TEDxDublin
Simon Berrow: How do you save a shark you know nothing about?
Simon Bero (Simon Berrow): Kako spasiti ajkulu o kojoj ne znate ništa?
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One su druga najveća vrsta ribe na svetu, skoro da su izumrle i mi znamo veoma malo o njima. Na konferenciji TEDxDablin, Simon Bero opisuje fascinantne goleme ajkule ("Velika sunčana riba" na irskom) i neverovatne, izuzetno jednostavne, metode koje je naučio da koristi kako bi ih spasao.
Simon Berrow - Marine biologist
Simon Berrow is a marine biologist dedicated to studying and preserving the basking shark. Full bio
Simon Berrow is a marine biologist dedicated to studying and preserving the basking shark. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Basking sharks are awesome creatures. They are just magnificent.
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Goleme ajkule su neverovatna stvorenja. One su prosto božanstvene.
00:18
They grow 10 meters long.
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Mogu da dosegnu dužinu od 10 metara,
00:20
Some say bigger.
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neki smatraju i više.
00:22
They might weigh up to two tons.
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Mogu da budu teške i do dve tone,
00:24
Some say up to five tons.
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neki smatraju i do pet tona.
00:26
They're the second largest fish in the world.
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One su druga najveća vrsta ribe na svetu.
00:28
They're also harmless plankton-feeding animals.
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U pitanju je bezopasna vrsta koja se hrani planktonom.
00:31
And they are thought to be able
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Smatra se da mogu
00:33
to filter a cubic kilometer of water every hour
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da filtriraju jedan kubni kilometar vode na sat
00:36
and can feed on 30 kilos of zoo plankton a day to survive.
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i da opstanu sa 30 kg zooplanktona na dan.
00:39
They're fantastic creatures.
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To su neverovatna bića.
00:41
And we're very lucky in Ireland, we have plenty of basking sharks
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I mi, u Irskoj, imamo sreće jer postoji puno golemih
ajkula,
ajkula,
00:44
and plenty of opportunities to study them.
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kao i prilika da ih izučavamo.
00:46
They were also very important to coast communities
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Goleme ajkule bile su veoma značajne za priobalne
zajednice
zajednice
00:48
going back hundreds of years,
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stotinama godina unazad,
00:50
especially the around the Claddagh, Duff, Connemara region
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pre svega u oblastima Kladag, Daf i Konemara,
00:53
where subsistence farmers used to sail out
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gde su mali zemljoradnici imali običaj da otplove
00:55
on their hookers and open boats
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na jedrenjacima i čamcima,
00:57
sometimes way off shore, sometimes to a place called the Sunfish Bank,
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katkad daleko od obale, katkad do mesta zvanog Sanfiš Benk,
00:59
which is about 30 miles west of Achill Island,
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koje se nalazi oko 48 kilometara zapadno od ostrva Akil,
01:01
to kill the basking sharks.
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kako bi lovili goleme ajkule.
01:03
This is an old woodcut from the 17, 1800s.
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Ovo je stari drvorez iz 1700., 1800. godine,
01:05
So they were very important, and they were important for the oil out of their liver.
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koji pokazuje da su se u to vreme ljudi interesovali za ajkule, pre svega zbog ulja u njihovim jetrama.
01:08
A third of the size of the basking shark is their liver, and it's full of oil.
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Trećina dužine ajkulinog tela se sastoji od jetre, koja sadrži
velike količine ulja.
velike količine ulja.
01:10
You get gallons of oil from their liver.
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Može se prikupiti desetine litara ulja iz njihove jetre.
01:12
And that oil was used especially for lighting,
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To ulje se koristilo pre svega za rasvetu,
01:14
but also for dressing wounds and other things.
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ali i za lečenje rana i u druge svrhe.
01:16
In fact, the streetlights in 1742
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Naime, 1742. godine, za uličnu rasvetu u
01:18
of Galway, Dublin and Waterford
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Galveju, Dablinu i Vaterfordu,
01:20
were linked with sunfish oil.
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koristilo se ulje ribe-sunce.
01:22
And "sunfish" is one of the words for basking sharks.
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"Riba sunce" je jedan od naziva za golemu ajkulu.
01:24
So they were incredibly important animals.
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Bile su to veoma značajne životinje.
01:26
They've been around a long time, have been very important to coast communities.
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Prisutne su u morima od pamtiveka, zato
su toliko bitne za priobalne zajednice.
su toliko bitne za priobalne zajednice.
01:29
Probably the best documented basking shark fishery in the world
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Verovatno najbolje dokumentovani lov na golemu
ajkulu na svetu
ajkulu na svetu
01:32
is that from Achill Island.
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je onaj sa ostrva Akil.
01:34
This is Keem Bay up in Achill Island.
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Ovo je zaliv Kim na Akilovom ostrvu.
01:36
And sharks used to come into the bay.
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Ajkule su imale običaj da posećuju zaliv.
01:39
And the fishermen would tie a net off the headland,
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Ribari su vezivali mrežu na sam kraj litice,
01:42
string it out along the other net.
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i razapinjali je do sledeće mreže.
01:44
And as the shark came round, it would hit the net, the net would collapse on it.
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Ajkula koja bi se našla u blizini bi udarila u mrežu, i
mreža bi pala pravo na nju,
mreža bi pala pravo na nju,
01:47
It would often drown and suffocate.
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usled čega bi ajkula najčešće potonula i udavila se.
01:49
Or at times, they would row out in their small currachs
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Ili bi pak povremeno odveslali u njihovim malim
čamcima
čamcima
01:52
and kill it with a lance through the back of the neck.
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i usmrtili ajkulu zabadajući joj koplje u predeo vrata.
01:54
And then they'd tow the sharks back to Purteen Harbor,
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Zatim bi se vratili sa plenom u luku Purten Harbor,
01:57
boil them up, use the oil.
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gde bi skuvali ajkule u kjlučaloj vodi i upotrebili jetreno
ulje.
ulje.
01:59
They used to use the flesh as well for fertilizer
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Takođe su koristili ajkulino meso kao đubrivo
02:02
and also would fin the sharks.
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i neretko su im odsecali peraja.
02:06
This is probably the biggest threat to sharks worldwide --
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Verovatno najveća pretnja za ajkule u svetu danas jeste
02:08
it is the finning of sharks.
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odsecanje njihovih peraja.
02:10
We're often all frightened of sharks thanks to "Jaws."
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Ljudi se uglavnom plaše ovih životinja zbog filma "Ajkula".
02:12
Maybe five or six people get killed
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Svake godine, možda pet ili šest osoba umre
02:14
by sharks every year.
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od napada ajkula.
02:16
There was someone recently, wasn't there? Just a couple weeks ago.
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Nedavno je jedna osoba poginula, zar ne? Pre nekoliko
nedelja ako se ne varam.
nedelja ako se ne varam.
02:19
We kill about 100 million sharks a year.
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Ljudi ubijaju oko 100 miliona ajkula godišnje.
02:22
So I don't know what the balance is,
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Zapravo ne verujem da postoji prava ravnoteža,
02:24
but I think sharks have got more right to be fearful of us than we have of them.
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ali sam ubeđen da ajkule imaju više razloga da se boje čoveka
nego mi njih.
nego mi njih.
02:27
It was a well-documented fishery,
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U pitanju je zasita dobro dokumentovan lov na ajkule,
02:29
and as you can see here, it peaked in the 50s
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i kao što možete videti, '50-ih godina XX veka je
dostignut vrhunac,
dostignut vrhunac,
02:31
where they were killing 1,500 sharks a year.
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kada je ubijano 1500 ajkula godišnje.
02:33
And it declined very fast -- a classic boom and bust fishery,
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Veoma brzo je usledio pad u aktivnostima - radi se o
klasičnom ubrzanom rastu i padu aktivnosti,
klasičnom ubrzanom rastu i padu aktivnosti,
02:36
which suggests that a stock has been depleted
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što ukazuje na činjenicu da su zalihe iscrpljene
02:39
or there's low reproductive rates.
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ili da je razmnožavanje vrste usporeno.
02:41
And they killed about 12,000 sharks in this period,
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Ubijeno je oko 12 000 ajkula u tom periodu,
02:43
literally just by stringing a manila rope
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tako što se postavljao običan kanap od konoplje
02:46
off the tip of Keem Bay
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u zalivu Kim
02:48
at Achill Island.
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na Akilovom ostrvu.
02:50
Sharks were still killed up into the mid-80s,
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Ljudi su i dalje ubijali ajkule sredinom '80-ih godina,
02:52
especially after places like Dunmore East in County Waterford.
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pogotovo u mestima kao što je Danmor Ist u okrugu
Vaterford.
Vaterford.
02:55
And about two and a half, 3,000 sharks were killed up till '85,
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I otprilike 2 500 do 3 000 ajkula je ubijeno do 1985. godine,
02:58
many by Norwegian vessels.
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veliki broj od strane norveških ribolovaca.
03:00
The black, you can't really see this, but these are Norwegian basking shark hunting vessels,
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Ne vidi se baš najbolje, ali crna boja označava
norveške brodove koji su se koristili za lov na ajkule,
norveške brodove koji su se koristili za lov na ajkule,
03:03
and the black line in the crow's nest
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što znači da crna linija na osmatračnici
03:05
signifies this is a shark vessel
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ukazuje da je u pitanju brod za lov na ajkule,
03:07
rather than a whaling vessel.
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a ne na kitove.
03:09
The importance of basking sharks to the coast communities
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Kroz jezik se vidi u kojoj meri su goleme ajkule
03:12
is recognized through the language.
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bile značajne za priobalne zajednice.
03:14
Now I don't pretend to have any Irish,
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Iako ne govorim tečno Irski,
03:16
but in Kerry they were often known as "Ainmhide na seolta,"
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znam da se u Keriju upotrebljava izraz "Ainmhide na seolta",
03:19
the monster with the sails.
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što znači neman sa dva peraja.
03:21
And another title would be "Liop an da lapa,"
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Takođe se koristi izraz "Liop an da lapa",
03:24
the unwieldy beast with two fins.
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nepokorna zver sa dva peraja.
03:27
"Liabhan mor," suggesting a big animal.
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Zatim imamo izraze "Liabhan mor", u prevodu velika životnja,
03:30
Or my favorite, "Liabhan chor greine,"
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kao i moj omiljeni "Liabhan chor greine",
03:32
the great fish of the sun.
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velika sunčeva riba.
03:34
And that's a lovely, evocative name.
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To je zaista zanimljiv naziv.
03:36
On Tory Island, which is a strange place anyway, they were known as muldoons,
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Na ostrvu Tori, koje je zapravo jako neobično mesto, zovu
ih "muldoons",
ih "muldoons",
03:39
and no one seems to know why.
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niko ne zna da kaže zašto.
03:41
Hope there's no one from Tory here; lovely place.
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Nadam se da niko u sali nije iz Torija; to je predivno mesto.
03:43
But more commonly all around the island,
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Na ostrvu su uglavnom bile poznate
03:46
they were known as the sunfish.
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kao sunčeve ribe.
03:48
And this represents their habit of basking on the surface when the sun is out.
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Ovde možemo videti kako se izležavaju na površini vode kada je sunčan dan.
03:51
There's great concern that basking sharks are depleted
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Postoji bojazan da su goleme ajkule postale izumiruća vrsta
03:54
all throughout the world.
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svuda u svetu.
03:56
Some people say it's not population decline.
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Neki smatraju da se ne radi o padu u broju jedinki.
03:58
It might be a change in the distribution of plankton.
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Moglo bi da se radi o promenama u distribuciji planktona.
04:00
And it's been suggested that basking sharks would make
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Smatra se da bi goleme ajkule mogle da budu
04:02
fantastic indicators of climate change,
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odličan pokazatelj klimatskih promena,
04:04
because they're basically continuous plankton recorders
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jer jedu plankton u rekordnim količinama
04:06
swimming around with their mouth open.
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plivajuću unaokolo sa otvorenim čeljustima.
04:08
They're now listed as vulnerable under the IUCN.
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One se danas nalaze na listi ugroženih vrsta IUCN.
04:11
There's also moves in Europe to try and stop catching them.
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U Evropi su pokrenute inicijative da se zaustavi lov na goleme ajkule.
04:14
There's now a ban on catching them and even landing them
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Zabranjeno je da se love ajkule i da se izvode na kopno,
04:17
and even landing ones that are caught accidentally.
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čak i one koje su slučajno ulovljene.
04:19
They're not protected in Ireland.
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U Irskoj nisu zaštićene.
04:21
In fact, they have no legislative status in Ireland whatsoever,
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Zapravo u Irskoj one nemaju nikakav legalan status,
04:23
despite our importance for the species
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uprkos našem interesovanju za tu vrstu
04:25
and also the historical context within which basking sharks reside.
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i istorijskom kontekstu u kome goleme ajkule opstaju.
04:29
We know very little about them.
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Veoma malo znamo o njima,
04:31
And most of what we do know
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a veliki deo onoga što znamo
04:33
is based on their habit of coming to the surface.
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proizlazi iz njihovog običaja da izranjaju na površinu.
04:35
And we try to guess what they're doing
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I mi pokušavamo da dokučimo šta rade
04:37
from their behavior on the surface.
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na osnovu njihovog ponašanja na površini.
04:39
I only found out last year, at a conference on the Isle of Man,
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Tek sam prošle godine otkrio, na konferenciji na ostrvu Man,
04:42
just how unusual it is to live somewhere
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koliko je neuobičajeno živeti na mestu
04:45
where basking sharks regularly, frequently and predictably
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gde goleme ajkule redovno, učestalo i predvidljivo
04:48
come to the surface to "bask."
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izranjaju na površinu kako bi "lenčarile".
04:50
And it's a fantastic opportunity in science
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Za naučnike je to zaista neverovatna prilika
04:52
to see and experience basking sharks,
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da vide i upoznaju goleme ajkule,
04:54
and they are awesome creatures.
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ta fantastična stvorenja.
04:56
And it gives us a fantastic opportunity to actually study them, to get access to them.
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I to nam pruža neverovatnu mogućnost da ih izučavamo,
da im se konačno približimo.
da im se konačno približimo.
04:59
So what we've been doing a couple of years -- but last year was a big year --
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Zato smo pre par godina - iako je prošla bila udarna -
05:02
is we started tagging sharks
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počeli da obeležavamo ajkule
05:05
so we could try to get some idea
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kako bismo pokušali da otkrijemo
05:07
of sight fidelity and movements and things like that.
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njihova kretanja i da li se uvek vraćaju na ista mesta.
05:09
So we concentrated mainly
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Koncentrisali smo se pre svega
05:11
in North Donegal and West Kerry
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na oblasti Severni Donegal i Zapadni Keri,
05:13
as the two areas where I was mainly active.
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gde sam ja inače bio najaktvniji.
05:16
And we tagged them very simply, not very hi-tech,
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I obeležili smo ih na veoma jednostavan način,
bez visoke tehnologije,
bez visoke tehnologije,
05:18
with a big, long pole.
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već uz pomoć velikog štapa.
05:20
This is a beachcaster rod
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Ovo je štap za pecanje
05:22
with a tag on the end.
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sa markerom na vrhu.
05:24
Go up in your boat and tag the shark.
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Popnemo se na brod i obeležimo ajkulu.
05:27
And we were very effective.
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Bili smo veoma efikasni.
05:29
We tagged 105 sharks last summer.
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Obeležili smo 105 ajkula prošlog leta,
05:31
We got 50 in three days
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50 u roku od tri dana
05:33
off Inishowen Peninsula.
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kod poluostrva Inišoven.
05:35
Half the challenge is to get access, is to be in the right place at the right time.
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Najteže je prići mestu, biti tamo u pravo vreme.
05:38
But it's a very simple and easy technique.
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Ali je tehnika sama po sebi jednostavna i laka.
05:40
I'll show you what they look like.
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Pokazaću vam kako to izgleda.
05:42
We use a pole camera on the boat
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Na brodu koristimo teleskopsku kameru
05:44
to actually film shark.
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kako bismo snimili ajkule.
05:46
One is to try and work out the gender of the shark.
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Sa jedne strane pokušavamo da utvrdimo ajkulin pol.
05:48
We also deployed a couple of satellite tags, so we did use hi-tech stuff as well.
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Koristili smo takođe nekoliko satelitskih markera,
tako da smo ipak upotrebili po koja
tako da smo ipak upotrebili po koja
05:51
These are archival tags.
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visoko tehnološka sredstva.
Ovo su markeri koji ujedno i snimaju.
Ovo su markeri koji ujedno i snimaju.
05:53
So what they do is they store the data.
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Oni zapravo beleže i arhiviraju informacije.
05:55
A satellite tag only works when the air is clear of the water
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Satelitski marker funkcioniše samo kada je izvan vode,
05:57
and can send a signal to the satellite.
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i on tada šalje signal satelitu.
05:59
And of course, sharks, fish, are underwater most of the time.
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Međutim, ajkule i ostale ribe su uglavnom ispod
vode.
vode.
06:02
So this tag actually works out the locations of shark
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Ovaj marker nam omogućava da lokalizujemo ajkule
06:05
depending on the timing and the setting of the sun,
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na osnovu vremenskog intervala i položaja sunca,
06:08
plus water temperature and depth.
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kao i temperature vode i dubine.
06:10
And you have to kind of reconstruct the path.
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A onda je na nama da rekonstruišemo njihovu putanju.
06:13
What happens is that you set the tag to detach from the shark after a fixed period,
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Marker je podešen da se posle izvesnog vremena
otkači sa ajkule,
otkači sa ajkule,
06:16
in this case it was eight months,
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u ovom slučaju je to bilo osam meseci,
06:18
and literally to the day the tag popped off, drifted up, said hello to the satellite
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i on se zaista otkačio u pravom trenutku, izronio
je na površinu, pozdravio se sa satelitom
je na površinu, pozdravio se sa satelitom
06:22
and sent, not all the data, but enough data for us to use.
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i poslao mu, ne sve podatke, ali dovoljno da bismo mi
mogli da izvučemo nešto iz tih informacija.
mogli da izvučemo nešto iz tih informacija.
06:25
And this is the only way to really work out
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I to je zapravo jedini načini da otkrijemo
06:27
the behavior and the movements when they're under water.
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ponašanje i pokrete ajkula kada su ispod vode.
06:30
And here's a couple of maps that we've done.
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Na ekranu su prikazane karte koje smo izradili.
06:33
That one, you can see that we tagged both off Kerry.
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Ovde se vidi da smo obeležili obe ajkule
koje su plivale u blizini Kerija.
koje su plivale u blizini Kerija.
06:36
And basically it spent all its time, the last eight months, in Irish waters.
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Jedna je provela svo vreme, tačnije poslednjih osam
meseci, u irskim vodama.
meseci, u irskim vodama.
06:39
Christmas day it was out on the shelf edge.
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Na dan Božića bila je u blizini kontinentalnog platoa.
06:41
And here's one that we haven't ground-truthed it yet
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A ovo je jedna ajkula za koju još uvek nemamo precizne
podatke,
podatke,
06:43
with sea surface temperature and water depth,
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na osnovu temperature i dubine mora,
06:45
but again, the second shark kind of spent most of its time
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ali znamo da je druga ajkula provela većinu svog vremena
06:47
in and around the Irish Sea.
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u, ili u blizini, Irskog mora.
06:49
Colleagues from the Isle of Man last year
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Prošle godine, moje kolege sa ostrva Man,
06:51
actually tagged one shark
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markirali su jednu ajkulu
06:53
that went from the Isle of Man all the way out to Nova Scotia in about 90 days.
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koja je, za 90 dana, prešla put od ostrva Man do Nove
Škotske.
Škotske.
06:56
That's nine and a half thousand kilometers. We never thought that happened.
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To zapravo predstavlja 9 500 kilometara.
Nikad ne bismo poverovali da to može da se desi.
Nikad ne bismo poverovali da to može da se desi.
06:59
Another colleague in the States
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Drugi kolega iz SAD
07:01
tagged about 20 sharks off Massachusetts, and his tags didn't really work.
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je obeležio dvadesetak ajkula u Masačusetskom zalivu, ali
markiranje nije baš uspelo.
markiranje nije baš uspelo.
07:04
All he knows is where he tagged them
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Jedino što zna to je gde ih je markirao
07:06
and he knows where they popped off.
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i gde su se tagovi otkačili.
07:08
And his tags popped off in the Caribbean
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Njegovi tagovi su nađeni u Karipskom moru
07:10
and even in Brazil.
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i u blizini Brazila.
07:12
And we thought that basking sharks were temperate animals
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Mislili smo da goleme ajkule radije žive u područjima
07:14
and only lived in our latitude.
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umerene klime, kao što je naše.
07:16
But in actual fact, they're obviously crossing the Equator as well.
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Ali one zapravo prelaze ekvator.
07:19
So very simple things like that,
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Pokušavamo da otkrijemo veoma jednostavne
07:21
we're trying to learn about basking sharks.
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stvari o golemim ajkulama.
07:23
One thing that I think
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Ono što je za mene
07:26
is a very surprising and strange thing
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veoma čudno i iznenađujuće to je
07:28
is just how low the genetic diversity of sharks are.
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koliko je ograničena genetska raznolikost ajkula.
07:31
Now I'm not a geneticist, so I'm not going to pretend to understand the genetics.
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Dobro, ja nisam genetičar i ne umišljam da se
razumem u genetiku.
razumem u genetiku.
07:34
And that's why it's great to have collaboration.
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I zato je sjajno sarađivati sa različitim stručnjacima.
07:37
Whereas I'm a field person,
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Ja sam čovek sa terena.
07:39
I get panic attacks if I have to spend too many hours
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Obuzme me panika ako treba da provedem
čitave sate
čitave sate
07:41
in a lab with a white coat on -- take me away.
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u laboratoriji sa belim mantilom. Nisam ja za to.
07:44
So we can work with geneticists who understand that.
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Dobro je što možemo da radimo sa genetičarima
koji se u to razumeju.
koji se u to razumeju.
07:47
So when they looked at the genetics of basking sharks,
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Izučavajući genetske karakteristike golemih ajkula,
07:49
they found that the diversity was incredibly low.
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otkrili su da je njihova raznovrsnost veoma ograničena.
07:52
If you look at the first line really,
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Ako pogledate prvi red,
07:54
you can see that all these different shark species are all quite similar.
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možete videti da su sve ove različite vrste zapravo
veoma slične.
veoma slične.
07:57
I think this means basically that they're all sharks
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Mislim da to znači da sve pripadaju rodu ajkula
07:59
and they've come from a common ancestry.
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i da potiču od istog predaka.
08:01
If you look at nucleotide diversity,
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Ako uzmete nukleotidnu raznovrsnost,
08:04
which is more genetics that are passed on through parents,
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što je genetska karakteristika koja se nasleđuje od
roditelja,
roditelja,
08:07
you can see that basking sharks, if you look at the first study,
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možete videti da goleme ajkule, ako pogledale prve rezultate,
08:10
was an order of magnitude less diversity
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imaju niži stepen raznovrsnosti
08:12
than other shark species.
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od ostalih vrsta ajkula.
08:14
And you see that this work was done in 2006.
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I vidite da je ovo istraživanje urađeno 2006. godine.
08:16
Before 2006, we had no idea of the genetic variability of basking sharks.
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Pre 2006., nismo ništa znali o genetičkoj varijabilnosti
golemih ajkula.
golemih ajkula.
08:19
We had no idea, did they distinguish into different populations?
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Nismo znali da li se dele u različite populacije i
08:22
Were there subpopulations?
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da li postoje subpopulacije.
08:24
And of course, that's very important if you want to know
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I naravno to je veoma bitno ukoliko želite da
utvrdite
utvrdite
08:26
what the population size is and the status of the animals.
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tačnu veličinu populacije i ugroženost vrste.
08:29
So Les Noble in Aberdeen
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Les Nobl iz Aberdina
08:31
kind of found this a bit unbelievable really.
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je posumnjao u ove rezultate
08:33
So he did another study
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i odlučio da uradi drugo istraživanje
08:36
using microsatellites,
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koristeći mikro-satelite,
08:39
which are much more expensive, much more time consuming,
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koji su mnogo skuplji, oduzimaju mnogo više vremena,
08:42
and, to his surprise, came up with almost identical results.
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i koji su, na njegovo veliko iznenađenje, dali skoro
identične rezultate.
identične rezultate.
08:45
So it does seem to be
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Dakle, ispostavilo se da
08:47
that basking sharks, for some reason, have incredibly low diversity.
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goleme ajkule, iz nekog nepoznatog razloga,
imaju veoma ograničenu raznovrsnost.
imaju veoma ograničenu raznovrsnost.
08:50
And it's thought maybe it was a bottleneck, a genetic bottleneck
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Smatra se da je možda genetički drift,
08:52
thought to be 12,000 years ago,
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nastao pre 12 000 godina,
08:54
and this has caused a very low diversity.
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odgovoran za ovako ograničenu raznovrsnost.
08:57
And yet, if you look at whale sharks,
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Međutim, raznovrsnost kit-ajkula,
08:59
which is the other plankton eating large shark,
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druge velike vrste ajkula koje se hrane planktonom,
09:02
its diversity is much greater.
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je mnogo veća.
09:04
So it doesn't really make sense at all.
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Vidimo da tu zapravo nema nikakve logike.
09:06
They found that there was no genetic differentiation
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Dokazano je da ne postoji genetska diferencijacija
09:08
between any of the world's oceans of basking sharks.
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između golemih ajkula koje nastanjuju različite okeane.
09:11
So even though basking sharks are found throughout the world,
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To znači da, iako se goleme ajkule mogu
naći svuda u svetu,
naći svuda u svetu,
09:13
you couldn't tell the difference genetically
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genetički se ne mogu razlikovati
09:15
from one from the Pacific, the Atlantic, New Zealand, or from Ireland, South Africa.
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one iz Pacifičkog ili Atlantskog okeana, od onih sa Novog Zelanda ili iz Irske ili Južne Afrike.
09:18
They all basically seem the same.
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Sve one izgledaju isto.
09:20
But again, it's kind of surprising. You wouldn't really expect that.
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Međutim, i to je iznenađujuće. Na neki način je
neočekivano.
neočekivano.
09:23
I don't understand this. I don't pretend to understand this.
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Ja to naprosto ne razumem i ne trudim se da razumem.
09:25
And I suspect most geneticists don't understand it either,
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I čisto sumnjam da većina genetičara to razume,
09:27
but they produce the numbers.
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ali to ih ne sprečava da objavljuju brojke.
09:29
So you can actually estimate the population size
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Može se dakle utvrditi veličina stanovništva
09:31
based on the diversity of the genetics.
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na osnovu genetičke raznovrsnosti.
09:33
And Rus Hoelzel came up with an effective population size:
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Rus Helzel uspeo je da utvrdi tačan broj jedinki:
09:36
8,200 animals.
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8 200 golemih ajkula.
09:38
That's it.
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To je to.
09:40
8,000 animals in the world.
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8 000 golemih ajkula na svetu.
09:42
You're thinking, "That's just ridiculous. No way."
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Pomislićete: "Ma, to je smešno. Nema teorije."
09:44
So Les did a finer study
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Les je uradio preciznije istraživanje
09:46
and he found out it came out about 9,000.
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i zaključio da ih ima oko 9 000.
09:48
And using different microsatellites gave the different results.
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Različiti rezultati se mogu pripisati upotrebi
različitih mikro-satelita.
različitih mikro-satelita.
09:51
But the average of all these studies came out --
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Ali na osnovu svih tih istraživanja došli smo do proseka,
09:54
the mean is about 5,000,
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a prosek je oko 5 000,
09:56
which I personally don't believe,
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u šta ja lično ne verujem,
09:58
but then I am a skeptic.
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ali ja sam inače skeptik.
10:00
But even if you toss a few numbers around,
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Ali čak i u slučaju blagog odstupanja u brojkama,
10:02
you're probably talking of an effective population of about 20,000 animals.
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efektivna populacija verovatno broji oko 20 000 jedinki.
10:05
Do you remember how many they killed off Achill there
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Da li se sećate koliko ih je samo ubijeno kod ostrva Akil
10:07
in the 70s and the 50s?
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'70-ih i '50-ih godina prošlog veka?
10:10
So what it tells us actually
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Sve ovo ukazuje na činjenicu da
10:12
is that there's actually a risk of extinction of this species
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postoji rizik od izumiranja ove vrste
10:15
because its population is so small.
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zbog ograničene veličine populacije.
10:17
In fact, of those 20,000, 8,000 were thought to be females.
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Od ukupno 20 000 ajkula, procenjuje se da su 8 000
ženke.
ženke.
10:20
There's only 8,000 basking shark females in the world?
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To znači da postoji samo 8 000 ženki golemih ajkula na
svetu?
svetu?
10:23
I don't know. I don't believe it.
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Ne znam. Ne želim da verujem u to.
10:25
The problem with this
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Problem sa ovim istraživanjima
10:27
is they were constrained with samples.
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jeste ograničen broj uzoraka.
10:29
They didn't get enough samples
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Nisu dobili dovoljno uzoraka kako bi
10:31
to really explore the genetics
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zaista detaljno izučili sve
10:33
in enough detail.
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genetske karakteristike.
10:35
So where do you get samples from
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Odakle potiču uzorci koji se
10:38
for your genetic analysis?
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koriste za genetska istraživanja?
10:40
Well one obvious source is dead sharks,
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Pa jedan od očiglednih izvora jesu mrtve ajkule.
10:42
Dead sharks washed up.
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Mrtve ajkule nađene na plaži.
10:44
We might get two or three dead sharks washed up in Ireland a year,
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U Irskoj godišnje nađemo dve ili tri mrtve ajkule na
kopnu,
kopnu,
10:47
if we're kind of lucky.
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uz malo sreće.
10:49
Another source would be fisheries bycatch.
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Drugi izvor jeste prilov kao posledica ribolovnih aktivnosti.
10:51
We were getting quite a few caught in surface drift nets.
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Tako su do nas dospevale ajkule koje su se
upetljale u mrežu na površini vode.
upetljale u mrežu na površini vode.
10:54
That's banned now, and that'll be good news for the sharks.
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To je sada zabranjeno, što je dobra vest za ajkule.
10:57
And some are caught in nets, in trawls.
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Neke se upetljaju u mreže, u alov.
10:59
This is a shark that was actually landed in Howth just before Christmas,
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Ovo je ajkula koja je izneta na kopno malo pre Božića,
11:02
illegally, because you're not allowed to do that under E.U. law,
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nezakonito jer je to zabranjeno po evropskom zakonodavstvu.
11:05
and was actually sold for eight euros a kilo as shark steak.
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Prodavali su je po ceni od osam evra po kilogramu kao stek od ajkule.
11:08
They even put a recipe up on the wall, until they were told this was illegal.
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Čak su okačili recept na zid dok im nije naznačeno da je to zabranjeno.
11:11
And they actually did get a fine for that.
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Na kraju su zaista dobili kaznu.
11:14
So if you look at all those studies I showed you,
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Za sva istraživanja koja sam vam pokazao,
11:16
the total number of samples worldwide
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do sada je upotrebljeno ukupno 86 uzoraka
11:19
is 86 at present.
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u svetu.
11:21
So it's very important work,
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U pitanju je izuzetno ozbiljan posao,
11:23
and they can ask some really good questions,
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sva ta istraživanja pokreću veoma bitna pitanja,
11:25
and they can tell us about population size
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i govore nam dosta toga o veličini populacije,
11:27
and subpopulations and structure,
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kao i o subpopulacijama i strukturi stanovništva,
11:30
but they're constrained by lack of samples.
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ali su ona ograničena zbog nedostatka uzoraka.
11:33
Now when we were out tagging our sharks,
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Za markiranje ajkula,
11:35
this is how we tagged them on the front of a RIB -- get in there fast --
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postavljali smo se na prednju stranu gumenog čamca,
bilo je potrebno povući se brzo unazad
bilo je potrebno povući se brzo unazad
11:38
occasionally the sharks do react.
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jer ajkule ponekad mogu da reaguju.
11:40
And on one occasion when we were up in Malin Head up in Donegal,
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Jednom prilikom, kada smo bili na severu, u Malin
Hedu u oblasti Donegal,
Hedu u oblasti Donegal,
11:43
a shark smacked the side of the boat with his tail,
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ajkula je udarila čamac svojim repom,
11:46
more, I think, in startle to the fact that a boat came near it,
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jer ju je iznenadila blizina čamca više nego
postavljanje markera,
postavljanje markera,
11:49
rather than the tag going in.
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ja barem tako mislim.
11:51
And that was fine. We got wet. No problem.
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Prošlo je ok. Bili smo mokri. Nikakav problem.
11:54
And then when myself and Emmett
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Kasnije, kada smo se Emet i ja
11:56
got back to Malin Head, to the pier,
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vratili u luku Malin Hed,
11:58
I noticed some black slime on the front of the boat.
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video sam da su na prednjoj strani broda ostali tamni
viskozni tragovi.
viskozni tragovi.
12:01
And I remembered -- I used to spend a lot of time out on commercial fishing boats --
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I onda sam se setio - nekada sam provodio dosta vremena na komercijalnim ribarskim brodovima -
12:03
I remember fishermen telling me they can always tell
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da su mi ribari govorili da uvek znaju
12:05
when a basking shark's been caught in the net
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kada im se golema ajkula upetljala u mrežu
12:07
because it leaves this black slime behind.
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na osnovu tragova koje ostavlja za sobom.
12:09
So I was thinking that must have come from the shark.
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Pomislio sam da je verovatno ajkula ostavila te tragove.
12:11
Now we had an interest
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Zanimalo nas je
12:13
in getting tissue samples for genetics
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da dođemo do uzoraka tkiva za genetska istraživanja
12:15
because we knew they were very valuable.
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jer smo znali da su dragocena.
12:17
And we would use conventional methods --
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I koristili smo konvencionalne metode -
12:19
I have a crossbow, you see the crossbow in my hand there,
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samostrel, vidite da ga držim u ruci -
12:21
which we use to sample whales and dolphins for genetic studies as well.
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koristimo za uzimanje uzoraka sa kitova i delfina za genetska istraživanja takođe.
12:24
So I tried that, I tried many techniques.
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To sam probao, probao sam i razne druge metode.
12:26
All it was doing was breaking my arrows
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Međutim, strele su se stalno lomile
12:28
because the shark skin is just so strong.
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jer je ajkulina koža izuzetno tvrda.
12:30
There was no way we were going to get a sample from that.
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Nije bilo šanse da dođemo do uzorka na taj način.
12:32
So that wasn't going to work.
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Znali smo da to neće uspeti.
12:35
So when I saw the black slime on the bow of the boat,
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Kada sam video crni trag na prednjoj strani broda,
12:38
I thought, "If you take what you're given in this world ..."
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pomislio sam: "Treba iskoristiti ono što ti je dato na ovom svetu..."
12:41
So I scraped it off.
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I tako sam skinuo crnu sluz sa broda.
12:43
And I had a little tube with alcohol in it to send to the geneticists.
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Imao sam malu epruvetu sa alkoholom, sve što je potrebno da pošaljem uzorak genetičarima.
12:46
So I scraped the slime off and I sent it off to Aberdeen.
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Prikupio sam supstancu i poslao uzorak u Aberdin,
12:48
And I said, "You might try that."
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sa napomenom "Proverite ovo".
12:50
And they sat on it for months actually.
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Mesecima nisu ništa preduzeli po tom pitanju.
12:52
It was only because we had a conference on the Isle of Man.
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Odreagovali su samo kada smo imali zakazanu konferenciju na ostrvu Man.
12:54
But I kept emailing, saying,
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Ali ja sam mu redovno slao mejlove pitajući:
12:56
"Have you had a chance to look at my slime yet?"
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"Da li ste slučajno pogledali moji uzorak?"
12:58
And he was like, "Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Later, later, later."
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I on je odgovarao: "Ma da, da, da. Kasnije, kasnije, kasnije."
13:00
Anyway he thought he'd better do it,
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Na kraju je zaključio da je bolje da to stvarno uradi
13:02
because I never met him before
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jer se do tada nikada nismo sreli
13:04
and he might lose face if he hadn't done the thing I sent him.
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i moglo je da mu bude neprijatno što nije uradio ono što sam od njega tražio.
13:06
And he was amazed that they actually got DNA from the slime.
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I na njegovo veliko iznenađenje, našli su DNK u sluzi.
13:09
And they amplified it and they tested it
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Uvećali su ga i testirali
13:11
and they found, yes, this was actually basking shark DNA,
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i otkrili su da se zapravo radi o DNK goleme ajkule,
13:13
which was got from the slime.
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dobijenog iz sluzi.
13:16
And so he was all very excited.
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Bio je veoma uzbuđen zbog tog otkrića.
13:18
It became known as Simon's shark slime.
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Od tada sluz nosi naziv "sluz Simonove ajkule".
13:21
And I thought, "Hey, you know, I can build on this."
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I pomislio sam: "Hej, znate šta, ja ovo mogu dodatno da produbim".
13:24
So we thought, okay, we're going to try to get out
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Odlučili smo da pokušamo da nađemo još
13:26
and get some slime.
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sluzi u moru.
13:28
So having spent three and a half thousand on satellite tags,
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Pošto smo već potrošili tri i po hiljade za satelitske markere,
13:34
I then thought I'd invest 7.95 -- the price is still on it --
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odlučio sam da uložim još 7,95 - cena je još uvek okačena -
13:37
in my local hardware store in Kilrush
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i kupim u maloj lokalnoj prodavnici u Kilrušu
13:40
for a mop handle
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dršku za podni brisač
13:42
and even less money on some oven cleaners.
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i nekoliko sunđera za čišćenje rerne za još manje novca.
13:45
And I wrapped the oven cleaner around the end of the mop handle
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Umotao sam sunđer oko držača
13:48
and was desperate, desperate
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i očajnički sam
13:50
to have an opportunity
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priželjkivao da mi se ukaže prilika
13:53
to get some sharks.
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da dođem u kontakt sa ajkulama.
13:55
Now this was into August now,
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Sve ovo se desilo u avgustu,
13:57
and normally sharks peak at June, July.
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a ajkule se uglavnom mogu videti u junu ili julu.
13:59
And you rarely see them.
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U avgustu retko kad se vide.
14:01
You can only rarely be in the right place to find sharks into August.
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Veoma je mala verovatnoća da budete na pravom mestu i naiđete na ajkule u avgustu.
14:04
So we were desperate.
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Bili smo očajni.
14:06
So we rushed out to Blasket as soon as we heard there were sharks there
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Pohrlili smo ka ostrvima Blasket čim smo čuli da tamo ima
ajkula
ajkula
14:09
and managed to find some sharks.
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i naišli smo na nekoliko njih.
14:11
So by just rubbing the mop handle down the shark
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Dovoljno je bilo da držačem pređemo preko ajkulinih leđa,
14:13
as it swam under the boat --
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dok prolazi ispod čamca -
14:15
you see, here's a shark that's running under the boat here --
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ovde možete videti kako ajkula prolazi ispod čamca -
14:17
we managed to collect slime.
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kako bismo prikupili sluz.
14:19
And here it is.
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I evo kako ona izgleda.
14:21
Look at that lovely, black shark slime.
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Pogledajte tu predivnu, crnu ajkulinu sluz.
14:24
And in about half an hour,
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U roku od pola sata,
14:27
we got five samples, five individual sharks,
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prikupili smo pet uzoraka od pet različitih ajkula,
14:30
were sampled using Simon's shark slime sampling system.
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zahvaljujući metodi uzorkovanja na osnovu sluzi Simonove ajkule.
14:33
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
14:35
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
14:40
I've been working on whales and dolphins in Ireland for 20 years now,
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Izučavam kitove i delfine u Irskoj već 20 godina,
14:43
and they're kind of a bit more dramatic.
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i oni su u neku ruku spektakularniji.
14:45
You probably saw the humpback whale footage
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Verovatno ste videli flim o grbavom kitu
14:47
that we got there a month or two ago off County Wexford.
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koji smo snimili pre mesec ili dva u oblasti Veksford.
14:49
And you always think you might have some legacy you can leave the world behind.
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Uvek imamo na umu nasleđe koje želimo da ostavimo za sobom.
14:52
And I was thinking of humpback whales breaching
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Ja sam mislio da će to biti grbavi kit koji iskače iz vode ili
14:54
and dolphins.
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delfini.
14:56
But hey, sometimes these things are sent to you
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Ali ponekad takve stvari same dolaze do nas
14:58
and you just have to take them when they come.
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i treba znati iskoristiti takvu priliku.
15:00
So this is possibly going to be my legacy --
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Moguće je da će ovo biti moja zaostavština -
15:02
Simon's shark slime.
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Simonova ajkulina sluz.
15:04
So we got more money this year
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Ove godine smo dobili novac
15:06
to carry on collecting more and more samples.
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da nastavimo da prikupljamo uzorke.
15:09
And one thing that is kind of very useful
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I ono što je veoma korisno
15:11
is that we use a pole cameras -- this is my colleague Joanne with a pole camera --
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to su teleskopske kamere - ovo je moja koleginica Žoan sa teleskopskom kamerom -
15:14
where you can actually look underneath the shark.
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koje vam omogućuju da gledate ispod ajkule.
15:16
And what you're trying to look at is the males have claspers,
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Pokušavamo da vidimo da li mužjaci imaju bodlje,
15:19
which kind of dangle out behind the back of the shark.
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koje kao da vise iza njihovih leđa.
15:22
So you can quite easily tell the gender of the shark.
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Dakle, lako je utvrditi pol ajkule.
15:24
So if we can tell the gender of the shark
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To znači da, ako smo u mogućnosti da odredimo ajkulin pol
15:26
before we sample it,
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pre nego što uzmemo uzorak,
15:28
we can tell the geneticist this was taken from a male or a female.
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onda možemo reći genetičaru da li je uzorak uzet sa ženke ili sa mužjaka.
15:31
Because at the moment, they actually have no way genetically
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To je veoma bitno jer trenutno ne postoji mogućnost da
15:33
of telling the difference between a male and a female,
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se genetski napravi razlika između mužjaka i ženke,
15:35
which I found absolutely staggering,
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što je meni delovalo zaista neverovatno,
15:37
because they don't know what primers to look for.
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jer jednostavno ne znaju odakle da počnu.
15:40
And being able to tell the gender of a shark
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Međutim, određivanje ajkulinog pola
15:42
has got very important
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veoma je značajno
15:44
for things like policing the trade
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zbog, na primer, kontrolisanja trgovine
15:47
in basking shark and other species through societies,
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golemim ajkulama i drugim vrstama
15:51
because it is illegal to trade any sharks.
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jer je zabranjeno baviti se trgovinom ajkulama bilo koje vrste.
15:53
And they are caught and they are on the market.
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Međutim, ajkule se i dalje love i mogu se naći na tržištu.
15:55
So as a field biologist,
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Kao biolog sa terena,
15:57
you just want to get encounters with these animals.
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jedino što želim jeste da upoznam te životinje.
15:59
You want to learn as much as you can.
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Želim da naučim što više o njima.
16:01
They're often quite brief. They're often very seasonally constrained.
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Prilike su retke. Sezona kada se ajkule mogu videti često je veoma kratka.
16:04
And you just want to learn as much as you can as soon as you can.
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Mi jednostavno želimo da naučimo što je više moguće za što kraće vreme.
16:07
But isn't it fantastic
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Zar nije fantastično
16:09
that you can then offer these samples
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to što možemo te uzorke nekome da damo
16:12
and opportunities to other disciplines, such as geneticists,
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i da na taj način otvorimo nova polja istraživanja u drugim oblastima, u genetici na primer,
16:15
who can gain so much more from that.
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koja može toliko toga da izvuče iz ovoga.
16:18
So as I said,
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Dakle, kao što sam rekao,
16:20
these things are sent to you in strange ways. Grab them while you can.
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čudno je kako neke stvari dospevaju do nas. Kada vam se tako nešto desi, iskoristite priliku.
16:23
I'll take that as my scientific legacy.
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Mislim da će ovo biti moje nasleđe u oblasti nauke.
16:25
Hopefully I might get something a bit more dramatic and romantic before I die.
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Nadam se da će mi stići nešto spektakularnije i romantičnije pre nego što umrem.
16:28
But for the time being, thank you for that.
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Ali pre nego što se to desi, hvala vam za ovo.
16:31
And keep an eye out for sharks.
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Pripazite na ajkule.
16:33
If you're more interested, we have a basking shark website now just set up.
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Ako želite da saznate nešto više, posetite sajt o golemim ajkulama koji smo nedavno napravili.
16:36
So thank you and thank you for listening.
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Hvala još jednom i hvala na pažnji.
16:39
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Simon Berrow - Marine biologistSimon Berrow is a marine biologist dedicated to studying and preserving the basking shark.
Why you should listen
Born in Ireland, Simon Berrow has travelled the world's oceans studying albatrosses, seals, penguins, sharks, and more. A passionate scientist and lover of Ireland's natural heritage, he founded the Irish Whale and Dolphin Group and the Irish Basking Shark Study Group.
He is also the inventor of "Simon's shark slime sampling system" -- a mop handle and oven cleaner -- which has proved to be the most effective way of collecting shark DNA for analysis.
The TEDxTalk was filmed at the Science Gallery in Dublin.
Simon Berrow | Speaker | TED.com