ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Dennett - Philosopher, cognitive scientist
Dan Dennett thinks that human consciousness and free will are the result of physical processes.

Why you should listen

One of our most important living philosophers, Dan Dennett is best known for his provocative and controversial arguments that human consciousness and free will are the result of physical processes in the brain. He argues that the brain's computational circuitry fools us into thinking we know more than we do, and that what we call consciousness — isn't. His 2003 book "Freedom Evolves" explores how our brains evolved to give us -- and only us -- the kind of freedom that matters, while 2006's "Breaking the Spell" examines belief through the lens of biology.

This mind-shifting perspective on the mind itself has distinguished Dennett's career as a philosopher and cognitive scientist. And while the philosophy community has never quite known what to make of Dennett (he defies easy categorization, and refuses to affiliate himself with accepted schools of thought), his computational approach to understanding the brain has made him, as Edge's John Brockman writes, “the philosopher of choice of the AI community.”

“It's tempting to say that Dennett has never met a robot he didn't like, and that what he likes most about them is that they are philosophical experiments,” Harry Blume wrote in the Atlantic Monthly in 1998. “To the question of whether machines can attain high-order intelligence, Dennett makes this provocative answer: ‘The best reason for believing that robots might some day become conscious is that we human beings are conscious, and we are a sort of robot ourselves.'"

In recent years, Dennett has become outspoken in his atheism, and his 2006 book Breaking the Spell calls for religion to be studied through the scientific lens of evolutionary biology. Dennett regards religion as a natural -- rather than supernatural -- phenomenon, and urges schools to break the taboo against empirical examination of religion. He argues that religion's influence over human behavior is precisely what makes gaining a rational understanding of it so necessary: “If we don't understand religion, we're going to miss our chance to improve the world in the 21st century.”

Dennett's landmark books include The Mind's I, co-edited with Douglas Hofstaedter, Consciousness Explained, and Darwin's Dangerous Idea. Read an excerpt from his 2013 book, Intuition Pumps, in the Guardian >>

More profile about the speaker
Dan Dennett | Speaker | TED.com
TED2006

Dan Dennett: Let's teach religion -- all religion -- in schools

丹狄奈特回應里克·沃倫

Filmed:
3,728,395 views

哲學家丹狄奈特呼籲學校應該一視同仁傳授所有宗教思想,使吾人了解宗教也是一種自然現象。奈特反駁沃倫在其著作《標竿人生》中的主張:欲達高尚之道德,必先拒斥演化理論
- Philosopher, cognitive scientist
Dan Dennett thinks that human consciousness and free will are the result of physical processes. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:26
It's wonderful精彩 to be back.
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回到講台的感覺真好
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I love this wonderful精彩 gathering蒐集.
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很開心和大家聚首
00:32
And you must必須 be wondering想知道, "What on Earth地球?
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你們一定覺得奇怪,"搞什麼?"
00:34
Have they put up the wrong錯誤 slide滑動?"
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投影片是不是放錯了?
00:36
No, no.
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當然不是
00:38
Look at this magnificent華麗的 beast and ask the question -- who designed設計 it?
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看看這隻美麗的動物, 不禁想問,是誰的傑作?
00:45
This is TEDTED.
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歡迎來到TED
00:47
This is Technology技術, Entertainment娛樂, Design設計 and there's a dairy乳製品 cow.
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TED分別代表科技、娛樂及設計,還有一隻乳牛
00:54
It's a quite相當 wonderfully奇妙 designed設計 animal動物.
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乳牛的確是一個相當精彩的設計
00:58
And I was thinking思維, how do I introduce介紹 this?
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我一直煩惱要怎麼介紹牠才好?
01:00
And I thought, well, maybe that old doggerel打油詩 by Joyce喬伊斯 Kilmer基爾默,
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後來想到喬伊斯·基爾默那首打油詩
01:05
you know: "Poems are made製作 by fools傻瓜 like me,
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「詩詞歌賦我最行,我乃蠢蛋第一號
01:07
but only God can make a tree."
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花草樹木誰能造?唯有神明最可靠」
01:09
And you might威力 say, "Well, God designed設計 the cow."
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你們也許會說"神創造了乳牛"
01:12
But, of course課程, God got a lot of help.
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不過,神當然還有其他幫手
01:16
This is the ancestor祖先 of cattle黃牛.
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這是牛的祖先
01:19
This is the Oryx羚羊.
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叫做大羚羊
01:21
And it was designed設計 by natural自然 selection選擇,
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是「物競天擇」後的產物
01:23
the process處理 of natural自然 selection選擇, over many許多 millions百萬 of years年份.
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歷經數百萬年演化而來
01:27
And then it became成為 domesticated thousands數千 of years年份 ago.
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人類於幾千年前馴化了羚羊
01:32
And human人的 beings眾生 became成為 its stewards管家,
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負責照顧並飼養羚羊
01:37
and, without even knowing會心 what they were doing,
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人類在不知不覺當中
01:39
they gradually逐漸 redesigned重新設計 it and redesigned重新設計 it and redesigned重新設計 it.
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參與了新一代羚羊的不斷演化
01:43
And then, more recently最近, they really began開始
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近來,人類確實開始採用
01:46
to do sort分類 of reverse相反 engineering工程 on this beast
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類似「逆向工程」的作法
01:49
and figure數字 out just what the parts部分 were, how they worked工作
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探究羚羊全身各部器官及其運作方式
01:52
and how they might威力 be optimized優化 -- how they might威力 be made製作 better.
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找出強化其功能的方法
01:57
Now why am I talking about cows奶牛?
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我為什麼提到牛呢?
02:01
Because I want to say that much the same相同 thing is true真正 of religions宗教.
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我要說的是,宗教的演變過程就跟牛一樣
02:06
Religions宗教 are natural自然 phenomena現象.
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是一種自然現象
02:09
They're just as natural自然 as cows奶牛.
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宗教跟牛都是自然演變的結果
02:11
They have evolved進化 over millennia千年.
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經過數千年的演進而來
02:15
They have a biological生物 base基礎, just like the Oryx羚羊.
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跟大羚羊一樣具有生物性
02:20
They have become成為 domesticated, and human人的 beings眾生
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宗教也被人類馴化,過去幾千年來
02:23
have been redesigning重新設計 their religions宗教 for thousands數千 of years年份.
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人類不斷重新設計他們的宗教
02:29
This is TEDTED, and I want to talk about design設計.
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這裡我想把重點放在「設計」
02:33
Because what I've been doing for the last four years年份,
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打從四年前我開始進行一項研究
02:36
really since以來 the first time you saw me -- some of you saw me at TEDTED
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當時有些在座的聽眾在這裡初次見到我
02:38
when I was talking about religion宗教, and in the last four years年份
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談論宗教這個題目,四年來
02:42
I've been working加工 just about non-stop馬不停蹄 on this topic話題.
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我不間斷地努力研究
02:45
And you might威力 say it's about the reverse相反 engineering工程 of religions宗教.
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可稱之為宗教版的「生物逆向工程」
02:51
Now that very idea理念, I think, strikes罷工 terror恐怖 in many許多 people,
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我想這個說法會令許多人感到惶恐
02:57
or anger憤怒, or anxiety焦慮 of one sort分類 or another另一個.
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氣憤,或憂慮之類的
03:02
And that is the spell拼寫 that I want to break打破.
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這就是我想打破的迷思
03:05
I want to say, no, religions宗教 are an important重要 natural自然 phenomenon現象.
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我主張,宗教是一種重要的自然現象
03:09
We should study研究 them with the same相同 intensity強度
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我們研究宗教,應該也要充滿熱忱
03:12
that we study研究 all the other important重要 natural自然 phenomena現象,
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如同我們研究其它重要自然現象一樣
03:15
like global全球 warming變暖, as we heard聽說 so eloquently雄辯地 last night from Al Gore血塊.
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比如全球暖化,誠如昨晚高爾先生所談到的
03:19
Today's今天的 religions宗教 are brilliantly出色 designed設計 -- brilliantly出色 designed設計.
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現代宗教可謂設計的無懈可擊、非常出色
03:24
They're immensely非常 powerful強大 social社會 institutions機構
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屬於非常強力的社會制度
03:28
and many許多 of their features特徵 can be traced追踪 back to earlier features特徵
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它有許多特徵可利用「生物逆向工程」
03:34
that we can really make sense of by reverse相反 engineering工程.
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查明並追溯出它的早期特徵
03:39
And, as with the cow, there's a mixture混合物 of evolutionary發展的 design設計,
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宗教像牛一樣,是「演化設計」和「智慧設計」的混合物
03:44
designed設計 by natural自然 selection選擇 itself本身, and intelligent智能 design設計 --
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「演化設計」來自自然淘汰,而「智慧設計」--
03:49
more or less intelligent智能 design設計 -- and redesigned重新設計 by human人的 beings眾生
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或多或少
03:53
who are trying to redesign重新設計 their religions宗教.
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是由不斷試著重新設計宗教的人類一手打造
03:58
You don't do book talks會談 at TEDTED, but I'm going to have just one slide滑動
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我們在TED不講書評,但我還是想秀一張
04:03
about my book, because there is one message信息 in it
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關於我的書的投影片,裡頭有一個重點
04:07
which哪一個 I think this group really needs需求 to hear.
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我認為在場諸位必須了解
04:10
And I would be very interested有興趣 to get your responses回复 to this.
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我也很想聽聽大家對此有什麼意見
04:15
It's the one policy政策 proposal提案 that I make in the book,
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我在書中提到一個政策建議
04:19
at this time when I claim要求 not to know enough足夠 about religion宗教
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以我當時有限的宗教知識
04:23
to know what other policy政策 proposals建議 to make.
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算是我唯一端得出來的建議了
04:25
And it's one that echoes迴聲 remarks備註 that you've heard聽說 already已經 today今天.
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我所要講的這個重點可以呼應你們今晚所聽的內容
04:30
Here's這裡的 my proposal提案.
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先說一下我的政策建議
04:32
I'm going to just take a couple一對 of minutes分鐘 to explain說明 it --
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這要花幾分鐘的時間解釋
04:34
education教育 in world世界 religions宗教, on world世界 religions宗教, for all of our children孩子 in primary school學校,
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我國的小學、中學、公私立學校及家庭中
04:41
in high school學校, in public上市 schools學校, in private私人的 schools學校 and in home schooling教育.
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都要教學生認識世界各大宗教
04:46
So what I'm proposing建議 is,
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我的建議是
04:48
just as we require要求 reading, writing寫作, arithmetic算術, American美國 history歷史,
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就像讀、寫、算術及本國歷史
04:54
so we should have a curriculum課程 on facts事實
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課程內容也應該納入
04:58
about all the religions宗教 of the world世界 --
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世界宗教知識
05:00
about their history歷史, about their creeds信條, about their texts文本,
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介紹各宗教的歷史沿革、教義和經典
05:06
their music音樂, their symbolisms象徵意義, their prohibitions禁令, their requirements要求.
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以及音樂、符號、禁令、清規…等等
05:11
And this should be presented呈現 factually事實, straightforwardly直截了當地,
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內容必須有事實根據,直言不諱
05:16
with no particular特定 spin, to all of the children孩子 in the country國家.
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不帶偏見地介紹給我國學童
05:23
And as long as you teach them that,
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只要教會他們這些
05:26
you can teach them anything else其他 you like.
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你要教什麼別的東西都行
05:29
That, I think, is maximal最大 tolerance公差 for religious宗教 freedom自由.
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我想,這正是給予宗教自由最大的空間
05:34
As long as you inform通知 your children孩子 about other religions宗教,
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只要也讓孩子認識其它的宗教信仰
05:39
then you may可能 -- and as early as you like and whatever隨你 you like --
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父母就可以在任何時候
05:42
teach them whatever隨你 creed信條 you want them to learn學習.
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教給孩子任何父母想要他們學習的宗教信仰
05:45
But also let them know about other religions宗教.
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同時也讓孩子了解其它宗教信仰
05:48
Now why do I say that?
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我為什麼這樣講呢?
05:52
Because democracy民主 depends依靠 on an informed通知 citizenship國籍.
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因為民主制度取決於一國公民能否充分獲得資訊
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Informed知情 consent同意 is the very bedrock基岩
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知情同意原則
06:02
of our understanding理解 of democracy民主.
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是我們建立民主素養的根本
06:06
Misinformed誤傳 consent同意 is not worth價值 it.
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在不知情的情況下所作的決定並無意義
06:10
It's like a coin硬幣 flip翻動; it doesn't count計數 really.
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就像擲硬幣作決定一樣毫無意義可言
06:13
Democracy民主 depends依靠 on informed通知 consent同意.
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民主制度以人民知情同意為基石
06:16
This is the way we treat對待 people as responsible主管 adults成年人.
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視人民為能挑起責任的成年人
06:20
Now, children孩子 below下面 the age年齡 of consent同意 are a special特別 case案件.
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不過,未成年的小孩是特例
06:30
I'm going to use a word that Pastor牧師 Rick幹草堆 just used --
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我想引用華理克牧師的說法--
06:36
parents父母 are stewards管家 of their children孩子.
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父母雖然是子女的監護人
06:38
They don't own擁有 them.
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但子女並非父母的財產
06:41
You can't own擁有 your children孩子.
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你無法擁有你的子女
06:43
You have a responsibility責任 to the world世界,
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為人父母者,有義務
06:46
to the state, to them, to take care關心 of them right.
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履行他們對世界、對國家以及照顧子女的職責
06:52
You may可能 teach them whatever隨你 creed信條 you think is most important重要,
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父母可以教導孩子他們認為最重要的宗教信仰
06:58
but I say you have a responsibility責任 to let them be informed通知
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不過,我主張父母也有責任讓孩子認識
07:03
about all the other creeds信條 in the world世界, too.
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世界上其它宗教
07:07
The reason原因 I've taken採取 this time is I've been fascinated入迷 to hear
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我之所以花這麼多時間談我的觀點,
07:11
some of the reactions反應 to this.
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是因為有些人對此的反應蠻有意思的
07:14
One reviewer評論家 for a Roman羅馬 Catholic天主教徒 newspaper報紙 called it "totalitarian極權主義."
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有一位天主教報紙的評論家,稱此觀點為「極權主義」
07:21
It strikes罷工 me as practically幾乎 libertarian自由主義者.
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我倒認為這是比較自由主義論派的
07:26
Is it totalitarian極權主義 to require要求 reading, writing寫作 and arithmetic算術?
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要求學生學習讀寫算數是哪門子極權主義?
07:29
I don't think so.
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沒這回事
07:31
All I'm saying is -- facts事實. Facts事實 only.
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我只要求老師教真實的知識
07:35
No values, just facts事實 about all the world's世界 religions宗教.
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不批判,只提供真實的宗教知識
07:41
Another另一個 reviewer評論家 called it "hilarious歡鬧的."
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另一位評論家以「可笑至極」來形容這個論點
07:44
Well, I'm really bothered困擾 by the fact事實
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這個嘛,我實在難以置信
07:48
that anybody任何人 would think that was hilarious歡鬧的.
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竟有人認為這個論點可笑
07:51
It seems似乎 to me to be such這樣 a plausible似是而非,
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對我來說,這個論點似乎很合理
07:55
natural自然 extension延期 of the democratic民主的 principles原則 we already已經 have,
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從我們已有的民主原則自然延伸而來
07:59
that I'm shocked吃驚 to think anybody任何人 would find that just ridiculous荒謬.
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因此我很驚訝,竟然會有人說它可笑
08:05
I know many許多 religions宗教 are so anxious about preserving the purity純度
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我知道有許多宗教,非常在意
08:12
of their faith信仰 among其中 their children孩子 that they are intent意圖
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小孩子在宗教信仰上的「單純性」
08:17
on keeping保持 their children孩子 ignorant愚昧 of other faiths信仰.
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因此不讓他們知道其他的宗教信仰
08:22
I don't think that's defensible可防禦, but I'd really be pleased滿意
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我認為這種作法完全站不住腳,不過我很樂意
08:26
to get your answers答案 on that -- any reactions反應 to that -- later後來.
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聽聽各位的意見,葷素不忌,先等我講完再來聊
08:29
But now I'm going to move移動 on.
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言歸正傳
08:31
Back to the cow.
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我們再來講這隻牛
08:33
This picture圖片, which哪一個 I pulled off the web捲筒紙 --
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這張照片是我從網路下載的
08:36
the fellow同伴 on the left is really an important重要 part部分 of this picture圖片.
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左邊這個人是照片很重要的一部分
08:39
That's the steward管家.
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他負責照顧牛
08:41
Cows奶牛 couldn't不能 live生活 without human人的 stewards管家 -- they're domesticated.
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少了人類照顧,牛也活不了,因為牠們已被人類馴化
08:46
They're a sort分類 of ectosymbiontectosymbiont.
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人與牛之間形成一種共生關係
08:50
They depend依靠 on us for their survival生存.
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牛仰賴人類而生存
08:55
And Pastor牧師 Rick幹草堆 was just talking about sheep.
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華理克牧師剛剛講到羊
08:58
I'm going to talk about sheep, too.
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我也要談羊
09:00
There's a lot of serendipitous偶然 convergence收斂 here.
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人與羊之間發展出高度的趨同演化關係
09:04
How clever聰明 it was of sheep to acquire獲得 shepherds牧羊人!
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羊竟然聰明到懂得跟牧羊人共同生活!
09:10
Think of what this got them.
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看看這些羊得到了什麼
09:12
They could outsource外包 all their problems問題 --
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牠們把所有的難題都「外包」了
09:15
protection保護 from predators大鱷, food餐飲 finding發現, health健康 maintenance保養.
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譬如,免受掠食者威脅、覓食、保持健康等等
09:22
The only cost成本 in most flocks成群 is a loss失利 of free自由 mating交配.
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羊群唯一付出的代價就是無法自由交配
09:29
What a deal合同.
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很划算吧!
09:31
"How clever聰明 of sheep!" you might威力 say.
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你或許會說,羊好聰明!
09:33
Except, of course課程, it wasn't the sheep's cleverness聰明.
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不過,不是羊聰明
09:35
We all know sheep are not exactly究竟 rocket火箭 scientists科學家們 -- they're not very smart聰明.
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誰都曉得羊這種動物呆呆的,談不上聰明
09:40
It wasn't the cleverness聰明 of the sheep at all.
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這整件事情完全不是因為羊的智慧
09:43
They were clueless無知.
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羊對這些事一無所知
09:45
But it was a very clever聰明 move移動.
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不過,羊自願被人馴養的確非常高明
09:48
Whose誰的 clever聰明 move移動 was it?
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但,聰明的是誰呢?
09:50
It was a clever聰明 move移動 of natural自然 selection選擇 itself本身.
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當然是自然淘汰的過程本身
09:53
Francis弗朗西斯 Crick克里克, the co-discoverer共同發現者 of the structure結構體 of DNA脫氧核糖核酸
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與吉姆·華生共同發現DNA雙螺旋結構的法蘭西斯·克里克
09:59
with Jim吉姆 Watson沃森, once一旦 joked開玩笑 about what he called Orgel's八音盒的 Second第二 Rule規則.
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曾頑皮地以傑出分子生物學家雷斯利·奥吉爾的名字
10:04
Leslie萊斯利 Orgel八音盒 is still a molecular分子 biologist生物學家, brilliant輝煌 guy,
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為所謂「奥吉爾第二定律」命名
10:10
and Orgel's八音盒的 Second第二 Rule規則 is: Evolution演化 is cleverer聰明 than you are.
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這個定律就是「演化比你還聰明」
10:14
Now, that is not Intelligent智能 Design設計 -- not from Francis弗朗西斯 Crick克里克.
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克里克指的肯定不是「智慧設計」
10:21
Evolution演化 is cleverer聰明 than you are.
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演化肯定比你聰明
10:23
If you understand理解 Orgel's八音盒的 Second第二 Rule規則, then you understand理解
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只要理解奥吉爾第二定律
10:26
why the Intelligent智能 Design設計 movement運動 is basically基本上 a hoax惡作劇.
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就會知道「智慧設計」根本是騙局一場
10:33
The designs設計 discovered發現 by the process處理 of natural自然 selection選擇
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「自然淘汰」過程中展現的各種設計
10:37
are brilliant輝煌, unbelievably令人難以置信 brilliant輝煌.
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非常了不起,令人難以置信
10:40
Again and again biologists生物學家 are fascinated入迷 with the brilliance of what's discovered發現.
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一次又一次,令生物學家嘆為觀止
10:45
But the process處理 itself本身 is without purpose目的,
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不過,「自然淘汰」本身不具任何意圖
10:48
without foresight先見之明, without design設計.
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也沒有什麼預先的規劃
10:51
When I was here four years年份 ago,
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四年前,我在TED
10:53
I told the story故事 about an ant螞蟻 climbing攀登 a blade of grass.
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講過螞蟻爬草的故事
10:55
And why was the ant螞蟻 doing it?
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螞蟻為什麼要爬草呢?
10:57
Well, it's because its brain had been infected感染 with a lancet柳葉刀 fluke吸蟲 that was --
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這麼說吧,螞蟻的腦子感染了柳葉吸蟲(lancet fluke)
11:02
needed需要 to get into the belly肚皮 of a sheep or a cow in order訂購 to reproduce複製.
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這種蟲必須在羊或牛的體內繁殖,因此讓螞蟻爬上草,給牛羊吃下肚
11:07
It was sort分類 of a spooky幽靈般的 story故事.
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聽起來有點嚇人
11:09
And I think some people may可能 have misunderstood誤解.
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不過,請不要誤會了
11:11
Lancet柳葉刀 flukes吸蟲 aren't smart聰明.
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柳葉吸蟲一點都不聰明
11:13
I submit提交 that the intelligence情報 of a lancet柳葉刀 fluke吸蟲 is down there
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我認為這種蟲的智商
11:18
somewhere某處 between之間 petunia矮牽牛 and carrot胡蘿蔔.
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頂多介於牽牛花與紅蘿蔔之間
11:20
They're not really bright. They don't have to be.
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牠們並不聰明,也用不著聰明
11:22
The lesson we learn學習 from this is
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這個故事告訴我們
11:24
you don't have to have a mind心神 to be a beneficiary受益人.
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沒大腦的生物仍然可以得到好處
11:27
The design設計 is there in nature性質, but it's not in anybody's任何人的 head.
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大自然的確存在某種設計,但並非出自任何人之手
11:32
It doesn't have to be.
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因為沒這個必要
11:34
That's the way evolution演化 works作品.
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這就是演化
11:36
The question -- was domestication馴化 good for sheep?
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問題是,馴化對羊有益嗎?
11:38
It was great for their genetic遺傳 fitness身體素質.
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應該說,對羊的「遺傳適合度」大有助益
11:40
And here I want to remind提醒 you of a wonderful精彩 point
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我想讓各位重溫一個超棒的觀點
11:44
that Paul保羅 MacCready麥克格雷迪 made製作 at TEDTED three years年份 ago.
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是三年前,麥可格雷迪在TED提出來的
11:47
Here's這裡的 what he said.
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他說
11:49
10,000 years年份 ago at the dawn黎明 of agriculture農業,
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一萬年前農業文明剛剛萌芽的時候
11:52
human人的 population人口, plus livestock家畜 and pets寵物, was approximately
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全世界人口、家畜以及寵物合計
11:55
a tenth第十 of one per cent一分錢 of the terrestrial陸生 vertebrae椎骨 landmass大陸.
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大約只佔「陸生脊椎動物」總數的0.1%左右
12:00
That was just 10,000 years年份 ago.
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這不過是一萬年前的景況
12:02
Yesterday昨天, in biological生物 terms條款.
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從生物史看來就像昨天一樣近
12:05
What is it today今天? Does anybody任何人 remember記得 what he told us?
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現在呢? 有沒有人記得麥克格雷迪是怎麼講的?
12:09
98 percent百分.
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他說是98%
12:11
That is what we have doneDONE on this planet行星.
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地球是這樣的受到了我們的影響
12:14
Now, I talked to Paul保羅 afterwards之後.
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我後來訪問了麥克格雷迪
12:16
I wanted to check to find out how he'd他會 calculated計算 this,
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想知道他是如何得出這個數字的
12:18
and get the sources來源 and so forth向前.
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並向他求證資料來源等等
12:20
And he gave me a paper that he had written書面 on this.
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他給我看了他寫的一篇關於這個題目的文章
12:23
There was a passage通道 in it which哪一個 he did not present當下 here
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文章中有一段話,他演講裡沒提到
12:25
and I think it is so good I'm going to read it to you.
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這段話很有參考價值,我唸給各位聽
12:28
"Over billions數十億 of years年份 on a unique獨特 sphere領域,
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「幾十億年前,在某一顆星球上
12:31
chance機會 has painted a thin covering覆蓋 of life:
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偶然冒出了小量的生物,覆蓋在地面上
12:34
complex複雜, improbable難以置信, wonderful精彩 and fragile脆弱.
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這些生物結構複雜、外型奇特、既美麗又脆弱
12:38
Suddenly突然, we humans人類, a recently最近 arrived到達 species種類
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忽然間,人類,一個不久前才出現的物種
12:41
no longer subject學科 to the checks檢查 and balances結餘 inherent固有 in nature性質,
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全然不受自然界的制衡
12:44
have grown長大的 in population人口, technology技術 and intelligence情報 to a position位置 of terrible可怕 power功率.
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除了數量激增,還快速發展出具有可怕力量的科技文明
12:49
We now wield the paintbrush畫筆."
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此刻主導權握在我們手中。」
12:52
We heard聽說 about the atmosphere大氣層 as a thin layer of varnish.
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有人將大氣層比喻為一層薄薄的亮光漆
12:55
Life itself本身 is just a thin coat塗層 of paint塗料 on this planet行星.
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生物則是地球上那一層薄薄的油漆
12:59
And we're the ones那些 that hold保持 the paintbrush畫筆.
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而今是我們拿著油漆刷(主導權)
13:01
And how can we do that?
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這是怎麼來的?
13:04
The key to our domination統治 of the planet行星 is culture文化,
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人類統治地球的關鍵在文化
13:08
and the key to culture文化 is religion宗教.
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而文化的關鍵則是宗教
13:11
Suppose假設 Martian火星 scientists科學家們 came來了 to Earth地球.
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假設火星上的科學家來到地球
13:14
They would be puzzled困惑 by many許多 things.
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一定會對地球上的許多現象感到迷惑
13:19
Anybody任何人 know what this is?
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有沒有人知道這是什麼?
13:21
I'll tell you what it is.
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我告訴你們
13:23
This is a million百萬 people gathering蒐集 on the banks銀行 of the Ganges恒河 in 2001,
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這是2001年恆河兩岸聚集上百萬人的盛況
13:27
perhaps也許 the largest最大 single gathering蒐集 of human人的 beings眾生 ever,
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可能是有史以來最多人同時齊聚一堂的紀錄
13:31
as seen看到 from satellite衛星 photograph照片.
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就像各位在衛星照片看到的那樣
13:33
Here's這裡的 a big crowd人群.
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簡直人山人海
13:34
Here's這裡的 another另一個 crowd人群 in Mecca麥加.
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在聖地麥加也是同樣情形
13:36
Martians火星 would be amazed吃驚 by this.
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火星人應該會感到難以置信
13:39
They'd他們會 want to know how it originated起源, what it was for and how it perpetuates延續 itself本身.
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他們應該會好奇當初是如何開始的?有什麼目的?如何歷久不衰?
13:44
Actually其實, I'm going to pass通過 over this.
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這張我先跳過去
13:47
The ant螞蟻 isn't alone單獨.
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除了螞蟻之外
13:49
There's all sorts排序 of wonderful精彩 cases of species種類.
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還有很多類似的例子
13:52
In that case案件, a parasite寄生物 gets得到 into a mouse老鼠
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譬如,這隻寄生蟲感染了老鼠
13:58
and it needs需求 to get into the belly肚皮 of a cat.
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寄生蟲必須進入猫的腹部才能繁殖
14:00
And it turns the mouse老鼠 into Mighty威武 Mouse老鼠 -- it makes品牌 it fearless不怕,
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於是牠讓老鼠變得像「太空飛鼠」一樣勇往直前
14:02
so it runs運行 out in the open打開, where it'll它會 be eaten吃過 by a cat.
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自己送上門給猫吃
14:05
True真正 story故事.
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我沒蓋你們!
14:07
In other words, we have these hijackers劫機者 --
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換句話說,生物界也有劫機犯
14:09
you've seen看到 this slide滑動 before, from four years年份 ago --
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這張圖片我四年前曾經秀給大家看過
14:12
a parasite寄生物 that infects感染 the brain
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寄生蟲感染了宿主腦部
14:14
and induces誘導 even suicidal自殺 behavior行為 on behalf代表 of a cause原因
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使宿主作出甚至是自殺的行為
14:17
other than one's那些 own擁有 genetic遺傳 fitness身體素質.
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反而不利於宿主的遺傳適合度
14:19
Does that ever happen發生 to us?
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人類也會發生這種事嗎?
14:22
Yes, it does -- quite相當 wonderfully奇妙.
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會!而且相當神奇
14:27
The Arabic阿拉伯 word "Islam伊斯蘭教" means手段 "submission服從."
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「伊斯蘭(Islam)」在阿拉伯語裡是順從的意思
14:29
It means手段 "surrender投降 of self-interest自我利益 to the will of Allah真主."
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意思是說,教徒要把自身的利益交託給「阿拉」
14:32
But I'm not just talking about Islam伊斯蘭教.
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我指的不只是伊斯蘭教
14:34
I'm talking also about Christianity基督教.
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還有基督教
14:36
This is a parchment羊皮紙 music音樂 page that I found發現 in a Paris巴黎 bookstall書攤 50 years年份 ago.
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這張樂譜是我50年前在巴黎某書報攤上找到的
14:41
And on it it says, in Latin拉丁:
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上面用拉丁文寫著:
14:44
"Semen精液 est美東時間 verbum拉丁文字語言 Dei. SatorSator autemAUTEM Christus基督.
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(拉丁文)
14:47
The word of God is the seed種子 and the sower索維 of the seed種子 is Christ基督."
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「上帝的話是種子,播種之人乃是基督」
14:51
Same相同 idea理念! Well, not quite相當.
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與「伊斯蘭」的意思很像,但不完全一樣
14:53
But in fact事實, Christians基督徒, too, glory榮耀 in the fact事實 that they have surrendered投降 to God.
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事實上,基督徒對「順服上帝」感到光榮
15:02
I'll give you a few少數 quotes報價.
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我先引用幾句話給各位參考
15:03
"The heart of worship崇拜 is surrender投降.
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「當用敬拜的心降服於神,
15:06
Surrendered投降 people obey遵守 God's words, even if it doesn't make sense."
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神的旨意縱使不合情理,降服之人也會遵從。」
15:11
Those words are by Rick幹草堆 Warren養兔場.
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這幾句話都是華理克牧師寫的
15:13
Those are from "The Purpose目的 Driven驅動 Life."
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引文選自他的《標竿人生》這本書
15:17
And I want to turn now, briefly簡要地, to talk about that book, which哪一個 I've read.
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我讀了這本書,現在我想稍微談一下
15:20
You've all got a copy複製.
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各位手上都有這本書
15:22
You've just heard聽說 the man.
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方才也聽過他的演講
15:24
And what I want to do now is say a bit about this book from the design設計 standpoint立場,
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我現在打算從設計的角度來談談這本書
15:29
because I think it's actually其實 a brilliant輝煌 book.
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因為我覺得這本書寫的很棒
15:32
First of all, the goal目標.
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首先,是這本書的宗旨
15:34
And you heard聽說 just now what the goal目標 is.
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各位剛剛都聽過了對吧?
15:36
It's to bring帶來 purpose目的 to the lives生活 of millions百萬, and he has succeeded成功.
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本書的宗旨是要為人生建立「標竿」,他也成功做到這點
15:39
Is it a good goal目標?
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這算好宗旨嗎?
15:41
In itself本身, I'm sure we all agree同意, it is a wonderful精彩 goal目標.
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大家應該都同意,此宗旨本身是好的
15:43
He's absolutely絕對 right.
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華理克牧師講的沒錯
15:45
There are lots of people out there who don't have purpose目的 in their life,
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許多人的一生毫無「標竿」可言
15:48
and bringing使 purpose目的 to their life is a wonderful精彩 goal目標.
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為他們的人生建立「標竿」是非常好的寫作宗旨
15:51
I give him an A+ on this.
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這一點我給華理克牧師打一百分
15:55
Is the goal目標 achieved實現?
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這個宗旨有達成嗎?
15:58
Yes.
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達成了
16:00
30 million百萬 copies副本 of this book.
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這本書賣了三千萬本
16:05
Al Gore血塊, eat your heart out.
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高爾(美國前副總統)應該羨慕死了!
16:07
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
16:10
Just exactly究竟 what Al is trying to do, Rick幹草堆 is doing.
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高爾想做的事,華理克牧師已經在做了
16:14
This is a fantastic奇妙 achievement成就.
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這是了不起的成就
16:17
And, the means手段 -- how does he do it?
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華理克牧師怎麼做到的呢?
16:22
It's a brilliant輝煌 redesign重新設計 of traditional傳統 religious宗教 themes主題 --
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他非常聰明地重新設計了傳統宗教命題
16:25
updating更新 them, quietly悄悄 dropping落下 obsolete過時的 features特徵,
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以符合現代需求,並將過時的部分悄悄去除
16:28
putting new interpretations解讀 on other features特徵.
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重新詮釋某些概念
16:30
This is the evolution演化 of religion宗教 that's been going on for thousands數千 of years年份,
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這是幾千年來的宗教演化方式
16:33
and he's just the latest最新 brilliant輝煌 practitioner從業者 of it.
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華理克牧師是這場宗教演化過程的最新參與者
16:38
I don't have to tell you this.
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這點,各位已經知道了
16:40
You've just heard聽說 the man.
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你們聽過他的演講
16:42
Excellent優秀 insights見解 into human人的 psychology心理學, wise明智的 advice忠告 on every一切 page.
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他洞察人心,字字珠璣
16:46
Moreover此外, he invites邀請 us to look under the hood引擎罩.
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他請讀者找出他葫蘆裡賣什麼藥
16:50
I really appreciated讚賞 that.
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我很欣賞這一點
16:52
For instance, he has an appendix附錄 where he explains說明
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舉例來說,書裡的附錄解釋了
16:54
his choice選擇 of translations譯文 of different不同 Bible聖經 verses經文.
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他如何選擇書中引用的聖經經節譯本
16:57
The book is clear明確, vivid生動, accessible無障礙, beautifully精美 formatted格式化.
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這本書清晰易懂,版面設計十分美觀
17:04
Just enough足夠 repetition重複.
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重複的地方恰到好處
17:06
That's really important重要.
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這點很重要
17:08
Every一切 time you read it or say it, you make another另一個 copy複製 in your brain.
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每唸一次,就更加熟悉
17:13
Every一切 time you read it or say it, you make another另一個 copy複製 in your brain.
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每唸一次,就更加熟悉
17:17
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
17:18
With me, everybody每個人 -- every一切 time you read it or say it,
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大家跟著我說一遍,每唸一次...
17:22
you make another另一個 copy複製 in your brain.
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就更加熟悉
17:24
Thank you.
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謝謝
17:26
And now we come to my problem問題.
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接下來我想提出一些疑問
17:28
Because I'm absolutely絕對 sincere真誠 in my appreciation升值
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由於我對這本書的讚賞
17:32
of all that I've said about this book.
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都發自肺腑
17:34
But I wish希望 it were better.
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因此希望這本書可以更好
17:36
I have some problems問題 with the book.
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我有些疑問
17:38
And it would just be insincere言不由衷 of me not to address地址 those problems問題.
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要是不提出來的話,就是不負責任
17:42
I wish希望 he could do this with a revision調整,
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我希望華理克牧師可以在修訂本當中
17:46
a Mark標記 2 version of his book.
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處理這些問題
17:50
"The truth真相 will set you free自由" --
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「真理必叫你們得以自由」
17:52
that's what it says in the Bible聖經, and it's something that I want to live生活 by, too.
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這句話出自聖經,也是我的座右銘
17:57
My problem問題 is, some of the bits in it I don't think are true真正.
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但是我對書中某些觀點不太認同
18:02
Now some of this is a difference區別 of opinion意見,
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有些只是意見上的分歧
18:07
and that's not my main主要 complaint抱怨.
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並非我想討論的重點
18:09
That's worth價值 mentioning.
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我得強調這一點
18:11
Here's這裡的 a passage通道 -- it's very much what he said, anyway無論如何.
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這兒我以書裡頭的一段話為例
18:13
"If there was no God we would all be accidents事故,
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「假如沒有神,我們的出現就只是一種偶然,
18:15
the result結果 of astronomical天文 random隨機 chance機會 in the Universe宇宙.
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是宇宙中隨機出現的產物
18:18
You could stop reading this book because life
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果真如此,你大可不必繼續讀下去,
18:21
would have no purpose目的 or meaning含義 or significance意義.
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因為人生變得失去目標、沒有意義、也微不足道,
18:24
There would be no right or wrong錯誤 and no hope希望 beyond your brief簡要 years年份 on Earth地球."
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人生沒有對或錯,短暫的生命完結後不再有盼望」
18:27
Now, I just do not believe that.
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我認為,並非如此
18:29
By the way, I find Homer荷馬 Groening's格勒寧的 film電影
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而且我發現霍默·格勒寧的電影
18:33
presented呈現 a beautiful美麗 alternative替代 to that very claim要求.
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提供了另一種美好的選擇
18:37
Yes, there is meaning含義 and a reason原因 for right or wrong錯誤.
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沒錯,無論對錯,背後都有它的道理
18:41
We don't need a belief信仰 in God to be good or to have meaning含義 in us.
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要當好人或過有意義的人生,未必一定要信神
18:47
But that is just a difference區別 of opinion意見.
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不過,這只是意見上的分歧而已
18:52
That's not what I'm really worried擔心 about.
316
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我擔心的不是這個
18:54
How about this -- "God designed設計 this planet's地球上的 environment環境 just so we could live生活 in it."
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再聽聽這個:「神將地球設計成適合人類居住的環境。」
19:00
I'm afraid害怕 that a lot of people take that sentiment情緒 to mean
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我擔心許多人誤解這句話的本意
19:05
that we don't have to do the sorts排序 of things that Al Gore血塊
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以為我們可以忽視高爾
19:07
is trying so hard to get us to do.
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鼓吹我們去做的環保行動
19:09
I'm not happy快樂 with that sentiment情緒 at all.
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這種看法讓我很不滿
19:12
And then I find this -- "All the evidence證據 available可得到 in the biological生物 sciences科學
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還有這個例子:「所有生物學提出的證據
19:16
supports支持 the core核心 proposition主張 that the cosmos宇宙 is especially特別 designed設計 whole整個
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都證明宇宙是設計成一個整體
19:20
with life and mankind人類 as its fundamental基本的 goal目標 and purpose目的,
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主要針對生命體與人類而設計出來的
19:23
a whole整個 in which哪一個 all facets of reality現實 have their meaning含義
325
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宇宙中一切事物的意義與詮釋,
19:25
and explanation說明 in this central中央 fact事實."
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皆奉這個宗旨為圭臬。」
19:27
Well, that's Michael邁克爾 Denton丹頓. He's a creationist創造論.
327
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創造論者邁克爾·登頓所寫的這段話
19:30
And here I think, "Wait a minute分鐘."
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使我反覆思量
19:33
I read this again.
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我重讀一遍
19:35
I read it three or four times and I think,
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反覆讀了三四遍後我自問
19:37
"Is he really endorsing贊同 intelligent智能 design設計?
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他究竟是主張「智慧設計論」
19:39
Is he endorsing贊同 creationism神創論 here?"
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還是主張「創造論」呢?
19:41
And you can't tell.
333
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實在難以分辨
19:43
So I'm sort分類 of thinking思維, "Well, I don't know,
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我自己是覺得:我不曉得
19:45
I don't know if I want to get upset煩亂 with this yet然而."
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還是先別為了這個問題而自尋煩惱吧
19:47
But then I read on and I read this: "First, Noah諾亞 had never seen看到 rain,
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我接著讀到這段話:「首先,諾亞根本沒見過雨水,
19:51
because prior to the flood洪水 God irrigated灌溉 the earth地球 from the ground地面 up."
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因為大洪水以前上帝使水從地裡冒出來灌溉大地。」
19:56
I wish希望 that sentence句子 weren't in there, because I think it is false.
338
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我很惋惜他這麼說,因為我認為他說錯了
20:01
And I think that thinking思維 this way about the history歷史 of the planet行星,
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我認為這句話的思維
20:04
after we've我們已經 just been hearing聽力 about the history歷史
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就是我們剛剛聽到的
20:07
of the planet行星 over millions百萬 of years年份,
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關於地球數百萬年歷史的思維
20:11
discourages鼓勵 people from scientific科學 understanding理解.
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導致人們無法從科學角度來理解現象
20:14
Now, Rick幹草堆 Warren養兔場 uses使用 scientific科學 terms條款 and scientific科學 factoids改編過
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華理克牧師在《標竿人生》中以一種「很有趣」的方式
20:22
and information信息 in a very interesting有趣 way.
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運用科學術語與各種資料說明他的理念
20:25
Here's這裡的 one: "God deliberately故意 shaped成形 and formed形成 you to serve服務 him
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舉例來講,他說:「神刻意將你塑造成獨一無二的人
20:28
in a way that makes品牌 your ministry unique獨特.
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使你發揮獨特的才能來服事他
20:30
He carefully小心 mixed the DNA脫氧核糖核酸 cocktail雞尾酒 that created創建 you."
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他費心地調配基因組合才造出獨特的你。」
20:37
I think that's false.
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我倒不這麼認為
20:40
Now maybe we want to treat對待 it as metaphorical隱喻.
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也許我們可以將之視為一個隱喻
20:43
Here's這裡的 another另一個 one -- "For instance, your brain can store商店 100 trillion facts事實.
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還有這句話:「譬如,人腦可以儲存一百萬億個訊息
20:47
Your mind心神 can handle處理 15,000 decisions決定 a second第二."
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我們可以在一秒鐘內做出一萬五千個決定。」
20:50
Well, it would be interesting有趣 to find the interpretation解釋 where I would accept接受 that.
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這類陳述還真讓人難以接受
20:54
There might威力 be some way of treating治療 that as true真正.
353
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說不定在「某些情況」下也有可能成立吧
20:57
"Anthropologists人類學家 have noted注意 that worship崇拜 is a universal普遍 urge敦促,
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還有這句:「人類學家指出,神祇崇拜是人類共同的內在需求,
21:01
hardwired硬線 by God into the very fiber纖維 of our being存在,
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神將這種本能需求輸入我們的本質,
21:04
an inbuilt內置 need to connect with God."
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使我們必須與神相通。」
21:08
Well, there's a sense which哪一個 I agree同意 with him,
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這一點我同意
21:10
except I think it has an evolutionary發展的 explanation說明.
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不過,用演化論就足以說明了
21:12
And what I find deeply troubling令人不安 in this book
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這本書令我深感不安之處在於
21:16
is that he seems似乎 to be arguing爭論 that if you want to be moral道德,
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作者似乎認為人若要培養道德
21:20
if you want to have meaning含義 in your life,
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或創造有意義的人生
21:22
you have to be an Intelligent智能 Designer設計師 -- you have to deny拒絕
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唯有相信智慧設計論
21:26
the theory理論 of evolution演化 by natural自然 selection選擇.
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偋棄自然淘汰的演化論學說
21:29
And I think, on the contrary相反, that it is very important重要 to solving
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相反地,我認為要解決世上一切難題
21:32
the world's世界 problems問題 that we take evolutionary發展的 biology生物學 seriously認真地.
365
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首先必須嚴肅看待演化生物學
21:37
Whose誰的 truth真相 are we going to listen to?
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問題是要相信誰的「真理」?
21:40
Well, this from "The Purpose目的 Driven驅動 Life" --
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下面這段話同樣出自《標竿人生》:
21:43
"The Bible聖經 must必須 become成為 the authoritative權威性 standard標準 for my life,
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「聖經必是我人生的最高準則,
21:46
the compass羅盤 I rely依靠 on for direction方向, the counsel法律顧問 I listen to
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也是引導我人生方向的指南針,我的人生導師
21:49
for making製造 wise明智的 decisions決定 and the benchmark基準 I use for evaluating評估 everything."
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更是我作決定與評斷一切的準繩。」
21:53
Well maybe, OK, but what's going to follow跟隨 from this?
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這樣說也可以,但是這種想法,會導致什麼結果呢?
21:58
And here's這裡的 one that does concern關心 me.
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下一個例子讓我更不安
22:02
Remember記得 I quoted him before with this line --
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記得我前面引用過他這句話嗎?
22:05
"Surrendered投降 people obey遵守 God's word, even if it doesn't make sense."
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「神的旨意縱使不合情理,降服之人也會遵從。」
22:10
And that's a problem問題.
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這的確是有問題的
22:15
"Don't ever argue爭論 with the Devil魔鬼.
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還有這一句:「絕不要與魔鬼爭論,
22:17
He's better at arguing爭論 than you are, having had thousands數千 of years年份 to practice實踐."
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他絕對比你厲害,畢竟都練習幾千年了。」
22:21
Now Rick幹草堆 Warren養兔場 didn't invent發明 this clever聰明 move移動.
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這種策略並不是華理克牧師自己發明的
22:25
It's an old move移動.
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古時候就有了
22:27
It's a very clever聰明 adaptation適應 of religions宗教.
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是宗教明智的應變之道
22:30
It's a wildcard通配符 for disarming撤防 any reasonable合理 criticism批評.
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是消除各種合理質疑的萬靈丹
22:35
"You don't like my interpretation解釋?
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「你不喜歡我的解釋?
22:37
You've got a reasonable合理 objection異議 to it?
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你有合理的反對理由是嗎?
22:39
Don't listen, don't listen!
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我都不要聽就好了
22:41
That's the Devil魔鬼 speaking請講."
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這全是魔鬼在說話。」
22:44
This discourages鼓勵 the sort分類 of reasoning推理 citizenship國籍
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這種思維就成了各國培養具批判能力的公民
22:49
it seems似乎 to me that we want to have.
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最大的阻礙
22:52
I've got one more problem問題, then I'm through通過.
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我還要提出最後一個問題
22:55
And I'd really like to get a response響應 if Rick幹草堆 is able能夠 to do it.
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希望華理克牧師能夠回答
23:00
"In the Great Commission佣金, Jesus耶穌 said, 'Go'走 to all people of all nations國家
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基督教的「大使命」中,耶穌說:「你們要去,使萬民作我的門徒,
23:03
and make them my disciples弟子. Baptize them in the name名稱 of the Father父親,
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奉聖父、聖子、聖靈之名給他們施洗
23:06
the Son兒子 and the Holy Spirit精神, and teach them to do everything I've told you.'"
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凡我所吩咐你們的,都教他們遵守。」
23:09
The Bible聖經 says Jesus耶穌 is the only one who can save保存 the world世界.
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聖經上記載唯有耶穌是救世主
23:14
Now here we've我們已經 seen看到 many許多 wonderful精彩 maps地圖 of the world世界
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這幾天各位看過好幾張世界地圖
23:17
in the last day or so.
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都非常精美
23:19
Here's這裡的 one, not as beautiful美麗 as the others其他.
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但這張沒有其他地圖來的漂亮
23:21
It simply只是 shows節目 the religions宗教 of the world世界.
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它只標示出世界上所有宗教
23:24
And here's這裡的 one that shows節目 the sort分類 of current當前 breakdown分解 of the different不同 religions宗教.
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也標示了目前各種宗教的分類
23:29
Now do we really want to commit承諾 ourselves我們自己 to engulfing吞沒
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試問,我們真的要消滅非我族類的宗教信仰
23:38
all the other religions宗教 when their holy books圖書 are telling告訴 them,
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只因為我們奉若神明的經典告訴我們,
23:44
"Don't listen to the other side, that's just Satan撒但 talking!"
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「別聽他們的,他們全是邪魔歪道!」
23:49
It seems似乎 to me that that's a very problematic問題 ship
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我們如果這麼做
23:55
to get on for the future未來.
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只能說前景堪憂
23:58
I found發現 this sign標誌 as I was driving主動 to Maine緬因州 recently最近,
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最近我開車到緬因州時,看到教堂前面的告示牌寫著:
24:03
in front面前 of a church教會 -- "Good without God becomes zero."
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「Good這個字少了God只剩下0」
24:05
Sort分類 of cute可愛.
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挺可愛的對吧?
24:07
A very clever聰明 little meme米姆.
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的確是個很聰明的小「迷因(meme)」
24:11
I don't believe it and I think this idea理念, popular流行 as it is -- not in this guise偽裝
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我並不接受這種迷因所傳遞的思想,無論它多流行
24:18
but in general一般 -- is itself本身 one of the main主要 problems問題 that we face面對.
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大體說來,這類思想傳遞是我們面對的大問題之一
24:22
If you are like me, you know many許多 wonderful精彩, committed提交, engaged訂婚
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各位如果像我一樣認識許多卓越、積極、認真的
24:29
atheists無神論者, agnostics不可知論者, who are being存在 very good without God.
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無神論者或可知論者,就知道他們心中沒有神也能成為好人
24:35
And you also know many許多 religious宗教 people who hide隱藏 behind背後 their sanctity尊嚴
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各位應該也認識許多教徒,表面虔誠聖潔
24:40
instead代替 of doing good works作品.
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卻不做善事
24:42
So, I wish希望 we could drop下降 this meme米姆.
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因此,我希望能廢除「單一宗教信仰」的迷因
24:46
I wish希望 this meme米姆 would go extinct絕種.
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最好永遠消失
24:48
Thanks謝謝 very much for your attention注意.
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謝謝各位
24:50
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Todd Klaiman
Reviewed by Allen Li

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Dennett - Philosopher, cognitive scientist
Dan Dennett thinks that human consciousness and free will are the result of physical processes.

Why you should listen

One of our most important living philosophers, Dan Dennett is best known for his provocative and controversial arguments that human consciousness and free will are the result of physical processes in the brain. He argues that the brain's computational circuitry fools us into thinking we know more than we do, and that what we call consciousness — isn't. His 2003 book "Freedom Evolves" explores how our brains evolved to give us -- and only us -- the kind of freedom that matters, while 2006's "Breaking the Spell" examines belief through the lens of biology.

This mind-shifting perspective on the mind itself has distinguished Dennett's career as a philosopher and cognitive scientist. And while the philosophy community has never quite known what to make of Dennett (he defies easy categorization, and refuses to affiliate himself with accepted schools of thought), his computational approach to understanding the brain has made him, as Edge's John Brockman writes, “the philosopher of choice of the AI community.”

“It's tempting to say that Dennett has never met a robot he didn't like, and that what he likes most about them is that they are philosophical experiments,” Harry Blume wrote in the Atlantic Monthly in 1998. “To the question of whether machines can attain high-order intelligence, Dennett makes this provocative answer: ‘The best reason for believing that robots might some day become conscious is that we human beings are conscious, and we are a sort of robot ourselves.'"

In recent years, Dennett has become outspoken in his atheism, and his 2006 book Breaking the Spell calls for religion to be studied through the scientific lens of evolutionary biology. Dennett regards religion as a natural -- rather than supernatural -- phenomenon, and urges schools to break the taboo against empirical examination of religion. He argues that religion's influence over human behavior is precisely what makes gaining a rational understanding of it so necessary: “If we don't understand religion, we're going to miss our chance to improve the world in the 21st century.”

Dennett's landmark books include The Mind's I, co-edited with Douglas Hofstaedter, Consciousness Explained, and Darwin's Dangerous Idea. Read an excerpt from his 2013 book, Intuition Pumps, in the Guardian >>

More profile about the speaker
Dan Dennett | Speaker | TED.com