TED2019
Asmeret Asefaw Berhe: A climate change solution that's right under our feet
艾斯莫瑞特·艾思飞·博贺: 气候变化的解决方案就在我们脚下
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地球土壤中的碳含量比其所有植被和大气中碳含量的总和要多出两倍。生物地球化学家艾斯莫瑞特·艾思飞·博贺（Asmeret Asefaw Berhe）把大家带进土壤学，并分享了相关知识，即我们如何可以利用土壤强大的碳汇能力来抵消气候变化。她说：“（土壤）代表了地球系统中有无生命之别，只要我们不再视其为粪土，它还可以帮助我们应对气候变化。”
Asmeret Asefaw Berhe - Soil scientist
Asmeret Asefaw Berhe is a soil and global-change scientist and educator passionate about all things related to the science and beauty of soils. Full bio
Asmeret Asefaw Berhe is a soil and global-change scientist and educator passionate about all things related to the science and beauty of soils. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So one of the most important solutions
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气候变化带来了全球性的挑战，
00:15
to the global challenge
posed by climate change
posed by climate change
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而应对这一挑战的一个
最重要的解决方案，
最重要的解决方案，
00:18
lies right under our foot every day.
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每天都在我们的脚下。
00:22
It's soil.
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土壤。
00:24
Soil's just the thin veil
that covers the surface of land,
that covers the surface of land,
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虽然土壤只是浅浅地覆盖着
地球表面的那一层，
地球表面的那一层，
00:29
but it has the power to shape
our planet's destiny.
our planet's destiny.
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但它却能决定我们地球的命运。
00:34
See, a six-foot or so of soil,
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一片厚度 6 英尺左右的土壤，
00:37
loose soil material
that covers the earth's surface,
that covers the earth's surface,
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即覆盖着地球表面松松的土料，
00:41
represents the difference between life
and lifelessness in the earth system,
and lifelessness in the earth system,
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可意味着在这地球上有无生命之别，
00:47
and it can also help us
combat climate change
combat climate change
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只要我们不视之如粪土，
00:50
if we can only stop treating it like dirt.
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它还可以帮助我们应对气候变化。
00:54
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
00:56
Climate change is happening,
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气候正在发生变化，
00:58
the earth's atmosphere is warming,
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地球的大气层正在变暖，
01:00
because of the increasing amount
of greenhouse gases
of greenhouse gases
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因为我们不断向大气层释放
01:03
we keep releasing into the atmosphere.
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越来越多的温室气体。
01:06
You all know that.
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这是众所周知的。
01:08
But what I assume you might not have heard
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但我猜想你们可能还没听说过，
01:10
is that one of the most important things
our human society could do
our human society could do
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为应对气候变化，
我们人类社会可以做的
最重要事情之一
最重要事情之一
01:15
to address climate change
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01:17
lies right there in the soil.
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就在这土壤里。
01:21
I'm a soil scientist who has been
studying soil since I was 18,
studying soil since I was 18,
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我是一名土壤学家，
我从 18 岁起就开始研究土壤，
我从 18 岁起就开始研究土壤，
01:26
because I'm interested in unlocking
the secrets of soil
the secrets of soil
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因为我有兴趣揭开土壤的秘密，
01:29
and helping people understand this
really important climate change solution.
really important climate change solution.
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并帮助人们了解这个十分重要的
气候变化解决方案。
气候变化解决方案。
01:35
So here are the facts about climate.
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我来讲一下有关气候的实际情况。
01:38
The concentration of carbon dioxide
in the earth's atmosphere
in the earth's atmosphere
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就在过去大约 150 年期间，
01:41
has increased by 40 percent
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地球大气中的二氧化碳浓度
01:44
just in the last 150 years or so.
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增加了 40%。
01:46
Human actions are now releasing
9.4 billion metric tons of carbon
9.4 billion metric tons of carbon
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人类活动现正向大气释放
01:52
into the atmosphere,
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94 亿吨碳，
01:54
from activities
such as burning fossil fuels
such as burning fossil fuels
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这些活动包括燃烧化石燃料、
01:58
and intensive agricultural practices,
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进行密集的农业生产活动，
02:01
and other ways we change
the way we use land,
the way we use land,
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以及我们改变土地用途的其他方法，
02:03
including deforestation.
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包括砍伐森林。
02:07
But the concentration of carbon dioxide
that stays in the atmosphere
that stays in the atmosphere
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但大气中的二氧化碳浓度
02:12
is only increasing by about half of that,
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只约增加了一半，
02:16
and that's because half of the carbon
we keep releasing into the atmosphere
we keep releasing into the atmosphere
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这是因为我们不断释放到大气中的碳，
02:20
is currently being taken up
by land and the seas
by land and the seas
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目前有一半正被陆地和海洋吸收，
02:24
through a process we know
as carbon sequestration.
as carbon sequestration.
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我们称这个过程为碳封存。
02:27
So in essence, whatever consequence
you think we're facing
you think we're facing
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所以从根本上来说，不管你认为
我们现正面临气候变化
我们现正面临气候变化
02:32
from climate change right now,
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带来的后果是什么，
02:34
we're only experiencing the consequence
of 50 percent of our pollution,
of 50 percent of our pollution,
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我们只遭受了 50%
的污染所产生的后果，
的污染所产生的后果，
02:41
because the natural ecosystems
are bailing us out.
are bailing us out.
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因为自然生态系统在拯救我们。
02:45
But don't get too comfortable,
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但是不要太过于掉以轻心了，
02:47
because we have two major things
working against us right now.
working against us right now.
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因为现在有两件事对我们不利。
02:52
One: unless we do something big,
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第一：除非我们采取大规模
02:57
and then fast,
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且快速的行动，
02:59
emissions will continue to rise.
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否则排放量将持续上升。
03:02
And second: the ability
of these natural ecosystems
of these natural ecosystems
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第二：自然生态系统有能力
03:07
to take up carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere
from the atmosphere
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从大气中吸收二氧化碳
03:10
and sequester it in the natural habitats
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并将其隔离在自然栖息地，
03:13
is currently getting compromised,
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而它的这一能力目前正受到损害，
03:15
as they're experiencing serious
degradation because of human actions.
degradation because of human actions.
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因为人类的活动，
这种能力正经历严重退化。
这种能力正经历严重退化。
03:21
So it's not entirely clear
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因此，如果我们继续
像往常一样行动，
像往常一样行动，
03:23
that we will continue to get bailed out
by these natural ecosystems
by these natural ecosystems
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是否会继续得到这些
自然生态系统的帮助而摆脱困境，
自然生态系统的帮助而摆脱困境，
03:27
if we continue on this
business-as-usual path that we've been.
business-as-usual path that we've been.
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还尚不明确。
03:33
Here's where the soil comes in:
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下面我来说说土壤的作用：
03:35
there is about three thousand billion
metric tons of carbon in the soil.
metric tons of carbon in the soil.
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土壤里约含有三万亿吨的碳，
03:40
That's roughly about 315 times
the amount of carbon
the amount of carbon
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这大约是我们目前释放到
03:43
that we release
into the atmosphere currently.
into the atmosphere currently.
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大气中碳量的 315 倍，
03:46
And there's twice more carbon in soil
than there is in vegetation and air.
than there is in vegetation and air.
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土壤中的碳含量超出
植被和空气中的碳含量两倍多。
植被和空气中的碳含量两倍多。
03:52
Think about that for a second.
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我们就此来想一下，
03:54
There's more carbon in soil
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土壤中的碳量
03:56
than there is in all
of the world's vegetation,
of the world's vegetation,
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大于世界上所有植被中的含量，
04:00
including the lush tropical rainforests
and the giant sequoias,
and the giant sequoias,
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这些植被包括茂密的热带雨林
和巨大的红杉、
和巨大的红杉、
04:05
the expansive grasslands,
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广阔的草原、
04:08
all of the cultivated systems,
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所有的耕地，
04:11
and every kind of flora you can imagine
on the face of the earth,
on the face of the earth,
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以及你能想到
在地球表面的每一种植物群，
在地球表面的每一种植物群，
04:15
plus all the carbon that's currently
up in the atmosphere, combined,
up in the atmosphere, combined,
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加上目前在大气中的所有的碳，
全部加起来，
全部加起来，
04:20
and then twice over.
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还多出两倍。
04:23
Hence, a very small change
in the amount of carbon stored in soil
in the amount of carbon stored in soil
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因此，土壤中所储存的
碳量有点小变化
碳量有点小变化
04:28
can make a big difference
in maintenance of the earth's atmosphere.
in maintenance of the earth's atmosphere.
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就能对维持地球大气产生很大的影响。
04:34
But soil's not just simply
a storage box for carbon, though.
a storage box for carbon, though.
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但是土壤不只是一个碳储存箱，
04:38
It operates more like a bank account,
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它的运作更像是个银行账户，
04:41
and the amount of carbon
that's in soil at any given time
that's in soil at any given time
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在任何时候，土壤中的碳量
04:44
is a function of the amount of carbon
coming in and out of the soil.
coming in and out of the soil.
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都跟进出土壤的碳量密切相关。
04:49
Carbon comes into the soil
through the process of photosynthesis,
through the process of photosynthesis,
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碳通过光合作用进入土壤，
04:53
when green plants take carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere
from the atmosphere
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绿色植物从大气中吸收二氧化碳，
04:56
and use it to make their bodies,
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并用它来生长植物体，
04:59
and upon death,
their bodies enter the soil.
their bodies enter the soil.
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植物死亡时，就会进入土壤，
05:02
And carbon leaves the soil
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这些原来活着的生物体死后，
05:04
and goes right back up into the atmosphere
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由于微生物的活动
使其在土壤中腐烂，
使其在土壤中腐烂，
05:07
when the bodies of those
formerly living organisms
formerly living organisms
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这时碳离开土壤，
05:10
decay in soil by the activity of microbes.
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再回到大气层。
05:14
See, decomposition releases
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,
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腐烂分解释放出
二氧化碳进入大气，
二氧化碳进入大气，
05:18
as well as other greenhouse gases
such as methane and nitrous oxide,
such as methane and nitrous oxide,
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还有其他温室气体
如甲烷和一氧化二氮，
如甲烷和一氧化二氮，
05:22
but it also releases all the nutrients
we all need to survive.
we all need to survive.
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但它还会释放出我们生存
所需的所有营养。
所需的所有营养。
05:28
One of the things that makes soil
such a fundamental component
such a fundamental component
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土壤之所以是任何减缓气候变化战略
05:32
of any climate change mitigation strategy
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的基本组成部分，
05:35
is because it represents
a long-term storage of carbon.
a long-term storage of carbon.
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原因之一就是因为它
代表着长期的碳储存。
代表着长期的碳储存。
05:39
Carbon that would have lasted
maybe a year or two
maybe a year or two
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如果碳被留在土壤表面，
05:43
in decaying residue
if it was left on the surface
if it was left on the surface
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它可能会在腐烂的
残渣中留存一两年，
残渣中留存一两年，
05:46
can stay in soil for hundreds of years,
even thousands and more.
even thousands and more.
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但碳在土壤里则可以保存数百年，
甚至数千年以上。
甚至数千年以上。
05:52
Soil biogeochemists like me
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像我这样的土壤生物地球化学家
05:55
study exactly how the soil system
makes this possible,
makes this possible,
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就在研究土壤系统
是如何使这成为可能的，
是如何使这成为可能的，
05:59
by locking away the carbon
in physical association with minerals,
in physical association with minerals,
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通过将碳锁在与矿物的物理联系中，
06:04
inside aggregates of soil minerals,
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锁在土壤矿物的内部聚集物中，
06:07
and formation of strong chemical bonds
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并形成牢固的化学键，
06:11
that bind the carbon
to the surfaces of the minerals.
to the surfaces of the minerals.
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将碳与矿物表面结合在一起。
06:16
See when carbon is entrapped in soil,
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当碳被包裹在土里，
06:18
in these kinds of associations
with soil minerals,
with soil minerals,
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与土壤矿物相结合，
06:21
even the wiliest of the microbes
can't easily degrade it.
can't easily degrade it.
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即使是最狡猾的微生物
也难以轻易地分解它。
也难以轻易地分解它。
06:25
And carbon that's not degrading fast
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而无法快速降解的碳
06:28
is carbon that's not going back
into the atmosphere as greenhouse gases.
into the atmosphere as greenhouse gases.
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是不会作为温室气体返回大气的。
06:33
But the benefit of carbon sequestration
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但是，碳封存的好处
06:35
is not just limited
to climate change mitigation.
to climate change mitigation.
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不只是限于缓解气候变化，
06:39
Soil that stores large amounts of carbon
is healthy, fertile, soft.
is healthy, fertile, soft.
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储存大量碳的土壤
会很健康、肥沃、柔软，
会很健康、肥沃、柔软，
06:45
It's malleable. It's workable.
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它具有适应性，适合耕种。
06:48
It makes it like a sponge.
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碳让土壤变得像海绵，
06:51
It can hold on to
a lot of water and nutrients.
a lot of water and nutrients.
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它能保持大量的水分和营养。
06:55
Healthy and fertile soils like this
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像这样健康肥沃的土壤
06:57
support the most dynamic, abundant
and diverse habitat for living things
and diverse habitat for living things
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为我们所知的地球上
任何地方的生物都提供了
任何地方的生物都提供了
07:02
that we know of anywhere
on the earth system.
on the earth system.
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最具活力、最丰富
和最多样的栖息地。
和最多样的栖息地。
07:07
It makes life possible for everything
from the tiniest of the microbes,
from the tiniest of the microbes,
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它使得各种生命得以维持，
从最微小的微生物，
从最微小的微生物，
07:13
such as bacteria and fungi,
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如细菌和真菌，
07:15
all the way to higher plants,
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一直到更高等的植物，
07:18
and fulfills the food, feed
and fiber needs for all animals,
and fiber needs for all animals,
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并满足所有动物，包括你和我，
对食物、饲料和纤维的需要。
07:23
including you and I.
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07:25
So at this point, you would assume
that we should be treating soil
that we should be treating soil
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说到这儿，你可能会认为
07:29
like the precious resource that it is.
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我们应该将土壤视为宝贵资源，
07:32
Unfortunately, that's not the case.
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不幸的是，事实并非如此。
07:34
Soils around the world are experiencing
unprecedented rates of degradation
unprecedented rates of degradation
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世界各地的土壤正在经历
前所未有的退化率，
前所未有的退化率，
07:40
through a variety of human actions
that include deforestation,
that include deforestation,
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这是人类各种行为所导致的，
包括砍伐森林、
包括砍伐森林、
07:45
intensive agricultural production systems,
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密集的农业生产系统、
07:48
overgrazing,
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过度放牧、
07:49
excessive application
of agricultural chemicals,
of agricultural chemicals,
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过度使用农用化学品、
07:53
erosion and similar things.
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腐蚀和类似的行为。
07:57
Half of the world's soils
are currently considered degraded.
are currently considered degraded.
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目前世界上有一半
的土壤被视为退化了。
的土壤被视为退化了。
08:02
Soil degradation is bad for many reasons,
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从很多方面来说，
土壤退化都不是好事儿，
土壤退化都不是好事儿，
08:05
but let me just tell you a couple.
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我来跟大家讲几个原因。
08:08
One: degraded soils have diminished
potential to support plant productivity.
potential to support plant productivity.
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第一：退化了的土壤降低了
支持植物生长的潜力。
支持植物生长的潜力。
08:15
And hence, by degrading soil,
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因此，人类的行为导致土壤退化，
08:18
we're compromising our own abilities
to provide the food and other resources
to provide the food and other resources
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同时也危及了我们自己
提供食物和其他资源的能力，
提供食物和其他资源的能力，
08:23
that we need for us
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这些食物和其他资源是我们所需的，
08:25
and every member of living things
on the face of the earth.
on the face of the earth.
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也是生存于地球上
的每一种生物所需的。
的每一种生物所需的。
08:31
And second:
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第二：
08:34
soil use and degradation,
just in the last 200 years or so,
just in the last 200 years or so,
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在过去的200年里，
土壤的利用和退化，
土壤的利用和退化，
08:38
has released 12 times more carbon
into the atmosphere
into the atmosphere
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向大气中释放的碳
08:43
compared to the rate at
which we're releasing carbon
which we're releasing carbon
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是我们现在向大气中
08:47
into the atmosphere right now.
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释放碳的速度的12倍。
08:50
I'm afraid there's even more bad news.
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我得说还有更多坏消息，
08:52
This is a story of soils
at high latitudes.
at high latitudes.
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这是高纬度土壤的情况。
08:56
Peatlands in polar environments
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在极地环境中的泥炭地
08:59
store about a third
of the global soil carbon reserves.
of the global soil carbon reserves.
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储存着约三分之一
的全球土壤碳储量。
的全球土壤碳储量。
09:03
These peatlands have
a permanently frozen ground underneath,
a permanently frozen ground underneath,
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在这些泥炭地下面，
有一层永久冻结的土，
有一层永久冻结的土，
09:06
the permafrost,
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即永久冻土，
09:07
and the carbon was able to build up
in these soils over long periods of time
in these soils over long periods of time
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这些碳能够在这些土壤中长期累积，
09:13
because even though plants are able
to photosynthesize during the short,
to photosynthesize during the short,
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因为即使植物能够
在短暂且温暖的夏季
在短暂且温暖的夏季
09:18
warm summer months,
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进行光合作用，
09:20
the environment quickly
turns cold and dark,
turns cold and dark,
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那里的环境会迅速地变冷，
天色变黑，
天色变黑，
09:24
and then microbes are not able
to efficiently break down the residue.
to efficiently break down the residue.
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这样微生物就不能
有效地分解残留物。
有效地分解残留物。
09:28
So the soil carbon bank
in these polar environments
in these polar environments
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因此，在过去的几十万年间，
09:31
built up over hundreds
of thousands of years.
of thousands of years.
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在极地环境中的土壤碳库存
得以日积月累。
得以日积月累。
09:36
But right now, with atmospheric warming,
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但是现在，随着大气变暖，
09:39
the permafrost is thawing and draining.
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永久冻土正在融化和流失，
09:43
And when permafrost thaws and drains,
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而当永冻层融化并流失时，
09:46
it makes it possible
for microbes to come in
for microbes to come in
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微生物就有可能进入
09:49
and rather quickly
decompose all this carbon,
decompose all this carbon,
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并快速地分解所有这些碳，
09:52
with the potential to release hundreds
of billions of metric tons of carbon
of billions of metric tons of carbon
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有可能以温室气体的形式
09:57
into the atmosphere
in the form of greenhouse gases.
in the form of greenhouse gases.
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向大气释放数千亿吨碳。
10:01
And this release of additional
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere
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而这些向大气层释放
的额外温室气体
的额外温室气体
10:05
will only contribute to further warming
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只会导致进一步暖化，
10:08
that makes this predicament even worse,
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使这种困境更加恶化，
10:11
as it starts a self-reinforcing
positive feedback loop
positive feedback loop
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因为它开始了一个
自我增强的正反馈循环，
自我增强的正反馈循环，
10:17
that could go on and on and on,
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它会持续不断地循环，
10:19
dramatically changing our climate future.
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极大地改变我们的气候未来。
10:23
Fortunately, I can also tell you
that there is a solution
that there is a solution
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所幸的是，我们有一个办法，
10:28
for these two wicked problems
of soil degradation and climate change.
of soil degradation and climate change.
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来解决这两个糟糕的问题，
即土壤退化和气候变化。
即土壤退化和气候变化。
10:32
Just like we created these problems,
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就像我们制造了这些问题一样，
10:35
we do know the solution,
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我们的确知道解决的办法，
10:37
and the solution lies
in simultaneously working
in simultaneously working
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那就是
10:40
to address these two things together,
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要通过我们称之为
气候智能土地管理办法
气候智能土地管理办法
10:43
through what we call
climate-smart land management practices.
climate-smart land management practices.
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来同时处理这两个问题。
10:48
What do I mean here?
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这是什么意思呢？
10:49
I mean managing land
in a way that's smart
in a way that's smart
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意思是要以明智的方式来管理土地，
10:53
about maximizing
how much carbon we store in soil.
how much carbon we store in soil.
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使土壤中的碳存量最大化。
10:57
And we can accomplish this
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我们可以通过以下方式
来实现这一目标，
来实现这一目标，
10:59
by putting in place
deep-rooted perennial plants,
deep-rooted perennial plants,
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种植深根性的多年生植物，
11:03
putting back forests whenever possible,
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尽可能恢复森林，
11:06
reducing tillage and other disturbances
from agricultural practices,
from agricultural practices,
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减少耕作和其他农业活动的干扰，
11:10
including optimizing the use
of agricultural chemicals and grazing
of agricultural chemicals and grazing
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包括优化使用农用化学品和放牧，
11:15
and even adding carbon to soil,
whenever possible,
whenever possible,
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甚至尽可能地用可循环利用的资源，
11:19
from recycled resources
such as compost and even human waste.
such as compost and even human waste.
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如堆肥，甚至人类的排泄物，
给土壤添加碳。
给土壤添加碳。
11:24
This kind of land stewardship
is not a radical idea.
is not a radical idea.
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这种土地管理并不是
一个激进的想法，
一个激进的想法，
11:29
It's what made it possible
for fertile soils
for fertile soils
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这是自古以来，让土壤肥沃，
11:32
to be able to support human civilizations
since time immemorial.
since time immemorial.
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使之能够抚育人类文明的方法。
11:37
In fact, some are doing it just right now.
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事实上，现在有人正是这么做的。
11:41
There's a global effort underway
to accomplish exactly this goal.
to accomplish exactly this goal.
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目前在全球范围内，人们
正在采取一项措施要实现这一目标，
正在采取一项措施要实现这一目标，
11:46
This effort that started in France
is known as the "4 per 1000" effort,
is known as the "4 per 1000" effort,
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这项措施始于法国，
它被称为“千分之四”措施，
它被称为“千分之四”措施，
11:51
and it sets an aspirational goal
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它设定了一个雄心勃勃的目标，
11:55
to increase the amount of carbon
stored in soil by 0.4 percent annually,
stored in soil by 0.4 percent annually,
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每年将土壤中的碳存量增加 0.4%，
12:03
using the same kind of climate-smart
land management practices
land management practices
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运用我前面提到的同样的
气候智能土地管理办法。
12:06
I mentioned earlier.
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12:08
And if this effort's fully successful,
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如果这项措施大获成功，
12:12
it can offset a third
of the global emissions
of the global emissions
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那它可以抵消三分之一
12:15
of fossil-fuel-derived carbon
into the atmosphere.
into the atmosphere.
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全球排放到大气层中的化石燃料碳。
12:19
But even if this effort
is not fully successful,
is not fully successful,
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但即使不完全成功，
12:23
but we just start heading
in that direction,
in that direction,
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我们只是开始朝着那个方向迈进，
12:26
we still end up with soils
that are healthier, more fertile,
that are healthier, more fertile,
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我们最终还是会获得
更健康、更肥沃的土壤，
更健康、更肥沃的土壤，
12:31
are able to produce all the food
and resources that we need
and resources that we need
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生产出我们所需的所有食物和资源，
12:35
for human populations and more,
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满足人类的需求，
12:37
and also soils that are better capable
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甚至土壤也能更好地
12:40
of sequestering carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere
from the atmosphere
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将大气中的二氧化碳隔离，
12:43
and helping with
climate change mitigation.
climate change mitigation.
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帮助缓解气候变化。
12:47
I'm pretty sure that's what politicians
call a win-win solution.
call a win-win solution.
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我很肯定，这就是政客们
所说的双赢解决方案。
所说的双赢解决方案。
12:51
And we all can have a role to play here.
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我们大家都可以在此尽一份力，
12:55
We can start by treating the soil
with the respect that it deserves:
with the respect that it deserves:
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我们可以从尊重土壤开始，
让其获得应有的尊重：
让其获得应有的尊重：
13:01
respect for its ability
as the basis of all life on earth,
as the basis of all life on earth,
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尊重其作为地球上
所有生命基础的能力，
所有生命基础的能力，
13:06
respect for its ability to serve
as a carbon bank
as a carbon bank
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尊重其作为碳库的能力，
13:10
and respect for its ability
to control our climate.
to control our climate.
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尊重其控制气候的能力。
13:15
And if we do so,
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如果我们这么做，
13:17
we can then simultaneously address
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我们就可以同时应对
13:19
two of the most pressing
global challenges of our time:
global challenges of our time:
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我们这个时代最紧迫的
两个全球性的挑战：
两个全球性的挑战：
13:24
climate change and soil degradation.
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气候变化和土壤退化。
13:26
And in the process, we would be able
to provide food and nutritional security
to provide food and nutritional security
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在这个过程中，我们将能够
为我们人类家庭的成长
为我们人类家庭的成长
13:32
to our growing human family.
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提供足够的食物和营养保障。
13:35
Thank you.
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谢谢。
13:36
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Asmeret Asefaw Berhe - Soil scientistAsmeret Asefaw Berhe is a soil and global-change scientist and educator passionate about all things related to the science and beauty of soils.
Why you should listen
As Asmeret Asefaw Berhe tells it: "My research investigates: 1) how the soil system controls the earth's climate, in particular how otherwise thermodynamically unstable organic compounds can remain in soil for up to millennia, and 2) the dynamic two-way relationship between human communities and the soil system that we depend on for our food and nutritional security, and the socio-political implications of land degradation.
"I have a strong commitment towards education, outreach and mentoring. I am driven to ensure that scientific education and careers are equally accessible to people from all walks of life, and that academic workplaces are free from bias and harassment."
Asmeret Asefaw Berhe | Speaker | TED.com