TED2019
Asmeret Asefaw Berhe: A climate change solution that's right under our feet
Asmeret Asefaw Berhe: Rješenje za klimatske promjene nalazi se pod našim nogama
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U tlu se nalazi dvostruko više ugljika negoli u svim biljkama i atmosferi - zajedno. Biogeokemičarka Asmeret Asefew Berhe uranja u znanost o tlu i dijeli kako možemo iskoristiti moć tla da veže ugljik kako bismo spriječili klimatske promjene. "Tlo predstavlja razliku između života i beživota u Zemljinim sustavima i može nam pomoći u borbi protiv klimatskih promjena - ukoliko samo prestanemo bezosjećjano gaziti po njemu", kaže ona.
Asmeret Asefaw Berhe - Soil scientist
Asmeret Asefaw Berhe is a soil and global-change scientist and educator passionate about all things related to the science and beauty of soils. Full bio
Asmeret Asefaw Berhe is a soil and global-change scientist and educator passionate about all things related to the science and beauty of soils. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So one of the most important solutions
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Jedno od najvažnijih rješenja
00:15
to the global challenge
posed by climate change
posed by climate change
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za globalni izazov koji
predstavljaju klimatske promjene
predstavljaju klimatske promjene
00:18
lies right under our foot every day.
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leži pod našim nogama svakoga dana.
00:22
It's soil.
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Radi se o tlu.
00:24
Soil's just the thin veil
that covers the surface of land,
that covers the surface of land,
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Tlo je tanki veo koji
prekriva površinu zemlje,
prekriva površinu zemlje,
00:29
but it has the power to shape
our planet's destiny.
our planet's destiny.
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ali ima moć da promijeni
sudbinu našeg planeta.
sudbinu našeg planeta.
00:34
See, a six-foot or so of soil,
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Vidite, oko dva metra tla,
00:37
loose soil material
that covers the earth's surface,
that covers the earth's surface,
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rastresitog materijala
koji prekriva površinu planeta,
koji prekriva površinu planeta,
00:41
represents the difference between life
and lifelessness in the earth system,
and lifelessness in the earth system,
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predstavlja razliku između života
i beživota u Zemljinom sustavu,
i beživota u Zemljinom sustavu,
00:47
and it can also help us
combat climate change
combat climate change
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i može nam pomoći boriti se
protiv klimatskih promjena
protiv klimatskih promjena
00:50
if we can only stop treating it like dirt.
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ukoliko ga prestanemo samo
bezosjećajno gaziti.
bezosjećajno gaziti.
00:54
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:56
Climate change is happening,
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Klimatske promjene su u tijeku,
00:58
the earth's atmosphere is warming,
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Zemljina atmosfera se zagrijava
01:00
because of the increasing amount
of greenhouse gases
of greenhouse gases
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zbog povećanog udjela stakleničkih plinova
01:03
we keep releasing into the atmosphere.
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koje ispuštamo u atmosferu.
01:06
You all know that.
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Svi to znate.
01:08
But what I assume you might not have heard
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Ono što pretpostavljam da još niste čuli
01:10
is that one of the most important things
our human society could do
our human society could do
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jest da se jedna od najvažnijih stvari
koje čovječanstvo može učiniti
koje čovječanstvo može učiniti
01:15
to address climate change
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u borbi protiv klimatskih promjena,
01:17
lies right there in the soil.
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nalazi u samom tlu.
01:21
I'm a soil scientist who has been
studying soil since I was 18,
studying soil since I was 18,
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Ja sam znanstvenica koja proučava tlo
otkad sam napunila 18 godina,
otkad sam napunila 18 godina,
01:26
because I'm interested in unlocking
the secrets of soil
the secrets of soil
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jer me zanima otkriti sve tajne tla
01:29
and helping people understand this
really important climate change solution.
really important climate change solution.
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i pomoći ljudima razumjeti ovo važno
rješenje protiv klimatskih promjena.
rješenje protiv klimatskih promjena.
01:35
So here are the facts about climate.
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Evo nekoliko činjenica o klimi.
01:38
The concentration of carbon dioxide
in the earth's atmosphere
in the earth's atmosphere
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Koncentracija ugljičnog dioksida
u Zemljinoj atmosferi
u Zemljinoj atmosferi
01:41
has increased by 40 percent
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se povećala za 40%
01:44
just in the last 150 years or so.
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u samo posljednjih 150 godina.
01:46
Human actions are now releasing
9.4 billion metric tons of carbon
9.4 billion metric tons of carbon
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Ljudska aktivnost zaslužna je za
otpuštanje 9,4 milijarde metričkih tona
otpuštanje 9,4 milijarde metričkih tona
01:52
into the atmosphere,
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ugljika u atmosferu,
01:54
from activities
such as burning fossil fuels
such as burning fossil fuels
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od aktivnosti kao što su
izgaranje fosilnih goriva,
izgaranje fosilnih goriva,
01:58
and intensive agricultural practices,
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intenzivna poljoprivreda
02:01
and other ways we change
the way we use land,
the way we use land,
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i drugi načini kojima mijenjamo
kako koristimo zemlju,
kako koristimo zemlju,
02:03
including deforestation.
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što uključuje i uništavanje šuma.
02:07
But the concentration of carbon dioxide
that stays in the atmosphere
that stays in the atmosphere
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Ali, koncentracija ugljičnog dioksida
koji ostaje u atmosferi
koji ostaje u atmosferi
02:12
is only increasing by about half of that,
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povećava se za samo polovicu toga,
02:16
and that's because half of the carbon
we keep releasing into the atmosphere
we keep releasing into the atmosphere
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i to je zato jer polovica ugljičnog
dioksida koji ispuštamo u atmosferu
dioksida koji ispuštamo u atmosferu
02:20
is currently being taken up
by land and the seas
by land and the seas
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ostaje vezana u moru i tlu
02:24
through a process we know
as carbon sequestration.
as carbon sequestration.
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kroz proces koji se naziva
sekvestracija ugljika.
sekvestracija ugljika.
02:27
So in essence, whatever consequence
you think we're facing
you think we're facing
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Ukratko, kakve god posljedice
mislite da trenutno vidimo
mislite da trenutno vidimo
02:32
from climate change right now,
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uzrokovane klimatskim promjenama,
02:34
we're only experiencing the consequence
of 50 percent of our pollution,
of 50 percent of our pollution,
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mi vidimo posljedice tek polovine
zagađenja koje proizvodimo,
zagađenja koje proizvodimo,
02:41
because the natural ecosystems
are bailing us out.
are bailing us out.
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jer nas spašavaju prirodni ekosustavi.
02:45
But don't get too comfortable,
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Nemojte se previše opustiti,
02:47
because we have two major things
working against us right now.
working against us right now.
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jer trenutno dvije stvari rade protiv nas.
02:52
One: unless we do something big,
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Prvo, osim ako ne napravimo nešto veliko
02:57
and then fast,
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i brzo,
02:59
emissions will continue to rise.
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emisija stakleničkih plinova
biti će u daljnjem porastu.
biti će u daljnjem porastu.
03:02
And second: the ability
of these natural ecosystems
of these natural ecosystems
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Drugo, sposobnost ovih
prirodnih ekosustava
prirodnih ekosustava
03:07
to take up carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere
from the atmosphere
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da uzmu ugljični dioksid iz atmosfere
03:10
and sequester it in the natural habitats
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i vežu ga u prirodna staništa,
03:13
is currently getting compromised,
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drastično se smanjuje,
03:15
as they're experiencing serious
degradation because of human actions.
degradation because of human actions.
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jer ih ljudske aktivnosti
ozbiljno ugrožavaju.
ozbiljno ugrožavaju.
03:21
So it's not entirely clear
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Nije sasvim jasno
03:23
that we will continue to get bailed out
by these natural ecosystems
by these natural ecosystems
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hoće li nas prirodni ekosustavi
nastaviti spašavati
nastaviti spašavati
03:27
if we continue on this
business-as-usual path that we've been.
business-as-usual path that we've been.
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ukoliko nastavimo dalje ovako.
03:33
Here's where the soil comes in:
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Evo što tlo može učiniti.
03:35
there is about three thousand billion
metric tons of carbon in the soil.
metric tons of carbon in the soil.
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U Zemljinom tlu nalazi se oko
3,000 milijardi metričkih tona ugljika.
3,000 milijardi metričkih tona ugljika.
03:40
That's roughly about 315 times
the amount of carbon
the amount of carbon
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To je otprilike 315 puta više ugljika
03:43
that we release
into the atmosphere currently.
into the atmosphere currently.
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negoli trenutno ispuštamo u atmosferu.
03:46
And there's twice more carbon in soil
than there is in vegetation and air.
than there is in vegetation and air.
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U tlu ima dvostruko više ugljika
nego u biljkama i zraku.
nego u biljkama i zraku.
03:52
Think about that for a second.
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Razmislite o tome na trenutak.
03:54
There's more carbon in soil
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U tlu ima više ugljika
03:56
than there is in all
of the world's vegetation,
of the world's vegetation,
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nego u svim biljkama na svijetu,
04:00
including the lush tropical rainforests
and the giant sequoias,
and the giant sequoias,
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što uključuje i tropske prašume,
divovske sekvoje,
divovske sekvoje,
04:05
the expansive grasslands,
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sve prostrane pašnjake,
04:08
all of the cultivated systems,
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sve kultivirane sustave
04:11
and every kind of flora you can imagine
on the face of the earth,
on the face of the earth,
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i sve vrste biljaka koje možete
zamisliti na planetu,
zamisliti na planetu,
04:15
plus all the carbon that's currently
up in the atmosphere, combined,
up in the atmosphere, combined,
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i još sav ugljik koji se trenutno
nalazi u atmosferi, zajedno,
nalazi u atmosferi, zajedno,
04:20
and then twice over.
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i onda dvostruko toliko.
04:23
Hence, a very small change
in the amount of carbon stored in soil
in the amount of carbon stored in soil
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Dakle, jako mala promjena u količini
ugljika koja se nalazi u tlu
ugljika koja se nalazi u tlu
04:28
can make a big difference
in maintenance of the earth's atmosphere.
in maintenance of the earth's atmosphere.
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može uvelike utjecati na održavanje
ravnoteže Zemljine atmosfere.
ravnoteže Zemljine atmosfere.
04:34
But soil's not just simply
a storage box for carbon, though.
a storage box for carbon, though.
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Samo, tlo nije samo spremnik za ugljik.
04:38
It operates more like a bank account,
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Funkcionira više kao bankovni račun
04:41
and the amount of carbon
that's in soil at any given time
that's in soil at any given time
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i količina ugljika u tlu
u bilo kojem trenutku
u bilo kojem trenutku
04:44
is a function of the amount of carbon
coming in and out of the soil.
coming in and out of the soil.
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jest funkcija količine ugljika
koji ulazi i izlazi iz tla.
koji ulazi i izlazi iz tla.
04:49
Carbon comes into the soil
through the process of photosynthesis,
through the process of photosynthesis,
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Ugljik ulazi u tlo procesom fotosinteze,
04:53
when green plants take carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere
from the atmosphere
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kad zelene biljke uzimaju
ugljični dioksid iz atmosfere
ugljični dioksid iz atmosfere
04:56
and use it to make their bodies,
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i koriste ga za razvoj vlastitih tijela.
04:59
and upon death,
their bodies enter the soil.
their bodies enter the soil.
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Nakon smrti, njihova
tijela vraćaju se u tlo.
tijela vraćaju se u tlo.
05:02
And carbon leaves the soil
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A ugljik napušta tlo
05:04
and goes right back up into the atmosphere
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i vraća se natrag u atmosferu
05:07
when the bodies of those
formerly living organisms
formerly living organisms
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kad se tijela tih organizama
05:10
decay in soil by the activity of microbes.
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razgrade u tlu uz pomoć mikroorganizama.
05:14
See, decomposition releases
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,
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Njihovo raspadanje otpušta
ugljični dioksid u atmosferu,
ugljični dioksid u atmosferu,
05:18
as well as other greenhouse gases
such as methane and nitrous oxide,
such as methane and nitrous oxide,
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zajedno s drugim stakleničkim plinovima,
kao što su metan i dušikov oksid,
kao što su metan i dušikov oksid,
05:22
but it also releases all the nutrients
we all need to survive.
we all need to survive.
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ali i ispuštaju tvari koje su nam
potrebne da preživimo.
potrebne da preživimo.
05:28
One of the things that makes soil
such a fundamental component
such a fundamental component
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Ono što čini tlo tako važnim čimbenikom
05:32
of any climate change mitigation strategy
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svake strategije u borbi protiv
klimatskih promjena
klimatskih promjena
05:35
is because it represents
a long-term storage of carbon.
a long-term storage of carbon.
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jest to što predstavlja
dugotrajan spremnik za ugljik.
dugotrajan spremnik za ugljik.
05:39
Carbon that would have lasted
maybe a year or two
maybe a year or two
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Ugljik koji bi trajao
možda godinu ili dvije
možda godinu ili dvije
05:43
in decaying residue
if it was left on the surface
if it was left on the surface
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ukoliko bi ostao na površini
raspadajućeg sloja,
raspadajućeg sloja,
05:46
can stay in soil for hundreds of years,
even thousands and more.
even thousands and more.
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može trajati u tlu nekoliko stotina,
ili čak tisuća godina i više.
ili čak tisuća godina i više.
05:52
Soil biogeochemists like me
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Biogeokemičari tla poput mene
05:55
study exactly how the soil system
makes this possible,
makes this possible,
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proučavaju upravo to kako je ovo moguće,
05:59
by locking away the carbon
in physical association with minerals,
in physical association with minerals,
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da uklonimo ugljik
u kombinaciji s mineralima
u kombinaciji s mineralima
06:04
inside aggregates of soil minerals,
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unutar agregata zemljinih minerala
06:07
and formation of strong chemical bonds
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i stvaranjem snažnih kemijskih veza
06:11
that bind the carbon
to the surfaces of the minerals.
to the surfaces of the minerals.
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koje vežu ugljik na površinu minerala.
06:16
See when carbon is entrapped in soil,
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Vidite, kad je ugljik zarobljen u tlu,
06:18
in these kinds of associations
with soil minerals,
with soil minerals,
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vezan na minerale iz tla,
06:21
even the wiliest of the microbes
can't easily degrade it.
can't easily degrade it.
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čak ni najotpornije bakterije
ne mogu ga degradirati.
ne mogu ga degradirati.
06:25
And carbon that's not degrading fast
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Ugljik koji ne degradira brzo
06:28
is carbon that's not going back
into the atmosphere as greenhouse gases.
into the atmosphere as greenhouse gases.
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jest ugljik koji se neće vratiti u
atmosferu u vidu stakleničkih plinova.
atmosferu u vidu stakleničkih plinova.
06:33
But the benefit of carbon sequestration
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Najveća dobrobit sekvestracije ugljika
06:35
is not just limited
to climate change mitigation.
to climate change mitigation.
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nije samo to što sprječava
klimatske promjene.
klimatske promjene.
06:39
Soil that stores large amounts of carbon
is healthy, fertile, soft.
is healthy, fertile, soft.
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Zemlja koji sadrži velike količine
ugljika je zdrava, plodna i mekana.
ugljika je zdrava, plodna i mekana.
06:45
It's malleable. It's workable.
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Odlična je za obradu.
06:48
It makes it like a sponge.
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Postaje kao spužva.
06:51
It can hold on to
a lot of water and nutrients.
a lot of water and nutrients.
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Može sadržavati velike količine
vode i hranjivih tvari.
vode i hranjivih tvari.
06:55
Healthy and fertile soils like this
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Ovakva zdrava i plodna zemlja
06:57
support the most dynamic, abundant
and diverse habitat for living things
and diverse habitat for living things
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podržava najdinamičnija i
najraznolikija staništa
najraznolikija staništa
07:02
that we know of anywhere
on the earth system.
on the earth system.
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koja možemo zamisliti na planetu.
07:07
It makes life possible for everything
from the tiniest of the microbes,
from the tiniest of the microbes,
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Omogućava život za sve,
od najmanjih mikroba
od najmanjih mikroba
07:13
such as bacteria and fungi,
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kao što su bakterije i gljivice,
07:15
all the way to higher plants,
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do razvijenih biljaka,
07:18
and fulfills the food, feed
and fiber needs for all animals,
and fiber needs for all animals,
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i ispunjava sve potrebe za
hranom i vlaknima svih životinja,
hranom i vlaknima svih životinja,
07:23
including you and I.
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uključujući vas i mene.
07:25
So at this point, you would assume
that we should be treating soil
that we should be treating soil
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Vjerujem da pretpostavljate
kako bismo trebali tretirati tlo
kako bismo trebali tretirati tlo
07:29
like the precious resource that it is.
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kao prirodno bogatstvo, što ono i jest.
07:32
Unfortunately, that's not the case.
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Nažalost, to nije tako.
07:34
Soils around the world are experiencing
unprecedented rates of degradation
unprecedented rates of degradation
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Tla širom svijeta gube
kvalitetu kao nikad prije,
kvalitetu kao nikad prije,
07:40
through a variety of human actions
that include deforestation,
that include deforestation,
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zbog različitih ljudskih aktivnosti
koje uključuju uništavanje šuma,
koje uključuju uništavanje šuma,
07:45
intensive agricultural production systems,
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intenzivnu poljoprivredu,
07:48
overgrazing,
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pretjeranu ispašu,
07:49
excessive application
of agricultural chemicals,
of agricultural chemicals,
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pretjerano korištenje
poljoprivrednih kemikalija,
poljoprivrednih kemikalija,
07:53
erosion and similar things.
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eroziju i druge probleme.
07:57
Half of the world's soils
are currently considered degraded.
are currently considered degraded.
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Polovina tla na planeti
trenutno se smatra degradiranim.
trenutno se smatra degradiranim.
08:02
Soil degradation is bad for many reasons,
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Degradacija tla je loša zbog više razloga.
08:05
but let me just tell you a couple.
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Dozvolite mi da ih spomenem nekoliko.
08:08
One: degraded soils have diminished
potential to support plant productivity.
potential to support plant productivity.
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Prvo, degradirano tlo ima smanjenu
sposobnost da podrži rast biljaka.
sposobnost da podrži rast biljaka.
08:15
And hence, by degrading soil,
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Stoga, degradirajući tlo,
08:18
we're compromising our own abilities
to provide the food and other resources
to provide the food and other resources
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mi uništavamo vlastitu sposobnost
da proizvedemo hranu i druge resurse
da proizvedemo hranu i druge resurse
08:23
that we need for us
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koje trebamo za nas
08:25
and every member of living things
on the face of the earth.
on the face of the earth.
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i sva ostala živa bića na planetu.
08:31
And second:
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Drugo,
08:34
soil use and degradation,
just in the last 200 years or so,
just in the last 200 years or so,
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obrada i degradacija tla
u posljednjih 200 godina
u posljednjih 200 godina
08:38
has released 12 times more carbon
into the atmosphere
into the atmosphere
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otpustile su u atmosferu
12 puta više ugljika,
12 puta više ugljika,
08:43
compared to the rate at
which we're releasing carbon
which we're releasing carbon
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u usporedbi s količinom
koju trenutno ispuštamo u atmosferu.
08:47
into the atmosphere right now.
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08:50
I'm afraid there's even more bad news.
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Imam i još gore vijesti.
08:52
This is a story of soils
at high latitudes.
at high latitudes.
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Radi se o priči o tlu na
višim zemaljskim širinama.
višim zemaljskim širinama.
08:56
Peatlands in polar environments
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Tresetna tla u polarnim predjelima
08:59
store about a third
of the global soil carbon reserves.
of the global soil carbon reserves.
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sadrže oko trećine
svjetskih rezervi ugljika.
svjetskih rezervi ugljika.
09:03
These peatlands have
a permanently frozen ground underneath,
a permanently frozen ground underneath,
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Ova tresetna tla imaju sloj
trajno smrznutog tla ispod površine,
trajno smrznutog tla ispod površine,
09:06
the permafrost,
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tzv. permafrost,
09:07
and the carbon was able to build up
in these soils over long periods of time
in these soils over long periods of time
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i ugljik se u ta tla vezao
tijekom dugog niza godina,
tijekom dugog niza godina,
09:13
because even though plants are able
to photosynthesize during the short,
to photosynthesize during the short,
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zato jer iako su biljke sposobne
za fotosintezu u kratkim,
za fotosintezu u kratkim,
09:18
warm summer months,
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toplim ljetnim mjesecima,
09:20
the environment quickly
turns cold and dark,
turns cold and dark,
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okoliš brzo postaje mračan i hladan,
09:24
and then microbes are not able
to efficiently break down the residue.
to efficiently break down the residue.
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a onda mikrobi ne mogu dovoljno
učinkovito razgraditi naslage.
učinkovito razgraditi naslage.
09:28
So the soil carbon bank
in these polar environments
in these polar environments
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Tako se banka ugljika u
ovim polarnim predjelima
ovim polarnim predjelima
09:31
built up over hundreds
of thousands of years.
of thousands of years.
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izgradila tijekom stotina tisuća godina.
09:36
But right now, with atmospheric warming,
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Ali upravo sada,
atmosferskim zagrijavanjem,
atmosferskim zagrijavanjem,
09:39
the permafrost is thawing and draining.
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permafrost se topi i cijedi,
09:43
And when permafrost thaws and drains,
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a kad se permafrost topi i cijedi,
09:46
it makes it possible
for microbes to come in
for microbes to come in
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mikrobi mogu ući u njega
09:49
and rather quickly
decompose all this carbon,
decompose all this carbon,
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i brzo razgraditi ovaj ugljik,
09:52
with the potential to release hundreds
of billions of metric tons of carbon
of billions of metric tons of carbon
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potencijalno otpuštajući
stotine milijardi metričkih tona ugljika
stotine milijardi metričkih tona ugljika
09:57
into the atmosphere
in the form of greenhouse gases.
in the form of greenhouse gases.
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u atmosferu u obliku stakleničkih plinova.
10:01
And this release of additional
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere
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To otpuštanje dodatnih
stakleničkih plinova u atmosferu
stakleničkih plinova u atmosferu
10:05
will only contribute to further warming
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samo će doprinijeti daljnjem zagrijavanju
10:08
that makes this predicament even worse,
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koje će još pogoršati situaciju,
10:11
as it starts a self-reinforcing
positive feedback loop
positive feedback loop
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jer započinje proces
koji je zatvoreni krug
koji je zatvoreni krug
10:17
that could go on and on and on,
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koji može trajati i trajati,
10:19
dramatically changing our climate future.
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i drastično promijeniti
našu klimatsku budućnost.
našu klimatsku budućnost.
10:23
Fortunately, I can also tell you
that there is a solution
that there is a solution
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Nasreću, mogu vam reći
i da postoji rješenje
i da postoji rješenje
10:28
for these two wicked problems
of soil degradation and climate change.
of soil degradation and climate change.
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za ova dva velika problema
degradacije tla i klimatskih promjena.
degradacije tla i klimatskih promjena.
10:32
Just like we created these problems,
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Kao što smo stvorili ove probleme,
10:35
we do know the solution,
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znamo i rješenje za njih.
10:37
and the solution lies
in simultaneously working
in simultaneously working
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Rješenje jest da istovremeno
10:40
to address these two things together,
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rješavamo oba problema
10:43
through what we call
climate-smart land management practices.
climate-smart land management practices.
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kroz ono što nazivamo klimatski
osviještenom uporabom zemljišta.
osviještenom uporabom zemljišta.
10:48
What do I mean here?
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Što pod time mislim?
10:49
I mean managing land
in a way that's smart
in a way that's smart
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To znači da tlo moramo obrađivati
na pametan način, tako da
na pametan način, tako da
10:53
about maximizing
how much carbon we store in soil.
how much carbon we store in soil.
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pokušamo maksimizirati prisutnost
ugljika u samome tlu.
ugljika u samome tlu.
10:57
And we can accomplish this
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To možemo postići tako
10:59
by putting in place
deep-rooted perennial plants,
deep-rooted perennial plants,
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da sadimo višegodišnje biljke
dubokih korijena,
dubokih korijena,
11:03
putting back forests whenever possible,
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sadimo šume gdje god je to moguće,
11:06
reducing tillage and other disturbances
from agricultural practices,
from agricultural practices,
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smanjimo oranje i
druge poljoprivredne prakse,
druge poljoprivredne prakse,
11:10
including optimizing the use
of agricultural chemicals and grazing
of agricultural chemicals and grazing
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uključujući i optimizaciju uporabe
pesticida i korištenja tla za ispašu,
pesticida i korištenja tla za ispašu,
11:15
and even adding carbon to soil,
whenever possible,
whenever possible,
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čak i dodavanjem ugljika u zemlju,
kad god je to moguće,
kad god je to moguće,
11:19
from recycled resources
such as compost and even human waste.
such as compost and even human waste.
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iz recikliranih resursa kao što su
kompost, čak i ljudski izmet.
kompost, čak i ljudski izmet.
11:24
This kind of land stewardship
is not a radical idea.
is not a radical idea.
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Ovakvo gospodarenje tlom
nije radikalna ideja.
nije radikalna ideja.
11:29
It's what made it possible
for fertile soils
for fertile soils
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To je ono što je omogućilo plodnom tlu
11:32
to be able to support human civilizations
since time immemorial.
since time immemorial.
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da podrži nastanak ljudske
civilizacije od pamtivijeka.
civilizacije od pamtivijeka.
11:37
In fact, some are doing it just right now.
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U stvari, neki to već rade.
11:41
There's a global effort underway
to accomplish exactly this goal.
to accomplish exactly this goal.
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Postoji globalni pokret koji
nastoji postići upravo ovaj cilj.
nastoji postići upravo ovaj cilj.
11:46
This effort that started in France
is known as the "4 per 1000" effort,
is known as the "4 per 1000" effort,
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Ovaj pokret nastao je u Francuskoj,
pod nazivom "4 za 1000",
pod nazivom "4 za 1000",
11:51
and it sets an aspirational goal
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i postavio je kao cilj
11:55
to increase the amount of carbon
stored in soil by 0.4 percent annually,
stored in soil by 0.4 percent annually,
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povećati udio ugljika
u tlu za 0,4% godišnje,
u tlu za 0,4% godišnje,
12:03
using the same kind of climate-smart
land management practices
land management practices
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koristeći upravo klimatski
osviješten proces obrade zemljišta
osviješten proces obrade zemljišta
12:06
I mentioned earlier.
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koji sam ranije spomenula.
12:08
And if this effort's fully successful,
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Ukoliko ovaj projekt uspije,
12:12
it can offset a third
of the global emissions
of the global emissions
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može neutralizirati
trećinu svjetskih emisija
trećinu svjetskih emisija
12:15
of fossil-fuel-derived carbon
into the atmosphere.
into the atmosphere.
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stakleničkih plinova nastalih
izgaranjem fosilnih goriva.
izgaranjem fosilnih goriva.
12:19
But even if this effort
is not fully successful,
is not fully successful,
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Čak i ako ovaj projekt
ne bude u potpunosti uspješan,
ne bude u potpunosti uspješan,
12:23
but we just start heading
in that direction,
in that direction,
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i ako se samo počnemo
kretati u pravome smjeru,
kretati u pravome smjeru,
12:26
we still end up with soils
that are healthier, more fertile,
that are healthier, more fertile,
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imat ćemo tla koja su zdravija, plodnija
12:31
are able to produce all the food
and resources that we need
and resources that we need
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i sposobnija proizvesti hranu
i resurse koje trebamo
i resurse koje trebamo
12:35
for human populations and more,
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za ljudsku populaciju i više,
12:37
and also soils that are better capable
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tla koja su sposobnija
12:40
of sequestering carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere
from the atmosphere
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vezati na sebe ugljični
dioksid iz atmosfere
dioksid iz atmosfere
12:43
and helping with
climate change mitigation.
climate change mitigation.
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i pomoći spriječiti klimatske promjene.
12:47
I'm pretty sure that's what politicians
call a win-win solution.
call a win-win solution.
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Sigurna sam da je to ono što političari
nazivaju "win-win" situacijom.
nazivaju "win-win" situacijom.
12:51
And we all can have a role to play here.
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Svi mi imamo ulogu u tome.
12:55
We can start by treating the soil
with the respect that it deserves:
with the respect that it deserves:
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Možemo početi tretirajući tlo
s poštovanjem koje ono zaslužuje,
s poštovanjem koje ono zaslužuje,
13:01
respect for its ability
as the basis of all life on earth,
as the basis of all life on earth,
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poštovanjem za svoju sposobnost
da održi sav život na Zemlji,
da održi sav život na Zemlji,
13:06
respect for its ability to serve
as a carbon bank
as a carbon bank
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poštovanjem za sposobnost
da služi kao spremnik za ugljik
da služi kao spremnik za ugljik
13:10
and respect for its ability
to control our climate.
to control our climate.
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i poštovanjem za sposobnost
da kontrolira našu klimu.
da kontrolira našu klimu.
13:15
And if we do so,
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Ukoliko to učinimo,
13:17
we can then simultaneously address
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možemo istovremeno riješiti
13:19
two of the most pressing
global challenges of our time:
global challenges of our time:
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dva najveća globalna
izazova našeg vremena,
izazova našeg vremena,
13:24
climate change and soil degradation.
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klimatske promjene i degradaciju tla.
13:26
And in the process, we would be able
to provide food and nutritional security
to provide food and nutritional security
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U isto vrijeme, moći ćemo osigurati
hranu i nutritivnu sigurnost
hranu i nutritivnu sigurnost
13:32
to our growing human family.
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našoj rastućoj ljudskoj zajednici.
13:35
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
13:36
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Asmeret Asefaw Berhe - Soil scientistAsmeret Asefaw Berhe is a soil and global-change scientist and educator passionate about all things related to the science and beauty of soils.
Why you should listen
As Asmeret Asefaw Berhe tells it: "My research investigates: 1) how the soil system controls the earth's climate, in particular how otherwise thermodynamically unstable organic compounds can remain in soil for up to millennia, and 2) the dynamic two-way relationship between human communities and the soil system that we depend on for our food and nutritional security, and the socio-political implications of land degradation.
"I have a strong commitment towards education, outreach and mentoring. I am driven to ensure that scientific education and careers are equally accessible to people from all walks of life, and that academic workplaces are free from bias and harassment."
Asmeret Asefaw Berhe | Speaker | TED.com