ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stephen Cave - Philosopher
Philosopher Stephen Cave wants to know: Why is humanity so obsessed with living forever?

Why you should listen

Stephen Cave is a writer and philosopher who is obsessed with our obsession with immortality. In 2012 he published Immortality: The Quest to Live Forever and How It Drives Civilization, an inquiry into humanity's rather irrational resistance to the inevitability of death. Cave moves across time and history's major civilizations and religions to explore just what drives this instinct -- and what that means for the future. Cave writes for The Financial Times and contributes to The New York Times, The Guardian and Wired.

More profile about the speaker
Stephen Cave | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxBratislava

Stephen Cave: The 4 stories we tell ourselves about death

Stephen Cave: As 4 historias que nos contamos sobre a morte

Filmed:
2,486,724 views

O filósofo Stephen Cave comeza cunha pregunta escura pero atractiva: cando te deches conta por primeira vez de que ías morrer? E aínda máis interesante, como facemos os humanos para resistirnos á certeza da morte? Nunha conferencia fascinante, Cave explora catro historias, comúns en todas as civilizacións, que nos contamos a nós mesmos "co obxecto de axudarnos a xestionar o terror á morte"
- Philosopher
Philosopher Stephen Cave wants to know: Why is humanity so obsessed with living forever? Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I have a question:
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Teño unha pregunta:
00:14
Who here remembers when they first realized
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Quen dos presentes recorda
a primeira vez que se deu conta
00:17
they were going to die?
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de que ía morrer?
00:21
I do. I was a young boy,
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Eu si. Era un neno pequeno,
00:23
and my grandfather had just died,
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o meu avó acababa de morrer,
00:26
and I remember a few days later lying in bed at night
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e recordo estar uns días despois na cama,
00:30
trying to make sense of what had happened.
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intentando atoparlle sentido
ao que sucedera.
00:34
What did it mean that he was dead?
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Que significaba que estivera morto?
00:36
Where had he gone?
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A onde fora?
00:38
It was like a hole in reality had opened up
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Era coma se se abrira
un buraco na realidade
00:42
and swallowed him.
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e o engulira.
00:44
But then the really shocking
question occurred to me:
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Pero logo ocorréuseme
a cuestión máis impactante:
00:46
If he could die, could it happen to me too?
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se el morrera, podería
pasarme a min tamén?
00:50
Could that hole in reality open up and swallow me?
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Podería ese buraco na realidade
abrirse e engulirme a min?
00:53
Would it open up beneath my bed
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Abriríase debaixo da miña cama
00:55
and swallow me as I slept?
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e tragaríame mentres durmía?
00:58
Well, at some point, all children
become aware of death.
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Ben, nalgún momento, todos os cativos
toman consciencia da morte.
01:02
It can happen in different ways, of course,
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Pode suceder de distintos xeitos,
01:04
and usually comes in stages.
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e adoita suceder por fases.
01:06
Our idea of death develops as we grow older.
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A nosa idea da morte desenvólvese
a medida que envellecemos.
01:10
And if you reach back into the dark corners
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E se rebuscas nos recantos agochados
01:12
of your memory,
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da túa memoria,
01:14
you might remember something like what I felt
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se cadra recordas algo
similar ao que sentín
01:17
when my grandfather died and when I realized
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cando o meu avó morreu, e me dei conta
01:20
it could happen to me too,
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de que me podería pasar a min tamén,
01:22
that sense that behind all of this
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esa sensación de que, detrás de todo isto,
01:25
the void is waiting.
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espera o baleiro.
01:28
And this development in childhood
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E esta evolución na infancia
01:31
reflects the development of our species.
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reflicte a evolución da nosa especie.
01:33
Just as there was a point in your development
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Tal como houbo un punto
no teu desenvolvemento de neno
01:37
as a child when your sense of self and of time
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en que a consciencia
de ti mesmo e do tempo
01:40
became sophisticated enough
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se volveu o suficientemente complexa
01:42
for you to realize you were mortal,
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como para darte conta de que es mortal,
01:46
so at some point in the evolution of our species,
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nalgún punto da evolución da nosa especie,
01:50
some early human's sense of self and of time
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a conciencia dun mesmo e do tempo
dos antigos humanos
01:53
became sophisticated enough
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volveuse o suficientemente complexa
01:55
for them to become the first human to realize,
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como para convertérense nos primeiros
humanos en decatarse:
01:58
"I'm going to die."
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"Vou morrer".
Esta é, se se quere ver así,
a nosa maldición.
02:02
This is, if you like, our curse.
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02:04
It's the price we pay for being so damn clever.
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É o prezo de ser
tan condenadamente intelixentes.
02:08
We have to live in the knowledge
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Temos que vivir sabendo
02:10
that the worst thing that can possibly happen
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que a peor cousa que pode pasar,
02:13
one day surely will,
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un día pasará,
02:14
the end of all our projects,
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a fin de todos os proxectos,
02:16
our hopes, our dreams, of our individual world.
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esperanzas, soños,
do noso mundo individual.
02:19
We each live in the shadow of a personal
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Cada un de nós vive na sombra
dunha apocalipse persoal.
02:23
apocalypse.
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02:25
And that's frightening. It's terrifying.
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E iso asusta, é aterrador.
02:27
And so we look for a way out.
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Entón buscamos unha saída.
02:29
And in my case, as I was about five years old,
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E no meu caso, como tiña cinco anos,
02:33
this meant asking my mum.
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foi preguntarlle á miña nai.
02:36
Now when I first started asking
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Cando comecei a preguntar
02:38
what happens when we die,
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que ocorre ao morrer,
02:40
the grown-ups around me at the time
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os adultos do meu redor nese momento
02:42
answered with a typical English mix of awkwardness
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contestaban cunha típica mestura inglesa
de incomodidade
02:45
and half-hearted Christianity,
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e cristianismo sen moita convicción,
02:48
and the phrase I heard most often
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e a frase que oín máis a miúdo
02:50
was that granddad was now
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era que o avó agora estaba
02:52
"up there looking down on us,"
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"aí arriba mirándonos",
e que se eu tivese que morrer,
o que por suposto non ía pasar,
02:54
and if I should die too, which
wouldn't happen of course,
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02:57
then I too would go up there,
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entón eu tamén iría para alá arriba,
03:00
which made death sound a lot like
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o que fixo que a morte me soase bastante
03:02
an existential elevator.
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a un ascensor existencial.
03:05
Now this didn't sound very plausible.
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Isto non soaba moi realista.
03:08
I used to watch a children's
news program at the time,
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Adoitaba ver daquela
un programa infantil de novas,
03:11
and this was the era of space exploration.
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e isto foi na era da exploración espacial.
03:13
There were always rockets going up into the sky,
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Sempre había foguetes indo ao ceo,
03:15
up into space, going up there.
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ao espazo, alá arriba.
03:18
But none of the astronauts when they came back
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Pero ningún dos astronautas ao volver
03:20
ever mentioned having met my granddad
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mencionou nunca que se atoparan co meu avó
03:24
or any other dead people.
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ou con calquera outra persoa falecida.
03:26
But I was scared,
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Pero estaba asustado,
03:27
and the idea of taking the existential elevator
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e a idea de subir ao ascensor existencial
03:30
to see my granddad
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para ver o meu avó
03:31
sounded a lot better than being swallowed
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soaba mellor que ser engulido
03:33
by the void while I slept.
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polo baleiro mentres durmía.
03:36
And so I believed it anyway,
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E aínda así crino,
03:38
even though it didn't make much sense.
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a pesar de non ter moito sentido.
03:41
And this thought process that I went through
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E este proceso mental que pasei de cativo,
03:43
as a child, and have been through many times since,
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e que pasei moitas veces desde aquela,
03:46
including as a grown-up,
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incluso de adulto,
03:48
is a product of what psychologists call
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é o produto do que os psicólogos chaman
03:50
a bias.
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un nesgo cognitivo.
03:51
Now a bias is a way in which we systematically
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Un nesgo é a forma en que por sistema
03:55
get things wrong,
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interpretamos mal as cousas,
03:56
ways in which we miscalculate, misjudge,
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a forma en que que calculamos mal,
xulgamos mal,
03:59
distort reality, or see what we want to see,
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distorsionamos a realidade
ou vemos o que queremos ver,
04:03
and the bias I'm talking about
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e o nesgo do que falo
04:05
works like this:
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funciona do seguinte xeito:
04:06
Confront someone with the fact
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Enfronta alguén co feito
04:09
that they are going to die
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de que vai morrer
04:10
and they will believe just about any story
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e crerá calquera historia
04:13
that tells them it isn't true
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que lle asegure que non é certo,
04:15
and they can, instead, live forever,
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e que poderá, en lugar diso,
vivir para sempre,
04:17
even if it means taking the existential elevator.
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incluso aínda que implique
coller o ascensor existencial.
04:22
Now we can see this as the biggest bias of all.
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Podemos ver isto como
o maior nesgo de todos.
04:26
It has been demonstrated in over 400
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Demostrouse en máis
de 400 estudos empíricos.
04:29
empirical studies.
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04:31
Now these studies are ingenious, but they're simple.
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Estes estudos son enxeñosos,
pero simples,
04:33
They work like this.
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Funcionan do seguinte xeito:
04:35
You take two groups of people
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Colles dous grupos de persoas
04:36
who are similar in all relevant respects,
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que sexan similares en
todos os aspectos significativos,
04:39
and you remind one group that they're going to die
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e recórdaslle a un dos grupos
que vai morrer
04:42
but not the other, then you compare their behavior.
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pero ao outro non, e logo comparas
o seu comportamento.
04:45
So you're observing how it biases behavior
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Así ves como se condiciona o comportamento
04:48
when people become aware of their mortality.
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cando a xente toma consciencia
da súa propia mortalidade.
04:52
And every time, you get the same result:
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E sempre obtés o mesmo resultado:
04:55
People who are made aware of their mortality
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As persoas conscientes da súa mortalidade
04:58
are more willing to believe stories
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están máis dispostas a crer historias
05:00
that tell them they can escape death
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que lles din que poden escapar da morte
05:02
and live forever.
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e vivir para sempre.
05:04
So here's an example: One recent study
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Aquí vai un exemplo:
Un estudo recente
05:06
took two groups of agnostics,
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colleu dous grupos de agnósticos,
05:09
that is people who are undecided
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persoas indecisas acerca
05:10
in their religious beliefs.
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das súas crenzas relixiosas.
05:13
Now, one group was asked to think about being dead.
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A un grupo pedíuselle
que pensase en estar morto,
05:17
The other group was asked to think about
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e ao outro grupo pedíuselle pensar
05:18
being lonely.
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en estaren sós.
05:20
They were then asked again
about their religious beliefs.
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Despois preguntóuselles de novo
polas súas crenzas;
05:23
Those who had been asked
to think about being dead
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aqueles aos que se lles pedira
pensar en estar mortos
05:26
were afterwards twice as likely to express faith
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eran despois o dobre de propensos
a expresar fe
05:29
in God and Jesus.
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en Deus e en Xesús.
05:31
Twice as likely.
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O dobre de propensos.
05:33
Even though the before they
were all equally agnostic.
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A pesar de que antes
eran todos igual de agnósticos.
05:35
But put the fear of death in them,
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Pero metéronlles o medo á morte,
05:37
and they run to Jesus.
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e correron cara a Xesús.
05:41
Now, this shows that reminding people of death
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Ben, isto mostra
que recordarlle á xente a morte
05:45
biases them to believe, regardless of the evidence,
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indúceos a crer, a pesar das evidencias,
05:48
and it works not just for religion,
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e non só funciona coa relixión,
05:50
but for any kind of belief system
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senón con calquera sistema de crenzas
05:52
that promises immortality in some form,
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que lles prometa algún xeito
de inmortalidade,
05:56
whether it's becoming famous
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xa sexa facerse famosos,
05:57
or having children
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ou ter fillos,
05:59
or even nationalism,
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ou incluso o nacionalismo,
06:00
which promises you can live
on as part of a greater whole.
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que che promete que podes vivir
como parte dun todo maior.
06:03
This is a bias that has shaped
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É un nesgo que condiciounou
06:05
the course of human history.
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o transcurso da historia da humanidade.
06:09
Now, the theory behind this bias
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Ben, a teoría tras este nesgo
06:11
in the over 400 studies
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en máis de 400 estudos
06:13
is called terror management theory,
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chámase teoría da xestión do terror
06:15
and the idea is simple. It's just this.
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e a idea é simple. É simplemente isto:
06:17
We develop our worldviews,
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desenvolvemos os nosos puntos de vista,
06:20
that is, the stories we tell ourselves
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é dicir, o que nos contamos a nós mesmos
06:22
about the world and our place in it,
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sobre o mundo e o noso lugar nel
06:25
in order to help us manage
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co obxecto de axudarnos a xestionar
06:27
the terror of death.
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o terror á morte.
06:30
And these immortality stories
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E estas historias de inmortalidade
06:32
have thousands of different manifestations,
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maniféstanse de miles de maneiras
06:35
but I believe that behind the apparent diversity
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pero eu creo que tras
a disparidade aparente
06:38
there are actually just four basic forms
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en realidade hai só catro formas básicas
06:41
that these immortality stories can take.
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en que se poden presentar estas
historias de inmortalidade.
06:44
And we can see them repeating themselves
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E podemos ver como se van repetindo
06:46
throughout history, just with slight variations
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ao longo da historia,
con lixeiras variacións
06:49
to reflect the vocabulary of the day.
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para reflectir o vocabulario do momento.
06:52
Now I'm going to briefly introduce these four
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Agora vou presentar brevemente estas catro
06:55
basic forms of immortality story,
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formas de historias de inmortalidade,
06:57
and I want to try to give you some sense
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e quero darvos unha idea
06:58
of the way in which they're retold by each culture
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do xeito en que se repiten en cada cultura
07:01
or generation
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ou xeración
07:03
using the vocabulary of their day.
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utilizando o vocabulario do momento.
07:05
Now, the first story is the simplest.
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Ben, a primeira historia é a máis sinxela.
07:07
We want to avoid death,
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Queremos evitar a morte,
07:09
and the dream of doing that in this body
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e o soño de facelo neste corpo,
07:12
in this world forever
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neste mundo para sempre
07:13
is the first and simplest kind of immortality story,
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é a primeira e máis simple
historia de inmortalidade,
07:17
and it might at first sound implausible,
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e se cadra ao primeiro non soa posible,
07:19
but actually, almost every culture in human history
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pero en realidade, case todas as culturas
na historia da humanidade
07:23
has had some myth or legend
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tiveron algún tipo de mito ou lenda
07:25
of an elixir of life or a fountain of youth
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sobre un elixir de vida ou unha fonte
da eterna xuventude
07:28
or something that promises to keep us going
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ou algo que prometa manternos
07:31
forever.
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vivos para sempre.
07:34
Ancient Egypt had such myths,
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O antigo Exipto tiña estes mitos,
07:36
ancient Babylon, ancient India.
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a antiga Babilonia, a antiga India.
07:38
Throughout European history, we find them
in the work of the alchemists,
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Na historia europea,
vémolo no traballo dos alquimistas,
07:41
and of course we still believe this today,
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e, por suposto, aínda o cremos hoxe,
07:44
only we tell this story using the vocabulary
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só que o contamos usando o vocabulario
07:46
of science.
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da ciencia.
07:48
So 100 years ago,
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Así, hai cen anos,
07:49
hormones had just been discovered,
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descubríronse as hormonas
07:51
and people hoped that hormone treatments
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e críase que os tratamentos hormonais
07:53
were going to cure aging and disease,
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curarían o envellecemento e a enfermidade
07:56
and now instead we set our hopes on stem cells,
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e agora, en troques, poñemos
as esperanzas nas células nai,
07:58
genetic engineering, and nanotechnology.
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na enxeñaría xenética e a nanotecnoloxía.
08:01
But the idea that science can cure death
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Pero a idea de que
a ciencia pode curar a morte,
08:05
is just one more chapter in the story
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é só un capítulo máis da historia
08:07
of the magical elixir,
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do elixir máxico,
08:09
a story that is as old as civilization.
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unha historia tan vella
como a civilización.
08:14
But betting everything on the idea of finding the elixir
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Pero apostar todo á idea
de atopar o elixir
08:16
and staying alive forever
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e sobrevivir para sempre
08:18
is a risky strategy.
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é unha estratexia arriscada.
Cando miramos cara a atrás
ao longo da historia
08:20
When we look back through history
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08:22
at all those who have sought an elixir in the past,
191
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2784
cara a todos os que buscaron o elixir,
08:25
the one thing they now have in common
192
493179
1829
o único que teñen en común
08:27
is that they're all dead.
193
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2630
é que están todos mortos.
08:29
So we need a backup plan,
and exactly this kind of plan B
194
497638
3738
Así que precisamos un plan de apoio,
e exactamente esta especie de plan B
08:33
is what the second kind of immortality story offers,
195
501376
3571
é o que nos ofrece a segunda
historia de inmortalidade,
08:36
and that's resurrection.
196
504947
1755
e esa é a resurrección.
08:38
And it stays with the idea that I am this body,
197
506702
2374
E mantense na idea de que
eu son este corpo,
08:41
I am this physical organism.
198
509076
1975
son este organismo físico
08:43
It accepts that I'm going to have to die
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2168
e acepta a idea de ter que morrer,
08:45
but says, despite that,
200
513219
1374
pero di, a pesar diso,
08:46
I can rise up and I can live again.
201
514593
2503
podo levantarme e vivir de novo.
08:49
In other words, I can do what Jesus did.
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517096
2618
Noutras palabras,
podo facer o que fixo Xesús.
08:51
Jesus died, he was three days in the [tomb],
203
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2045
Xesús morreu, estivo tres días na [tumba]
08:53
and then he rose up and lived again.
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3111
e logo levantouse e viviu de novo.
08:56
And the idea that we can all be
resurrected to live again
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3119
E a idea de que todos podemos
resucitar e vivir de novo,
08:59
is orthodox believe, not just for Christians
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527989
2288
é unha crenza ortodoxa
non só para os cristiáns,
09:02
but also Jews and Muslims.
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530277
2703
senón tamén para os xudeus e os musulmáns.
09:04
But our desire to believe this story
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532980
2164
Pero o noso desexo de crer esta historia
09:07
is so deeply embedded
209
535144
2010
está tan profundamente arraigado
09:09
that we are reinventing it again
210
537154
2098
que o estamos reinventando de novo
09:11
for the scientific age,
211
539252
1492
para a era da ciencia,
09:12
for example, with the idea of cryonics.
212
540744
2823
por exemplo, coa idea da crionización.
09:15
That's the idea that when you die,
213
543567
1590
Esa é a idea de que ao morrer,
09:17
you can have yourself frozen,
214
545157
1999
podes ser conxelado,
09:19
and then, at some point when technology
215
547156
2389
e logo, no punto en que a tecnoloxía
09:21
has advanced enough,
216
549545
1211
avance abondo,
09:22
you can be thawed out and repaired and revived
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550756
2120
poderás ser desconxelado,
amañado e revivido
09:24
and so resurrected.
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552876
1289
e, polo tanto, resucitado.
09:26
And so some people believe an omnipotent god
219
554165
2848
E así, algunha xente cre
que un Deus omnipotente
09:29
will resurrect them to live again,
220
557013
1879
a resucitará para volver á vida,
09:30
and other people believe an
omnipotent scientist will do it.
221
558892
4143
e outra xente cre que o farán
científicos omnipotentes.
09:35
But for others, the whole idea of resurrection,
222
563035
2714
Pero para outros, toda esa idea
da resurrección,
09:37
of climbing out of the grave,
223
565749
2003
de saír gabeando da tumba,
09:39
it's just too much like a bad zombie movie.
224
567752
2719
seméllase demasiado
a unha película mala de zombis.
09:42
They find the body too messy, too unreliable
225
570471
2791
Pensan que o corpo é demasiado
caótico e pouco fiable,
09:45
to guarantee eternal life,
226
573262
2148
para garantir a vida eterna,
09:47
and so they set their hopes on the third,
227
575410
3091
así que deixan as súas expectativas
na terceira
09:50
more spiritual immortality story,
228
578501
2117
e máis espiritual
historia da inmortalidade,
09:52
the idea that we can leave our body behind
229
580618
2336
a idea de que podemos
deixar o corpo atrás,
09:54
and live on as a soul.
230
582954
2297
e continuar vivindo como alma.
09:57
Now, the majority of people on Earth
231
585251
1989
A maioría da xente na Terra
09:59
believe they have a soul,
232
587240
1773
cre que ten unha alma,
10:01
and the idea is central to many religions.
233
589013
2410
e é unha idea fundamental
para moitas relixións
10:03
But even though, in its current form,
234
591423
2314
A pesar de que, na súa forma actual,
10:05
in its traditional form,
235
593737
1915
a máis tradicional,
10:07
the idea of the soul is still hugely popular,
236
595652
2163
a idea de alma é aínda
altamente popular,
10:09
nonetheless we are again
237
597815
1432
aínda estamos aí de novo,
10:11
reinventing it for the digital age,
238
599247
2224
reinventándoa para a era dixital,
10:13
for example with the idea
239
601471
1477
por exemplo, coa idea
10:14
that you can leave your body behind
240
602948
1990
de que podes deixar o corpo atrás
10:16
by uploading your mind, your essence,
241
604938
2246
cargando a mente, a túa esencia,
10:19
the real you, onto a computer,
242
607184
1956
o ti real, nun ordenador,
10:21
and so live on as an avatar in the ether.
243
609140
4612
e continuar vivo polo tanto
como un avatar etéreo.
10:25
But of course there are skeptics who say
244
613752
2023
Por suposto, hai escépticos que din
que se miramos as evidencias da ciencia,
10:27
if we look at the evidence of science,
245
615775
1844
10:29
particularly neuroscience,
246
617619
1644
en concreto da neurociencia,
10:31
it suggests that your mind,
247
619263
1829
suxiren que a túa mente,
10:33
your essence, the real you,
248
621092
1580
a túa esencia, o auténtico ti,
10:34
is very much dependent on a particular part
249
622672
2413
é moi dependente dunha parte
particular do corpo,
10:37
of your body, that is, your brain.
250
625085
2221
que é o cerebro.
10:39
And such skeptics can find comfort
251
627306
2521
E tales escépticos poden atopar consolo
10:41
in the fourth kind of immortality story,
252
629827
2258
no cuarto tipo de
historia de inmortalidade,
10:44
and that is legacy,
253
632085
2357
que é o legado,
10:46
the idea that you can live on
254
634442
1480
a idea de que podes seguir vivo
10:47
through the echo you leave in the world,
255
635922
2251
a través do eco que deixas no mundo,
10:50
like the great Greek warrior Achilles,
256
638173
2349
como o gran guerreiro grego Aquiles,
10:52
who sacrificed his life fighting at Troy
257
640522
2629
que sacrificou a vida loitando en Troia
10:55
so that he might win immortal fame.
258
643151
3053
para así poder lograr unha fama inmortal.
10:58
And the pursuit of fame is as widespread
259
646204
2266
E a persecución da fama está tan estendida
11:00
and popular now as it ever was,
260
648470
2141
e é tan popular como sempre foi,
11:02
and in our digital age,
261
650611
1579
e na nosa era dixital
11:04
it's even easier to achieve.
262
652190
1528
e incluso máis fácil de lograr.
11:05
You don't need to be a great warrior like Achilles
263
653718
2324
Non tes que ser un gran guerreiro
como Aquiles,
11:08
or a great king or hero.
264
656042
1693
nin un gran rei ou heroe.
11:09
All you need is an Internet connection
and a funny cat. (Laughter)
265
657735
4823
Todo o que precisas é unha conexión
a Internet e un gato simpático.
(Risos)
11:14
But some people prefer to leave a more tangible,
266
662558
2463
Pero algunha xente prefire
deixar algo máis tanxible,
11:17
biological legacy -- children, for example.
267
665021
2844
un legado biolóxico, fillos, por exemplo.
11:19
Or they like, they hope, to live on
268
667865
2276
Ou queren, esperan, vivir
11:22
as part of some greater whole,
269
670141
1717
como parte de algo máis grande,
11:23
a nation or a family or a tribe,
270
671858
2449
unha nación ou unha familia ou unha tribo,
11:26
their gene pool.
271
674307
2466
o seu clan xenético.
11:28
But again, there are skeptics
272
676773
1513
Pero, de novo, hai escépticos
11:30
who doubt whether legacy
273
678286
1713
que dubidan de que este legado
11:31
really is immortality.
274
679999
1975
sexa realmente a inmortalidade.
11:33
Woody Allen, for example, who said,
275
681974
2077
Woody Allen, por exemplo, dixo:
11:36
"I don't want to live on in
the hearts of my countrymen.
276
684051
2496
"Non quero seguir vivindo
no corazón dos meus paisanos,
11:38
I want to live on in my apartment."
277
686547
2197
quero seguir vivindo no meu apartamento".
11:40
So those are the four
278
688744
1767
Pois estes son os catro
11:42
basic kinds of immortality stories,
279
690511
2183
tipos básicos de historias
de inmortalidade
11:44
and I've tried to give just some sense
280
692694
1642
e intentei darlle un pouco de sentido
11:46
of how they're retold by each generation
281
694336
2293
a como son repetidas por cada xeración
11:48
with just slight variations
282
696629
1587
con só pequenas variacións
11:50
to fit the fashions of the day.
283
698216
2305
para axustarse ás modas do momento.
11:52
And the fact that they recur in this way,
284
700521
3489
E o feito de que se repitan deste xeito,
11:56
in such a similar form but
in such different belief systems,
285
704010
2988
cunha forma tan similar,
en sistemas de crenzas tan distintos
11:58
suggests, I think,
286
706998
1578
suxire, diría eu,
12:00
that we should be skeptical of the truth
287
708576
2402
que deberiamos ser escépticos
sobre a veracidade
12:02
of any particular version of these stories.
288
710978
3761
de calquera versión concreta
destas historias.
12:06
The fact that some people believe
289
714739
2111
O feito de que algunhas persoas crean
12:08
an omnipotent god will resurrect them to live again
290
716850
2665
nun Deus omnipotente
que as resucitará para vivir de novo
12:11
and others believe an omnipotent scientist will do it
291
719515
3701
e outras crean que o farán
científicos omnipotentes
12:15
suggests that neither are really believing this
292
723216
3038
suxire que ninguén cre isto
12:18
on the strength of the evidence.
293
726254
2670
baseándose na forza das probas.
12:20
Rather, we believe these stories
294
728924
2426
Máis ben, cremos estas historias
12:23
because we are biased to believe them,
295
731350
1983
porque estamos predispostos a crelas,
12:25
and we are biased to believe them
296
733333
1828
e estamos predispostos a crelas
12:27
because we are so afraid of death.
297
735161
4270
porque lle temos moito medo á morte.
12:31
So the question is,
298
739431
2055
Polo tanto, a cuestión é:
12:33
are we doomed to lead the one life we have
299
741486
3472
estamos condenados a levar
a única vida que temos
12:36
in a way that is shaped by fear and denial,
300
744958
3693
dun xeito marcado
polo medo e a negación,
12:40
or can we overcome this bias?
301
748651
3075
ou podemos superar este nesgo?
12:43
Well the Greek philosopher Epicurus
302
751726
2467
Ben, o filósofo grego Epicuro
12:46
thought we could.
303
754193
1728
pensou que podiamos.
12:47
He argued that the fear of death is natural,
304
755921
3548
Argumentaba que o medo á morte é natural,
12:51
but it is not rational.
305
759469
2415
pero non racional.
12:53
"Death," he said, "is nothing to us,
306
761884
2658
"A morte -dicía- non é nada para nós,
12:56
because when we are here, death is not,
307
764542
2850
porque cando nós estamos aquí,
a morte non o está,
12:59
and when death is here, we are gone."
308
767392
3753
e cando a morte está aquí,
nós xa non estamos".
13:03
Now this is often quoted, but it's difficult
309
771145
1798
Isto cítase a miúdo, pero é difícil
13:04
to really grasp, to really internalize,
310
772943
2322
comprendelo de verdade, interiorizalo,
13:07
because exactly this idea of being gone
311
775265
2163
porque exactamente esta idea
de xa non estar
13:09
is so difficult to imagine.
312
777428
2139
é moi difícil de imaxinar.
13:11
So 2,000 years later, another philosopher,
313
779567
2231
Así que 2000 anos despois, outro filósofo,
13:13
Ludwig Wittgenstein, put it like this:
314
781798
3457
Ludwig Wittgenstein, expresouno así:
13:17
"Death is not an event in life:
315
785255
2944
"A morte non é un evento na vida:
13:20
We do not live to experience death.
316
788199
3642
non vivimos para experimentar a morte."
13:23
And so," he added,
317
791841
1194
E polo tanto -engadiu-
13:25
"in this sense, life has no end."
318
793035
2935
"neste sentido, a vida non ten final."
13:27
So it was natural for me as a child
319
795970
3176
Polo que era natural que eu, de neno,
13:31
to fear being swallowed by the void,
320
799146
2367
tivese medo de ser engulido polo baleiro,
13:33
but it wasn't rational,
321
801513
1879
pero non era racional,
13:35
because being swallowed by the void
322
803392
1985
porque ser engulido polo baleiro
13:37
is not something that any of us
323
805377
2078
é algo que ningún de nós
13:39
will ever live to experience.
324
807455
3270
vai poder experimentar.
13:42
Now, overcoming this bias is not easy because
325
810725
2529
Agora, superar este nesgo
non é fácil porque
13:45
the fear of death is so deeply embedded in us,
326
813254
2959
o medo á morte está moi arraigado en nós,
13:48
yet when we see that the fear itself is not rational,
327
816213
4482
aínda así, cando vemos que
o medo en si mesmo non é racional,
13:52
and when we bring out into the open
328
820695
2130
e cando sacamos á luz
13:54
the ways in which it can unconsciously bias us,
329
822825
2698
os xeitos en que inconscientemente
nos condiciona,
13:57
then we can at least start
330
825523
1851
podemos polo menos empezar
13:59
to try to minimize the influence it has
331
827374
2634
a intentar minimizar a influencia que ten
14:02
on our lives.
332
830008
1883
nas nosas vidas.
14:03
Now, I find it helps to see life
333
831891
2818
Ben, penso que axuda ver a vida
14:06
as being like a book:
334
834709
1844
como un libro:
14:08
Just as a book is bounded by its covers,
335
836553
2468
Tal como un libro está
limitado polas cubertas,
14:11
by beginning and end,
336
839021
1277
por un comezo e un final,
14:12
so our lives are bounded by birth and death,
337
840298
3738
a nosa vida está limitada
polo nacemento e a morte,
14:16
and even though a book is
limited by beginning and end,
338
844036
3515
e aínda que un libro está
limitado por un comezo e un final,
14:19
it can encompass distant landscapes,
339
847551
2136
pode abarcar paraxes distantes,
14:21
exotic figures, fantastic adventures.
340
849687
3230
exóticas personaxes,
aventuras fantásticas.
14:24
And even though a book is
limited by beginning and end,
341
852917
3349
E aínda que un libro está
limitado por un comezo e un final,
14:28
the characters within it
342
856266
1823
as súas personaxes
14:30
know no horizons.
343
858089
2842
non coñecen horizontes.
14:32
They only know the moments
that make up their story,
344
860931
3157
Só coñecen os momentos
que conforman a súa historia,
14:36
even when the book is closed.
345
864088
2940
incluso cando o libro está pechado.
14:39
And so the characters of a book
346
867028
2136
Así, as personaxes dun libro
14:41
are not afraid of reaching the last page.
347
869164
3482
non teñen medo de acadar a última páxina,
14:44
Long John Silver is not afraid of you
348
872646
2278
Long John Silver non ten medo de que ti
14:46
finishing your copy of "Treasure Island."
349
874924
2835
remates de ler A illa do tesouro.
14:49
And so it should be with us.
350
877759
1700
Así deberiamos ser nós,
14:51
Imagine the book of your life,
351
879459
2144
imaxina o libro da túa vida,
14:53
its covers, its beginning and end,
and your birth and your death.
352
881603
2784
as cubertas, o comezo e o final,
o nacemento e a morte,
14:56
You can only know the moments in between,
353
884387
2177
Só podes coñecer os momentos intermedios,
14:58
the moments that make up your life.
354
886564
1935
os momentos que conforman a túa vida.
15:00
It makes no sense for you to fear
355
888499
1947
Non ten sentido que te asustes
15:02
what is outside of those covers,
356
890446
2090
do que hai fóra desas cubertas,
15:04
whether before your birth
357
892536
1470
xa sexa antes do teu nacemento
15:06
or after your death.
358
894006
1976
ou despois da túa morte.
15:07
And you needn't worry how long the book is,
359
895982
2529
E non precisas preocuparte
da lonxitude do libro,
15:10
or whether it's a comic strip or an epic.
360
898511
3473
de se é unha tira cómica ou unha epopea.
15:13
The only thing that matters
361
901984
1542
O único que importa,
15:15
is that you make it a good story.
362
903526
3498
é que fagas dela unha boa historia.
Grazas.
15:19
Thank you.
363
907024
2220
(Aplausos)
15:21
(Applause)
364
909244
4185
Translated by Alicia Ferreiro
Reviewed by Carme Paz

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stephen Cave - Philosopher
Philosopher Stephen Cave wants to know: Why is humanity so obsessed with living forever?

Why you should listen

Stephen Cave is a writer and philosopher who is obsessed with our obsession with immortality. In 2012 he published Immortality: The Quest to Live Forever and How It Drives Civilization, an inquiry into humanity's rather irrational resistance to the inevitability of death. Cave moves across time and history's major civilizations and religions to explore just what drives this instinct -- and what that means for the future. Cave writes for The Financial Times and contributes to The New York Times, The Guardian and Wired.

More profile about the speaker
Stephen Cave | Speaker | TED.com