TEDGlobal 2014
Wendy Freedman: This telescope might show us the beginning of the universe
Vendi Fridmen (Wendy Freedman): Ovaj novi teleskop bi nam mogao pokazati početak univerzuma
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Kako je i kada nastao svemir? Svetska grupa astronoma želi da odgovori na to pitanje kroz onoliko udaljeno gledanje kroz vreme koliko nam veliki novi teleskopi dozvoljavaju. Vendi Fridmen započela je stvaranje Gigantskog Megelanovog teleskopa, na kome se radi u Južnoj Americi; na TEDGlobal-u u Riju, ona deli hrabru viziju otkrića o svemiru koji GMT može da nam omogući.
Wendy Freedman - Astronomer
Wendy Freedman led the construction of the Giant Magellan Telescope, a massive earthbound observatory. Full bio
Wendy Freedman led the construction of the Giant Magellan Telescope, a massive earthbound observatory. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Kada sam imala 14 godina,
bila sam zainteresovana za nauku,
bila sam zainteresovana za nauku,
00:12
When I was 14 years old,
I was interested in science --
I was interested in science --
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00:17
fascinated by it,
excited to learn about it.
excited to learn about it.
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fascinirana njome,
uzbuđena što učim o njoj.
uzbuđena što učim o njoj.
Imala sam profesora prirodnih nauka
u srednjoj školi koji bi rekao razredu:
u srednjoj školi koji bi rekao razredu:
00:20
And I had a high school science teacher
who would say to the class,
who would say to the class,
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„Devojke ne moraju da slušaju ovo.”
00:24
"The girls don't have to listen to this."
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Ohrabrujuće, da.
00:28
Encouraging, yes.
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(Smeh)
00:30
(Laughter)
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00:31
I chose not to listen --
but to that statement alone.
but to that statement alone.
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Izabrala sam da ne slušam,
ali samo tu izjavu.
ali samo tu izjavu.
Dopustite mi da vas povedem
do planina Andi u Čileu,
do planina Andi u Čileu,
00:36
So let me take you
to the Andes mountains in Chile,
to the Andes mountains in Chile,
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00:40
500 kilometers, 300 miles
northeast of Santiago.
northeast of Santiago.
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500 kilometara, 300 milja
severoistočno od Santjaga.
severoistočno od Santjaga.
To je veoma udaljeno,
suvo i lepo mesto,
suvo i lepo mesto,
00:45
It's very remote, it's very dry
and it's very beautiful.
and it's very beautiful.
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00:50
And there's not much there.
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ali tamo nema puno stvari.
Ima kondora, tarantula,
00:51
There are condors, there are tarantulas,
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00:54
and at night, when the light dims,
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a u toku noći, kada nestane svetlosti,
otkriva jedno
od najtamnijih neba na Zemlji.
od najtamnijih neba na Zemlji.
00:56
it reveals one of the darkest
skies on Earth.
skies on Earth.
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Pomalo je magično mesto, ta planina.
01:00
It's kind of a magic place, the mountain.
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01:03
It's a wonderful combination
of very remote mountaintop
of very remote mountaintop
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Sjajna je kombinacija
veoma udaljenog planinskog vrha
veoma udaljenog planinskog vrha
i izuzetno sofisticirane tehnologije.
01:07
with exquisitely sophisticated technology.
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01:11
And our ancestors, for as long
as there's been recorded history,
as there's been recorded history,
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Naši preci, dokle god
naša pisana istorija seže,
naša pisana istorija seže,
01:15
have looked at the night sky
and pondered the nature of our existence.
and pondered the nature of our existence.
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gledali su u noćno nebo i razmišljali
o prirodi našeg postojanja,
o prirodi našeg postojanja,
a mi, naša generacija, nismo izuzetak.
01:20
And we're no exception, our generation.
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Jedina poteškoća je da je
noćno nebo sada blokirano
noćno nebo sada blokirano
01:23
The only difficulty is
that the night sky now is blocked
that the night sky now is blocked
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01:26
by the glare of city lights.
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sjajem svetlosti velikih gradova.
Tako, astronomi odlaze
na veoma zabačene vrhove planina
na veoma zabačene vrhove planina
01:29
And so astronomers go
to these very remote mountaintops
to these very remote mountaintops
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da bi gledali i proučavali svemir.
01:32
to view and to study the cosmos.
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Dakle, teleskopi su naš prozor u svemir.
01:34
So telescopes
are our window to the cosmos.
are our window to the cosmos.
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Nije preterivanje ako kažemo
da će južna hemisfera biti
da će južna hemisfera biti
01:40
It's no exaggeration to say that
the Southern Hemisphere is going to be
the Southern Hemisphere is going to be
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01:44
the future of astronomy
for the 21st century.
for the 21st century.
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budućnost astronomije 21. veka.
01:48
We have an array
of existing telescopes already,
of existing telescopes already,
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Već imamo mnogo postojećih teleskopa
na Andima u Čileu,
01:51
in the Andes mountains in Chile,
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01:53
and that's soon to be joined by a really
sensational array of new capability.
sensational array of new capability.
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a njima će se uskoro pridružiti zaista
senzacionalno mnoštvo novih mogućnosti.
senzacionalno mnoštvo novih mogućnosti.
01:58
There will be two international groups
that are going to be building
that are going to be building
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Postojaće dve internacionalne grupe
koje će praviti gigantske teleskope,
koje će praviti gigantske teleskope,
02:01
giant telescopes, sensitive
to optical radiation, as our eyes are.
to optical radiation, as our eyes are.
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osetljive na optičko zračenje,
kakve su i naše oči.
kakve su i naše oči.
Postojaće istraživački teleskop
02:07
There will be a survey telescope
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02:09
that will be scanning the sky
every few nights.
every few nights.
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koji će skenirati nebo na svakih par noći.
Postojaće radio teleskopi,
02:13
There will be radio telescopes,
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02:14
sensitive to long-wavelength
radio radiation.
radio radiation.
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osetljivi na zračenje dugih radio talasa.
02:18
And then there will be
telescopes in space.
telescopes in space.
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Postojaće i teleskopi u svemiru.
02:21
There'll be a successor
to the Hubble Space Telescope;
to the Hubble Space Telescope;
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Postojaće naslednik
svemirskog teleskopa Habl
svemirskog teleskopa Habl
pod nazivom teleskop Džejms Veb,
02:24
it's called the James Webb Telescope,
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02:26
and it will be launched in 2018.
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a biće lansiran 2018. godine.
Postojaće satelit pod nazivom TESS
02:29
There'll be a satellite called TESS
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02:30
that will discover planets
outside of our solar system.
outside of our solar system.
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koji će otkrivati planete
van našeg Sunčevog sistema.
van našeg Sunčevog sistema.
02:36
For the last decade,
I've been leading a group --
I've been leading a group --
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Tokom poslednje decenije,
predvodila sam grupu -
predvodila sam grupu -
02:38
a consortium -- international group,
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konzorcijum - internacionalnu grupu,
02:41
to build what will be, when it's finished,
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u izgradnji onoga što će biti,
kada se završi,
kada se završi,
najveći postojeći optički teleskop.
02:44
the largest optical
telescope in existence.
telescope in existence.
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02:47
It's called the Giant
Magellan Telescope, or GMT.
Magellan Telescope, or GMT.
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Zove se Gigantski Magelanov teleskop
ili GMT.
ili GMT.
02:51
This telescope is going to have mirrors
that are 8.4 meters in diameter --
that are 8.4 meters in diameter --
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Ovaj teleskop će imati ogledala
koja su u prečniku dužine 8,4 metara -
koja su u prečniku dužine 8,4 metara -
02:56
each of the mirrors.
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svako od ogledala.
To je skoro 27 stopa.
02:57
That's almost 27 feet.
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02:59
So it dwarfs this stage -- maybe
out to the fourth row in this audience.
out to the fourth row in this audience.
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Dakle, prekriva ovu binu i ide
možda do četvrtog reda u publici.
možda do četvrtog reda u publici.
03:03
Each of the seven mirrors
in this telescope
in this telescope
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Svako od sedam ogledala
na ovom teleskopu
na ovom teleskopu
03:06
will be almost 27 feet in diameter.
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imaće oko 8 metara u prečniku.
Zajedno će sedam ogledala
na ovom teleskopu
na ovom teleskopu
03:10
Together, the seven mirrors
in this telescope will comprise
in this telescope will comprise
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biti prečnika oko 25 metara -
03:14
80 feet in diameter.
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03:16
So, essentially the size
of this entire auditorium.
of this entire auditorium.
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u suštini, to je veličina
cele ove dvorane.
cele ove dvorane.
Ceo teleskop će ići u visinu
do oko 43 metara,
do oko 43 metara,
03:20
The whole telescope will stand
about 43 meters high,
about 43 meters high,
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a ponovo, pošto smo u Riju,
03:24
and again, being in Rio,
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neki od vas su išli da vide
statuu gigantskog Hrista.
statuu gigantskog Hrista.
03:26
some of you have been to see
the statue of the giant Christ.
the statue of the giant Christ.
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03:30
The scale is comparable in height;
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Mogu se uporediti po visini;
03:32
in fact, it's smaller
than this telescope will be.
than this telescope will be.
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u stvari, statua je manja
nego što će ovaj teleskop biti.
nego što će ovaj teleskop biti.
Može se uporediti sa veličinom
Kipa slobode,
Kipa slobode,
03:36
It's comparable to the size
of the Statue of Liberty.
of the Statue of Liberty.
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03:39
And it's going to be housed
in an enclosure that's 22 stories --
in an enclosure that's 22 stories --
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a biće smešten u zaštitno pakovanje
koje će imati 22 sprata -
koje će imati 22 sprata -
03:43
60 meters high.
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60 metara visine.
To je, međutim, neobična građevina
za zaštitu ovog teleskopa.
za zaštitu ovog teleskopa.
03:45
But it's an unusual building
to protect this telescope.
to protect this telescope.
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03:48
It will have open windows to the sky,
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Imaće prozore otvorene prema nebu,
03:50
be able to point and look at the sky,
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moći će da bude usmeren ka nebu
i da gleda u njega
i da gleda u njega
03:52
and it will actually rotate on a base --
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i zapravo će imati rotirajuću osnovu -
03:55
2,000 tons of rotating building.
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rotirajuća građevina od 2 000 tona.
03:59
The Giant Magellan Telescope
will have 10 times the resolution
will have 10 times the resolution
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Gigantski Magelanov teleskop imaće
10 puta veću rezoluciju
10 puta veću rezoluciju
od svemirskog teleskopa Habl.
04:04
of the Hubble Space Telescope.
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Biće 20 miliona puta
osetljiviji od ljudskog oka,
osetljiviji od ljudskog oka,
04:06
It will be 20 million times
more sensitive than the human eye.
more sensitive than the human eye.
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a možda će, po prvi put,
moći da nađe život na planetama
moći da nađe život na planetama
04:11
And it may, for the first time ever,
be capable of finding life on planets
be capable of finding life on planets
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izvan našeg Sunčevog sistema.
04:17
outside of our solar system.
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04:20
It's going to allow us to look back
at the first light in the universe --
at the first light in the universe --
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Omogućiće nam da pogledamo unazad
do prvog svetla u svemiru -
do prvog svetla u svemiru -
04:24
literally, the dawn of the cosmos.
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bukvalno, u početak kosmosa.
04:27
The cosmic dawn.
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Kosmički početak.
04:29
It's a telescope that's
going to allow us to peer back,
going to allow us to peer back,
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To je teleskop koji će nam dozvoliti
da bacimo pogled u prošlost,
da bacimo pogled u prošlost,
04:33
witness galaxies as they were
when they were actually assembling,
when they were actually assembling,
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prisustvujemo vremenu
kada su se galaksije sastavljale,
kada su se galaksije sastavljale,
04:37
the first black holes in the universe,
the first galaxies.
the first galaxies.
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prvim crnim rupama u svemiru,
prvim galaksijama.
prvim galaksijama.
04:41
Now, for thousands of years,
we have been studying the cosmos,
we have been studying the cosmos,
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Hiljadama godina proučavamo svemir,
postavljamo pitanja
o našem mestu u svemiru.
o našem mestu u svemiru.
04:46
we've been wondering
about our place in the universe.
about our place in the universe.
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04:49
The ancient Greeks told us
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Drevni Grci su nam rekli
04:50
that the Earth was the center
of the universe.
of the universe.
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da je Zemlja centar svemira.
Pre petsto godina,
Kopernik je pomerio Zemlju
Kopernik je pomerio Zemlju
04:53
Five hundred years ago,
Copernicus displaced the Earth,
Copernicus displaced the Earth,
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04:56
and put the Sun
at the heart of the cosmos.
at the heart of the cosmos.
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i stavio Sunce u središte svemira.
05:00
And as we've learned over the centuries,
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Kao što smo naučili tokom vekova,
05:02
since Galileo Galilei,
the Italian scientist,
the Italian scientist,
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od vremena Galilea Galileja,
italijanskog naučnika,
italijanskog naučnika,
koji je prvi u to vreme okrenuo
05:05
first turned, in that time, a two-inch,
very small telescope, to the sky,
very small telescope, to the sky,
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majušni teleskop od 5 centimentara
prema nebu,
prema nebu,
05:10
every time we have built
larger telescopes,
larger telescopes,
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svakoga puta kada izgradimo
veće teleskope,
veće teleskope,
05:13
we have learned something
about the universe;
about the universe;
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naučimo nešto o svemiru;
05:16
we've made discoveries, without exception.
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otkrivamo stvari, bez izuzetka.
U dvadesetom veku smo naučili
da se svemir širi,
da se svemir širi,
05:20
We've learned in the 20th century
that the universe is expanding
that the universe is expanding
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05:24
and that our own solar system
is not at the center of that expansion.
is not at the center of that expansion.
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a da naš Sunčev sistem
nije centar širenja.
nije centar širenja.
Danas znamo da je svemir sačinjen
od oko 100 milijardi galaksija
od oko 100 milijardi galaksija
05:29
We know now that the universe
is made of about 100 billion galaxies
is made of about 100 billion galaxies
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koje su nam vidljive,
05:35
that are visible to us,
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a svaka od njih ima
100 milijardi zvezda u sebi.
100 milijardi zvezda u sebi.
05:36
and each one of those galaxies
has 100 billion stars within it.
has 100 billion stars within it.
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Sada, dakle, gledamo
u najudaljeniju sliku kosmosa
u najudaljeniju sliku kosmosa
05:43
So we're looking now
at the deepest image of the cosmos
at the deepest image of the cosmos
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05:46
that's ever been taken.
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koja je ikada napravljena.
05:48
It was taken using
the Hubble Space Telescope,
the Hubble Space Telescope,
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Uslikana je uz pomoć
svemirskog teleskopa Habl,
svemirskog teleskopa Habl,
05:50
and by pointing the telescope at what
was previously a blank region of sky,
was previously a blank region of sky,
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a uz usmeravanje teleskopa
prema nekada praznom području na nebu,
prema nekada praznom području na nebu,
pre lansiranja Habla.
05:55
before the launch of Hubble.
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05:57
And if you can imagine this tiny area,
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Ako možete da zamislite
ovo sićušno područje,
ovo sićušno područje,
ono je samo pedeseti deo
veličine punog Meseca.
veličine punog Meseca.
05:59
it's only one-fiftieth
of the size of the full moon.
of the size of the full moon.
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Dakle, zamislićemo pun Mesec.
06:03
So, if you can imagine the full moon.
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Sada tamo postoji oko 10 000 galaksija
vidljivih na toj slici.
vidljivih na toj slici.
06:05
And there are now 10,000 galaxies
visible within that image.
visible within that image.
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Slaba vidljivost ovih slika
i mala veličina samo su rezultat
i mala veličina samo su rezultat
06:09
And the faintness of those images
and the tiny size is only a result
and the tiny size is only a result
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06:14
of the fact that those galaxies
are so far away, the vast distances.
are so far away, the vast distances.
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činjenice da su ove galaksije
toliko udaljene; ogromna je udaljenost.
toliko udaljene; ogromna je udaljenost.
Svaka od ovih galaksija
može u sebi sadržati
može u sebi sadržati
06:18
And each of those galaxies
may contain within it
may contain within it
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06:21
a few billion or even hundreds
of billions of individual stars.
of billions of individual stars.
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nekoliko milijardi, ili čak
stotine milijardi pojedinačnih zvezda.
stotine milijardi pojedinačnih zvezda.
Teleskopi su kao vremenske mašine.
06:27
Telescopes are like time machines.
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06:29
So the farther back we look in space,
the further back we see in time.
the further back we see in time.
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Što dublje gledamo u svemir,
vidimo dalje kroz vreme,
vidimo dalje kroz vreme,
a izgledaju kao kofe -
bukvalno skupljaju svetlo.
bukvalno skupljaju svetlo.
06:34
And they're like light buckets --
literally, they collect light.
literally, they collect light.
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Dakle, što je veća kofa,
što veće ogledalo imamo,
što veće ogledalo imamo,
06:37
So larger the bucket,
the larger the mirror we have,
the larger the mirror we have,
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06:40
the more light we can see,
and the farther back we can view.
and the farther back we can view.
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što više svetla vidimo,
dalje unazad možemo da gledamo.
dalje unazad možemo da gledamo.
06:45
So, we've learned in the last century
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U prošlom veku smo shvatili
06:47
that there are exotic objects
in the universe -- black holes.
in the universe -- black holes.
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da postoje egzotični objekti
u svemiru - crne rupe.
u svemiru - crne rupe.
06:50
We've even learned
that there's dark matter and dark energy
that there's dark matter and dark energy
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Čak smo i shvatili da postoji
tamna materija i tamna energija
tamna materija i tamna energija
06:53
that we can't see.
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koje ne možemo videti.
06:55
So you're looking now
at an actual image of dark matter.
at an actual image of dark matter.
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Dakle, sada gledate
u istinsku sliku tamne materije.
u istinsku sliku tamne materije.
06:58
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
06:59
You got it. Not all audiences get that.
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Skontali ste. Ne shvati svaka publika.
(Smeh)
07:02
(Laughter)
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Način na koji smo zaključili
o prisustvu tamne materije -
o prisustvu tamne materije -
07:04
So the way we infer
the presence of dark matter --
the presence of dark matter --
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ne možemo je videti - ali postoji
nepogrešivo povlačenje zbog gravitacije.
nepogrešivo povlačenje zbog gravitacije.
07:07
we can't see it -- but there's
an unmistakable tug, due to gravity.
an unmistakable tug, due to gravity.
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07:13
We now can look out,
we see this sea of galaxies
we see this sea of galaxies
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Možemo sada da pogledamo
i vidimo ovo more galaksija
i vidimo ovo more galaksija
u svemiru koji se širi.
07:16
in a universe that's expanding.
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Ono što ja radim su
merenja proširenja svemira,
merenja proširenja svemira,
07:18
What I do myself is to measure
the expansion of the universe,
the expansion of the universe,
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07:22
and one of the projects
that I carried out in the 1990s
that I carried out in the 1990s
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a jedan od projekata
koji sam sprovela 90-tih godina
koji sam sprovela 90-tih godina
07:25
used the Hubble Space Telescope to measure
how fast the universe is expanding.
how fast the universe is expanding.
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koristio je svemirski teleskop Habl
za merenja toga
koliko brzo se svemir širi.
koliko brzo se svemir širi.
07:31
We can now trace back to 14 billion years.
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Sada možemo da propratimo
14 miliona godina unazad.
14 miliona godina unazad.
07:35
We've learned over time
that stars have individual histories;
that stars have individual histories;
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Naučili smo vremenom
da zvezde imaju pojedinačnu istoriju,
da zvezde imaju pojedinačnu istoriju,
to jest, rađaju se,
ulaze u srednje godine,
ulaze u srednje godine,
07:40
that is, they have birth,
they have middle ages
they have middle ages
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a neke od njih čak imaju
i dramatičnu smrt.
i dramatičnu smrt.
07:43
and some of them
even have dramatic deaths.
even have dramatic deaths.
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07:45
So the embers from those stars actually
then form the new stars that we see,
then form the new stars that we see,
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Iskre sa ovih zvezda zapravo onda
formiraju nove zvezde koje vidimo,
formiraju nove zvezde koje vidimo,
07:51
most of which turn out to have
planets going around them.
planets going around them.
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od kojih se za većinu ispostavi
da imaju planete koje se kreću oko njih.
da imaju planete koje se kreću oko njih.
Jedan od zaista iznenađujućih rezultata
u proteklih 20 godina
u proteklih 20 godina
07:56
And one of the really surprising results
in the last 20 years
in the last 20 years
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bilo je otkriće drugih planeta
koje se kreću oko drugih zvezda.
koje se kreću oko drugih zvezda.
08:00
has the been the discovery
of other planets going around other stars.
of other planets going around other stars.
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08:04
These are called exoplanets.
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One se nazivaju egzoplanete.
08:06
And until 1995, we didn't even know
the existence of any other planets,
the existence of any other planets,
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Do 1995. godine, nismo čak ni znali
za postojanje bilo kakvih drugih planeta,
za postojanje bilo kakvih drugih planeta,
drugačijih od onih
koje se kreću oko našeg Sunca,
koje se kreću oko našeg Sunca,
08:11
other than going around our own sun.
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08:14
But now, there are almost 2,000
other planets orbiting other stars
other planets orbiting other stars
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ali sada postoji
skoro 2 000 drugih planeta
skoro 2 000 drugih planeta
koje kruže oko drugih zvezda
08:20
that we can now detect,
measure masses for.
measure masses for.
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koje možemo da primetimo,
izmerimo im mase.
izmerimo im mase.
08:23
There are 500 of those
that are multiple-planet systems.
that are multiple-planet systems.
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Postoji 500 njih koji su
višeplanetarni sistemi,
višeplanetarni sistemi,
08:27
And there are 4,000 --
and still counting -- other candidates
and still counting -- other candidates
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a postoji i 4 000 - i još uvek ih brojimo -
drugih kandidata,
drugih kandidata,
planeta koje kruže oko zvezda.
08:31
for planets orbiting other stars.
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08:33
They come in a brooling variety
of different kinds.
of different kinds.
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Pojavljuju se u ogromnoj raznolikosti
različitih vrsta.
različitih vrsta.
08:37
There are Jupiter-like
planets that are hot,
planets that are hot,
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Postoje planete nalik Jupiteru
koje su vrele,
koje su vrele,
08:40
there are other planets that are icy,
there are water worlds
there are water worlds
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druge planete koje su ledene,
postoje vodeni svetovi,
postoje vodeni svetovi,
08:44
and there are rocky planets
like the Earth, so-called "super-Earths,"
like the Earth, so-called "super-Earths,"
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a postoje i stenovite planete nalik Zemlji,
tzv. „super-Zemlje”,
tzv. „super-Zemlje”,
08:48
and there have even been planets
that have been speculated diamond worlds.
that have been speculated diamond worlds.
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a postoje čak i planete za koje se
nagađa da su dijamantski svetovi.
nagađa da su dijamantski svetovi.
08:53
So we know there's at least one planet,
our own Earth, in which there is life.
our own Earth, in which there is life.
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Dakle, znamo da postoji
makar jedna planeta,
makar jedna planeta,
naša Zemlja, na kojoj postoji život.
08:58
We've even found planets
that are orbiting two stars.
that are orbiting two stars.
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Čak smo pronašli i planete
koje kruže oko dve zvezde.
koje kruže oko dve zvezde.
09:02
That's no longer the province
of science fiction.
of science fiction.
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To više nije samo
područje naučne fantastike.
područje naučne fantastike.
09:07
So around our own planet,
we know there's life,
we know there's life,
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Dakle, znamo da postoji život
na našoj planeti,
na našoj planeti,
09:09
we've developed a complex life,
we now can question our own origins.
we now can question our own origins.
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da smo razvili složene oblike života,
a sada ispitujemo svoje poreklo.
a sada ispitujemo svoje poreklo.
09:15
And given all that we've discovered,
the overwhelming numbers now suggest
the overwhelming numbers now suggest
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Ako uzmemo u obzir sve što smo otkrili,
ogromne brojke ukazuju na to
ogromne brojke ukazuju na to
09:19
that there may be millions, perhaps --
maybe even hundreds of millions --
maybe even hundreds of millions --
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da možda postoje milioni,
možda čak i stotine miliona
možda čak i stotine miliona
09:24
of other stars that are close enough --
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oko drugih zvezda
koje su nam dovoljno blizu -
koje su nam dovoljno blizu -
09:26
just the right distance from their stars
that they're orbiting --
that they're orbiting --
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na upravo odgovarajućoj razdaljini
od zvezda oko kojih kruže -
od zvezda oko kojih kruže -
09:30
to have the existence of liquid water
and maybe could potentially support life.
and maybe could potentially support life.
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da bi postojala tekuća voda na njima
i da bi potencijalno mogle podržati život.
i da bi potencijalno mogle podržati život.
09:36
So we marvel now at those odds,
the overwhelming odds,
the overwhelming odds,
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Trenutno se oduševljavamo ovim šansama,
ogromnim šansama,
ogromnim šansama,
a zapanjujuća stvar je
da će u toku sledeće decenije
da će u toku sledeće decenije
09:40
and the amazing thing
is that within the next decade,
is that within the next decade,
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09:43
the GMT may be able to take spectra
of the atmospheres of those planets,
of the atmospheres of those planets,
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GMT moći da preuzme
spektar atmosfere ovih planeta
spektar atmosfere ovih planeta
i odredi da li imaju potencijal
za postojanje života.
za postojanje života.
09:48
and determine whether or not
they have the potential for life.
they have the potential for life.
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09:53
So, what is the GMT project?
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Pa, šta je GMT projekat?
09:55
It's an international project.
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To je internacionalni projekat.
09:57
It includes Australia, South Korea,
and I'm happy to say, being here in Rio,
and I'm happy to say, being here in Rio,
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Uključuje Australiju, Južnu Koreju,
i srećna sam što mogu da kažem,
i srećna sam što mogu da kažem,
pošto smo u Riju,
da nam je najnoviji partner
u izgradnji teleskopa - Brazil.
u izgradnji teleskopa - Brazil.
10:03
that the newest partner
in our telescope is Brazil.
in our telescope is Brazil.
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10:06
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
Takođe, uključuje i nekoliko institucija
iz Sjedinjenih Država,
iz Sjedinjenih Država,
10:11
It also includes a number of institutions
across the United States,
across the United States,
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uključujući i univerzitet Harvard,
10:16
including Harvard University,
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institucije Smitsonijan i Karnegi,
10:19
the Smithsonian
and the Carnegie Institutions,
and the Carnegie Institutions,
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kao i univerzitete iz Arizone, Čikaga,
10:22
and the Universities of Arizona, Chicago,
Texas-Austin and Texas A&M University.
Texas-Austin and Texas A&M University.
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Teksasa-Ostina
i teksaškog A&M univerziteta.
i teksaškog A&M univerziteta.
10:29
It also involves Chile.
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Uključuje i Čile.
10:32
So, the making of the mirrors
in this telescope is also fascinating
in this telescope is also fascinating
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Pravljenje ogledala na ovom teleskopu
takođe je fascinantno
takođe je fascinantno
10:35
in its own right.
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na svoj način.
10:37
Take chunks of glass, melt them
in a furnace that is itself rotating.
in a furnace that is itself rotating.
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Uzmite delove stakla, otopite ih
u pećnici koja je samorotirajuća.
u pećnici koja je samorotirajuća.
10:42
This happens underneath
the football stadium
the football stadium
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Ovo se dešava ispod fudbalskog stadiona
10:44
at the University of Arizona.
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na univerzitetu Arizona.
10:46
It's tucked away under 52,000 seats.
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Ušuškano je ispod 52 000 mesta.
10:49
Nobody know it's happening.
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Niko ne zna da se dešava,
a postoji i, u suštini, rotirajući kazan.
10:51
And there's essentially
a rotating cauldron.
a rotating cauldron.
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10:55
The mirrors are cast
and they're cooled very slowly,
and they're cooled very slowly,
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Ogledala se izlivaju i polako hlade,
a zatim su uglačana
do izuzetne preciznosti.
do izuzetne preciznosti.
10:58
and then they're polished
to an exquisite precision.
to an exquisite precision.
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Tako, ako razmišljate
o preciznosti ovih ogledala,
o preciznosti ovih ogledala,
11:01
And so, if you think
about the precision of these mirrors,
about the precision of these mirrors,
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11:04
the bumps on the mirror,
over the entire 27 feet,
over the entire 27 feet,
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izbočine na ogledalu,
preko čitavih 8 metara,
preko čitavih 8 metara,
iznose manje od milionitog dela 2,5 cm.
11:09
amount to less
than one-millionth of an inch.
than one-millionth of an inch.
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11:13
So, can you visualize that?
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Kako to prikazati?
Joj!
11:15
Ow!
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(Smeh)
11:16
(Laughter)
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11:17
That's one five-thousandths
of the width of one of my hairs,
of the width of one of my hairs,
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To je pethiljaditi deo širine moje dlake
11:23
over this entire 27 feet.
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na preko čitavih ovih 8 metara.
11:26
It's a spectacular achievement.
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To je spektakularan uspeh.
11:27
It's what allows us to have
the precision that we will have.
the precision that we will have.
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To nam dozvoljava da raspolažemo
preciznošću koju ćemo imati.
preciznošću koju ćemo imati.
11:32
So, what does that precision buy us?
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Pa, šta nam ta preciznost donosi?
11:35
So the GMT, if you can imagine --
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GMT, ako možete da zamislite -
11:38
if I were to hold up a coin,
which I just happen to have,
which I just happen to have,
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ako bih držala novčić,
koji igrom slučaja imam,
koji igrom slučaja imam,
11:43
and I look at the face of that coin,
I can see from here
I can see from here
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i pogledala u lik na tom novčiću,
odavde mogu videti zapis na novčiću;
odavde mogu videti zapis na novčiću;
11:48
the writing on the coin;
I can see the face on that coin.
I can see the face on that coin.
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mogu da vidim lik na njemu.
11:52
My guess that even in the front row,
you can't see that.
you can't see that.
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Pretpostavljam da, čak i ako sedite
u prvom redu, ne možete to videti.
u prvom redu, ne možete to videti.
11:55
But if we were to turn
the Giant Magellan Telescope,
the Giant Magellan Telescope,
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Međutim, ako bismo okrenuli
Gigantski Magelanov teleskop,
Gigantski Magelanov teleskop,
11:58
all 80-feet diameter
that we see in this auditorium,
that we see in this auditorium,
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svih 25 metara u prečniku
koje vidimo u sali,
koje vidimo u sali,
12:01
and point it 200 miles away,
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i uperili ga na razdaljinu
od 322 kilometara,
od 322 kilometara,
da stojim u Sao Paulu, mogli bismo
da razlučimo lik na novčiću.
da razlučimo lik na novčiću.
12:05
if I were standing in São Paulo,
we could resolve the face of this coin.
we could resolve the face of this coin.
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To je izuzetna rezolucija
i moć ovog teleskopa.
i moć ovog teleskopa.
12:10
That's the extraordinary resolution
and power of this telescope.
and power of this telescope.
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12:15
And if we were --
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Ako bih bila -
12:18
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
12:22
If an astronaut went up to the Moon,
a quarter of a million miles away,
a quarter of a million miles away,
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Ako bi astronaut otišao na Mesec,
na preko 400 000 kilometara udaljenosti,
na preko 400 000 kilometara udaljenosti,
i ako bi upalio sveću -
jednu jedinu sveću -
jednu jedinu sveću -
12:27
and lit a candle -- a single candle --
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12:29
then we would be able
to detect it, using the GMT.
to detect it, using the GMT.
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mogli bismo da je primetimo
koristeći GMT.
koristeći GMT.
Prilično izuzetno.
12:33
Quite extraordinary.
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12:37
This is a simulated image
of a cluster in a nearby galaxy.
of a cluster in a nearby galaxy.
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Ovo je simulirani prikaz sazvežđa
u obližnjoj galaksiji.
u obližnjoj galaksiji.
„Obližnja” je astronomsko i relativno.
12:43
"Nearby" is astronomical,
it's all relative.
it's all relative.
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Nalazi se na udaljenosti
12:45
It's tens of millions of light-years away.
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od nekoliko desetina miliona
svetlosnih godina.
svetlosnih godina.
12:48
This is what this cluster would look like.
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Tako bi ovaj klaster izgledao.
12:50
So look at those four bright objects,
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Pogledajte sada
u ovih četiri svetlih objekata
u ovih četiri svetlih objekata
12:52
and now lets compare it with a camera
on the Hubble Space Telescope.
on the Hubble Space Telescope.
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i hajde da ih uporedimo sa kamerom
na svemirskom teleskopu Habl.
na svemirskom teleskopu Habl.
Možete da vidite blede detalje
koji se polako izdvajaju.
koji se polako izdvajaju.
12:56
You can see faint detail
that starts to come through.
that starts to come through.
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12:59
And now finally -- and look how dramatic
this is -- this is what the GMT will see.
this is -- this is what the GMT will see.
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Sada, konačno -
a pogledajte koliko je dramatično -
a pogledajte koliko je dramatično -
ovo je ono što će GMT videti.
13:05
So, keep your eyes on those
bright images again.
bright images again.
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Zadržite pogled opet
na ovim svetlim prikazima.
na ovim svetlim prikazima.
13:08
This is what we see on one of the most
powerful existing telescopes on the Earth,
powerful existing telescopes on the Earth,
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Ovo vidimo na jednom od najmoćnijih
postojećih teleskopa na Zemlji,
postojećih teleskopa na Zemlji,
a ovo je, ponovo, ono što će GMT videti.
13:12
and this, again, what the GMT will see.
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13:16
Extraordinary precision.
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Izuzetna preciznost.
13:18
So, where are we?
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Pa, dokle smo stigli?
13:20
We have now leveled the top
of the mountaintop in Chile.
of the mountaintop in Chile.
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Do sada smo poravnali
vrh na planini u Čileu.
vrh na planini u Čileu.
13:23
We blasted that off.
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To smo digli u vazduh.
13:25
We've tested and polished
the first mirror.
the first mirror.
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Testirali smo i uglačali prvo ogledalo.
13:28
We've cast the second
and the third mirrors.
and the third mirrors.
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Izlili smo drugo i treće ogledalo
13:30
And we're about to cast the fourth mirror.
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i pripremamo se da izlijemo
i četvrto ogledalo.
i četvrto ogledalo.
13:32
We had a series of reviews this year,
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Imali smo niz revizija ove godine.
13:34
international panels
that came in and reviewed us,
that came in and reviewed us,
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Internacionalni paneli su nam
dolazili u reviziju i rekli:
dolazili u reviziju i rekli:
13:37
and said, "You're ready
to go to construction."
to go to construction."
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„Spremni ste za početak izgradnje.”
13:39
And so we plan on building this telescope
with the first four mirrors.
with the first four mirrors.
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Tako, planiramo da izgradimo
teleskop sa prvih četiri ogledala.
teleskop sa prvih četiri ogledala.
13:43
We want to get on the air quickly,
and be taking science data --
and be taking science data --
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Želeli bismo da uskoro uzletimo
i da prikupljamo naučne podatke -
i da prikupljamo naučne podatke -
13:47
what we astronomers call
"first light," in 2121.
"first light," in 2121.
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ono što astronomi zovu „prvi let”
u 2021. godini.
u 2021. godini.
13:53
And the full telescope will be finished
in the middle of the next decade,
in the middle of the next decade,
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Celokupni teleskop će se biti
potpuno završen sredinom sledeće decenije
potpuno završen sredinom sledeće decenije
13:56
with all seven mirrors.
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sa svih sedam ogledala.
13:58
So we're now poised to look back
at the distant universe,
at the distant universe,
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Sada smo spremni
da pogledamo duboko u svemir,
da pogledamo duboko u svemir,
u nastanak kosmosa.
14:02
the cosmic dawn.
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Moći ćemo da proučavamo planete
izuzetno detaljno.
izuzetno detaljno.
14:03
We'll be able to study other planets
in exquisite detail.
in exquisite detail.
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Za mene je, međutim,
jedna od najuzbudljivijih stvari
jedna od najuzbudljivijih stvari
14:08
But for me, one of the most
exciting things about building the GMT
exciting things about building the GMT
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kod izgradnje GMT-a
prilika da zapravo otkrijemo nešto
prilika da zapravo otkrijemo nešto
14:12
is the opportunity
to actually discover something
to actually discover something
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o čemu ništa ne znamo -
14:15
that we don't know about --
that we can't even imagine at this point,
that we can't even imagine at this point,
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što čak ne možemo
ni da zamislimo trenutno;
ni da zamislimo trenutno;
14:18
something completely new.
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nešto potpuno novo.
14:20
And my hope is that with the construction
of this and other facilities,
of this and other facilities,
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Nadam se da ćemo sa izgradnjom
ovog i drugih postrojenja
ovog i drugih postrojenja
mnoge mlade žene i muškarci
biti inspirisani da posegnu za zvezdama.
biti inspirisani da posegnu za zvezdama.
14:24
that many young women and men
will be inspired to reach for the stars.
will be inspired to reach for the stars.
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14:30
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam.
14:31
Obrigado.
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Obrigado.
14:32
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
Bruno Đusani: Hvala Vam, Vendi.
14:38
Bruno Giussani: Thank you, Wendy.
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Ostanite sa mnom jer imam pitanje za vas.
14:40
Stay with me, because
I have a question for you.
I have a question for you.
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14:42
You mentioned different facilities.
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Pomenuli ste različita postrojenja.
14:45
So the Magellan Telescope is going up,
but also ALMA and others in Chile
but also ALMA and others in Chile
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Magelanov teleskop ide gore,
ali su tu i ALMA i drugi u Čileu i drugde,
ali su tu i ALMA i drugi u Čileu i drugde,
14:49
and elsewhere, including in Hawaii.
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uključujući i Havaje.
Da li se ovde radi o saradnji
i komplementarnosti ili o takmičenju?
i komplementarnosti ili o takmičenju?
14:52
Is it about cooperation
and complementarity, or about competition?
and complementarity, or about competition?
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Znam da postoji takmičenje
kada su fondovi u pitanju,
kada su fondovi u pitanju,
14:56
I know there's competition in terms
of funding, but what about the science?
of funding, but what about the science?
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ali šta je sa naukom?
15:00
Wendy Freedman: In terms of the science,
they're very complementary.
they're very complementary.
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Vendi Fridmen: Što se nauke tiče,
veoma smo komplementarni.
veoma smo komplementarni.
Teleskopi koji su u svemiru, na zemlji,
15:03
The telescopes that are in space,
the telescopes on the ground,
the telescopes on the ground,
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teleskopi različitih sposobnosti
vezanih za talasnu dužinu,
vezanih za talasnu dužinu,
15:06
telescopes with different
wavelength capability,
wavelength capability,
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15:09
telescopes even that are similar,
but different instruments --
but different instruments --
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čak i teleskopi koji su slični,
ali su različiti instrumenti -
15:12
they will all look at different parts
of the questions that we're asking.
of the questions that we're asking.
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svi će istražiti različite delove
pitanja koja postavljamo.
pitanja koja postavljamo.
15:16
So when we discover other planets,
we'll be able to test those observations,
we'll be able to test those observations,
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Kada otkrijemo druge planete,
moći ćemo da testiramo zapažanja,
moći ćemo da testiramo zapažanja,
15:19
we'll be able to measure the atmospheres,
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izmerimo atmosfere,
15:21
be able to look in space
with very high resolution.
with very high resolution.
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pogledamo u svemir uz pomoć
veoma visoke rezolucije.
veoma visoke rezolucije.
Znači, veoma su komplementarni.
15:24
So, they're very complementary.
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15:26
You're right about
the funding, we compete;
the funding, we compete;
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U pravu ste što se fondova tiče;
takmičimo se,
takmičimo se,
15:28
but scientifically,
it's very complementary.
it's very complementary.
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ali je sa naučne strane
sve to veoma komplementarno.
sve to veoma komplementarno.
15:31
BG: Wendy, thank you very much
for coming to TEDGlobal.
for coming to TEDGlobal.
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BĐ: Vendi, hvala Vam
što ste došli u TEDGlobal.
što ste došli u TEDGlobal.
15:33
WF: Thank you.
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VF: Hvala vama.
15:35
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Wendy Freedman - AstronomerWendy Freedman led the construction of the Giant Magellan Telescope, a massive earthbound observatory.
Why you should listen
Wendy Freedman and her colleagues raced to build the world’s first next-generation telescope. The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT), in northern Chile, is one of three mega-telescopes currently under construction in the Atacama desert region (The others are the ALMA and the European Extremely Large Telescope, E-ELT).
The GMT will have 10 times more resolution than the Hubble Space Telescope. When it is finished, Freedman could be among those who answer one of astronomy’s greatest riddles: are there any other Earth-like planets out there? No stranger to big questions, Freedman and her colleagues at the Carnegie Observatories are also refining the measurement of the Hubble Constant, which could change our understanding of the speed of our expanding universe.
More profile about the speakerThe GMT will have 10 times more resolution than the Hubble Space Telescope. When it is finished, Freedman could be among those who answer one of astronomy’s greatest riddles: are there any other Earth-like planets out there? No stranger to big questions, Freedman and her colleagues at the Carnegie Observatories are also refining the measurement of the Hubble Constant, which could change our understanding of the speed of our expanding universe.
Wendy Freedman | Speaker | TED.com