Small Thing Big Idea
Caroline Weaver: Why the pencil is perfect
Caroline Weaver: Prečo je ceruzka dokonalá
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Prečo majú ceruzky šesťuholníkový tvar a sú typickej žltej farby? Caroline Weaver, majiteľka predajne ceruziek, nás zavedie do tajov fascinujúcej histórie ceruziek.
Caroline Weaver - Author, pencil store owner
Caroline Weaver owns CW Pencil Enterprise, a wood-cased pencil specialty shop in New York City. Full bio
Caroline Weaver owns CW Pencil Enterprise, a wood-cased pencil specialty shop in New York City. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The sound is a really big part, I think,
of the experience of using a pencil,
of the experience of using a pencil,
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Myslím si, že zvuk do značnej miery
charakterizuje písanie ceruzkou.
charakterizuje písanie ceruzkou.
00:15
and it has this really
audible scratchiness.
audible scratchiness.
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Je ju naozaj počuť škrípať.
00:19
(Scratching)
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(škrípanie)
00:22
[Small thing. Big idea.]
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[Malá vec. Veľká myšlienka.]
00:25
[Caroline Weaver on
the Pencil]
the Pencil]
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[Caroline Weaver na tému Ceruzka]
00:28
The pencil is a very simple object.
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Ceruzka je veľmi jednoduchý predmet.
00:30
It's made of wood
with some layers of paint
with some layers of paint
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Je z dreva a má niekoľko vrstiev farby,
00:33
an eraser and a core,
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gumu a tuhu
00:34
which is made out of graphite,
clay and water.
clay and water.
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vyrobenú z grafitu, ílu a vody.
00:37
Yeah, it took hundreds
of people over centuries
of people over centuries
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Áno, stovkám ľudí trvalo celé storočia
00:39
to come to this design.
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objaviť tento dizajn.
00:41
And it's that long history
of collaboration
of collaboration
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A práve táto dlhá história spolupráce ju,
00:44
that, to me, makes it
a very perfect object.
a very perfect object.
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podľa mňa, veľmi zdokonalila.
00:48
The story of the pencil
starts with graphite.
starts with graphite.
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Príbeh ceruzky sa začína grafitom.
00:50
People started finding
really useful applications
really useful applications
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Ľudia začali nachádzať
mnoho užitočných použití
mnoho užitočných použití
00:53
for this new substance.
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tejto novej látky.
00:54
They cut it into small sticks
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Rezali ju na malé tyčinky,
00:57
and wrapped it in string
or sheepskin or paper
or sheepskin or paper
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ktoré obaľovali špagátom,
ovčou kožou či papierom,
ovčou kožou či papierom,
00:59
and sold it on the streets of London
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a predávali na uliciach Londýna
01:01
to be used for writing or for drawing
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na písanie či maľovanie.
01:03
or, a lot of times,
by farmers and shepherds,
by farmers and shepherds,
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Často ich používali farmári a pastieri
01:06
who used it to mark their animals.
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na značkovanie zvierat.
01:08
Over in France,
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Vo Francúzsku vynašiel
01:09
Nicolas-Jacques Conté figured out a method
of grinding the graphite,
of grinding the graphite,
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Nicolas-Jacques Conté metódu
brúsenia grafitu.
brúsenia grafitu.
01:13
mixing it with powdered clay
and water to make a paste.
and water to make a paste.
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Zmiešal ho s práškovým ílom a vodou
a vytvoril tak pastu.
a vytvoril tak pastu.
01:16
From there, this paste was filled
into a mold and fired in a kiln,
into a mold and fired in a kiln,
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Túto pastu potom naplnil do foriem
a vypálil v peci,
a vypálil v peci,
01:19
and the result was
a really strong graphite core
a really strong graphite core
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čoho výsledkom bola
veľmi tvrdá grafitová tuha,
veľmi tvrdá grafitová tuha,
01:22
that wasn't breakable,
that was smooth, usable --
that was smooth, usable --
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ktorá sa nelámala
a bola jemná a použiteľná.
a bola jemná a použiteľná.
01:25
it was so much better than anything else
that existed at the time,
that existed at the time,
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Bolo to to najlepšie,
čo v tom čase existovalo,
čo v tom čase existovalo,
01:29
and to this day, that's the method
that's still used in making pencils.
that's still used in making pencils.
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a ceruzky sa takto vyrábajú dodnes.
01:33
Meanwhile, over in America,
in Concord, Massachusetts,
in Concord, Massachusetts,
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Medzitým v Amerike, v meste
Concord v Massachusetts,
Concord v Massachusetts,
01:36
it was Henry David Thoreau
who came up with the grading scale
who came up with the grading scale
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Henry David Thoreau vytvoril
01:39
for different hardnesses of pencil.
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stupnicu tvrdosti ceruziek.
01:41
It was graded one through four,
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Siahala od 1 po 4,
01:43
number two being the ideal
hardness for general use.
hardness for general use.
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pričom číslo 2 je ideálna tvrdosť
na všeobecné použitie.
na všeobecné použitie.
01:47
The softer the pencil,
the more graphite it had in it,
the more graphite it had in it,
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Čím je ceruzka mäkšia,
tým viac grafitu obsahuje
tým viac grafitu obsahuje
01:49
and the darker and smoother
the line will be.
the line will be.
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a tým tmavšia a jemnejšia bude čiara.
01:53
The firmer the pencil,
the more clay it had in it
the more clay it had in it
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Čím je ceruzka tvrdšia,
tým obsahuje viac ílu
tým obsahuje viac ílu
01:55
and the lighter and finer it will be.
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a čiara bude tým svetlejšia a tenšia.
01:58
Originally, when pencils were handmade,
they were made round.
they were made round.
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Pôvodne, keď sa ceruzky vyrábali ručne,
boli okrúhle.
boli okrúhle.
02:01
There was no easy way to make them,
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Nevyrábali sa jednoducho,
02:03
and it was the Americans
who really mechanized the craft.
who really mechanized the craft.
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až Američania toto remeslo zmechanizovali.
02:06
A lot of people credit Joseph Dixon
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Mnohí považujú Josepha Dixona
02:08
for being one of the first people
to start developing actual machines
to start developing actual machines
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za jedného z prvých vývojárov dnešných strojov
02:12
to do things like cut wood slats,
cut grooves into the wood,
cut grooves into the wood,
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na rezanie drevených líšt,
vyrezávanie drážok do dreva
vyrezávanie drážok do dreva
02:16
apply glue to them ...
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alebo ich lepenie...
02:17
And they figured out
it was easier and less wasteful
it was easier and less wasteful
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Zistilo sa, že je jednoduchšie
a hospodárnejšie
a hospodárnejšie
02:20
to do a hexagonal pencil,
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vyrábať šesťuholníkové ceruzky.
02:22
and so that became the standard.
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Stali sa preto štandardom.
02:24
Since the early days of pencils,
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Už od počiatku ceruziek
02:26
people have loved that they can be erased.
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sa ľuďom veľmi páčilo,
že sa dajú vygumovať.
že sa dajú vygumovať.
02:29
Originally, it was bread crumbs
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Najprv sa na gumovanie
02:31
that were used
to scratch away pencil marks
to scratch away pencil marks
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používali omrvinky z chleba
02:33
and later, rubber and pumice.
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a neskôr guma a pemza.
02:35
The attached eraser happened in 1858,
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Ceruzka s gumou sa objavila v roku 1858,
02:38
when American stationer
Hymen Lipman patented the first pencil
Hymen Lipman patented the first pencil
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keď americký predajca písacích potrieb
Hymen Lipman patentoval
Hymen Lipman patentoval
02:42
with an attached eraser,
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prvú ceruzku s gumou.
02:44
which really changed the pencil game.
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Tým sa výroba ceruziek výrazne zmenila.
02:46
The world's first yellow pencil
was the KOH-I-NOOR 1500.
was the KOH-I-NOOR 1500.
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Prvou žltou ceruzkou na svete
bola KOH-I-NOOR 1500.
bola KOH-I-NOOR 1500.
02:50
KOH-I-NOOR did this crazy thing
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Firma KOH-I-NOOR naozaj prekvapila,
02:51
where they painted this pencil
with 14 coats of yellow paint
with 14 coats of yellow paint
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keď túto ceruzku natrela
14 vrstvami žltej farby
14 vrstvami žltej farby
02:54
and dipped the end in 14-carat gold.
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a ponorila koniec do 14-karátového zlata.
02:57
There is a pencil for everyone,
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Existuje ceruzka pre každého
02:59
and every pencil has a story.
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a každá ceruzka má svoj príbeh.
03:02
The Blackwing 602 is famous
for being used by a lot of writers,
for being used by a lot of writers,
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Blackwing 602 je známa tým, že ju
používalo veľa spisovateľov,
používalo veľa spisovateľov,
03:06
especially John Steinbeck
and Vladimir Nabokov.
and Vladimir Nabokov.
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spomeniem Johna Steinbecka
a Vladimíra Nabokova.
a Vladimíra Nabokova.
03:09
And then, you have
the Dixon pencil company.
the Dixon pencil company.
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Potom existuje spoločnosť Dixon,
03:12
They're responsible
for the Dixon Ticonderoga.
for the Dixon Ticonderoga.
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ktorá je zodpovedná za Dixon Ticonderogu.
03:15
It's an icon,
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Je to ikona,
03:16
it's what people think of
when they think of a pencil
when they think of a pencil
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ktorú si každý predstaví,
03:18
and what they think of
when they think of school.
when they think of school.
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keď sa povie ceruzka alebo škola.
03:21
And the pencil's really
a thing that, I think,
a thing that, I think,
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Bežný používateľ podľa mňa naozaj
03:23
the average user
has never thought twice about,
has never thought twice about,
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dvakrát nerozmýšľa, ako sa vyrába
03:25
how it's made or why it's made
the way it is,
the way it is,
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alebo prečo sa vyrába, tak ako sa vyrába,
03:28
because it's just always been that way.
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lebo sa proste nikdy nevyrábala inak.
03:31
In my opinion, there's nothing
that can be done
that can be done
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Myslím si, že ceruzku už viac
03:33
to make the pencil better than it is.
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nie je možné viac vylepšiť.
03:36
It's perfect.
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Je dokonalá.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Caroline Weaver - Author, pencil store ownerCaroline Weaver owns CW Pencil Enterprise, a wood-cased pencil specialty shop in New York City.
Why you should listen
Grown from a lifelong interest and opened in 2015, Caroline Weaver's shop has garnered the attention of the New York Times, Bloomberg, the Wall Street Journal and many other publications for its faithful dedication single object and its playful design. Weaver is also the author of The Pencil Perfect: the Untold Story of a Cultural Icon, a book on pencil history published by Gestalten in 2017.
Caroline Weaver | Speaker | TED.com