TEDxMidAtlantic
Jeff Speck: 4 ways to make a city more walkable
Jeff Speck: 4 cesty ku schodnejšiemu mestu
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Oslobodenie od áut, oslobodenie od rozťahaného mesta, sloboda chôdze v meste. Mestský architekt Jeff Speck sa delí o svoju všeobecnú teóriu schodnosti – štyri princípy, podľa ktorých je možné premeniť rozširujúce sa mestá so šesťpruhovými cestami a 180 m dlhými blokmi na bezpečné a schodné oázy plné cyklopruhov a stromami lemovaných ulíc.
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Dnes vám poviem o schodných mestách.
00:12
So I'm here to talk to you
about the walkable city.
about the walkable city.
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00:15
What is the walkable city?
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Čo je to schodné mesto?
00:17
Well, for want of a better definition,
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Keďže nemáme poriadnu definíciu,
tak v skratke ide o mesto, v ktorom auto
predstavuje voliteľný prostriedok slobody,
predstavuje voliteľný prostriedok slobody,
00:19
it's a city in which the car
is an optional instrument of freedom,
is an optional instrument of freedom,
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než len prostetický nástroj.
00:26
rather than a prosthetic device.
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Rád by som hovoril o tom,
prečo potrebujeme schodné mestá,
prečo potrebujeme schodné mestá,
00:28
And I'd like to talk about
why we need the walkable city,
why we need the walkable city,
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a o spôsobe, ako sa vytvárajú.
00:31
and I'd like to talk about
how to do the walkable city.
how to do the walkable city.
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Zvyčajne totiž hovorím o tom,
prečo také mestá potrebujeme,
prečo také mestá potrebujeme,
00:35
Most of the talks I give these days
are about why we need it,
are about why we need it,
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00:40
but you guys are smart.
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ale vy vyzeráte rozumne.
Navyše som o tom hovoril
presne pred mesiacom,
presne pred mesiacom,
00:44
And also I gave that talk
exactly a month ago,
exactly a month ago,
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reč si nájdete na TED.com.
00:47
and you can see it at TED.com.
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Čiže dnes prejdem k tomu,
ako také mesto vytvoriť.
ako také mesto vytvoriť.
00:49
So today I want to talk
about how to do it.
about how to do it.
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Dlho som o tom premýšľal
00:52
In a lot of time thinking about this,
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a svoju myšlienku som nazval
všeobecnou teóriou schodnosti.
všeobecnou teóriou schodnosti.
00:54
I've come up with what I call
the general theory of walkability.
the general theory of walkability.
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Trochu okázalý termín, trochu ironický,
00:57
A bit of a pretentious term,
it's a little tongue-in-cheek,
it's a little tongue-in-cheek,
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ale je to niečo,
o čom som veľmi dlho premýšľal,
o čom som veľmi dlho premýšľal,
01:00
but it's something
I've thought about for a long time,
I've thought about for a long time,
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a chcem sa podeliť o to,
k čomu som dospel.
k čomu som dospel.
01:03
and I'd like to share
what I think I've figured out.
what I think I've figured out.
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V typickom americkom meste,
01:06
In the American city,
the typical American city --
the typical American city --
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typickými nie sú Washington
01:09
the typical American city
is not Washington, DC,
is not Washington, DC,
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ani New York či San Francisco,
01:11
or New York, or San Francisco;
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ale Grand Rapids,
Cedar Rapids alebo Memphis.
Cedar Rapids alebo Memphis.
01:14
it's Grand Rapids or Cedar
Rapids or Memphis --
Rapids or Memphis --
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Väčšina ľudí v týchto mestách má auto
01:17
in the typical American city
in which most people own cars
in which most people own cars
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a sú nabádaní stále jazdiť.
01:20
and the temptation
is to drive them all the time,
is to drive them all the time,
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Ak ich chcete dostať na nohy,
tak musíte ponúknuť takú prechádzku,
tak musíte ponúknuť takú prechádzku,
01:22
if you're going to get them to walk,
then you have to offer a walk
then you have to offer a walk
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ktorá sa kvalitou aspoň vyrovná jazde.
01:26
that's as good as a drive or better.
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Čo nám treba?
01:28
What does that mean?
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Potrebujeme splniť štyri podmienky naraz.
01:29
It means you need to offer
four things simultaneously:
four things simultaneously:
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Dať ľuďom správny dôvod chodiť,
01:32
there needs to be a proper reason to walk,
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poskytnúť pri chôdzi pocit bezpečia,
01:34
the walk has to be safe and feel safe,
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zaistiť komfort chôdze
01:36
the walk has to be comfortable
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01:38
and the walk has to be interesting.
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a pripraviť zaujímavé okolie.
Musíte myslieť na všetky štyri veci naraz.
01:40
You need to do all four
of these things simultaneously,
of these things simultaneously,
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A o nich je môj prejav.
01:42
and that's the structure of my talk today,
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Prejdeme sa každou z nich.
01:45
to take you through each of those.
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O dôvode chodiť
som sa naučil od svojich mentorov,
som sa naučil od svojich mentorov,
01:46
The reason to walk
is a story I learned from my mentors,
is a story I learned from my mentors,
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Andrésa Duanyho
a Elizabety Platerovej-Zyberkovej,
a Elizabety Platerovej-Zyberkovej,
01:49
Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk,
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zakladateľov hnutia Nový urbanizmus.
01:52
the founders of the New Urbanism movement.
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A priznávam, že práve od nich
som sa naučil asi polovicu toho,
som sa naučil asi polovicu toho,
01:54
And I should say half the slides
and half of my talk today
and half of my talk today
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čo dnes budete počuť.
01:57
I learned from them.
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Je to príbeh o plánovaní.
01:59
It's the story of planning,
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02:01
the story of the formation
of the planning profession.
of the planning profession.
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Príbeh o zrode práce plánovania mesta.
02:04
When in the 19th century
people were choking
people were choking
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Keď sa v 19. storočí ľudia zadúšali
zo záplavy sadzí z fabrík,
zo záplavy sadzí z fabrík,
02:09
from the soot of the dark, satanic mills,
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02:11
the planners said, hey, let's move
the housing away from the mills.
the housing away from the mills.
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tak si plánovači povedali:
„Premiestnime domovy ďalej od fabrík.“
„Premiestnime domovy ďalej od fabrík.“
Dĺžka života sa okamžite
a výrazne zvýšila
a výrazne zvýšila
02:16
And lifespans increased
immediately, dramatically,
immediately, dramatically,
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02:19
and we like to say
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a treba povedať,
02:20
the planners have been trying to repeat
that experience ever since.
that experience ever since.
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že odvtedy plánovači tento model
opakujú znova a znova.
opakujú znova a znova.
Preto zažívame rozmach
modelu funkčného zónovania,
modelu funkčného zónovania,
02:23
So there's the onset
of what we call Euclidian zoning,
of what we call Euclidian zoning,
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členenia územia na veľké zóny,
z ktorých každá plní jednu funkciu.
z ktorých každá plní jednu funkciu.
02:26
the separation of the landscape
into large areas of single use.
into large areas of single use.
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Keď prídem do mesta plánovať,
02:30
And typically when I arrive
in a city to do a plan,
in a city to do a plan,
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tak ma zvyčajne na stole čaká
nákres podobný tomu, aký ste videli.
nákres podobný tomu, aký ste videli.
02:33
a plan like this already awaits me
on the property that I'm looking at.
on the property that I'm looking at.
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02:37
And all a plan like this guarantees
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A takýto plán mesta zaručuje,
02:38
is that you will not have a walkable city,
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že mesto schodné nebude,
lebo nič sa s ničím nespája.
lebo nič sa s ničím nespája.
02:41
because nothing is located
near anything else.
near anything else.
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Alternatívou je naše najschodnejšie mesto,
02:43
The alternative, of course,
is our most walkable city,
is our most walkable city,
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02:47
and I like to say, you know,
this is a Rothko,
this is a Rothko,
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že toto vyzerá ako od Rothka
02:50
and this is a Seurat.
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a toto ako od Seurata.
Ide o iné spôsoby plánovania miest.
02:51
It's just a different way --
he was the pointilist --
he was the pointilist --
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02:54
it's a different way of making places.
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A dokonca aj mapa Manhattanu
je trochu zavádzajúca,
je trochu zavádzajúca,
02:56
And even this map of Manhattan
is a bit misleading
is a bit misleading
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lebo červená predstavuje funkcie,
ktoré sa vertikálne prelínajú.
ktoré sa vertikálne prelínajú.
02:58
because the red color
is uses that are mixed vertically.
is uses that are mixed vertically.
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Čiže veľkým príbehom Nových urbanistov
03:03
So this is the big story
of the New Urbanists --
of the New Urbanists --
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je vedomie, že jestvujú len dva smery,
03:05
to acknowledge that there
are only two ways
are only two ways
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03:08
that have been tested by the thousands
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ktoré sú vo svete preverené tisícami ľudí
a dlhou históriou po celom svete.
a dlhou históriou po celom svete.
03:10
to build communities,
in the world and throughout history.
in the world and throughout history.
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Prvým je tradičné susedstvo.
03:13
One is the traditional neighborhood.
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03:15
You see here several neighborhoods
of Newburyport, Massachusetts,
of Newburyport, Massachusetts,
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Tu vidíte pár susedstiev
v Newburyporte, štáte Massachusetts.
v Newburyporte, štáte Massachusetts.
03:19
which is defined as being compact
and being diverse --
and being diverse --
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Sú kompaktné a rozmanité.
03:23
places to live, work, shop,
recreate, get educated --
recreate, get educated --
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Poskytujú miesta na život, prácu,
nákupy, oddych aj vzdelanie.
nákupy, oddych aj vzdelanie.
03:27
all within walking distance.
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To všetko na dosah nohy.
Také mesto sa považuje za schodné.
03:29
And it's defined as being walkable.
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Je v ňom mnoho uličiek,
a po každej sa dobre kráča.
a po každej sa dobre kráča.
03:31
There are lots of small streets.
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03:33
Each one is comfortable to walk on.
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Postavme si to do kontrastu s opakom,
03:34
And we contrast that to the other way,
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03:37
an invention that happened
after the Second World War,
after the Second World War,
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vynálezom zrodeným po druhej svetovej,
rozširovaním miest.
rozširovaním miest.
03:40
suburban sprawl,
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03:41
clearly not compact, clearly not diverse,
and it's not walkable,
and it's not walkable,
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Zjavne nesúdržné,
očividne jednotvárne a neschodné,
očividne jednotvárne a neschodné,
03:46
because so few of the streets connect,
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lebo sa križuje len málo ulíc,
03:48
that those streets that do connect
become overburdened,
become overburdened,
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a tie, ktoré sa križujú,
sú rýchlo preťažené.
sú rýchlo preťažené.
03:50
and you wouldn't let your kid out on them.
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Určite by ste na ne neposlali dieťa.
03:53
And I want to thank Alex Maclean,
the aerial photographer,
the aerial photographer,
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Chcem sa poďakovať Alexovi Macleanovi
03:55
for many of these beautiful pictures
that I'm showing you today.
that I'm showing you today.
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za krásne letecké snímky,
ktoré vám ukazujem.
ktoré vám ukazujem.
Je fakt zábavné rozširovať mesto
do jeho jednotlivých častí.
do jeho jednotlivých častí.
03:59
So it's fun to break sprawl down
into its constituent parts.
into its constituent parts.
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04:02
It's so easy to understand,
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Je to také prosté,
04:04
the places where you only live,
the places where you only work,
the places where you only work,
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miesta, kde len bývate,
miesta, kde len pracujete,
miesta, kde len pracujete,
miesta, kde iba nakupujete,
04:08
the places where you only shop,
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04:10
and our super-sized public institutions.
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a pravdaže miesta len pre naše
obrovské verejné inštitúcie.
obrovské verejné inštitúcie.
04:13
Schools get bigger and bigger,
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Školy sú čoraz väčšie
04:14
and therefore, further
and further from each other.
and further from each other.
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a následne aj vzdialenejšie
jedna od druhej.
jedna od druhej.
Pomer veľkosti parkoviska k veľkosti školy
04:17
And the ratio of the size
of the parking lot
of the parking lot
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04:20
to the size of the school
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hovorí sám za seba.
04:21
tells you all you need to know,
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04:23
which is that no child
has ever walked to this school,
has ever walked to this school,
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Do tejto školy ešte nedokráčalo
ani jedno dieťa,
ani jedno dieťa,
04:25
no child will ever walk to this school.
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a ani jedno nedokráča.
Štvrtáci a piataci sa vyvážajú
s prvákmi a druhákmi,
s prvákmi a druhákmi,
04:27
The seniors and juniors are driving
the freshmen and the sophomores,
the freshmen and the sophomores,
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04:31
and of course we have
the crash statistics to prove it.
the crash statistics to prove it.
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čo potvrdzujú aj údaje o nehodách.
Okrem toho znásobujeme veľkosť
občianskych inštitúcií,
občianskych inštitúcií,
04:34
And then the super-sizing
of our other civic institutions
of our other civic institutions
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ako napríklad ihrísk.
04:37
like playing fields --
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Je úplne bombové, že hotel Westin
má v oblasti Ft. Lauderdale
má v oblasti Ft. Lauderdale
04:39
it's wonderful that Westin
in the Ft. Lauderdale area
in the Ft. Lauderdale area
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04:42
has eight soccer fields
and eight baseball diamonds
and eight baseball diamonds
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osem futbalových
a osem baseballových ihrísk
a osem baseballových ihrísk
04:46
and 20 tennis courts,
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a 20 tenisových kurtov.
04:47
but look at the road
that takes you to that location,
that takes you to that location,
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Ale pozrite sa na príjazdovú cestu.
Pustili by ste tam dieťa na bicykli?
04:51
and would you let your child bike on it?
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Toto je dôvod, prečo máme
futbalové mamičky.
futbalové mamičky.
04:53
And this is why we have
the soccer mom now.
the soccer mom now.
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04:55
When I was young, I had one soccer field,
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Ako deti sme mali jedno futbalové,
04:57
one baseball diamond and one tennis court,
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jedno baseballové ihrisko a tenisový kurt.
05:00
but I could walk to it,
because it was in my neighborhood.
because it was in my neighborhood.
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Mohol som k nim dokráčať,
lebo boli v susedstve.
lebo boli v susedstve.
A nakoniec, každý
pri rozrastaní miest zabudol na to,
pri rozrastaní miest zabudol na to,
05:02
Then the final part of sprawl
that everyone forgot to count:
that everyone forgot to count:
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že ak všetko od seba oddelíte
05:05
if you're going to separate everything
from everything else
from everything else
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a prepojíte výlučne cestami,
05:08
and reconnect it
only with automotive infrastructure,
only with automotive infrastructure,
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vaša krajina bude vyzerať asi takto.
05:11
then this is what your landscape
begins to look like.
begins to look like.
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Nosnou myšlienkou je,
05:13
The main message here is:
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že ak chcete žiť v schodnom meste,
nedá sa začať s modelom rozširovania.
nedá sa začať s modelom rozširovania.
05:14
if you want to have a walkable city,
you can't start with the sprawl model.
you can't start with the sprawl model.
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05:18
you need the bones of an urban model.
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Potrebujete skelet mestského modelu.
05:20
This is the outcome
of that form of design,
of that form of design,
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Naopak, výsledkom rozširovania je toto,
05:23
as is this.
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ako aj toto.
05:24
And this is something
that a lot of Americans want.
that a lot of Americans want.
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Je to niečo, čo chce mnoho Američanov.
05:27
But we have to understand
it's a two-part American dream.
it's a two-part American dream.
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Americký sen má však aj temnú stranu.
Ak snívate o tomto,
05:30
If you're dreaming for this,
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potom snívate aj o tomto.
05:31
you're also going to be dreaming of this,
often to absurd extremes,
often to absurd extremes,
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Keď postavíme mestá primárne pre autá,
dostaneme sa do absurdných extrémov.
dostaneme sa do absurdných extrémov.
05:35
when we build our landscape
to accommodate cars first.
to accommodate cars first.
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A život v týchto mestách –
05:37
And the experience
of being in these places --
of being in these places --
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(smiech)
[Tu nikdy nesvieti zelená]
[Tu nikdy nesvieti zelená]
05:40
(Laughter)
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To nie je fotomontáž.
05:41
This is not Photoshopped.
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05:42
Walter Kulash took this slide.
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Fotku zhotovil Walter Kulash.
Je to Panama City.
05:44
It's in Panama City.
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05:46
This is a real place.
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Je to skutočné.
05:48
And being a driver
can be a bit of a nuisance,
can be a bit of a nuisance,
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Na takýchto miestach
05:50
and being a pedestrian
can be a bit of a nuisance
can be a bit of a nuisance
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je nepríjemné byť šoférom,
ako aj chodcom.
05:53
in these places.
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Toto nám epidemiológovia istý čas ukazujú.
05:54
This is a slide that epidemiologists
have been showing for some time now,
have been showing for some time now,
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(smiech)
05:58
(Laughter)
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05:59
The fact that we have a society
where you drive to the parking lot
where you drive to the parking lot
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Fakt, že sme v spoločnosti,
v ktorej sa autom dovezieme
v ktorej sa autom dovezieme
k eskalátoru, ktorý nás vyvezie
k bežiacemu pásu dokazuje,
k bežiacemu pásu dokazuje,
06:02
to take the escalator to the treadmill
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06:04
shows that we're doing something wrong.
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že sme niekde zlyhali.
Vieme to však napraviť.
06:06
But we know how to do it better.
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Porovnajme si dva modely.
06:08
Here are the two models contrasted.
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Tento obrázok,
06:09
I show this slide,
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ktorý od vzniku slúži Novému urbanizmu
06:10
which has been a formative document
of the New Urbanism now
of the New Urbanism now
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už asi 30 rokov ukazuje,
06:13
for almost 30 years,
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06:15
to show that sprawl and the traditional
neighborhood contain the same things.
neighborhood contain the same things.
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že tradičný model zahŕňa všetky funkcie,
ktoré sú aj v rozširovacom.
ktoré sú aj v rozširovacom.
06:19
It's just how big are they,
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Rozdiel je vo veľkosti,
06:20
how close are they to each other,
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vo vzdialenosti medzi nimi,
06:22
how are they interspersed together
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ako sú rozptýlené,
06:24
and do you have a street network,
rather than a cul-de-sac
rather than a cul-de-sac
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či máte sieť ulíc alebo slepé uličky,
alebo systém zberných ciest.
06:27
or a collector system of streets?
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Hovorme chvíľu o centre mesta.
06:29
So when we look at a downtown area,
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06:30
at a place that has a hope
of being walkable,
of being walkable,
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Centrá majú nádej byť schodnými,
a v Amerike sú to práve ony,
vo veľkomestách,
vo veľkomestách,
06:33
and mostly that's our downtowns
in America's cities
in America's cities
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06:35
and towns and villages,
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mestách a dedinách,
06:37
we look at them and say
we want the proper balance of uses.
we want the proper balance of uses.
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od ktorých očakávame
vyváženosť vo funkciách.
vyváženosť vo funkciách.
06:40
So what is missing or underrepresented?
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V čom je háčik? Čo v nich chýba?
06:42
And again, in the typical American cities
in which most Americans live,
in which most Americans live,
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Tam, kde žije väčšina ľudí,
v typickom Americkom veľkomeste,
v typickom Americkom veľkomeste,
06:46
it is housing that is lacking.
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chýbajú práve domovy.
06:48
The jobs-to-housing balance is off.
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Chýba balans medzi pracoviskami a domovmi.
06:50
And you find that when
you bring housing back,
you bring housing back,
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Keď však navrátite domovy, tak zistíte,
06:52
these other things start to come back too,
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že s nimi prídu aj zvyšné funkcie,
06:54
and housing is usually first
among those things.
among those things.
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ale domovy sú prvoradé.
06:57
And, of course, the thing
that shows up last and eventually
that shows up last and eventually
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Ako posledná postupne príde škola,
07:00
is the schools,
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lebo ľudia sa najskôr presťahujú,
07:01
because the people have to move in,
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mladí priekopníci sa musia presťahovať,
zabehnúť sa, priniesť potomstvo,
zabehnúť sa, priniesť potomstvo,
07:04
the young pioneers have to move in,
get older, have kids
get older, have kids
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07:08
and fight, and then the schools
get pretty good eventually.
get pretty good eventually.
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vydržať, a až potom sa školy zlepšia.
Druhá stránka tejto časti,
07:12
The other part of this part,
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07:14
the useful city part,
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tejto užitočnej časti,
je mestská hromadná doprava.
07:17
is transit,
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07:19
and you can have a perfectly
walkable neighborhood without it.
walkable neighborhood without it.
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Dokonale schodné susedstvo
sa bez nej zaobíde,
sa bez nej zaobíde,
ale dokonale schodné veľkomesto
07:22
But perfectly walkable cities
require transit,
require transit,
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si ju vyžaduje.
Ak nemáte prístup
do každého kúta mesta ako chodec,
do každého kúta mesta ako chodec,
07:25
because if you don't have access
to the whole city as a pedestrian,
to the whole city as a pedestrian,
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tak si kúpite auto,
07:29
then you get a car,
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a keď ho už máte,
07:30
and if you get a car,
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tak sa mesto vytvaruje
podľa vašich potrieb.
podľa vašich potrieb.
07:31
the city begins to reshape itself
around your needs,
around your needs,
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Ulice sa rozšíria, parkoviská sa zväčšia,
07:34
and the streets get wider
and the parking lots get bigger
and the parking lots get bigger
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a idea schodného mesta je preč.
07:37
and you no longer have a walkable city.
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MHD je teda základ.
07:38
So transit is essential.
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Jazda MHD sa však začína aj končí chôdzou.
07:40
But every transit experience,
every transit trip,
every transit trip,
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07:42
begins or ends as a walk,
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Musíme preto dbať na to,
aby boli zastávky ľahko prístupné.
aby boli zastávky ľahko prístupné.
07:44
and so we have to remember to build
walkability around our transit stations.
walkability around our transit stations.
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Ďalším bodom, najväčším,
je bezpečnosť chôdze.
je bezpečnosť chôdze.
07:48
Next category, the biggest one,
is the safe walk.
is the safe walk.
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07:51
It's what most walkability
experts talk about.
experts talk about.
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Hovorí o ňom väčšina
odborníkov na schodnosť.
odborníkov na schodnosť.
07:53
It is essential, but alone not enough
to get people to walk.
to get people to walk.
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Bezpečnosť tvorí základ,
ale sama nepresvedčí ľudí chodiť.
ale sama nepresvedčí ľudí chodiť.
Máme veľa premenných,
ktoré môžu prispieť ku schodnosti.
ktoré môžu prispieť ku schodnosti.
07:57
And there are so many moving parts
that add up to a walkable city.
that add up to a walkable city.
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08:00
The first is block size.
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Napríklad veľkosť bloku.
08:02
This is Portland, Oregon,
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Portland v Oregone.
08:03
famously 200-foot blocks,
famously walkable.
famously walkable.
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Slávne 60 metrov dlhé bloky,
slávne schodné.
slávne schodné.
Salt Lake City,
08:07
This is Salt Lake City,
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08:08
famously 600-foot blocks,
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slávne 180 metrov dlhé bloky,
08:10
famously unwalkable.
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slávne neschodné.
08:11
If you look at the two,
it's almost like two different planets,
it's almost like two different planets,
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V porovnaní sú to dva odlišné svety,
hoci oba postavili ľudia.
08:14
but these places were both built by humans
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Pointa je, že keď máte 60 m dlhé bloky,
08:17
and in fact, the story is that when
you have a 200-foot block city,
you have a 200-foot block city,
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používate cesty s 2 pruhmi
08:20
you can have a two-lane city,
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08:22
or a two-to-four lane city,
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alebo maximálne so 4.
08:23
and a 600-foot block city
is a six-lane city, and that's a problem.
is a six-lane city, and that's a problem.
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Pri 180 m dlhých blokoch
máte cesty až so 6 pruhmi, čo je problém.
máte cesty až so 6 pruhmi, čo je problém.
Nehodovosť.
08:27
These are the crash statistics.
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08:29
When you double the block size --
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Výskum v Kalifornii na 24 mestách ukázal,
08:31
this was a study
of 24 California cities --
of 24 California cities --
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že keď zdvojnásobíte veľkosť blokov,
08:33
when you double the block size,
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tak počet smrteľných
nehôd na mestských cestách
nehôd na mestských cestách
08:35
you almost quadruple
the number of fatal accidents
the number of fatal accidents
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08:38
on non-highway streets.
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2001
sa viac ako strojnásobí.
08:40
So how many lanes do we have?
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Koľko pruhov nám teda treba?
08:43
This is where I'm going to tell you
what I tell every audience I meet,
what I tell every audience I meet,
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Poviem vám to, čo hovorím
každému publiku.
každému publiku.
Pripomeniem vám otázku
latentného dopytu.
latentného dopytu.
08:46
which is to remind you
about induced demand.
about induced demand.
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08:49
Induced demand applies
both to highways and to city streets.
both to highways and to city streets.
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Latentný dopyt platí ako pre
diaľnice, tak aj pre mestské komunikácie.
diaľnice, tak aj pre mestské komunikácie.
A jeho zákon nám hovorí,
že keď rozšírime cesty,
že keď rozšírime cesty,
08:53
And induced demand tells us
that when we widen the streets
that when we widen the streets
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aby sme pokryli predpokladané zaťaženie
08:57
to accept the congestion
that we're anticipating,
that we're anticipating,
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3098
09:00
or the additional trips
that we're anticipating
that we're anticipating
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alebo predpokladaný nárast jázd,
tak je to práve premávka,
09:02
in congested systems,
it is principally that congestion
it is principally that congestion
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09:06
that is constraining demand,
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534735
1993
ktorá stimuluje dopyt.
09:08
and so that the widening comes,
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Prichádza na rad rozširovanie
09:10
and there are all of these latent trips
that are ready to happen.
that are ready to happen.
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a s sním aj všetky možné latentné jazdy.
09:13
People move further from work
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Cesta z práce je dlhšia,
09:15
and make other choices
about when they commute,
about when they commute,
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a tak si vyberajú, kedy budú cestovať,
09:17
and those lanes fill up
very quickly with traffic,
very quickly with traffic,
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vinou čoho sa pruhy rýchlo zahltia.
09:19
so we widen the street again,
and they fill up again.
and they fill up again.
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Opäť rozšírime cesty a zasa sa zahltia.
09:22
And we've learned that
in congested systems,
in congested systems,
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Naučili sme sa, že takýmto spôsobom
09:24
we cannot satisfy the automobile.
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2415
sa situácia s autami riešiť nedá.
Úryvok z Newsweek Magazine,
09:26
This is from Newsweek Magazine --
hardly an esoteric publication:
hardly an esoteric publication:
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žiadna ezoterika:
„Terajší inžinieri priznávajú,
09:30
"Today's engineers acknowledge
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že výstavba nových ciest
zvyčajne zhorší premávku.“
zvyčajne zhorší premávku.“
09:32
that building new roads
usually makes traffic worse."
usually makes traffic worse."
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09:35
My response to reading this was,
may I please meet some of these engineers,
may I please meet some of these engineers,
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Moja reakcia bola taká,
že som sa chcel s nimi stretnúť,
že som sa chcel s nimi stretnúť,
09:38
because these are not the ones that I --
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lebo v súčasnosti pracujem
09:41
there are great exceptions
that I'm working with now --
that I'm working with now --
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skôr s výnimkami v odbore.
09:43
but these are not the engineers
one typically meets working in a city,
one typically meets working in a city,
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Zvyčajne sa pri práci stretnem s takými,
09:46
where they say, "Oh, that road
is too crowded, we need to add a lane."
is too crowded, we need to add a lane."
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ktorí povedia:
„Aha, ulica je preplnená, pridajme pruh.“
„Aha, ulica je preplnená, pridajme pruh.“
09:50
So you add a lane, and the traffic comes,
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2160
Pridá sa pruh, naplní sa autami,
09:52
and they say, "See, I told you
we needed that lane."
we needed that lane."
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a potom povedia: „Vidíš, hovoril som to.“
To platí ako pre diaľnice,
tak aj pre upchaté ulice.
tak aj pre upchaté ulice.
09:55
This applies both to highways
and to city streets if they're congested.
and to city streets if they're congested.
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09:58
But the amazing thing
about most American cities that I work in,
about most American cities that I work in,
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3035
Dobrou správou je však to,
že vo väčšine našich veľkomiest,
že vo väčšine našich veľkomiest,
10:02
the more typical cities,
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typickejších veľkomiest,
10:03
is that they have a lot of streets
that are actually oversized
that are actually oversized
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3032
je mnoho ulíc, ktoré sú širšie,
než je potrebné pre aktuálnu premávku.
než je potrebné pre aktuálnu premávku.
10:06
for the congestion
they're currently experiencing.
they're currently experiencing.
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Presne prípad Oklahoma City.
10:08
This was the case in Oklahoma City,
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Oslovil ma rozhnevaný primátor,
10:10
when the mayor came running
to me, very upset,
to me, very upset,
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lebo Prevention Magazine označil mesto
10:13
because they were named
in Prevention Magazine
in Prevention Magazine
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2404
za najhoršie mesto
pre chodcov v celých Štátoch,
pre chodcov v celých Štátoch,
10:15
the worst city for pedestrians
in the entire country.
in the entire country.
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3153
10:18
Now that can't possibly be true,
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1706
čo je sotva pravda,
ale rozhodne dosť na to,
aby primátor začal konať.
aby primátor začal konať.
10:20
but it certainly is enough
to make a mayor do something about it.
to make a mayor do something about it.
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Preskúmali sme schodnosť
10:23
We did a walkability study,
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10:24
and what we found, looking
at the car counts on the street --
at the car counts on the street --
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a pri počítaní áut na cestách sme zistili,
10:28
these are 3,000-, 4,000-, 7,000-car counts
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že ich počet na cestách
dosahuje 3 000, 4 000 až 7 000.
dosahuje 3 000, 4 000 až 7 000.
10:31
and we know that two lanes
can handle 10,000 cars per day.
can handle 10,000 cars per day.
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3947
Vieme, že dva pruhy obslúžia
až 10 000 áut denne.
až 10 000 áut denne.
10:35
Look at these numbers --
they're all near or under 10,000 cars,
they're all near or under 10,000 cars,
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Všimnite si čísla,
všetky sú takmer alebo menej ako 10 000.
všetky sú takmer alebo menej ako 10 000.
10:40
and these were the streets
that were designated
that were designated
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Tieto cesty sa plánovali
10:43
in the new downtown plan
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2212
podľa nového plánu pre centrá,
10:45
to be four lanes to six lanes wide.
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ktoré mali mať 4 až 6 pruhov.
10:48
So you had a fundamental disconnect
between the number of lanes
between the number of lanes
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Vidíme teda zásadný rozdiel
medzi počtom pruhov
medzi počtom pruhov
10:51
and the number of cars
that wanted to use them.
that wanted to use them.
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a počtom áut, ktoré ich používajú.
10:53
So it was my job to redesign
every street in the downtown
every street in the downtown
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Mojou úlohou bolo preplánovať
každú ulicu v centre mesta
každú ulicu v centre mesta
10:57
from curb face to curb face,
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1735
od obrubníka po obrubník.
10:59
and we did it for 50 blocks of streets,
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2002
Preplánovali sme 50 blokov ciest
11:01
and we're rebuilding it now.
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1357
a teraz sú vo výstavbe.
11:02
So a typical oversized street to nowhere
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Typická ulica od nevidím do nevidím
11:05
is being narrowed, and now
under construction,
under construction,
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2200
sa zužuje, momentálne vo výstavbe.
11:08
and the project is half done.
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1640
Polovica je už hotová.
11:09
The typical street like this, you know,
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657732
1991
Keď preplánujete širokú ulicu,
11:11
when you do that,
you find room for medians.
you find room for medians.
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3446
odrazu získate miesto
na deliaci pás a cyklistické pruhy.
na deliaci pás a cyklistické pruhy.
11:15
You find room for bike lanes.
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663217
1982
Máme 2x toľko parkovacích miest na ceste.
11:17
We've doubled the amount
of on-street parking.
of on-street parking.
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2167
11:19
We've added a full bike network
where one didn't exist before.
where one didn't exist before.
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3949
Plne sme integrovali cyklopruhy,
ktoré v meste predtým neboli.
ktoré v meste predtým neboli.
Nie každé mesto má však toľko peňazí
ako Oklahoma City.
ako Oklahoma City.
11:23
But not everyone has the money
that Oklahoma City has,
that Oklahoma City has,
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3247
Darí sa im totiž v ropnom priemysle.
11:26
because they have an extraction
economy that's doing quite well.
economy that's doing quite well.
261
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3084
11:29
The typical city is more
like Cedar Rapids,
like Cedar Rapids,
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2052
Typickejším mestom je Cedar Rapids,
11:31
where they have an all four-lane
system, half one-way system.
system, half one-way system.
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3990
v ktorom je štvorpruhový systém,
polovica ciest je jednosmerných.
polovica ciest je jednosmerných.
11:35
And it's a little hard to see,
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1449
Asi to dobre nevidno,
11:37
but what we've done -- what we're doing;
it's in process right now,
it's in process right now,
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3284
ale hoci sú cesty ešte stále v prestavbe,
11:40
it's in engineering right now --
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1604
tak sme preplánovali cesty
11:42
is turning an all four-lane
system, half one-way
system, half one-way
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3791
zo štvorpruhových, z čoho polovica
tvorila jednosmerné cesty,
tvorila jednosmerné cesty,
11:46
into an all two-lane system, all two-way,
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na dvojpruhové, všetky obojsmerné.
11:49
and in so doing, we're adding
70 percent more on-street parking,
70 percent more on-street parking,
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3241
Tým sme pridali o 70 % viac
parkovacích miest na ceste,
parkovacích miest na ceste,
11:52
which the merchants love,
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1359
čo obchodníkov teší,
11:54
and it protects the sidewalk.
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1420
a navyše takéto parkovanie chodník chráni.
11:55
That parking makes the sidewalk safe,
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1762
Postupne budujeme
rozsiahlejšiu sieť cyklopruhov.
rozsiahlejšiu sieť cyklopruhov.
11:57
and we're adding a much more
robust bicycle network.
robust bicycle network.
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12:01
Then the lanes themselves.
How wide are they?
How wide are they?
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A čo samotné jazdné pruhy?
Aké sú široké?
Aké sú široké?
To je dôležité.
12:03
That's really important.
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Normy sa zmenili,
a ako povedal Andrés Duany,
a ako povedal Andrés Duany,
12:05
The standards have changed
such that, as Andrés Duany says,
such that, as Andrés Duany says,
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12:08
the typical road
to a subdivision in America
to a subdivision in America
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bežná cesta vedúca k americkému sídlisku
vám umožní vidieť zakrivenie Zeme.
12:10
allows you to see
the curvature of the Earth.
the curvature of the Earth.
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(smiech)
12:12
(Laughter)
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Na snímke vidíte
predmestie Washingtonu zo 60. rokov.
predmestie Washingtonu zo 60. rokov.
12:13
This is a subdivision
outside of Washington from the 1960s.
outside of Washington from the 1960s.
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Dobre si všimnite šírku ulíc.
12:16
Look very carefully
at the width of the streets.
at the width of the streets.
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Toto je snímka z 80. rokov.
12:19
This is a subdivision from the 1980s.
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Rozdiel len 20 rokov.
12:21
1960s, 1980s.
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12:23
The standards have changed
to such a degree
to such a degree
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Normy sa zmenili tak výrazne,
že keď v mojom starom susedstve,
12:25
that my old neighborhood of South Beach,
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1953
South Beach, mali opraviť drenáž,
12:27
when it was time to fix the street
that wasn't draining properly,
that wasn't draining properly,
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tak pre širšie normy museli cestu rozšíriť
12:30
they had to widen it
and take away half our sidewalk,
and take away half our sidewalk,
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2544
a ubrať polovicu z chodníka.
12:32
because the standards were wider.
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12:34
People go faster on wider streets.
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Na širších cestách sa jazdí rýchlejšie.
12:38
People know this.
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Ľudia o tom vedia.
Inžinieri to popierajú,
ale občania o tom vedia.
ale občania o tom vedia.
12:39
The engineers deny it,
but the citizens know it,
but the citizens know it,
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Preto v Birminghame v Michigane
bojujú za užšie cesty.
bojujú za užšie cesty.
12:42
so that in Birmingham, Michigan,
they fight for narrower streets.
they fight for narrower streets.
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12:46
Portland, Oregon, famously walkable,
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Portland v Oregone je známy pre schodnosť.
12:48
instituted its "Skinny Streets" program
in its residential neighborhood.
in its residential neighborhood.
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V jednom susedstve spustili program
s názvom „Štíhle cesty“.
s názvom „Štíhle cesty“.
12:52
We know that skinny streets are safer.
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Užšie cesty sú spravidla bezpečnejšie.
12:54
The developer Vince Graham,
in his project I'On,
in his project I'On,
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S projektantom Vincom Grahamom
sme pracovali na projekte I'On
sme pracovali na projekte I'On
12:57
which we worked on in South Carolina,
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1816
v Južnej Karolíne.
12:59
he goes to conferences and he shows
his amazing 22-foot roads.
his amazing 22-foot roads.
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Na konferenciách svetu ukazuje
svoje neuveriteľné 6,7 m široké cesty.
svoje neuveriteľné 6,7 m široké cesty.
13:03
These are two-way roads,
very narrow rights of way,
very narrow rights of way,
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Sú obojsmerné,
využíva sa právo prednosti v jazde.
využíva sa právo prednosti v jazde.
13:05
and he shows this well-known philosopher,
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773565
1999
Odvoláva sa na svetoznámeho filozofa,
13:07
who said, "Broad is the road
that leads to destruction ...
that leads to destruction ...
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ktorý povedal: „Široká cesta
vedie do zatratenia...
vedie do zatratenia...
13:10
narrow is the road that leads to life."
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úzka cesta vedie do života.“
13:12
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
13:14
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
13:17
This plays very well in the South.
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Toto na juhu USA vždy zaberie.
13:19
Now: bicycles.
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1897
Teraz o bicykloch.
Bicykle a cyklistika predstavujú
rodiacu sa revolúciu
rodiacu sa revolúciu
13:21
Bicycles and bicycling
are the current revolution underway
are the current revolution underway
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len v niektorých mestách v USA.
13:26
in only some American cities.
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Kde sú však podmienky, tam prídu.
13:28
But where you build it, they come.
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Nerád to ako architekt hovorím,
ale musím priznať,
ale musím priznať,
13:29
As a planner, I hate to say that,
but the one thing I can say
but the one thing I can say
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že populácia cyklistov
závisí od cyklistickej infraštruktúry.
závisí od cyklistickej infraštruktúry.
13:33
is that bicycle population
is a function of bicycle infrastructure.
is a function of bicycle infrastructure.
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Požiadal som Toma Brennana
z Nelson\Nygaard z Portlandu,
z Nelson\Nygaard z Portlandu,
13:37
I asked my friend Tom Brennan
from Nelson\Nygaard in Portland
from Nelson\Nygaard in Portland
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aby mi poslal pár snímok
cyklistickej dopravy v meste.
cyklistickej dopravy v meste.
13:41
to send me some pictures
of the Portland bike commute.
of the Portland bike commute.
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Pýtam sa ho:
„Reklama bicyklom do práce?“
„Reklama bicyklom do práce?“
13:44
He sent me this. I said,
"Was that bike to work day?"
"Was that bike to work day?"
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2508
Vraj: „Nie, to je utorok.“
13:46
He said, "No, that was Tuesday."
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Keď v New Yoku urobili to, čo v Portlande,
a peniaze šli na cyklo infraštruktúru,
a peniaze šli na cyklo infraštruktúru,
13:48
When you do what Portland did and spend
money on bicycle infrastructure --
money on bicycle infrastructure --
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tak sa počet cyklistov v meste
niekoľkokrát zdvojnásobil,
niekoľkokrát zdvojnásobil,
13:53
New York City has doubled the number
of bikers in it several times now
of bikers in it several times now
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všetko vďaka týmto zeleným pruhom.
13:57
by painting these bright green lanes.
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2037
Dokonca aj automobilové mestá
ako Long Beach v Kalifornii zaznamenali
ako Long Beach v Kalifornii zaznamenali
13:59
Even automotive cities
like Long Beach, California:
like Long Beach, California:
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veľký nárast počtu cyklistov,
vďaka infraštruktúre.
vďaka infraštruktúre.
14:03
vast uptick in the number of bikers
based on the infrastructure.
based on the infrastructure.
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A samozrejme, kľúčovým je,
14:07
And of course, what really does it,
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1691
tak ako na 15th Street
vo Washingtone, DC,
vo Washingtone, DC,
14:08
if you know 15th Street
here in Washington, DC --
here in Washington, DC --
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836937
2376
tak aj v Chicagu – cyklopruhy
od Rahma Emanuela.
od Rahma Emanuela.
14:11
please meet Rahm Emanuel's
new bike lanes in Chicago,
new bike lanes in Chicago,
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2977
Je to nárazníkový pruh,
parkuje sa pár metrov od chodníka,
parkuje sa pár metrov od chodníka,
14:14
the buffered lane, the parallel parking
pulled off the curb,
pulled off the curb,
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cyklisti jazdia medzi chodníkom
a zaparkovanými autami.
a zaparkovanými autami.
14:17
the bikes between the parked
cars and the curb --
cars and the curb --
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4002
14:21
these mint cyclists.
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Na snímke nadšení cyklisti.
14:23
If, however, as in Pasadena,
every lane is a bike lane,
every lane is a bike lane,
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3551
Ak je však cyklopruhom každý pruh,
ako v Pasadene,
ako v Pasadene,
14:27
then no lane is a bike lane.
328
855286
1961
tak ním nie je ani jeden.
14:29
And this is the only bicyclist
that I met in Pasadena, so ...
that I met in Pasadena, so ...
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3112
A toto je jediný cyklista,
ktorého som tam stretol...
ktorého som tam stretol...
14:32
(Laughter)
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1605
(smiech)
14:34
The parallel parking I mentioned --
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1691
Pozdĺžne parkovanie
14:35
it's an essential barrier of steel
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1622
je v podstate stena z ocele,
14:37
that protects the curb and pedestrians
from moving vehicles.
from moving vehicles.
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3786
ktorá chráni chodcov na chodníku
pred jazdiacimi autami.
pred jazdiacimi autami.
14:41
This is Ft. Lauderdale;
one side of the street, you can park,
one side of the street, you can park,
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Toto je Ft. Lauderdale,
na jednej strane ulice sa parkovať dá,
na jednej strane ulice sa parkovať dá,
14:44
the other side of the street, you can't.
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1952
na druhej strane sa nedá.
14:46
This is happy hour on the parking side.
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2025
Šťastná hodinka na jednej strane,
14:48
This is sad hour on the other side.
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2691
smutná hodinka na druhej.
14:51
And then the trees themselves
slow cars down.
slow cars down.
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2989
Aj samotné stromy spomaľujú autá.
14:54
They move slower when trees
are next to the road,
are next to the road,
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882580
2286
Autá jazdia pomalšie,
keď sú okolo cesty stromy,
keď sú okolo cesty stromy,
14:56
and, of course, sometimes
they slow down very quickly.
they slow down very quickly.
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884890
2555
a niekedy spomalia veľmi rýchlo.
Na detailoch záleží.
Aký je polomer zákruty?
Aký je polomer zákruty?
15:00
All the little details --
the curb return radius.
the curb return radius.
341
888119
2952
15:03
Is it one foot or is it 40 feet?
342
891095
1662
Je to pol metra alebo 12 metrov?
15:04
How swoopy is that curb to determine
how fast the car goes
how fast the car goes
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3446
Zaoblenie zákruty určuje rýchlosť auta
a vzdialenosť, ktorú musíte prekonať.
15:08
and how much room you have to cross.
344
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1715
15:09
And then I love this, because this
is objective journalism.
is objective journalism.
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897990
3422
Milujem objektívnu žurnalistiku.
15:13
"Some say the entrance to CityCenter
is not inviting to pedestrians."
is not inviting to pedestrians."
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901436
4079
„Niektorí tvrdia, že vstup do centra
nie je pre chodcov príťažlivý.“
nie je pre chodcov príťažlivý.“
15:17
When every aspect
of the landscape is swoopy,
of the landscape is swoopy,
347
905539
2458
Keď je každý aspekt terénu zaoblený,
15:20
is aerodynamic, is stream-form geometrics,
348
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2673
aerodynamický, s geometriou obtekania,
15:22
it says: "This is a vehicular place."
349
910718
2317
miesto jasné hovorí „som pre autá“.
15:25
So no one detail, no one speciality,
can be allowed to set the stage.
can be allowed to set the stage.
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913059
5075
Preto by ani jeden detail či výnimka
nemali určovať budúci vzhľad cesty.
nemali určovať budúci vzhľad cesty.
15:30
And here, you know, this street:
351
918158
1564
A na tejto ulici vidíme,
15:31
yes, it will drain within a minute
of the hundred-year storm,
of the hundred-year storm,
352
919746
3892
že kanalizácia si poradí
so storočnou vodou,
so storočnou vodou,
15:35
but this poor woman
has to mount the curb every day.
has to mount the curb every day.
353
923662
2792
ale táto chudinka musí šplhať
na chodník každý deň.
na chodník každý deň.
15:38
So then quickly, the comfortable walk
has to do with the fact
has to do with the fact
354
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2946
Ešte poviem,
že príjemná prechádzka súvisí s tým,
že príjemná prechádzka súvisí s tým,
že každý tvor chce súčasne
výhľad a útočisko.
výhľad a útočisko.
15:41
that all animals seek, simultaneously,
prospect and refuge.
prospect and refuge.
355
929448
4953
Chceme dobre vidieť predátorov
15:46
We want to be able to see our predators,
356
934425
2100
15:48
but we also want to feel
that our flanks are covered.
that our flanks are covered.
357
936549
2519
a zároveň si byť istí,
že máme krytý chrbát.
že máme krytý chrbát.
Radi chodíme na dobre lemované ulice.
15:51
And so we're drawn to places
that have good edges,
that have good edges,
358
939092
2491
15:53
and if you don't supply the edges,
people won't want to be there.
people won't want to be there.
359
941607
3328
Ak také ulice nemáte, ľudia neprídu.
Aký je ideálny pomer
výšky a šírky?
výšky a šírky?
15:56
What's the proper ratio
of height to width?
of height to width?
360
944959
2139
15:59
Is it one to one? Three to one?
361
947122
1775
Jedna k jednej? Tri ku jednej?
16:00
If you get beyond one to six,
you're not very comfortable anymore.
you're not very comfortable anymore.
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948921
3785
Ak presiahnete 1:6,
už sa necítite veľmi pohodlne.
už sa necítite veľmi pohodlne.
Necítite sa chránene.
16:04
You don't feel enclosed.
363
952730
1319
16:06
Now, six to one in Salzburg
can be perfectly delightful.
can be perfectly delightful.
364
954073
3145
Šesť ku jednej v Salzburgu
pôsobí príjemne.
pôsobí príjemne.
16:09
The opposite of Salzburg is Houston.
365
957242
2387
Opak Salzburgu je Houston.
16:12
The point being the parking lot
is the principal problem here.
is the principal problem here.
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960487
3600
Najväčším problémom sú parkoviská.
16:16
However, missing teeth, those empty lots
can be issues as well,
can be issues as well,
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964111
3575
Chýbajúce zuby, prázdne parcely
však tiež nepôsobia príjemne,
však tiež nepôsobia príjemne,
16:19
and if you have a missing corner
because of an outdated zoning code,
because of an outdated zoning code,
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967710
3245
a keď pre zastarané územné členenie
chýba na ulici roh,
16:22
then you could have a missing nose
in your neighborhood.
in your neighborhood.
369
970979
2908
tak vám chýba aj nos.
16:25
That's what we had in my neighborhood.
370
973911
1837
Tak to bolo v mojom susedstve.
16:27
This was the zoning code that said
I couldn't build on that site.
I couldn't build on that site.
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975772
3076
Podľa územného členenia
som na rohu nemohol stavať.
som na rohu nemohol stavať.
Možno viete, že Washington DC
upravuje svoje územné členenie,
upravuje svoje územné členenie,
16:30
As you may know, Washington, DC
is now changing its zoning
is now changing its zoning
372
978872
3727
aby sa takéto miesta
16:34
to allow sites like this
to become sites like this.
to become sites like this.
373
982623
3130
zmenili na takéto.
16:37
We needed a lot of variances to do that.
374
985777
2166
Vyžaduje si to mnoho ústupkov.
16:39
Triangular houses
can be interesting to build,
can be interesting to build,
375
987967
2284
Postaviť trojhranné domy
dá celkom zabrať,
dá celkom zabrať,
16:42
but if you get one built,
people generally like it.
people generally like it.
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990275
2702
ale keď sa to podarí,
ľuďom sa obyčajne páčia.
ľuďom sa obyčajne páčia.
16:45
So you've got to fill those missing noses.
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993001
2453
Treba vyplniť chýbajúce nosy.
16:47
And then, finally, the interesting walk:
378
995478
1958
A napokon: zaujímavé okolie,
16:49
signs of humanity.
379
997460
1672
znak ľudstva.
16:51
We are among the social primates.
380
999156
1815
Človek je tvor spoločenský.
16:52
Nothing interests us more
than other people.
than other people.
381
1000995
2188
Nič nás nezaujíma viac ako iní ľudia.
16:55
We want signs of people.
382
1003207
1494
Chceme cítiť ľudskosť.
16:56
So the perfect one-to-one ratio,
it's a great thing.
it's a great thing.
383
1004725
3003
Dokonalý pomer 1:1 je super.
16:59
This is Grand Rapids,
a very walkable city,
a very walkable city,
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1007752
2204
Toto je Grand Rapids, veľmi schodné mesto,
a hoci táto ulica
spája dva najlepšie hotely,
spája dva najlepšie hotely,
17:01
but nobody walks on this street
385
1009980
1642
17:03
that connects the two
best hotels together,
best hotels together,
386
1011646
2111
nikto po nej nechodí,
17:05
because if on the left,
you have an exposed parking deck,
you have an exposed parking deck,
387
1013781
4368
lebo na jednej strane
je odhalené poschodové parkovisko,
je odhalené poschodové parkovisko,
17:10
and on the right,
you have a conference facility
you have a conference facility
388
1018173
2484
a na druhej konferenčná budova,
ktorá sa evidentne inšpirovala
dizajnom parkoviska,
dizajnom parkoviska,
17:12
that was apparently designed
in admiration for that parking deck,
in admiration for that parking deck,
389
1020681
3429
17:16
then you don't attract that many people.
390
1024134
2507
a spolu tak odohnali ľudí.
17:18
Mayor Joe Riley, in his 10th term,
Mayor of Charleston, South Carolina,
Mayor of Charleston, South Carolina,
391
1026665
3974
Primátor Charlestonu, Joe Riley,
so skúsenosťami 10 funkčných období
so skúsenosťami 10 funkčných období
17:22
taught us it only takes
25 feet of building
25 feet of building
392
1030663
2177
dokázal, že schovať 75 m dlhú garáž
17:24
to hide 250 feet of garage.
393
1032864
2294
vedia aj 7,5 m vysoké budovy.
17:27
This one I call the Chia Pet Garage.
It's in South Beach.
It's in South Beach.
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1035182
2720
Volám ju Šalviová garáž.
Je v South Beach.
Je v South Beach.
Má využité prízemie.
17:29
That active ground floor.
395
1037926
1444
17:31
I want to end with this project
that I love to show.
that I love to show.
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1039394
2719
Zakončím obľúbeným projektom
v Columbe, Ohio,
v Columbe, Ohio,
17:34
It's by Meleca Architects.
It's in Columbus, Ohio.
It's in Columbus, Ohio.
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1042137
2511
vytvorený skupinou Meleca Architects.
17:36
To the left is the convention center
neighborhood, full of pedestrians.
neighborhood, full of pedestrians.
398
1044672
3690
Naľavo je konferenčné centrum
a susedstvo plné chodcov.
a susedstvo plné chodcov.
Napravo je etnické susedstvo Short North,
17:40
To the right is the Short North
neighborhood -- ethnic,
neighborhood -- ethnic,
399
1048386
2664
17:43
great restaurants,
great shops, struggling.
great shops, struggling.
400
1051074
2697
kde sú reštaurácie, dobré obchody.
Ale nedarilo sa mu,
lebo s centrom ho spájal tento most,
lebo s centrom ho spájal tento most,
17:45
It wasn't doing very well
because this was the bridge,
because this was the bridge,
401
1053795
2554
17:48
and no one was walking
from the convention center
from the convention center
402
1056373
2467
a nikto z centra doň nechodil.
17:50
into that neighborhood.
403
1058864
1349
17:52
Well, when they rebuilt the highway,
they added an extra 80 feet to the bridge.
they added an extra 80 feet to the bridge.
404
1060237
4293
Keď však prestavali diaľnicu,
most rozšírili o 24 metrov.
most rozšírili o 24 metrov.
17:56
Sorry -- they rebuilt the bridge
over the highway.
over the highway.
405
1064554
2474
Pardon, prestavali most.
17:59
The city paid 1.9 million dollars,
406
1067052
2373
Mesto to stálo 1,9 milióna dolárov,
18:01
they gave the site to a developer,
407
1069449
2246
most zverili staviteľovi,
18:03
the developer built this
408
1071719
1391
ten most prestaval,
18:05
and now the Short North
has come back to life.
has come back to life.
409
1073134
2319
a do Short North opäť vdýchol život.
18:07
And everyone says, the newspapers,
not the planning magazines,
not the planning magazines,
410
1075477
3216
A každý, vrátane novín,
nie staviteľských magazínov, vraví,
nie staviteľských magazínov, vraví,
18:10
the newspapers say
it's because of that bridge.
it's because of that bridge.
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že za to vďačia mostu.
To by sme mali.
To je všeobecná teória schodnosti.
To je všeobecná teória schodnosti.
18:12
So that's it. That's the general
theory of walkability.
theory of walkability.
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Premýšľajte o svojich mestách.
18:15
Think about your own cities.
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Ako sa dá teória aplikovať.
18:17
Think about how you can apply it.
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Treba splniť všetky 4 podmienky naraz.
18:20
You've got to do all four things at once.
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Nájdite miesta,
ktoré ich spĺňajú čo najviac,
ktoré ich spĺňajú čo najviac,
18:22
So find those places where you
have most of them
have most of them
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a napravte to, čo nefunguje.
18:24
and fix what you can,
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18:26
fix what still needs fixing
in those places.
in those places.
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18:29
I really appreciate your attention,
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Ďakujem pekne za pozornosť.
18:30
and thank you for coming today.
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Som rád, že ste dnes prišli.
(potlesk)
18:33
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jeff Speck - Urban plannerJeff Speck is a city planner and the author of "Walkable City."
Why you should listen
Jeff Speck is a city planner and architectural designer who, through writing, lectures, and built work, advocates internationally for more walkable cities.
As Director of Design at the National Endowment for the Arts from 2003 through 2007, he oversaw the Mayors' Institute on City Design and created the Governors' Institute on Community Design, a federal program that helps state governors fight suburban sprawl. Prior to joining the Endowment, Speck spent ten years as Director of Town Planning at Duany Plater-Zyberk and Co., a leading practitioner of the New Urbanism, where he led or managed more than forty of the firm's projects.
Speck is the co-author of Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream as well as The Smart Growth Manual. His latest book, Walkable City -- which Christian Science Monitor calls "timely and important, a delightful, insightful, irreverent work" -- has been the best-selling city-planning title of this decade.
Jeff Speck | Speaker | TED.com