.
8
28043
3096
但是你們很聰明
00:44
And also I gave that talk
exactly a month ago,
exactly a month ago,
9
32314
3247
而那正是我一個月前的演講
00:47
and you can see it at TED.com.
10
35585
2067
你們可以在 TED.com 上面看到
00:49
So today I want to talk
about how to do it.
about how to do it.
11
37676
3000
所以今天我想討論如何做
00:52
In a lot of time thinking about this,
12
40700
1939
關於這問題，我想了很久
00:54
I've come up with what I call
the general theory of walkability.
the general theory of walkability.
13
42663
3100
最後得出一個答案
我稱之為，適宜步行的一般性理論
我稱之為，適宜步行的一般性理論
00:57
A bit of a pretentious term,
it's a little tongue-in-cheek,
it's a little tongue-in-cheek,
14
45787
2930
有些狂妄的說法，也有點半開玩笑式
01:00
but it's something
I've thought about for a long time,
I've thought about for a long time,
15
48741
2574
但確實是我思考已久的事實
01:03
and I'd like to share
what I think I've figured out.
what I think I've figured out.
16
51339
3384
我想和你們分享我的發現
01:06
In the American city,
the typical American city --
the typical American city --
17
54747
2839
在美國城市，典型的美國城市
01:09
the typical American city
is not Washington, DC,
is not Washington, DC,
18
57610
2240
不是華盛頓特區
01:11
or New York, or San Francisco;
19
59874
2308
紐約或是舊金山
01:14
it's Grand Rapids or Cedar
Rapids or Memphis --
Rapids or Memphis --
20
62206
3247
是激流市或杉溪市或者孟菲斯──
01:17
in the typical American city
in which most people own cars
in which most people own cars
21
65477
3111
在典型的美國城市裡
大部分的人們都擁有汽車
大部分的人們都擁有汽車
01:20
and the temptation
is to drive them all the time,
is to drive them all the time,
22
68612
2321
這是致使他們時常行駛的誘因
01:22
if you're going to get them to walk,
then you have to offer a walk
then you have to offer a walk
23
70957
3779
如果你試圖要他們步行
那麼你必須提供一個和開車一樣
那麼你必須提供一個和開車一樣
01:26
that's as good as a drive or better.
24
74760
1848
甚而更好的方式
01:28
What does that mean?
25
76632
1151
這是什麼意思？
01:29
It means you need to offer
four things simultaneously:
four things simultaneously:
26
77807
2541
代表你必須同時滿足四項需求
01:32
there needs to be a proper reason to walk,
27
80372
2057
首先要有一個適切的理由去行走
01:34
the walk has to be safe and feel safe,
28
82453
2350
步行需要安全並感受到安全
01:36
the walk has to be comfortable
29
84827
1695
同時要是舒適的
01:38
and the walk has to be interesting.
30
86546
1769
也要是有趣的
01:40
You need to do all four
of these things simultaneously,
of these things simultaneously,
31
88339
2610
這四項需求必須同時滿足
01:42
and that's the structure of my talk today,
32
90973
2030
這些正是今天演講的架構
01:45
to take you through each of those.
33
93027
1629
會分別探討每一項需求
01:46
The reason to walk
is a story I learned from my mentors,
is a story I learned from my mentors,
34
94680
3264
步行的理由
來自我導師所講述的一個故事
01:49
Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk,
35
97968
2360
安德鲁斯．杜安伊
和伊麗莎白．普拉特．茲伊貝克
和伊麗莎白．普拉特．茲伊貝克
01:52
the founders of the New Urbanism movement.
36
100352
2001
他們是新城市主義運動的先驅
01:54
And I should say half the slides
and half of my talk today
and half of my talk today
37
102377
3513
而我必須坦承
今天的演講內容和投影片
今天的演講內容和投影片
有一半來自這故事中啟發
01:57
I learned from them.
38
105914
1326
01:59
It's the story of planning,
39
107264
1779
這是個關於規劃的故事
02:01
the story of the formation
of the planning profession.
of the planning profession.
40
109067
3240
關於規劃專業如何形成的故事
02:04
When in the 19th century
people were choking
people were choking
41
112331
4751
在 19 世紀
人們窒息於煤煙密布的恐怖作坊
02:09
from the soot of the dark, satanic mills,
42
117106
2493
02:11
the planners said, hey, let's move
the housing away from the mills.
the housing away from the mills.
43
119623
4376
規劃者曾這麼說道
嘿，我們把住宅搬離這地方吧
嘿，我們把住宅搬離這地方吧
02:16
And lifespans increased
immediately, dramatically,
immediately, dramatically,
44
124023
3467
人類平均壽命不久就明顯地延長
02:19
and we like to say
45
127514
1151
我們樂意這樣講
02:20
the planners have been trying to repeat
that experience ever since.
that experience ever since.
46
128689
3192
規劃者從此就不斷地重複這方式
02:23
So there's the onset
of what we call Euclidian zoning,
of what we call Euclidian zoning,
47
131905
2642
這也是我們稱之
歐幾里德分區制的開始
歐幾里德分區制的開始
02:26
the separation of the landscape
into large areas of single use.
into large areas of single use.
48
134571
4075
以分區方式規定土地使用
02:30
And typically when I arrive
in a city to do a plan,
in a city to do a plan,
49
138670
2477
一般來說，當我到一個城市去做規劃
02:33
a plan like this already awaits me
on the property that I'm looking at.
on the property that I'm looking at.
50
141171
4039
這樣的規劃早已就位並久候
02:37
And all a plan like this guarantees
51
145234
1702
而所有這一類型的規劃都代表著
02:38
is that you will not have a walkable city,
52
146960
2039
你將不會擁有一個適宜步行的城市
02:41
because nothing is located
near anything else.
near anything else.
53
149023
2920
因為附近什麼都沒有
02:43
The alternative, of course,
is our most walkable city,
is our most walkable city,
54
151967
3640
另外的一種方式
當然就是我們最為重視的理念
當然就是我們最為重視的理念
02:47
and I like to say, you know,
this is a Rothko,
this is a Rothko,
55
155631
2530
上面所說的是羅斯科的抽象派
02:50
and this is a Seurat.
56
158185
1503
而這裡說的是秀拉派
02:51
It's just a different way --
he was the pointilist --
he was the pointilist --
57
159712
2541
它不同的地方，在於他是點彩派畫家
02:54
it's a different way of making places.
58
162277
1833
採用不一樣的方式去規劃地方
02:56
And even this map of Manhattan
is a bit misleading
is a bit misleading
59
164134
2809
即便這幅曼哈頓的地圖有些錯誤
02:58
because the red color
is uses that are mixed vertically.
is uses that are mixed vertically.
60
166967
4180
因為使用的紅色是垂直混合的
03:03
So this is the big story
of the New Urbanists --
of the New Urbanists --
61
171171
2704
接下來是關於新城市主義的一個故事
03:05
to acknowledge that there
are only two ways
are only two ways
62
173899
2512
必須承認只有兩種方式
03:08
that have been tested by the thousands
63
176435
2290
去建構一個社區
03:10
to build communities,
in the world and throughout history.
in the world and throughout history.
64
178749
2940
它們從古自今，已被測試數千年
03:13
One is the traditional neighborhood.
65
181713
1878
其一是典型的鄰里關係
03:15
You see here several neighborhoods
of Newburyport, Massachusetts,
of Newburyport, Massachusetts,
66
183615
3414
你可以看到在麻薩諸塞州
紐伯里波特這城市裡的一些鄰里社區
紐伯里波特這城市裡的一些鄰里社區
03:19
which is defined as being compact
and being diverse --
and being diverse --
67
187053
4267
它是密集並且多樣的地區
03:23
places to live, work, shop,
recreate, get educated --
recreate, get educated --
68
191344
4142
可以居住、上班、逛街
休閒、受教育
休閒、受教育
03:27
all within walking distance.
69
195510
1879
都是走路就能到的距離
03:29
And it's defined as being walkable.
70
197413
2136
也是所謂，適宜步行的距離
03:31
There are lots of small streets.
71
199573
1534
有很多小的街道
03:33
Each one is comfortable to walk on.
72
201131
1726
每條都可以很自在舒適地行走
03:34
And we contrast that to the other way,
73
202881
2514
但我們卻選擇恰為相反的方式
03:37
an invention that happened
after the Second World War,
after the Second World War,
74
205419
2819
在二戰後的改變
03:40
suburban sprawl,
75
208262
1258
郊區擴展
03:41
clearly not compact, clearly not diverse,
and it's not walkable,
and it's not walkable,
76
209544
4577
明顯地不密集也不多樣
不適於步行
不適於步行
03:46
because so few of the streets connect,
77
214145
1898
因為很少有街道相連
03:48
that those streets that do connect
become overburdened,
become overburdened,
78
216067
2883
即使有街道相連也變得過度負荷
03:50
and you wouldn't let your kid out on them.
79
218974
2090
你不會讓你的孩子走出去
03:53
And I want to thank Alex Maclean,
the aerial photographer,
the aerial photographer,
80
221088
2851
我想感謝麥可林，空中攝影師
03:55
for many of these beautiful pictures
that I'm showing you today.
that I'm showing you today.
81
223963
3055
他拍攝了很多美麗的照片
讓我今天向大家展示
讓我今天向大家展示
03:59
So it's fun to break sprawl down
into its constituent parts.
into its constituent parts.
82
227042
3620
打破（建築羣）雜亂擴散的大片區域
變成為不同的組成部分是有趣的事
變成為不同的組成部分是有趣的事
04:02
It's so easy to understand,
83
230686
1577
便於理解
04:04
the places where you only live,
the places where you only work,
the places where you only work,
84
232287
3003
一個你只能生活的地方
一個你只能工作的地方
一個你只能工作的地方
04:08
the places where you only shop,
85
236144
1956
一個你只能購物的地方
04:10
and our super-sized public institutions.
86
238124
3344
以及我們的超大的公共設施
04:13
Schools get bigger and bigger,
87
241492
1440
學校越來越大
04:14
and therefore, further
and further from each other.
and further from each other.
88
242956
2396
因此，相互間距離更遠
04:17
And the ratio of the size
of the parking lot
of the parking lot
89
245376
3129
停車場的規模
與學校規模的比例
04:20
to the size of the school
90
248529
1216
04:21
tells you all you need to know,
91
249769
1616
能夠告訴你所有你需要知道的
04:23
which is that no child
has ever walked to this school,
has ever walked to this school,
92
251409
2538
那就是，沒有小孩
04:25
no child will ever walk to this school.
93
253971
1905
走到過學校
04:27
The seniors and juniors are driving
the freshmen and the sophomores,
the freshmen and the sophomores,
94
255900
3840
高三生開車載著高一高二生
04:31
and of course we have
the crash statistics to prove it.
the crash statistics to prove it.
95
259764
2624
當然我們有車禍統計數據證明
04:34
And then the super-sizing
of our other civic institutions
of our other civic institutions
96
262412
3468
我們其它的超級城市設施
04:37
like playing fields --
97
265904
1170
例如遊樂場
04:39
it's wonderful that Westin
in the Ft. Lauderdale area
in the Ft. Lauderdale area
98
267098
3873
羅德岱堡的威斯汀地區超棒
04:42
has eight soccer fields
and eight baseball diamonds
and eight baseball diamonds
99
270995
3068
有 8 個足球場，8 個棒球場
04:46
and 20 tennis courts,
100
274087
1859
20 個網球場
04:47
but look at the road
that takes you to that location,
that takes you to that location,
101
275970
3612
但是，看看那些帶你通往那裡的路
04:51
and would you let your child bike on it?
102
279606
1946
你會讓你的孩子騎腳踏車去嗎？
04:53
And this is why we have
the soccer mom now.
the soccer mom now.
103
281576
2130
那就是當今我們爲什麼有足球媽媽
04:55
When I was young, I had one soccer field,
104
283730
2242
在我小時候，我有一個足球場
04:57
one baseball diamond and one tennis court,
105
285996
2025
一個棒球場，一個網球場
05:00
but I could walk to it,
because it was in my neighborhood.
because it was in my neighborhood.
106
288045
2858
但是我可以走過去，因爲距離我很近
05:02
Then the final part of sprawl
that everyone forgot to count:
that everyone forgot to count:
107
290927
2851
城市區域擴展還有最後一個部分
大家都忘記了
大家都忘記了
05:05
if you're going to separate everything
from everything else
from everything else
108
293802
2820
如果你打算把每個東西都分散
然後只靠汽車再去連接它
05:08
and reconnect it
only with automotive infrastructure,
only with automotive infrastructure,
109
296646
2534
這就是你得到的全景圖
05:11
then this is what your landscape
begins to look like.
begins to look like.
110
299204
2522
主要訊息就是：
05:13
The main message here is:
111
301750
1215
如果你想擁有適宜步行的城市
你就不能始以城市擴散
你就不能始以城市擴散
05:14
if you want to have a walkable city,
you can't start with the sprawl model.
you can't start with the sprawl model.
112
302989
3602
05:18
you need the bones of an urban model.
113
306615
2071
你需要城市模型的骨架
05:20
This is the outcome
of that form of design,
of that form of design,
114
308710
2848
這就是那種設計的結果
05:23
as is this.
115
311582
1391
像這樣
05:24
And this is something
that a lot of Americans want.
that a lot of Americans want.
116
312997
2589
這是很多美國人想要的
05:27
But we have to understand
it's a two-part American dream.
it's a two-part American dream.
117
315610
2713
但是我們需要瞭解的是
它是美國人夢想的二部分
它是美國人夢想的二部分
05:30
If you're dreaming for this,
118
318347
1360
如果你渴望它，那你同時也渴望這個
05:31
you're also going to be dreaming of this,
often to absurd extremes,
often to absurd extremes,
119
319731
3381
荒誕至極的是
05:35
when we build our landscape
to accommodate cars first.
to accommodate cars first.
120
323136
2617
如果我們建造景觀時
優先考慮的是汽車
優先考慮的是汽車
05:37
And the experience
of being in these places --
of being in these places --
121
325777
2241
那麼經歷這樣的地方──
05:40
(Laughter)
122
328042
1017
（笑聲）
05:41
This is not Photoshopped.
123
329083
1380
這圖沒有修過
05:42
Walter Kulash took this slide.
124
330487
2002
華特照了這張相片。
05:44
It's in Panama City.
125
332513
1697
它在巴拿馬市
05:46
This is a real place.
126
334234
1789
這是真實的地方
05:48
And being a driver
can be a bit of a nuisance,
can be a bit of a nuisance,
127
336047
2479
而作爲駕駛可能會感到有點困擾
05:50
and being a pedestrian
can be a bit of a nuisance
can be a bit of a nuisance
128
338550
2465
而作爲行人可能也會感到有點困擾
05:53
in these places.
129
341039
1501
在這些地方
05:54
This is a slide that epidemiologists
have been showing for some time now,
have been showing for some time now,
130
342564
3474
就是這張幻燈片
流行病學家已展示了一段時間了
流行病學家已展示了一段時間了
05:58
(Laughter)
131
346062
1016
（笑聲）
05:59
The fact that we have a society
where you drive to the parking lot
where you drive to the parking lot
132
347102
3465
事實上，我們生活在這樣的社會
我們開車、停車
我們開車、停車
06:02
to take the escalator to the treadmill
133
350591
1874
乘電梯去使用跑步機的現象
06:04
shows that we're doing something wrong.
134
352489
1928
表明我們在做錯誤的事
06:06
But we know how to do it better.
135
354441
1572
但是我們知道如何做的更好
06:08
Here are the two models contrasted.
136
356037
1683
這裡有兩個反例
06:09
I show this slide,
137
357744
1155
我用這頁
06:10
which has been a formative document
of the New Urbanism now
of the New Urbanism now
138
358923
2786
這是形成當今
新城市主義的主要文件之一
新城市主義的主要文件之一
06:13
for almost 30 years,
139
361733
1404
大約有 30 年了
06:15
to show that sprawl and the traditional
neighborhood contain the same things.
neighborhood contain the same things.
140
363161
4159
表現城市擴展羣
與傳統的鄰里社區擁有相同之處
與傳統的鄰里社區擁有相同之處
06:19
It's just how big are they,
141
367344
1386
就是它們的大小
06:20
how close are they to each other,
142
368754
1599
它們之間如何的緊密相鄰
06:22
how are they interspersed together
143
370377
1675
它們是如何的相互交織
06:24
and do you have a street network,
rather than a cul-de-sac
rather than a cul-de-sac
144
372076
2917
並且有街道相互交錯，而不是死巷
06:27
or a collector system of streets?
145
375017
2035
或者是連絡道路
06:29
So when we look at a downtown area,
146
377076
1817
讓我們看市中心區域
06:30
at a place that has a hope
of being walkable,
of being walkable,
147
378917
2135
一個我們希望步行的區域
06:33
and mostly that's our downtowns
in America's cities
in America's cities
148
381076
2558
多數美國城市
06:35
and towns and villages,
149
383658
1768
鄉鎮的市中心區
06:37
we look at them and say
we want the proper balance of uses.
we want the proper balance of uses.
150
385450
3065
我們看著這些說道
我們需要恰當的平衡使用
我們需要恰當的平衡使用
06:40
So what is missing or underrepresented?
151
388539
2135
所以，是什麼遺忘或者疏忽掉了？
06:42
And again, in the typical American cities
in which most Americans live,
in which most Americans live,
152
390698
3660
在典型的美國人居住的美國城市
06:46
it is housing that is lacking.
153
394382
2010
是住宅區的缺乏
06:48
The jobs-to-housing balance is off.
154
396416
2190
工作與住宅區失去了平衡
06:50
And you find that when
you bring housing back,
you bring housing back,
155
398630
2183
你會發現，當你把住宅區移回來時
06:52
these other things start to come back too,
156
400837
2066
其它的東西也相繼回來
06:54
and housing is usually first
among those things.
among those things.
157
402927
2476
房屋是首當其衝的
06:57
And, of course, the thing
that shows up last and eventually
that shows up last and eventually
158
405427
3104
而最終的
07:00
is the schools,
159
408555
1181
是學校
07:01
because the people have to move in,
160
409760
2320
因為人們不得不搬進去
07:04
the young pioneers have to move in,
get older, have kids
get older, have kids
161
412104
4821
年輕人首先搬入
然後變老，有了孩子
然後變老，有了孩子
07:08
and fight, and then the schools
get pretty good eventually.
get pretty good eventually.
162
416949
3038
奮鬥，然後學校變得很好
07:12
The other part of this part,
163
420011
2302
另外的一部分
07:14
the useful city part,
164
422337
3491
有用的部分
07:17
is transit,
165
425852
1305
是運輸
07:19
and you can have a perfectly
walkable neighborhood without it.
walkable neighborhood without it.
166
427181
3365
你可以造一個沒有運輸的
完美步行鄰里社區
完美步行鄰里社區
07:22
But perfectly walkable cities
require transit,
require transit,
167
430570
3305
但是完美的步行城市需要運輸
07:25
because if you don't have access
to the whole city as a pedestrian,
to the whole city as a pedestrian,
168
433899
3441
因為如果你不能步行到達整個城市
07:29
then you get a car,
169
437364
1161
那你就要有汽車
07:30
and if you get a car,
170
438549
1155
如果你有了車
07:31
the city begins to reshape itself
around your needs,
around your needs,
171
439728
2548
城市就根據你的需求再改造
07:34
and the streets get wider
and the parking lots get bigger
and the parking lots get bigger
172
442300
2682
街道變寬，停車場變大
你不會再有步行城市
07:37
and you no longer have a walkable city.
173
445006
1877
所以運輸問題是關鍵
07:38
So transit is essential.
174
446907
1155
但是每種運輸經歷，每個運輸
07:40
But every transit experience,
every transit trip,
every transit trip,
175
448086
2401
07:42
begins or ends as a walk,
176
450511
1895
開始和結束都是步行
07:44
and so we have to remember to build
walkability around our transit stations.
walkability around our transit stations.
177
452430
3798
所以我們必須牢記
建造圍繞運輸站的可步行性
建造圍繞運輸站的可步行性
07:48
Next category, the biggest one,
is the safe walk.
is the safe walk.
178
456252
2745
下一個範疇，最大的問題
就是安全步行
就是安全步行
07:51
It's what most walkability
experts talk about.
experts talk about.
179
459021
2216
它是多數專家談論的重點
07:53
It is essential, but alone not enough
to get people to walk.
to get people to walk.
180
461261
4041
它很關鍵，但是僅憑此項
並不能讓人們行走
並不能讓人們行走
07:57
And there are so many moving parts
that add up to a walkable city.
that add up to a walkable city.
181
465326
3143
還有許多可動部分有助於步行城市
08:00
The first is block size.
182
468493
1576
第一是街廓區塊規模
08:02
This is Portland, Oregon,
183
470093
1347
這是波特蘭，俄勒岡州
08:03
famously 200-foot blocks,
famously walkable.
famously walkable.
184
471464
3566
著名的 200 英呎街區
著名的適於步行
著名的適於步行
08:07
This is Salt Lake City,
185
475054
1318
這是鹽湖城
08:08
famously 600-foot blocks,
186
476396
2080
著名的 600 英呎街區
08:10
famously unwalkable.
187
478500
1369
著名的不適於步行
08:11
If you look at the two,
it's almost like two different planets,
it's almost like two different planets,
188
479893
3006
如果你看它們兩個
就像完全不同的星球
就像完全不同的星球
08:14
but these places were both built by humans
189
482923
2316
但是它們都是人建造的地方
08:17
and in fact, the story is that when
you have a 200-foot block city,
you have a 200-foot block city,
190
485263
3640
事實上，當你有 200 英呎街區
08:20
you can have a two-lane city,
191
488927
1534
你可以有雙線道城市
08:22
or a two-to-four lane city,
192
490485
1417
或者雙線道至四線道城市
08:23
and a 600-foot block city
is a six-lane city, and that's a problem.
is a six-lane city, and that's a problem.
193
491926
4025
對於 600 英尺的街區
6 線車道的城市，這是問題
6 線車道的城市，這是問題
08:27
These are the crash statistics.
194
495975
1478
這些是事故統計
08:29
When you double the block size --
195
497477
2086
當你把街區翻倍
08:31
this was a study
of 24 California cities --
of 24 California cities --
196
499587
2033
這是關於 24 個加州城市的研究
08:33
when you double the block size,
197
501644
1492
當你把街區翻倍
08:35
you almost quadruple
the number of fatal accidents
the number of fatal accidents
198
503160
3626
死亡事故機率幾乎變為 4 倍
08:38
on non-highway streets.
199
506810
2001
在非高速公路的一般街道上
08:40
So how many lanes do we have?
200
508835
2231
我們有多少線道？
08:43
This is where I'm going to tell you
what I tell every audience I meet,
what I tell every audience I meet,
201
511090
3477
這就是我遇到每一個觀衆時所講的
08:46
which is to remind you
about induced demand.
about induced demand.
202
514591
2730
這是提醒你關於誘導需求
08:49
Induced demand applies
both to highways and to city streets.
both to highways and to city streets.
203
517345
4437
誘導需求適用於高速公路
也適用市區街道
也適用市區街道
08:53
And induced demand tells us
that when we widen the streets
that when we widen the streets
204
521806
3485
誘導需求告訴我們當我們拓寬街道
08:57
to accept the congestion
that we're anticipating,
that we're anticipating,
205
525315
3098
接受我們對於擁堵的預期
09:00
or the additional trips
that we're anticipating
that we're anticipating
206
528437
2337
或者我們預期的額外行程
09:02
in congested systems,
it is principally that congestion
it is principally that congestion
207
530798
3913
在擁堵體系中，主要的擁堵
09:06
that is constraining demand,
208
534735
1993
是約束需求
09:08
and so that the widening comes,
209
536752
1762
所以要拓寬街道
09:10
and there are all of these latent trips
that are ready to happen.
that are ready to happen.
210
538538
3116
所有這些潛在的行程即將發生
09:13
People move further from work
211
541678
1389
人們到更遠的地方工作
09:15
and make other choices
about when they commute,
about when they commute,
212
543091
2233
選擇其它時間上下班
09:17
and those lanes fill up
very quickly with traffic,
very quickly with traffic,
213
545348
2374
那些車道不久就變的擁堵
09:19
so we widen the street again,
and they fill up again.
and they fill up again.
214
547746
2501
所以我們又拓寬街道，它們又被填滿
09:22
And we've learned that
in congested systems,
in congested systems,
215
550271
2226
我們發現，在擁堵體系中
09:24
we cannot satisfy the automobile.
216
552521
2415
我們不能滿足汽車
09:26
This is from Newsweek Magazine --
hardly an esoteric publication:
hardly an esoteric publication:
217
554960
3450
這是來自《新聞周刊》──
並不深奧的出版物：
並不深奧的出版物：
09:30
"Today's engineers acknowledge
218
558434
1668
「如今，工程師意識到
09:32
that building new roads
usually makes traffic worse."
usually makes traffic worse."
219
560126
3226
建造新路通常會讓交通更加惡化。」
09:35
My response to reading this was,
may I please meet some of these engineers,
may I please meet some of these engineers,
220
563376
3563
讀完之後，我想說
我能見那些工程師嗎？
我能見那些工程師嗎？
09:38
because these are not the ones that I --
221
566963
2066
因為那些工程師並不是我──
09:41
there are great exceptions
that I'm working with now --
that I'm working with now --
222
569053
2590
我現在共事的人也有很多例外──
但是他們不是我們通常遇到的
那種市政府工程師，
那種市政府工程師，
09:43
but these are not the engineers
one typically meets working in a city,
one typically meets working in a city,
223
571667
3306
他們常說：「喔，路太擠？
我們需要拓寬。」
我們需要拓寬。」
09:46
where they say, "Oh, that road
is too crowded, we need to add a lane."
is too crowded, we need to add a lane."
224
574997
3466
09:50
So you add a lane, and the traffic comes,
225
578487
2160
所以你拓寬了，而後擁堵也來了，
09:52
and they say, "See, I told you
we needed that lane."
we needed that lane."
226
580671
2457
他們會說：
「看吧，我早說過我們需要拓寬。」
「看吧，我早說過我們需要拓寬。」
09:55
This applies both to highways
and to city streets if they're congested.
and to city streets if they're congested.
227
583152
3792
這適於高速公路和城市街道
如果它們擁塞。
如果它們擁塞。
09:58
But the amazing thing
about most American cities that I work in,
about most American cities that I work in,
228
586968
3035
奇妙的是多數我待過的美國城市，
10:02
the more typical cities,
229
590027
1289
更典型的城市，
10:03
is that they have a lot of streets
that are actually oversized
that are actually oversized
230
591340
3032
是很多街道因為現有的塞車
10:06
for the congestion
they're currently experiencing.
they're currently experiencing.
231
594396
2407
而建造的過大
10:08
This was the case in Oklahoma City,
232
596827
1723
就奧克拉荷馬市而言
10:10
when the mayor came running
to me, very upset,
to me, very upset,
233
598574
2519
當市長沮喪的來到我面前
10:13
because they were named
in Prevention Magazine
in Prevention Magazine
234
601117
2404
因為它們被《美國預防雜誌》稱為
10:15
the worst city for pedestrians
in the entire country.
in the entire country.
235
603545
3153
全美最糟步行城市
10:18
Now that can't possibly be true,
236
606722
1706
現在雖然可能不完全對
10:20
but it certainly is enough
to make a mayor do something about it.
to make a mayor do something about it.
237
608452
3129
但是它已經足夠促使市長做些工作
10:23
We did a walkability study,
238
611605
1309
我們做了步行研究
10:24
and what we found, looking
at the car counts on the street --
at the car counts on the street --
239
612938
3335
發現，當計算街道上有多少車輛，
10:28
these are 3,000-, 4,000-, 7,000-car counts
240
616297
3675
三千、四千、七千輛車計入，
10:31
and we know that two lanes
can handle 10,000 cars per day.
can handle 10,000 cars per day.
241
619996
3947
我們知道兩線車道
每天只能容納一萬輛車。
每天只能容納一萬輛車。
10:35
Look at these numbers --
they're all near or under 10,000 cars,
they're all near or under 10,000 cars,
242
623967
4657
看這些數據，
它們大都接近或少於一萬輛
它們大都接近或少於一萬輛
10:40
and these were the streets
that were designated
that were designated
243
628648
2574
而我們設計的
10:43
in the new downtown plan
244
631246
2212
用於新的市中心方案
10:45
to be four lanes to six lanes wide.
245
633482
2634
有 4 車道至 6 車道寬
10:48
So you had a fundamental disconnect
between the number of lanes
between the number of lanes
246
636140
3245
因此所需的車道數
10:51
and the number of cars
that wanted to use them.
that wanted to use them.
247
639409
2242
與會使用那些車道的車輛數
有很大的誤差
有很大的誤差
10:53
So it was my job to redesign
every street in the downtown
every street in the downtown
248
641675
3915
因此我的工作就是重新設計
市中心的每一條路
市中心的每一條路
從這頭路緣到另一頭路緣
10:57
from curb face to curb face,
249
645614
1735
10:59
and we did it for 50 blocks of streets,
250
647373
2002
我們做了 50 街區的街道
11:01
and we're rebuilding it now.
251
649399
1357
我們在重新建造它
11:02
So a typical oversized street to nowhere
252
650780
3040
因此一個典型的過寬街道難於縮小的
11:05
is being narrowed, and now
under construction,
under construction,
253
653844
2200
正在建設
11:08
and the project is half done.
254
656068
1640
項目已經進半
11:09
The typical street like this, you know,
255
657732
1991
典型的街道是這樣的
11:11
when you do that,
you find room for medians.
you find room for medians.
256
659747
3446
當你做的時候，你找到中間的空間
11:15
You find room for bike lanes.
257
663217
1982
你找到自行車道
11:17
We've doubled the amount
of on-street parking.
of on-street parking.
258
665223
2167
我們把街道停車區拓寬到2倍
11:19
We've added a full bike network
where one didn't exist before.
where one didn't exist before.
259
667414
3949
我們增加了之前沒有的完整的自行車網路
11:23
But not everyone has the money
that Oklahoma City has,
that Oklahoma City has,
260
671387
3247
但是並不是每個城市都像奧克拉荷馬市一樣
11:26
because they have an extraction
economy that's doing quite well.
economy that's doing quite well.
261
674658
3084
有經費去這麼做，它們做的很好的提取經濟
11:29
The typical city is more
like Cedar Rapids,
like Cedar Rapids,
262
677766
2052
典型的城市更像Cedar Rapids
11:31
where they have an all four-lane
system, half one-way system.
system, half one-way system.
263
679842
3990
這裡有4車道體系，其中一半是單車道系統
11:35
And it's a little hard to see,
264
683856
1449
看起來有點困難
11:37
but what we've done -- what we're doing;
it's in process right now,
it's in process right now,
265
685329
3284
但是，我們已經做的，我們正在做的
11:40
it's in engineering right now --
266
688637
1604
正在工程中
11:42
is turning an all four-lane
system, half one-way
system, half one-way
267
690265
3791
就是把4車道系統，一半單線系統
11:46
into an all two-lane system, all two-way,
268
694080
3577
轉變為2車道系統，全部是2車道
11:49
and in so doing, we're adding
70 percent more on-street parking,
70 percent more on-street parking,
269
697681
3241
與此同時，我們增加70%的沿街駐車
11:52
which the merchants love,
270
700946
1359
這個商人們很喜歡
11:54
and it protects the sidewalk.
271
702329
1420
因為它保護了人行道
11:55
That parking makes the sidewalk safe,
272
703773
1762
駐車區保護了人行道的安全
11:57
and we're adding a much more
robust bicycle network.
robust bicycle network.
273
705559
3678
我們增加了強健的自行車網路
12:01
Then the lanes themselves.
How wide are they?
How wide are they?
274
709261
2581
然後是車道本身，它們現在多寬？
12:03
That's really important.
275
711866
1210
這很重要
12:05
The standards have changed
such that, as Andrés Duany says,
such that, as Andrés Duany says,
276
713100
3166
標準在改變，正如Andrés Duany所說
12:08
the typical road
to a subdivision in America
to a subdivision in America
277
716290
2094
典型的通往美國郊區的街道
12:10
allows you to see
the curvature of the Earth.
the curvature of the Earth.
278
718408
2192
讓你看到地球的蜿蜒
12:12
(Laughter)
279
720624
1039
（笑聲）
12:13
This is a subdivision
outside of Washington from the 1960s.
outside of Washington from the 1960s.
280
721687
3245
這是一個始於60年代的華盛頓外的郊區
12:16
Look very carefully
at the width of the streets.
at the width of the streets.
281
724956
2321
請仔細看街道寬度
12:19
This is a subdivision from the 1980s.
282
727301
2107
這是80年代的
12:21
1960s, 1980s.
283
729432
1635
60年代，80年代
12:23
The standards have changed
to such a degree
to such a degree
284
731091
2024
標準差別變得如此之大
12:25
that my old neighborhood of South Beach,
285
733139
1953
那個南海灘的我的老鄰居
12:27
when it was time to fix the street
that wasn't draining properly,
that wasn't draining properly,
286
735116
3159
當去排水不當的街道時
12:30
they had to widen it
and take away half our sidewalk,
and take away half our sidewalk,
287
738299
2544
他們需要拓寬街道，佔用人行道
12:32
because the standards were wider.
288
740867
1739
因為標準要求寬了
12:34
People go faster on wider streets.
289
742630
3455
人們在寬的街道上行進的更快
12:38
People know this.
290
746109
1157
人們知道
12:39
The engineers deny it,
but the citizens know it,
but the citizens know it,
291
747290
3126
工程師並不認可，但是市民知道
12:42
so that in Birmingham, Michigan,
they fight for narrower streets.
they fight for narrower streets.
292
750440
3826
因此在伯明翰，密西根人們遊行抗議
12:46
Portland, Oregon, famously walkable,
293
754290
2522
波特蘭，俄勒岡都是適於步行的
12:48
instituted its "Skinny Streets" program
in its residential neighborhood.
in its residential neighborhood.
294
756836
3545
發起了居民區的“窄路”計劃
12:52
We know that skinny streets are safer.
295
760405
1850
我們知道窄路更安全
12:54
The developer Vince Graham,
in his project I'On,
in his project I'On,
296
762279
3046
Vince Graham,項目開發者
12:57
which we worked on in South Carolina,
297
765349
1816
我們工作于南卡羅來納
12:59
he goes to conferences and he shows
his amazing 22-foot roads.
his amazing 22-foot roads.
298
767189
3915
他在會議中展現了驚人的22英呎街道
13:03
These are two-way roads,
very narrow rights of way,
very narrow rights of way,
299
771128
2413
這些是2車道街道，很窄
13:05
and he shows this well-known philosopher,
300
773565
1999
他展示了這位著名的哲學家，
13:07
who said, "Broad is the road
that leads to destruction ...
that leads to destruction ...
301
775588
2870
他說：“路的寬廣導致毀滅，
13:10
narrow is the road that leads to life."
302
778482
2101
路的狹窄帶來生活“”
13:12
(Laughter)
303
780607
2060
（笑聲）
13:14
(Applause)
304
782691
2369
（掌聲）
13:17
This plays very well in the South.
305
785084
2059
這在南部很實用
13:19
Now: bicycles.
306
787167
1897
現在：自行車
13:21
Bicycles and bicycling
are the current revolution underway
are the current revolution underway
307
789929
4482
自行車是只在美國南部一些城市
13:26
in only some American cities.
308
794435
1683
正在進行的革命
13:28
But where you build it, they come.
309
796142
1641
但是，當你建造它，他們會來
13:29
As a planner, I hate to say that,
but the one thing I can say
but the one thing I can say
310
797807
4009
作為規劃者，我不想說，但是有一點
13:33
is that bicycle population
is a function of bicycle infrastructure.
is a function of bicycle infrastructure.
311
801840
4127
自行車數量是自行車基礎設施的函數
13:37
I asked my friend Tom Brennan
from Nelson\Nygaard in Portland
from Nelson\Nygaard in Portland
312
805991
3415
我問我的朋友在波特蘭的Tom Brennan
13:41
to send me some pictures
of the Portland bike commute.
of the Portland bike commute.
313
809430
2580
要來一些波特蘭的自行車交通照片
13:44
He sent me this. I said,
"Was that bike to work day?"
"Was that bike to work day?"
314
812034
2508
他發給我這些，我說“自行車工作么”
13:46
He said, "No, that was Tuesday."
315
814566
1645
他說：“不，那是周二”
13:48
When you do what Portland did and spend
money on bicycle infrastructure --
money on bicycle infrastructure --
316
816235
4964
當你做波特蘭所做，花費金錢在自行車設施上
13:53
New York City has doubled the number
of bikers in it several times now
of bikers in it several times now
317
821223
4221
如今紐約已經多次將自行車人數翻倍
13:57
by painting these bright green lanes.
318
825468
2037
粉刷了亮綠色
13:59
Even automotive cities
like Long Beach, California:
like Long Beach, California:
319
827529
3566
甚至汽車城市，像長灘，加利福尼亞州
14:03
vast uptick in the number of bikers
based on the infrastructure.
based on the infrastructure.
320
831119
4079
因為基礎設施，騎自行車的人數劇增
14:07
And of course, what really does it,
321
835222
1691
當然，真正有效
14:08
if you know 15th Street
here in Washington, DC --
here in Washington, DC --
322
836937
2376
如果你知道華盛頓特區的第15街
14:11
please meet Rahm Emanuel's
new bike lanes in Chicago,
new bike lanes in Chicago,
323
839337
2977
請看芝加哥Rahm Emanuel的新自行車道
14:14
the buffered lane, the parallel parking
pulled off the curb,
pulled off the curb,
324
842338
3378
緩衝道，並排的停車帶
14:17
the bikes between the parked
cars and the curb --
cars and the curb --
325
845740
4002
自行車介於停車帶和路沿之間
14:21
these mint cyclists.
326
849766
1921
這些檸檬色騎行者
14:23
If, however, as in Pasadena,
every lane is a bike lane,
every lane is a bike lane,
327
851711
3551
然而，如果在帕薩迪納，每條車道都是自行車道，
14:27
then no lane is a bike lane.
328
855286
1961
也就沒有自行車道了
14:29
And this is the only bicyclist
that I met in Pasadena, so ...
that I met in Pasadena, so ...
329
857271
3112
這是我在巴薩蒂娜唯一見到的自行車者
14:32
(Laughter)
330
860407
1605
（笑聲）
14:34
The parallel parking I mentioned --
331
862036
1691
我提過的並行駐車
14:35
it's an essential barrier of steel
332
863751
1622
是保護路沿以及行人
14:37
that protects the curb and pedestrians
from moving vehicles.
from moving vehicles.
333
865397
3786
的非常必要的金屬阻攔
14:41
This is Ft. Lauderdale;
one side of the street, you can park,
one side of the street, you can park,
334
869207
3596
這是Ft.Lauderdale;一邊的街道，你可以停車，
14:44
the other side of the street, you can't.
335
872827
1952
另外一邊不可以
14:46
This is happy hour on the parking side.
336
874803
2025
停車區域是開心時刻
14:48
This is sad hour on the other side.
337
876852
2691
另一邊不是
14:51
And then the trees themselves
slow cars down.
slow cars down.
338
879567
2989
然後街道本身會讓汽車慢下來
14:54
They move slower when trees
are next to the road,
are next to the road,
339
882580
2286
當樹木就在路邊，他們會減速
14:56
and, of course, sometimes
they slow down very quickly.
they slow down very quickly.
340
884890
2555
當然，有時會忽然減速
15:00
All the little details --
the curb return radius.
the curb return radius.
341
888119
2952
所有的細節，路沿返回半徑
15:03
Is it one foot or is it 40 feet?
342
891095
1662
這是1英尺還是40英尺
15:04
How swoopy is that curb to determine
how fast the car goes
how fast the car goes
343
892781
3446
路沿有多平緩決定了車子的速度
15:08
and how much room you have to cross.
344
896251
1715
以及你有多少空間
15:09
And then I love this, because this
is objective journalism.
is objective journalism.
345
897990
3422
我喜歡這個，因為這是客觀的新聞
15:13
"Some say the entrance to CityCenter
is not inviting to pedestrians."
is not inviting to pedestrians."
346
901436
4079
“有人說通往城市重新的路並不歡迎行人”
15:17
When every aspect
of the landscape is swoopy,
of the landscape is swoopy,
347
905539
2458
當風景的每部分是順暢的
15:20
is aerodynamic, is stream-form geometrics,
348
908021
2673
就是符合空氣動力學的流體形式
15:22
it says: "This is a vehicular place."
349
910718
2317
它說“這是車輛地區”
15:25
So no one detail, no one speciality,
can be allowed to set the stage.
can be allowed to set the stage.
350
913059
5075
沒有細節，特色能夠放入其中
15:30
And here, you know, this street:
351
918158
1564
這裡，你知道，街道
15:31
yes, it will drain within a minute
of the hundred-year storm,
of the hundred-year storm,
352
919746
3892
是的，它能夠將百年一遇的暴風雨快速的排水
15:35
but this poor woman
has to mount the curb every day.
has to mount the curb every day.
353
923662
2792
但是可憐的婦人卻要每天攀爬路沿
15:38
So then quickly, the comfortable walk
has to do with the fact
has to do with the fact
354
926478
2946
所以，很快，舒適的步行不得不考慮以下事實
15:41
that all animals seek, simultaneously,
prospect and refuge.
prospect and refuge.
355
929448
4953
所有動物同時尋找，前程和庇護。
15:46
We want to be able to see our predators,
356
934425
2100
我們想要看到我們的捕食者
15:48
but we also want to feel
that our flanks are covered.
that our flanks are covered.
357
936549
2519
但我們也想感覺我們的側翼被覆蓋。
15:51
And so we're drawn to places
that have good edges,
that have good edges,
358
939092
2491
所以我們被吸引到有好的邊緣之處
15:53
and if you don't supply the edges,
people won't want to be there.
people won't want to be there.
359
941607
3328
如果沒有好的邊緣，人們就不會在那裡
15:56
What's the proper ratio
of height to width?
of height to width?
360
944959
2139
什麼是合適的高寬比？
15:59
Is it one to one? Three to one?
361
947122
1775
是1比1？還是3比1？
16:00
If you get beyond one to six,
you're not very comfortable anymore.
you're not very comfortable anymore.
362
948921
3785
如果你超出了6，你不在會感到舒適
16:04
You don't feel enclosed.
363
952730
1319
你感受不到包圍感
16:06
Now, six to one in Salzburg
can be perfectly delightful.
can be perfectly delightful.
364
954073
3145
現在，6比1在薩爾茨堡來說很好
16:09
The opposite of Salzburg is Houston.
365
957242
2387
休斯頓可就不是了
16:12
The point being the parking lot
is the principal problem here.
is the principal problem here.
366
960487
3600
駐車問題是關鍵點
16:16
However, missing teeth, those empty lots
can be issues as well,
can be issues as well,
367
964111
3575
但是，缺齒，那些空地段也可能是問題，
16:19
and if you have a missing corner
because of an outdated zoning code,
because of an outdated zoning code,
368
967710
3245
如果因為過期的郵編導致了缺失的角落
你可能會遺忘在鄰居家你的鼻子
16:22
then you could have a missing nose
in your neighborhood.
in your neighborhood.
369
970979
2908
16:25
That's what we had in my neighborhood.
370
973911
1837
那就是我在鄰居那裡的東西
郵編說我不能在那裡建造
16:27
This was the zoning code that said
I couldn't build on that site.
I couldn't build on that site.
371
975772
3076
16:30
As you may know, Washington, DC
is now changing its zoning
is now changing its zoning
372
978872
3727
你知道，華盛頓特區正在改變
16:34
to allow sites like this
to become sites like this.
to become sites like this.
373
982623
3130
允許地區變成這樣
16:37
We needed a lot of variances to do that.
374
985777
2166
我們有很多需要做的
16:39
Triangular houses
can be interesting to build,
can be interesting to build,
375
987967
2284
三角形的房屋建造起來很有趣
16:42
but if you get one built,
people generally like it.
people generally like it.
376
990275
2702
但是如果建成了一個，人們一般喜歡它
16:45
So you've got to fill those missing noses.
377
993001
2453
所以你需要填補這些
16:47
And then, finally, the interesting walk:
378
995478
1958
然後，最終，有趣的步行
16:49
signs of humanity.
379
997460
1672
是人性的表現
16:51
We are among the social primates.
380
999156
1815
我們是社會靈長類動物之一。
16:52
Nothing interests us more
than other people.
than other people.
381
1000995
2188
其他人最能引起我們的興趣
16:55
We want signs of people.
382
1003207
1494
我需要人類的訊號
16:56
So the perfect one-to-one ratio,
it's a great thing.
it's a great thing.
383
1004725
3003
所以，完美的1比1，才是最好的
16:59
This is Grand Rapids,
a very walkable city,
a very walkable city,
384
1007752
2204
這是Grand Rapids，一個步行城市
17:01
but nobody walks on this street
385
1009980
1642
但是沒人走在上面
17:03
that connects the two
best hotels together,
best hotels together,
386
1011646
2111
它連接的兩個最好的酒店
17:05
because if on the left,
you have an exposed parking deck,
you have an exposed parking deck,
387
1013781
4368
因為，在左邊，你有露天的駐車區域
17:10
and on the right,
you have a conference facility
you have a conference facility
388
1018173
2484
右邊，你有會議設施
17:12
that was apparently designed
in admiration for that parking deck,
in admiration for that parking deck,
389
1020681
3429
那顯然是對駐車點的看重
17:16
then you don't attract that many people.
390
1024134
2507
你不能吸引很多人
17:18
Mayor Joe Riley, in his 10th term,
Mayor of Charleston, South Carolina,
Mayor of Charleston, South Carolina,
391
1026665
3974
Joe Riley市長，在他第10任，查爾斯頓，南卡羅來納
17:22
taught us it only takes
25 feet of building
25 feet of building
392
1030663
2177
教我們，只需要25英呎的建築
17:24
to hide 250 feet of garage.
393
1032864
2294
就能節省250英呎
17:27
This one I call the Chia Pet Garage.
It's in South Beach.
It's in South Beach.
394
1035182
2720
這一個我叫Chia寵物車庫。
它在南海灘。
它在南海灘。
17:29
That active ground floor.
395
1037926
1444
那使用了第一層
17:31
I want to end with this project
that I love to show.
that I love to show.
396
1039394
2719
我希望完成這個項目，
17:34
It's by Meleca Architects.
It's in Columbus, Ohio.
It's in Columbus, Ohio.
397
1042137
2511
它是由Meleca建築師。它在俄亥俄州哥倫布。
17:36
To the left is the convention center
neighborhood, full of pedestrians.
neighborhood, full of pedestrians.
398
1044672
3690
左邊是鄰里中心，到處是行人
17:40
To the right is the Short North
neighborhood -- ethnic,
neighborhood -- ethnic,
399
1048386
2664
右邊是短的北部鄰里關係
17:43
great restaurants,
great shops, struggling.
great shops, struggling.
400
1051074
2697
很好的酒店，商店競爭
17:45
It wasn't doing very well
because this was the bridge,
because this was the bridge,
401
1053795
2554
它做的並不是很好因為有做橋
17:48
and no one was walking
from the convention center
from the convention center
402
1056373
2467
沒有人從會議中心走過
17:50
into that neighborhood.
403
1058864
1349
到鄰居那
17:52
Well, when they rebuilt the highway,
they added an extra 80 feet to the bridge.
they added an extra 80 feet to the bridge.
404
1060237
4293
當他們重新建高速公路時，給橋增加了80英呎
17:56
Sorry -- they rebuilt the bridge
over the highway.
over the highway.
405
1064554
2474
對不起，他們在高速公路上重建了橋
17:59
The city paid 1.9 million dollars,
406
1067052
2373
城市花了190萬美金
18:01
they gave the site to a developer,
407
1069449
2246
他們把地點給了開發商
18:03
the developer built this
408
1071719
1391
開發商建了這個
18:05
and now the Short North
has come back to life.
has come back to life.
409
1073134
2319
現在短北回到生活中
18:07
And everyone says, the newspapers,
not the planning magazines,
not the planning magazines,
410
1075477
3216
每個人都說，報紙報道，不是規劃雜誌
18:10
the newspapers say
it's because of that bridge.
it's because of that bridge.
411
1078717
2221
報紙說，因為那座橋
18:12
So that's it. That's the general
theory of walkability.
theory of walkability.
412
1080962
2620
所以，那就是步行理論
18:15
Think about your own cities.
413
1083606
2020
想想你自己的城市
18:17
Think about how you can apply it.
414
1085650
2417
想想如何應用它
18:20
You've got to do all four things at once.
415
1088091
1954
你要同時做四件事
18:22
So find those places where you
have most of them
have most of them
416
1090069
2309
找到你常去的地方
18:24
and fix what you can,
417
1092402
1905
盡力去改造
18:26
fix what still needs fixing
in those places.
in those places.
418
1094331
2684
改造任何需要改進的地方
18:29
I really appreciate your attention,
419
1097039
1768
我非常感謝你們的聆聽
18:30
and thank you for coming today.
420
1098831
2676
也感謝你們今天的到場
18:33
(Applause)
421
1101531
2548
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jeff Speck - Urban plannerJeff Speck is a city planner and the author of "Walkable City."
Why you should listen
Jeff Speck is a city planner and architectural designer who, through writing, lectures, and built work, advocates internationally for more walkable cities.
As Director of Design at the National Endowment for the Arts from 2003 through 2007, he oversaw the Mayors' Institute on City Design and created the Governors' Institute on Community Design, a federal program that helps state governors fight suburban sprawl. Prior to joining the Endowment, Speck spent ten years as Director of Town Planning at Duany Plater-Zyberk and Co., a leading practitioner of the New Urbanism, where he led or managed more than forty of the firm's projects.
Speck is the co-author of Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream as well as The Smart Growth Manual. His latest book, Walkable City -- which Christian Science Monitor calls "timely and important, a delightful, insightful, irreverent work" -- has been the best-selling city-planning title of this decade.
Jeff Speck | Speaker | TED.com