TEDxMileHigh
Carson Bruns: Could a tattoo help you stay healthy?
卡森 · 布朗斯: 刺青能有助於健康嗎？
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能否讓刺青既美觀又實用？ 納米技術專家卡森 · 布朗斯（Carson Bruns）分享他的創作：能夠對環境做出反應的高科技刺青，像是警告你什麼時候會曬傷的刺青，告訴你體溫的刺青，和為心律調節器充電的刺青等等。
Carson Bruns - Chemist, visual artist
A creator of color-changing tattoo inks and shape-shifting molecular machines, Carson Bruns uses nanoscience to invent new materials and technologies. Full bio
A creator of color-changing tattoo inks and shape-shifting molecular machines, Carson Bruns uses nanoscience to invent new materials and technologies. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'd like to introduce you
to an interesting person named Ötzi.
to an interesting person named Ötzi.
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我想向各位介紹一個名叫
奧茨的有趣人物。
奧茨的有趣人物。
00:18
He lives in Italy
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他住在義大利的
南蒂羅爾考古博物館，
南蒂羅爾考古博物館，
00:19
at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology
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00:22
because he's a mummy.
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因為他是個木乃伊。
00:24
This is an artist's rendition
of what he might have looked like
of what he might have looked like
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這是藝術家重現 5300 年前
他還活著時的樣子。
00:27
when he was alive 5,300 years ago.
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00:30
You want to see what he looks like today?
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你們想看看他今天的模樣嗎？
00:32
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:33
OK, brace yourselves,
gross mummy pic coming at you.
gross mummy pic coming at you.
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坐穩哦，噁心的木乃伊照片來了。
00:37
So, he's not as handsome as he used to be,
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他是沒以前那麼英俊，
00:42
but he's actually
in great shape for a mummy
in great shape for a mummy
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然而對木乃伊來說，
他的狀態其實很棒，
他的狀態其實很棒，
00:45
because he was discovered frozen in ice.
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因為他被發現的時候是在凍結的冰裡。
00:48
Ötzi is the oldest mummy that's been
discovered with preserved skin.
discovered with preserved skin.
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在所有被發現仍保有皮膚的
木乃伊中，奧茨是最古老的。
木乃伊中，奧茨是最古老的。
00:52
5,300 years is super old,
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5300 年超老的，
00:54
older than the Egyptian pyramids,
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比埃及金字塔更老，
00:57
and Ötzi's skin is covered
in 61 black tattoos,
in 61 black tattoos,
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奧茨的皮膚被 61 個
黑色刺青覆蓋著，
黑色刺青覆蓋著，
01:03
all lines and crosses on parts of his body
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全都是交叉的線條，
覆蓋著他身上可能疼痛的各個部位。
01:05
where he might have experienced pain.
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01:08
So scientists think
that they might have been used
that they might have been used
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因此，科學家認為它們可能被用於
01:11
to mark sites for some kind of therapy,
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標記某些治療方法，
01:12
like acupuncture.
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類似針灸。
01:15
So clearly, if the oldest skin we've seen
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如果我們看到的最古老皮膚
01:19
is all tattooed up,
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全是刺青，
01:20
tattooing is a very ancient practice.
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顯然刺青是一種非常古老的做法。
01:23
But fast-forward to today
and tattoos are everywhere.
and tattoos are everywhere.
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快轉到今天，刺青無處不在。
01:27
Almost one in four Americans has a tattoo,
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幾乎四分之一的美國人有刺青，
01:30
it's a multibillion-dollar industry,
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這是一個價值數十億美元的產業，
01:32
and whether you love tattoos or hate them,
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無論你喜歡還是討厭刺青，
01:35
this talk will change the way
you think about them.
you think about them.
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這個演講都會改變你對它們的看法。
01:38
So, why are tattoos so popular?
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為什麼刺青如此受歡迎？
01:42
Unlike Ötzi, most of us today use tattoos
for some kind of self-expression.
for some kind of self-expression.
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與奧茨不同，今天我們大多數人
用刺青來做為某種自我表達。
用刺青來做為某種自我表達。
01:48
Personally, I love tattoos
because I love art
because I love art
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我個人因為喜歡藝術而喜歡刺青，
01:51
and there is something so wonderful to me,
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對我來說，有些東西
美好得幾近浪漫，
美好得幾近浪漫，
01:53
almost romantic, about the way
a tattoo as an art form
a tattoo as an art form
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有關刺青的藝術形式
01:57
cannot be commodified.
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無法被商品化。
對吧？你的刺青與你共存。
01:59
Right? Your tattoo
lives and dies with you.
lives and dies with you.
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02:02
It can't be bought or sold or traded,
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它不能買賣、交易，
02:05
so its only value
is really personal to you,
is really personal to you,
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所以，它的確只對你個人有價值，
02:07
and I love that.
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我很喜歡這樣。
02:09
Now, I tend to gravitate
towards really colorful tattoos
towards really colorful tattoos
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我總被非常豐富多彩的刺青吸引，
02:11
because I'm obsessed with color.
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因為我迷戀色彩。
02:13
I teach a whole course on it
at my university.
at my university.
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我在大學教授一門完整的課程。
02:16
But my very first tattoo
was an all-black tattoo
was an all-black tattoo
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但我的第一個刺青是全黑的，
02:19
like Ötzi's.
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像奧茨那樣。
02:21
Yep, I did that clichéd thing
that young people do sometimes
that young people do sometimes
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沒錯，我和年輕人一樣，
有時會做老套的事，
有時會做老套的事，
02:24
and I got a tattoo
in a language I can't even read.
in a language I can't even read.
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用一種甚至我無法讀懂的語言刺青。
02:28
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:29
OK, but I was 19 years old,
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當時我 19 歲，
02:32
I had just returned
from my first trip overseas,
from my first trip overseas,
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剛從海外第一次旅行回來，
02:35
I was in Japan in the mountains
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我在日本山上的佛寺參禪，
02:38
meditating in Buddhist monasteries,
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02:40
and it was a really meaningful
experience to me,
experience to me,
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對我來說那是非常有意義的經歷，
02:42
so I wanted to commemorate it
with this Japanese and Chinese character
with this Japanese and Chinese character
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所以我想用這個日文
和漢字的「山」來紀念它。
和漢字的「山」來紀念它。
02:46
for "mountain."
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02:48
Now, here's what blows my mind.
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如今這讓我大吃一驚。
02:51
My 14-year-old tattoo
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我紋了 14 年的刺青
02:54
and Ötzi's 5,300-year-old tattoos
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和奧茨紋了 5300 年的刺青
02:57
are made of the same exact stuff:
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用同樣的東西製成：
03:01
soot,
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煙灰，
03:02
that black powdery carbon dust
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黑色的粉狀碳，
03:04
that gets left behind in the fireplace
when you burn stuff.
when you burn stuff.
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燃燒後留在壁爐裡的東西。
03:08
And if you zoom way, way in
on either my tattoo or Ötzi's tattoos,
on either my tattoo or Ötzi's tattoos,
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如果你放得很大仔細看
我的刺青或是奧茨的刺青，
我的刺青或是奧茨的刺青，
03:12
you'll find that they all
look something like this.
look something like this.
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會發現它們看起來都像這樣。
03:16
A tattoo is nothing more
than a bunch of tiny pigment particles,
than a bunch of tiny pigment particles,
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刺青只不過是一堆微小的顏料顆粒，
03:19
soot in this case,
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在這種情況下，
是煙灰被困在真皮中，
03:21
that get trapped in the dermis,
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03:23
which is the layer of tissue
right underneath the surface of the skin.
right underneath the surface of the skin.
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那是皮膚表面下的組織層。
03:26
So in over five thousand years,
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因此，在超過五千年的時間裡，
03:29
we've done very little
to update tattoo technology,
to update tattoo technology,
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除了有更多顏色和更有效的紋法之外，
03:32
apart from getting access to more colors
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我們在更新刺青技術方面少有更動。
03:35
and slightly more efficient
methods of installation.
methods of installation.
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03:39
While I'm an artist, I'm also a scientist,
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我是個藝術家兼科學家，
03:42
and I direct a laboratory
that researches nanotechnology,
that researches nanotechnology,
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我帶領一個研究奈米技術的實驗室，
03:46
which is the science of building things
with ultratiny building blocks,
with ultratiny building blocks,
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這是一種用超微小物
來構建東西的科學，
來構建東西的科學，
03:51
thousands of times smaller even
than the width of a human hair.
than the width of a human hair.
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甚至微小到人類頭髮寬度
千分之一的等級。
千分之一的等級。
03:54
And I began to ask myself,
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我開始思考，
03:56
how could nanotechnology serve tattooing?
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如何把奈米技術用於刺青呢？
04:00
If tattoos are just
a bunch of particles in the skin,
a bunch of particles in the skin,
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如果刺青只是皮膚中的一堆顆粒，
04:03
could we swap those particles out for ones
that do something more interesting?
that do something more interesting?
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可不可以將這些顆粒
換成更有趣的東西呢？
換成更有趣的東西呢？
04:08
Here's my big idea:
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這是我的想法：
04:10
I believe that tattoos
can give you superpowers.
can give you superpowers.
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我相信刺青可以賦予我們超能力。
04:13
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:14
Now, I don't mean
they're going to make us fly,
they're going to make us fly,
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我並不是說會讓我們能飛，
04:17
but I do think
that we can have superpowers
that we can have superpowers
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但我認為我們能夠擁有超能力，
04:19
in the sense that tattoos
can give us new abilities
can give us new abilities
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因為刺青可以帶給我們
目前不擁有的新能力。
04:23
that we don't currently possess.
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04:26
By upgrading the particles,
we can engineer tattooing
we can engineer tattooing
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我們可以透過顆粒升級來設計刺青，
04:29
so that it will change
not only the appearance of our skin,
not only the appearance of our skin,
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這樣不僅可以改變皮膚的外觀，
04:33
but also the function of our skin.
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還可以改變皮膚的功能。
04:36
Let me show you.
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讓我示範給你們看。
04:37
This is a diagram of a microcapsule.
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這是一粒微膠囊的圖。
04:41
It's a tiny hollow particle
with a protective outer shell,
with a protective outer shell,
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是個帶有保護外殼的微小空心顆粒，
04:44
about the size of a tattoo pigment,
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大小與刺青顏料相當，
04:46
and you can fill the inside
with practically whatever you want.
with practically whatever you want.
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你幾乎可以隨心所欲地填充內部。
04:50
So what if we put interesting materials
inside of these microcapsules
inside of these microcapsules
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倘若我們將有趣的材料
放入這些微膠囊內，
放入這些微膠囊內，
04:54
and made tattoo inks with them?
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用它們作為刺青墨水呢？
04:57
What sorts of things
could we make a tattoo do?
could we make a tattoo do?
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可以用刺青做什麼呢？
05:00
What problems could we solve?
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可以解決哪些問題呢？
05:02
What human limitations could we overcome?
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可以克服哪些人類的限制呢？
05:06
Well, here's one idea:
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這裡有個想法：
05:08
one of our weaknesses as humans
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身為人類的弱點之一
05:10
is that we can't see
ultraviolet, or UV, light.
ultraviolet, or UV, light.
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就是我們看不到紫外光或紫外線。
05:14
That's the high-energy part of sunlight
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這是陽光的高能量部分，
05:16
that causes sunburn
and increases our risk of skin cancer.
and increases our risk of skin cancer.
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會導致曬傷，增加
罹患皮膚癌的風險。
罹患皮膚癌的風險。
05:20
Many animals and insects
can actually see UV light, but we can't.
can actually see UV light, but we can't.
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許多動物和昆蟲實際上
看得到紫外線，但我們不能。
看得到紫外線，但我們不能。
05:25
If we could, we'd be able to see sunscreen
when it was applied on our skin.
when it was applied on our skin.
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如果看得見的話，我們
能適時地在皮膚上塗抹防曬霜。
能適時地在皮膚上塗抹防曬霜。
05:30
Unfortunately, most of us
don't wear sunscreen,
don't wear sunscreen,
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不幸的是，大多數人不塗防曬霜，
05:33
and those of us who do
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而塗抹的那些人並不知道
05:35
can't really tell when it wears off,
because it's invisible.
because it's invisible.
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什麼時候應該要補擦，
因為它是看不見的。
因為它是看不見的。
05:38
It's the main reason
we treat over five million cases
we treat over five million cases
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僅在美國，每年治療超過
500 萬例可預防性皮膚癌，
500 萬例可預防性皮膚癌，
05:41
of preventable skin cancer
every year in the US alone,
every year in the US alone,
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年經濟損失超過 50 億美元，
05:44
costing our economy
over five billion dollars annually.
over five billion dollars annually.
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這是主要原因。
05:49
So how could we overcome
this human weakness with a tattoo?
this human weakness with a tattoo?
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那麼，我們如何用刺青
來克服這個人類的弱點呢？
來克服這個人類的弱點呢？
05:53
Well, if the problem is
that we can't see UV rays,
that we can't see UV rays,
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如果問題在於我們看不到紫外線，
05:57
maybe we can make a tattoo
detect them for us.
detect them for us.
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也許可以讓刺青為我們偵測紫外線。
06:00
So I thought, why don't we take
some microcapsules,
some microcapsules,
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所以我想，何不拿一些微膠囊，
06:04
load it up with a UV-sensitive,
color-changing dye,
color-changing dye,
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填裝對紫外線敏感的變色染料，
06:08
and make a tattoo ink out of that?
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用它製作刺青墨水呢？
06:11
Now, one of the troubles
of being a tattoo technologist
of being a tattoo technologist
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作為刺青技師的困難之一
06:15
is finding willing test subjects.
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就是要找自願被測試的對象。
06:17
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
06:19
And when it came time
to test this tattoo ink,
to test this tattoo ink,
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當要測試這種刺青墨水時，
06:22
I thought it best not to torture
my poor graduate students.
my poor graduate students.
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我認為最好不要
折磨我可憐的研究生。
折磨我可憐的研究生。
06:26
So I decided to tattoo
a couple of spots on my own arm instead.
a couple of spots on my own arm instead.
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所以我決定在自己的
手臂上紋幾個點。
手臂上紋幾個點。
06:31
And It actually worked. Check it out!
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它確實有效。看看這個！
06:35
I call these tattoos solar freckles
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我把這些刺青稱為太陽雀斑，
06:37
because they're powered by sunshine.
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因為它們是由陽光驅動的。
06:39
And right now, they're invisible,
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它們此刻隱形；
06:41
but as soon as I expose them
to a UV light, acting as the Sun --
to a UV light, acting as the Sun --
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一旦我將它們暴露在
充當太陽的紫外線下，
充當太陽的紫外線下，
06:45
there they are, blue spots.
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藍色斑點，就在那裡。
06:47
Now, I'm not wearing
sunscreen in this video,
sunscreen in this video,
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我沒有在這段影片中擦防曬霜，
06:50
but if I was, those blue spots
would not appear,
would not appear,
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但如果有，就不會
出現那些藍色斑點，
出現那些藍色斑點，
06:53
and then when my sunscreen wore off later,
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當我的防曬霜隨後消失時，
06:56
the solar freckles
would reappear in UV light
would reappear in UV light
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太陽雀斑會再次出現在紫外線下，
06:58
and I would know that it was time
to reapply sunscreen.
to reapply sunscreen.
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我就知道應該補擦防曬霜了。
07:01
So these tattoos act
as a real-time, naked-eye indicator
as a real-time, naked-eye indicator
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因此，這些刺青可以作為
肉眼即時可見的
皮膚紫外線暴曬指標。
皮膚紫外線暴曬指標。
07:05
of your skin's UV exposure.
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07:08
And of course,
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當然，
07:09
I think there are lots of really cool,
artistic things you could do
artistic things you could do
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我認為可以用這樣顏色變化的刺青
做很多非常酷的藝術性作品，
07:14
with a color-changing tattoo like this,
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07:18
but I hope that it will also
help us solve a big problem
help us solve a big problem
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但我希望它也能幫我們解決
一個保護皮膚的大問題。
07:22
in skin protection.
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07:24
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
07:32
Let me give you another example.
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讓我再舉一個例子。
07:34
Normal human body temperature
is about 97 to 99 degrees Fahrenheit,
is about 97 to 99 degrees Fahrenheit,
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正常人體的體溫約在
華氏 97 至 99 度之間，
華氏 97 至 99 度之間，
07:39
and if you fall outside of that range,
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如果超出該範圍就需要立即就醫。
07:42
you need to seek
medical attention right away.
medical attention right away.
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07:45
Now, the problem is that humans
can't detect our own body temperature
can't detect our own body temperature
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現在問題在於如果不用溫度計，
人類無法測到自己的體溫。
07:49
without a thermometer.
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07:50
Sure, you could try the old
hand-on-the-forehead trick,
hand-on-the-forehead trick,
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當然，你可以使用
手碰額頭的老伎倆，
手碰額頭的老伎倆，
07:53
but there's zero scientific
evidence to back that up.
evidence to back that up.
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但是那完全沒有
任何科學根據可佐證。
任何科學根據可佐證。
07:56
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
07:58
So what if we could create
a tattooable thermometer
a tattooable thermometer
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如果我們能夠創建
可以隨時看的刺青溫度計呢？
08:00
that you could access anytime?
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08:03
Well, remember how the solar freckles
used a UV-sensitive dye
used a UV-sensitive dye
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還記得太陽雀斑
如何在刺青墨水的微膠囊內
如何在刺青墨水的微膠囊內
08:07
inside of the microcapsules
of the tattoo ink?
of the tattoo ink?
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使用紫外線敏感的染料嗎？
08:10
Well, you could also put
heat-sensitive dyes
heat-sensitive dyes
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你也可以將熱敏感染料
放在微膠囊內，
放在微膠囊內，
08:13
inside of microcapsules
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08:15
and you could make different tattoo inks
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你可以製作不同的刺青油墨，
08:17
that change color
at different temperatures.
at different temperatures.
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在不同的溫度下改變顏色。
08:19
Suppose it was 96, 98,
and a hundred degrees Fahrenheit.
and a hundred degrees Fahrenheit.
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假設它們是華氏 96、98 和 100 度。
08:25
If you place those inks side by side,
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如果把這些墨水並排放置，
08:27
now you have a temperature scale
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現在就有了人體溫度計。
08:29
tuned to the human body.
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08:32
In this video, you can see
the different patches of tattoos
the different patches of tattoos
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在這影片中，
你可以看到不同的
刺青斑塊依次消失，
刺青斑塊依次消失，
08:37
disappearing sequentially
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08:38
as the pigskin we tested them on
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因為它們所在的
測試豬皮，溫度升高了。
測試豬皮，溫度升高了。
08:40
is heated up.
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08:42
So if you were to place a tattoo like this
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所以，如果你把這樣的刺青
08:44
in a location that was stable
to external temperature fluctuations --
to external temperature fluctuations --
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放在一個對外部溫度波動
穩定的位置——
穩定的位置——
08:49
maybe inside of the mouth,
perhaps on the back of the lip? --
perhaps on the back of the lip? --
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也許放在嘴裡，嘴唇的後面——
08:53
then you'd be able to read
your body temperature anytime
your body temperature anytime
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然後只需看一下鏡子裡的刺青
08:56
by just glancing
at your tattoo in the mirror.
at your tattoo in the mirror.
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就可以隨時讀取體溫。
08:59
Amazing, right?
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很棒吧？
09:01
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
09:03
Thank you.
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謝謝。
09:04
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
09:08
Another limitation that we have as humans
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身為人類的另一限制
09:10
is that our skin
doesn't conduct electricity,
doesn't conduct electricity,
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是我們的皮膚不導電，
09:13
and that can be a good thing,
but not necessarily --
but not necessarily --
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這可能是一件好事，但未必——
09:16
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
09:18
if you have an electronic
biomedical implant,
biomedical implant,
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如果你有電子生物醫學植入物，
09:22
like a pacemaker for example.
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例如心律調節器。
09:24
Right now, if you have a pacemaker,
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現在如果你有心律調節器，
09:26
you need surgery every five or 10 years
to replace the battery when it dies.
to replace the battery when it dies.
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需要每五年或十年動一次手術，
以便在電池耗盡時更換電池。
以便在電池耗盡時更換電池。
09:31
And wouldn't it be nice if, instead,
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如果反過來，
透過一片導電皮膚給電池充電，
那不是很棒嗎？
那不是很棒嗎？
09:33
we could simply recharge the battery
through a patch of conducting skin?
through a patch of conducting skin?
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09:38
Well, if you were to try to tackle
that problem with a tattoo,
that problem with a tattoo,
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如果你試圖用刺青來解決這個問題，
09:41
the first step would be to make a tattoo
that conducts electricity.
that conducts electricity.
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那麼第一步就是製作會導電的刺青。
09:45
So we've been working on
a conducting tattoo ink in my lab.
a conducting tattoo ink in my lab.
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所以我們一直在實驗室裡
研究刺青墨水。
研究刺青墨水。
09:49
And right now, we're able to increase
the conductivity of skin over 300-fold
the conductivity of skin over 300-fold
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而現在，我們可以透過刺青墨水
將皮膚的電導率提高 300 倍以上。
09:55
with our conducting tattoo ink.
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09:57
Now, we have a long way to go
before we reach the conductivity
before we reach the conductivity
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我們還有很長的路要走，
才能達到類似銅線的導電效率，
10:00
of something like a copper wire,
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10:02
but we're making progress
and I'm really excited about this
and I'm really excited about this
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但我們一直有所進展，
我對此感到非常興奮，
我對此感到非常興奮，
10:05
because I think that it could open up
a whole new world of possibility
a whole new world of possibility
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因為我認為這能為刺青的可能應用
打開新世界。
10:09
for tattoos.
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10:11
I envision a future
where tattoos enable us --
where tattoos enable us --
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我想像刺青是我們的未來——
10:15
tattooable wires and tattooable
electronics enable us
electronics enable us
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刺青電線和刺青電子產品，
使我們能夠將技術
與我們的身體融合在一起，
與我們的身體融合在一起，
10:19
to merge our technologies with our bodies
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10:23
so that they feel more like
extensions of ourselves
extensions of ourselves
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使它們感覺更像是我們自己的延伸，
10:25
rather than external devices.
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而不是外部的設備。
10:28
So these are a few examples
of the new abilities that we can gain
of the new abilities that we can gain
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這是少數幾個我們透過使用奈米技術
10:33
by using nanotechnology
to upgrade our tattoos,
to upgrade our tattoos,
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以提升刺青來獲得新能力的例子，
10:38
but this really is only the beginning.
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但這真的才剛開始。
10:40
I believe the sky is the limit
for what we can do with high-tech tattoos.
for what we can do with high-tech tattoos.
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我相信高科技刺青的應用沒有極限。
10:45
In the future, tattoos
will not only be beautiful,
will not only be beautiful,
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在未來，刺青不僅美麗，
10:49
they'll be functional too.
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還有功用。
10:51
Thank you.
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謝謝。
10:53
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carson Bruns - Chemist, visual artistA creator of color-changing tattoo inks and shape-shifting molecular machines, Carson Bruns uses nanoscience to invent new materials and technologies.
Why you should listen
Carson Bruns has co-authored more than 30 peer-reviewed scientific publications, including the celebrated book The Nature of the Mechanical Bond: From Molecules to Machines, with Nobel Laureate J. Fraser Stoddart. He is an assistant professor of mechanical engineering in the ATLAS Institute at the University of Colorado Boulder, where he directs the Emergent Nanomaterials Lab. His work has been featured in Inked Magazine, Chemical and Engineering News and Colorado Public Radio.
Carson Bruns | Speaker | TED.com