Mission Blue II
Kristen Marhaver: How we're growing baby corals to rebuild reefs
Kristen Marhejver (Kristen Marhaver): Kako gajimo bebe korale da bismo spasili koralne grebene
Filmed:
Readability: 4.4
899,361 views
Kristen Marhejver istražuje korale, malena stvorenja veličine makovog zrna, koja stotinama dugih godina stvaraju prelepe strukture dugačke stotinama kilometara neophodne za život u okeanima. Ona priznaje da je lako rastužuti se kad se zna stanje koralnih grebena; trenutno su u vestima jer se velikom brzinom izbeljuju, umiru i pretvaraju u mulj. Dobra je vest to što dobijamo sve više saznanja o ovim neverovatnim morskim beskičmenjacima, uključujući i ona koja nam omogućavaju da im pomognemo kako bi oni pomogli nama. Ovaj biolog i stariji član TED Fellows programa, daje nam uvid u čudesne i skrivene živote ovih vrednih, ali nežnih stvorenja.
Kristen Marhaver - Coral reef biologist
TED Senior Fellow Kristen Marhaver is a marine biologist studying the ecology, behavior and reproduction of reef corals. Full bio
TED Senior Fellow Kristen Marhaver is a marine biologist studying the ecology, behavior and reproduction of reef corals. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
What was the most
difficult job you ever did?
difficult job you ever did?
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Šta je za vas bio najteži posao?
00:15
Was it working in the sun?
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Kad ste radili na suncu?
00:17
Was it working to provide food
for a family or a community?
for a family or a community?
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Onaj kad ste izdržavali
porodicu ili zajednicu?
porodicu ili zajednicu?
00:21
Was it working days and nights
trying to protect lives and property?
trying to protect lives and property?
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Kad ste radili noć i dan
kako biste zaštitili ljude i imovinu?
kako biste zaštitili ljude i imovinu?
00:25
Was it working alone
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Onaj kad ste radili sami
00:26
or working on a project
that wasn't guaranteed to succeed,
that wasn't guaranteed to succeed,
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ili onaj kad niste bili sigurni
da li će projekat uspeti,
da li će projekat uspeti,
00:30
but that might improve
human health or save a life?
human health or save a life?
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a znate da može
da poboljša zdravlje ili spase život?
da poboljša zdravlje ili spase život?
00:33
Was it working to build something,
create something, make a work of art?
create something, make a work of art?
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Da li je to bilo onda kad ste gradili,
stvarali nešto, neko umetničko delo?
stvarali nešto, neko umetničko delo?
00:38
Was it work for which you were never sure
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Ili onda kad niste bili sigurni
00:41
you were fully understood or appreciated?
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da li vas razumeju i poštuju?
00:45
The people in our communities
who do these jobs
who do these jobs
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Ljudi koji rade ove poslove
u našoj zajednici
u našoj zajednici
00:47
deserve our attention, our love
and our deepest support.
and our deepest support.
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zaslužuju pažnju, ljubav
i najveću podršku.
i najveću podršku.
00:51
But people aren't the only ones
in our communities
in our communities
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Ali ljudi nisu jedini
koji u našoj zajednici
koji u našoj zajednici
00:53
who do these difficult jobs.
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rade te teške poslove.
00:56
These jobs are also done
by the plants, the animals
by the plants, the animals
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Te poslove rade i biljke, životinje
00:58
and the ecosystems on our planet,
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i eko-sistemi na našoj planeti,
01:01
including the ecosystems I study:
the tropical coral reefs.
the tropical coral reefs.
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kao i oni eko-sistemi koje ja proučavam,
tropski koralni grebeni.
tropski koralni grebeni.
01:05
Coral reefs are farmers.
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Koralni grebeni su farmeri.
01:07
They provide food, income
and food security
and food security
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Oni obezbeđuju hranu i prihod
01:10
for hundreds of millions
of people around the world.
of people around the world.
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milijardama ljudi širom sveta.
01:13
Coral reefs are security guards.
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Koralni grebeni su telohranitelji.
01:16
The structures that they build
protect our shorelines
protect our shorelines
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Strukture koje oni grade štite obale
01:18
from storm surge and waves,
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od oluja, talasa
01:20
and the biological systems
that they house filter the water
that they house filter the water
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i biološki sistemi koji oni imaju
prečišćavaju vodu
prečišćavaju vodu
01:24
and make it safer for us to work and play.
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da bismo živeli zdravo.
01:27
Coral reefs are chemists.
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Koralni grebeni su hemičari.
01:30
The molecules that we're discovering
on coral reefs are increasingly important
on coral reefs are increasingly important
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Molekule koje pronalazimo
na koralnim grebenima veoma su važni
na koralnim grebenima veoma su važni
01:33
in the search for new antibiotics
and new cancer drugs.
and new cancer drugs.
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za istraživanje antibiotika
i novih lekova za rak.
i novih lekova za rak.
01:37
And coral reefs are artists.
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Koralni grebeni su i umetnici.
01:39
The structures that they build
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Strukture koje grade
01:41
are some of the most
beautiful things on planet Earth.
beautiful things on planet Earth.
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nešto je najlepše na planeti Zemlji.
01:43
And this beauty is the foundation
of the tourism industry
of the tourism industry
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I njihova lepota je u osnovi turizma
01:46
in many countries with few
or little other natural resources.
or little other natural resources.
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mnogih zemalja koje nemaju puno
drugih prirodnih bogatstava.
drugih prirodnih bogatstava.
01:51
So for all of these reasons,
all of these ecosystem services,
all of these ecosystem services,
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Zbog svih ovih razloga,
i usluga koje nam koralni grebeni pružaju,
i usluga koje nam koralni grebeni pružaju,
01:55
economists estimate the value
of the world's coral reefs
of the world's coral reefs
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ekonomisti procenjuju
da je njihova vrednost
da je njihova vrednost
01:57
in the hundreds of billions
of dollars per year.
of dollars per year.
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na stotine milijardi dolara godišnje.
02:01
And yet despite all that hard work
being done for us
being done for us
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Iako za nas rade ove teške poslove,
02:04
and all that wealth that we gain,
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iako nam donose novac,
02:06
we have done almost everything
we possibly could to destroy that.
we possibly could to destroy that.
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uradili smo skoro sve što smo mogli
da ih uništimo.
da ih uništimo.
02:11
We have taken the fish out of the oceans
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Izbacili smo ribe iz okeana,
02:13
and we have added in fertilizer, sewage,
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ubacili smo prečišćivače, kanalizaciju,
02:15
diseases, oil, pollution, sediments.
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bolesti, naftu, zagađivače i sedimente.
02:19
We have trampled the reefs physically
with our boats, our fins, our bulldozers,
with our boats, our fins, our bulldozers,
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Fizički smo ih oštetili brodovima,
podmornicama, buldožerima.
podmornicama, buldožerima.
02:23
and we have changed the chemistry
of the entire sea,
of the entire sea,
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Promenili smo hemijski sastav mora,
02:26
warmed the waters and made storms worse.
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zagrejali smo vode i pojačali oluje.
02:28
And these would all be bad on their own,
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I sve to ne bi bilo toliko strašno
02:30
but these threats magnify each other
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da se problemi uzajamno ne pojačavaju
02:32
and compound one another
and make each other worse.
and make each other worse.
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i jedni druge ne usložljavaju
i pogoršavaju.
i pogoršavaju.
02:35
I'll give you an example.
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Daću vam primer.
02:37
Where I live and work, in Curaçao,
a tropical storm went by a few years ago.
a tropical storm went by a few years ago.
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U Kurasau gde živim i radim,
pre par godina došlo je do tropske oluje.
pre par godina došlo je do tropske oluje.
02:41
And on the eastern end of the island,
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Na istočnom delu ostrva
02:43
where the reefs are intact and thriving,
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gde su grebeni bili zdravi i netaknuti,
02:45
you could barely tell
a tropical storm had passed.
a tropical storm had passed.
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nikad ne biste rekli da je oluje bilo.
02:48
But in town, where corals had died
from overfishing, from pollution,
from overfishing, from pollution,
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Ali u gradu, u kome su korali uginuli
zbog pecanja i zagađenja
zbog pecanja i zagađenja
02:53
the tropical storm picked up
the dead corals
the dead corals
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tropska oluja je podigla mrtve korale
02:55
and used them as bludgeons
to kill the corals that were left.
to kill the corals that were left.
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i sa njima, kao toljagom, ubila korale
koji su bili zdravi.
koji su bili zdravi.
02:59
This is a coral that I studied
during my PhD --
during my PhD --
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Koral koga sam izučavala
na doktorskim studijama.
na doktorskim studijama.
03:01
I got to know it quite well.
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Dobro sam ga upoznala.
03:03
And after this storm
took off half of its tissue,
took off half of its tissue,
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Kad je zbog oluje izgubio pola tkiva,
03:06
it became infested with algae,
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alge su ga naselile.
03:08
the algae overgrew the tissue
and that coral died.
and that coral died.
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Narasle su preko tkiva i koral je uginuo.
03:11
This magnification of threats,
this compounding of factors
this compounding of factors
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Ove mnogobrojne pretnje,
ove zajedničke faktore
ove zajedničke faktore
03:15
is what Jeremy Jackson describes
as the "slippery slope to slime."
as the "slippery slope to slime."
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Džeremi Džekson naziva
"klizavom nizbrdicom ka mulju".
"klizavom nizbrdicom ka mulju".
03:20
It's hardly even a metaphor
because many of our reefs now
because many of our reefs now
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To više nije ni metafora
jer su sad mnogi grebeni
jer su sad mnogi grebeni
03:24
are literally bacteria
and algae and slime.
and algae and slime.
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naseljeni samo bakterijama,
algama i muljem.
algama i muljem.
03:28
Now, this is the part of the talk
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Ovo je sad deo govora
03:30
where you may expect me
to launch into my plea
to launch into my plea
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kad očekujete da vas zamolim
03:33
for us to all save the coral reefs.
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da čuvate koralne grebene.
03:36
But I have a confession to make:
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Moram vam nešto priznati:
03:39
that phrase drives me nuts.
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to me izluđuje.
03:42
Whether I see it in a tweet,
in a news headline
in a news headline
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Da li to bio tvit, naslov u novinama
03:46
or the glossy pages
of a conservation brochure,
of a conservation brochure,
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ili strana u brošurama za očuvanje grebena
03:49
that phrase bothers me,
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ta molba mi smeta
03:51
because we as conservationists
have been sounding the alarms
have been sounding the alarms
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jer smo decenijama
03:54
about the death
of coral reefs for decades.
of coral reefs for decades.
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upozoravali na smrt koralnih grebena.
03:56
And yet, almost everyone I meet,
no matter how educated,
no matter how educated,
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Međutim, bilo koga upoznam,
bez obzira na stepen obrazovanja,
bez obzira na stepen obrazovanja,
04:01
is not sure what a coral is
or where they come from.
or where they come from.
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nije siguran šta je koral
ili kako nastaje.
ili kako nastaje.
04:05
How would we get someone to care
about the world's coral reefs
about the world's coral reefs
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Kako neko može da brine
o koralnim grebenovima
o koralnim grebenovima
04:08
when it's an abstract thing
they can barely understand?
they can barely understand?
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kad su oni za njih apstraktna stvar
koju jedva da razumeju.
koju jedva da razumeju.
04:13
If they don't understand
what a coral is or where it comes from,
what a coral is or where it comes from,
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Ako ne razumeju
šta je koral i kako nastaje
šta je koral i kako nastaje
04:16
or how funny or interesting
or beautiful it is,
or beautiful it is,
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ili kako je smešan, zanimljiv i lep,
04:19
why would we expect them
to care about saving them?
to care about saving them?
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kako očekujemo
da će brinuti o njegovom opstanku.
da će brinuti o njegovom opstanku.
04:22
So let's change that.
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Hajde da to promenimo.
04:23
What is a coral
and where does it come from?
and where does it come from?
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Šta je koral i kako nastaje?
04:27
Corals are born
in a number of different ways,
in a number of different ways,
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Korali nastaju na veliki broj načina,
04:29
but most often by mass spawning:
all of the individuals of a single species
all of the individuals of a single species
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najčešće mrešćenjem:
svi delovi jednog korala
svi delovi jednog korala
04:33
on one night a year,
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jednom godišnje
04:35
releasing all the eggs
they've made that year
they've made that year
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u toku jedne noći ispuštaju jaja
04:37
into the water column,
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u vodeni stub.
04:39
packaged into bundles with sperm cells.
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Jaja su u zamotuljak
spakovana zajedno sa spermom.
spakovana zajedno sa spermom.
04:41
And those bundles go to the surface
of the ocean and break apart.
of the ocean and break apart.
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Ti zamotuljci penju se
na površinu okeana i razdvajaju se.
na površinu okeana i razdvajaju se.
04:45
And hopefully -- hopefully --
at the surface of the ocean,
at the surface of the ocean,
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I ako bude sve u redu, na površini okena
04:47
they meet the eggs and sperm
from other corals.
from other corals.
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srešće jaja i spermu drugih korala.
04:50
And that is why you need
lots of corals on a coral reef --
lots of corals on a coral reef --
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I zato je potrebno
mnogo korala na koralnom grebenu,
mnogo korala na koralnom grebenu,
04:53
so that all of their eggs can
meet their match at the surface.
meet their match at the surface.
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da bi sva jaja mogla da dođu u kontakt
sa svojim pandanom.
sa svojim pandanom.
04:57
When they're fertilized, they do
what any other animal egg does:
what any other animal egg does:
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Kad se oplode, jaja,
kao i kod drugih životinja,
kao i kod drugih životinja,
05:00
divides in half again and again and again.
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dele se na pola i opet na pola.
05:03
Taking these photos
under the microscope every year
under the microscope every year
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Omiljeni i najmagičniji
trenutak tokom godine
trenutak tokom godine
05:05
is one of my favorite and most
magical moments of the year.
magical moments of the year.
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jeste kad to slikam preko mikroskopa.
05:08
At the end of all this cell division,
they turn into a swimming larva --
they turn into a swimming larva --
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Kad se ćelije podele,
pretvaraju se u plivajuću larvu,
pretvaraju se u plivajuću larvu,
05:12
a little tiny blob of fat
the size of a poppy seed,
the size of a poppy seed,
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malu grudvicu masti
veličine makovog zrna,
veličine makovog zrna,
05:16
but with all of the sensory
systems that we have.
systems that we have.
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sa svim senzornim sistemima
koje i ljudi imaju.
koje i ljudi imaju.
05:19
They can sense color and light,
textures, chemicals, pH.
textures, chemicals, pH.
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Mogu da opaze boju, svetlost,
teksturu, osete hemikalije i pH.
teksturu, osete hemikalije i pH.
05:24
They can even feel pressure waves;
they can hear sound.
they can hear sound.
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Mogu čak i da osete pritisak talasa,
mogu da čuju zvuk.
mogu da čuju zvuk.
05:28
And they use those talents
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Ove svoje talente koriste
05:29
to search the bottom of the reef
for a place to attach
for a place to attach
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kako bi istražili dno grebena,
pričvrstili se za njega
pričvrstili se za njega
05:32
and live the rest of their lives.
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i bili tu do kraja svog života.
05:34
So imagine finding a place
where you would live the rest of your life
where you would live the rest of your life
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Zamislite da možete da nađete
mesto na kojem ćete živeti do kraja života
mesto na kojem ćete živeti do kraja života
05:37
when you were just two days old.
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kad ste stari samo dva dana.
05:39
They attach in the place
they find most suitable,
they find most suitable,
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Pričvršćuju se
za njima najpogodnije mesto,
za njima najpogodnije mesto,
05:42
they build a skeleton
underneath themselves,
underneath themselves,
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razvija im se skelet,
05:44
they build a mouth and tentacles,
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kao i usta i pipci
05:46
and then they begin the difficult work
of building the world's coral reefs.
of building the world's coral reefs.
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i onda kreću sa teškim poslom
izgradnje koralnog grebena.
izgradnje koralnog grebena.
05:51
One coral polyp will divide itself
again and again and again,
again and again and again,
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Stalnim deljenjem, koralni polip
05:54
leaving a limestone skeleton
underneath itself
underneath itself
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ostavlja svoj krečnjački skelet ispod sebe
05:57
and growing up toward the sun.
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i raste prema suncu.
05:59
Given hundreds of years and many species,
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Uzimajući u obzir
hiljade godina i mnoge vrste,
hiljade godina i mnoge vrste,
06:02
what you get is a massive
limestone structure
limestone structure
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stvara se ogromna krečnjačka struktura
06:05
that can be seen from space in many cases,
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prekrivena tankom kožom
ovih vrednih životinja
ovih vrednih životinja
06:07
covered by a thin skin
of these hardworking animals.
of these hardworking animals.
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koja se može nekad videti i iz svemira.
06:11
Now, there are only a few hundred species
of corals on the planet, maybe 1,000.
of corals on the planet, maybe 1,000.
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Danas ima samo nekoliko stotina
vrsta korala, možda hiljadu.
vrsta korala, možda hiljadu.
06:16
But these systems house millions
and millions of other species,
and millions of other species,
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Ali ti sistemi u sebi sadrže
na milione drugih vrsta
na milione drugih vrsta
06:21
and that diversity is what
stabilizes the systems,
stabilizes the systems,
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i ta raznovrsnost stabilizuje sisteme
06:23
and it's where we're finding
our new medicines.
our new medicines.
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i omogućava nam da pronađemo nove lekove.
06:25
It's how we find new sources of food.
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Na taj način pronalazimo
nove izvore hrane.
nove izvore hrane.
06:29
I'm lucky enough to work
on the island of Curaçao,
on the island of Curaçao,
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Imam sreće što radim na ostrvu Kurasao,
06:32
where we still have reefs
that look like this.
that look like this.
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gde i dalje postoje ovakvi grebeni.
06:34
But, indeed, much of the Caribbean
and much of our world
and much of our world
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Međutim, većina Karipskih ostrva
kao i ostatak sveta
kao i ostatak sveta
06:38
is much more like this.
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izgleda ovako.
06:40
Scientists have studied
in increasing detail
in increasing detail
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Naučnici detaljno analiziraju
06:43
the loss of the world's coral reefs,
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nestanak koralnih grebena.
06:45
and they have documented
with increasing certainty the causes.
with increasing certainty the causes.
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I sa velikom sigurnošću
saznali su razloge za nestanak.
saznali su razloge za nestanak.
06:49
But in my research, I'm not
interested in looking backward.
interested in looking backward.
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U svom istraživanju, ne zanima me
ono što se pre desilo.
ono što se pre desilo.
06:52
My colleagues and I in Curaçao
are interested in looking forward
are interested in looking forward
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Moje kolege i mene u Kurasau zanima
ono što se može desiti u budućnosti.
06:55
at what might be.
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06:56
And we have the tiniest reason
to be optimistic.
to be optimistic.
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I imamo mali razlog za optimizam.
07:00
Because even in some of these reefs
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Čak i na grebenima
07:02
that we probably could have
written off long ago,
written off long ago,
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koje smo mogli da otpišemo
pre mnogo godina
pre mnogo godina
07:06
we sometimes see baby corals
arrive and survive anyway.
arrive and survive anyway.
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možemo videti bebe korale
koje dolaze i preživljavaju.
koje dolaze i preživljavaju.
07:11
And we're starting to think
that baby corals may have the ability
that baby corals may have the ability
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I mislimo da bebe korali mogu da se
07:14
to adjust to some of the conditions
that the adults couldn't.
that the adults couldn't.
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adaptiraju uslovima
koje odrasli korali ne mogu.
koje odrasli korali ne mogu.
07:18
They may be able to adjust
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Mogu da se adaptiraju
07:20
ever so slightly more readily
to this human planet.
to this human planet.
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za zrnce bolje od ostalih na ovoj planeti.
07:24
So in the research I do
with my colleagues in Curaçao,
with my colleagues in Curaçao,
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Sa svojim kolegama u Kurasaou
pokušavam da saznam
pokušavam da saznam
07:28
we try to figure out
what a baby coral needs
what a baby coral needs
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šta je bebi koralu potrebno
07:31
in that critical early stage,
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u toj kritičnoj fazi,
07:33
what it's looking for
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šta je to što traži
07:34
and how we can try to help it
through that process.
through that process.
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i kako možemo da mu pomognemo
da to što mu treba nađe.
da to što mu treba nađe.
07:36
I'm going to show you three examples
of the work we've done
of the work we've done
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Pokazaću vam tri primera
onoga što istražujemo
onoga što istražujemo
07:39
to try to answer those questions.
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da bih odgovorila na ta pitanja.
07:42
A few years ago we took a 3D printer
and we made coral choice surveys --
and we made coral choice surveys --
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Pre par godina, 3D štampačem
istraživali smo različite korale,
istraživali smo različite korale,
07:47
different colors and different textures,
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raznih boja i tekstura,
07:49
and we simply asked the coral
where they preferred to settle.
where they preferred to settle.
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i pitali smo ih
gde bi hteli da se nastane.
gde bi hteli da se nastane.
07:52
And we found that corals,
even without the biology involved,
even without the biology involved,
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Saznali smo da bez obzira na biologiju,
07:55
still prefer white and pink,
the colors of a healthy reef.
the colors of a healthy reef.
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i dalje žele koralne grebene
u zdravoj beloj i roze boji.
u zdravoj beloj i roze boji.
07:58
And they prefer crevices
and grooves and holes,
and grooves and holes,
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Žele pukotine, žlebove i rupe,
08:01
where they will be safe
from being trampled
from being trampled
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gde mogu biti sigurni da neće biti
08:03
or eaten by a predator.
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oštećeni ili pojedeni.
08:05
So we can use this knowledge,
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To znanje možemo iskoristiti,
08:06
we can go back and say
we need to restore those factors --
we need to restore those factors --
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možemo se vratiti u prošlost
da bi uslove kao što su,
da bi uslove kao što su,
08:09
that pink, that white, those crevices,
those hard surfaces --
those hard surfaces --
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bela i roze boja, pukotine,
tvrde površine uneli
tvrde površine uneli
08:13
in our conservation projects.
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u projekte za očuvanje prirode.
08:14
We can also use that knowledge
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Možemo to znanje iskoristiti
08:16
if we're going to put something
underwater, like a sea wall or a pier.
underwater, like a sea wall or a pier.
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i staviti neki zid ili stub u vodu.
08:19
We can choose to use the materials
and colors and textures
and colors and textures
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Možemo da iskoristimo materijale,
boje i teksture
boje i teksture
08:22
that might bias the system
back toward those corals.
back toward those corals.
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da bi ih korali prepoznali
kao deo sistema.
kao deo sistema.
08:27
Now in addition to the surfaces,
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Zajedno sa spoljašnošću grebena,
08:29
we also study the chemical
and microbial signals
and microbial signals
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istražujemo i hemijske i mikrobne signale
08:32
that attract corals to reefs.
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koji korale privlače grebenima.
08:34
Starting about six years ago,
I began culturing bacteria
I began culturing bacteria
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Pre oko 6 godina,
počela sam da gajim bakterije
počela sam da gajim bakterije
08:36
from surfaces where corals had settled.
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koje žive tamo gde su su naselili korali.
08:39
And I tried those one by one by one,
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Jednu po jednu sam isprobavala,
08:41
looking for the bacteria that would
convince corals to settle and attach.
convince corals to settle and attach.
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tražeći bakteriju koja bi
privukla korale da se nastane i pričvrste.
privukla korale da se nastane i pričvrste.
08:46
And we now have many
bacterial strains in our freezer
bacterial strains in our freezer
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U frižideru, imamo mnogo bakterija
08:49
that will reliably cause corals
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koje će zasigurno navesti korale
08:51
to go through that settlement
and attachment process.
and attachment process.
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da se nastane i pričvrste na greben.
08:54
So as we speak,
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Dok mi pričamo,
08:55
my colleagues in Curaçao
are testing those bacteria
are testing those bacteria
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moje kolege u Kurasaou
testiraju te bakterije
testiraju te bakterije
08:58
to see if they'll help us raise
more coral settlers in the lab,
more coral settlers in the lab,
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da bi saznali da li pomoću njih
možemo uzgajati korale u laboratoriji,
možemo uzgajati korale u laboratoriji,
09:01
and to see if those coral settlers
will survive better
will survive better
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i da li će korali duže preživeti
09:04
when we put them back underwater.
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kad ih budemo vratili u vodu.
09:06
Now in addition to these tools,
we also try to uncover the mysteries
we also try to uncover the mysteries
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Osim što se bavimo ovim,
pokušavamo da otkrijemo zagonetne
pokušavamo da otkrijemo zagonetne
09:09
of species that are under-studied.
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vrste koje nisu još istraživane.
09:12
This is one of my favorite corals,
and always has been:
and always has been:
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Ovo je za mene oduvek bio
jedan od omiljenih korala:
jedan od omiljenih korala:
09:16
dendrogyra cylindrus, the pillar coral.
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dendrogyra cylindrus tj. stubasti koral.
09:19
I love it because it makes
this ridiculous shape,
this ridiculous shape,
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Sviđa mi jer ima ovaj smešan oblik,
09:22
because its tentacles
are fat and look fuzzy
are fat and look fuzzy
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jer su mu pipci debeli i nejasni
09:25
and because it's rare.
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i zato što je redak.
09:26
Finding one of these on a reef is a treat.
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Uživamo kad pronađemo jedan ovakav koral.
09:29
In fact, it's so rare,
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Toliko je redak
09:30
that last year it was listed
as a threatened species
as a threatened species
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2516
da se prošle godine
našao na spisku ugroženih vrsta.
09:33
on the endangered species list.
191
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1855
09:35
And this was in part because
in over 30 years of research surveys,
in over 30 years of research surveys,
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3307
To se delom desilo
jer tokom 30 godina istraživanja
jer tokom 30 godina istraživanja
09:38
scientists had never found
a baby pillar coral.
a baby pillar coral.
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naučnici nisu naišli
na bebu stubastog korala.
na bebu stubastog korala.
09:42
We weren't even sure
if they could still reproduce,
if they could still reproduce,
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Nismo bili sigurni
da li se mogu razmnožavati
da li se mogu razmnožavati
09:45
or if they were still reproducing.
195
573241
1999
i da li se i dalje razmnožavaju.
09:47
So four years ago, we started
following these at night
following these at night
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Pre četiri godine,
počeli smo da ih noću pratimo
počeli smo da ih noću pratimo
09:50
and watching to see if we could
figure out when they spawn in Curaçao.
figure out when they spawn in Curaçao.
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4289
kako bismo saznali kada se mreste
u Kurasaou.
u Kurasaou.
09:55
We got some good tips
from our colleagues in Florida,
from our colleagues in Florida,
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Dobili smo dobre savete
od kolega iz Floride,
od kolega iz Floride,
09:58
who had seen one in 2007, one in 2008,
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4058
koji su videli jedan 2007. godine,
a jedan 2008. godine.
a jedan 2008. godine.
10:02
and eventually we figured out
when they spawn in Curaçao
when they spawn in Curaçao
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Na kraju smo saznali
kada se mreste u Kurasaou
kada se mreste u Kurasaou
10:05
and we caught it.
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i uhvatili smo ih.
10:06
Here's a female on the left
with some eggs in her tissue,
with some eggs in her tissue,
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S leve strane je ženka,
s nekoliko jaja na tkivu
s nekoliko jaja na tkivu
10:09
about to release them into the seawater.
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1920
koje treba da izbaci u more.
10:11
And here's a male
on the right, releasing sperm.
on the right, releasing sperm.
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S desne strane je mužjak,
koji izbacuje spermu.
koji izbacuje spermu.
10:14
We collected this, we got it
back to the lab, we got it to fertilize
back to the lab, we got it to fertilize
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Skupili smo sve to,
prebacili u laboratoriju da se oplode
prebacili u laboratoriju da se oplode
10:18
and we got baby pillar corals
swimming in our lab.
swimming in our lab.
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i dobili smo bebe stubastog korala
koji plivaju u laboratoriji.
koji plivaju u laboratoriji.
10:22
Thanks to the work
of our scientific aunts and uncles,
of our scientific aunts and uncles,
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Zahvaljujući radu naučnika pre nas,
10:25
and thanks to the 10 years of practice
we've had in Curaçao
we've had in Curaçao
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i zahvaljujući desetogodišnjoj praksi
u Kurasaou,
u Kurasaou,
10:27
at raising other coral species,
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2193
od kad su korali počeli da se gaje,
10:30
we got some of those larvae
to go through the rest of the process
to go through the rest of the process
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dobili smo larve
koje mogu da nastave proces,
koje mogu da nastave proces,
10:34
and settle and attach,
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nastane se, pričvrste se za greben
10:35
and turn into metamorphosed corals.
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2711
i pretvore se u metamorfozirane korale.
10:38
So this is the first pillar coral baby
that anyone ever saw.
that anyone ever saw.
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4744
Ovu prvu larvu stubastog korala
do sad još niko nije video.
do sad još niko nije video.
10:43
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
10:49
And I have to say --
if you think baby pandas are cute,
if you think baby pandas are cute,
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Moram da kažem,
ako mislite da su bebe pande slatke,
ako mislite da su bebe pande slatke,
10:52
this is cuter.
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korali su još slađi.
10:53
(Laughter)
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1983
(Smeh)
10:56
So we're starting to figure out
the secrets to this process,
the secrets to this process,
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Počinjemo da razumemo tajne ovog procesa,
10:59
the secrets of coral reproduction
and how we might help them.
and how we might help them.
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tajne razmnožavanja korala
i kako možemo da im pomognemo.
i kako možemo da im pomognemo.
11:03
And this is true all around the world;
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Ovo je tačno svuda u svetu:
11:04
scientists are figuring out new ways
to handle their embryos,
to handle their embryos,
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2892
naučnici dolaze do novih načina
kako da rade sa embrionima,
kako da rade sa embrionima,
11:07
to get them to settle,
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kako da ih nastane,
11:09
maybe even figuring out the methods
to preserve them at low temperatures,
to preserve them at low temperatures,
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možda čak i kako da ih sačuvaju
na niskim temperaturama
na niskim temperaturama
11:13
so that we can preserve
their genetic diversity
their genetic diversity
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da bismo mogli održati
njihovu genetsku raznovrsnost
njihovu genetsku raznovrsnost
11:16
and work with them more often.
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1882
i da bismo mogli s njima češće raditi.
11:18
But this is still so low-tech.
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Sve ovo i sad nije na visokom nivou.
11:22
We are limited by the space on our bench,
the number of hands in the lab
the number of hands in the lab
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Nedostaje nam mesta na našoj klupi,
još ruku u laboratoriji,
još ruku u laboratoriji,
11:27
and the number of coffees
we can drink in any given hour.
we can drink in any given hour.
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4170
kao i još kafe
koje treba popiti svakog dana.
koje treba popiti svakog dana.
11:32
Now, compare that to our other crises
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Uporedite to sad sa drugim krizama
11:34
and our other areas
of concern as a society.
of concern as a society.
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3213
i drugim brigama u društvu.
11:38
We have advanced medical technology,
we have defense technology,
we have defense technology,
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Imamo razvijenu medicinsku tehnologiju,
odbrambenu zaštitu,
odbrambenu zaštitu,
11:41
we have scientific technology,
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1597
tehnologiju za prirodne nauke,
11:43
we even have advanced technology for art.
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čak imamo i razvijenu
tehnologiju za umetnost.
tehnologiju za umetnost.
11:46
But our technology
for conservation is behind.
for conservation is behind.
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Ali tehnologija za održavanje prirode
zaostaje za njima.
zaostaje za njima.
11:53
Think back to the most
difficult job you ever did.
difficult job you ever did.
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Ponovo pomislite
na najteži posao koji ste radili.
na najteži posao koji ste radili.
11:56
Many of you would say
it was being a parent.
it was being a parent.
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3235
Mnogi od vas reći će
da je to roditeljstvo.
da je to roditeljstvo.
12:00
My mother described being a parent
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1657
Moja majka opisala je roditeljstvo
12:01
as something that makes your life
far more amazing and far more difficult
far more amazing and far more difficult
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4211
kao nešto što život učini
mnogo lepšim ali i mnogo težim
mnogo lepšim ali i mnogo težim
12:06
than you could've ever possibly imagined.
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od bilo čega drugog.
12:08
I've been trying to help corals
become parents for over 10 years now.
become parents for over 10 years now.
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4025
Već deset godina, pokušavam
da pomognem koralima da postanu roditelji.
da pomognem koralima da postanu roditelji.
12:13
And watching the wonder of life
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2170
Gledajući čudo života,
12:15
has certainly filled me with amazement
to the core of my soul.
to the core of my soul.
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4027
zadivljenost obuzima svu moju dušu.
12:19
But I've also seen how difficult
it is for them to become parents.
it is for them to become parents.
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Ali videla sam i koliko im je teško
da postanu roditelji.
da postanu roditelji.
12:24
The pillar corals spawned
again two weeks ago,
again two weeks ago,
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Stubasti korali
mrestili su se pre dve sedmice.
mrestili su se pre dve sedmice.
12:26
and we collected their eggs
and brought them back to the lab.
and brought them back to the lab.
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2889
Skupili smo njihova jaja,
i odneli ih u laboratoriju.
i odneli ih u laboratoriju.
12:29
And here you see one embryo dividing,
246
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2058
I sad vidite kako se embrion razdvaja,
12:31
alongside 14 eggs that didn't fertilize
247
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2874
i 14 jaja koja nisu oplođena
12:34
and will blow up.
248
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i koja će nestati.
12:36
They'll be infected with bacteria,
they will explode
they will explode
249
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2735
Bakterije će ih zaraziti, eksplodiraće
12:39
and those bacteria will threaten
the life of this one embryo
the life of this one embryo
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3742
i te bakterija će ugroziti
život ovog jednog embriona
život ovog jednog embriona
12:43
that has a chance.
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koji ima šansu da nastavi sa životom.
12:45
We don't know if it was our handling
methods that went wrong
methods that went wrong
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Ne znamo da li smo pogrešili
u našim metodama.
u našim metodama.
12:48
and we don't know
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1627
Ne znamo
12:50
if it was just this coral on this reef,
always suffering from low fertility.
always suffering from low fertility.
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4918
da li samo ovaj koral na ovom grebenu
uvek ima problem s oplođenjem.
uvek ima problem s oplođenjem.
12:55
Whatever the cause,
255
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1305
Koji god da je razlog,
12:56
we have much more work to do
before we can use baby corals
before we can use baby corals
256
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4517
imamo još puno posla
dok bebe korali ne budu mogli
dok bebe korali ne budu mogli
13:01
to grow or fix or, yes,
maybe save coral reefs.
maybe save coral reefs.
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4942
da rastu i pop rave ili možda spasu
koralne grebene.
koralne grebene.
13:07
So never mind that they're worth
hundreds of billions of dollars.
hundreds of billions of dollars.
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Nemojte se obazirati na to
što vrede milijarde dolara.
što vrede milijarde dolara.
13:10
Coral reefs are hardworking animals
and plants and microbes and fungi.
and plants and microbes and fungi.
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5427
Koralni grebeni su vredne životinje,
biljke, mikrobi i gljive.
biljke, mikrobi i gljive.
13:15
They're providing us with art
and food and medicine.
and food and medicine.
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3620
One nam daju umetnost, hranu i lekove.
13:20
And we almost took out
an entire generation of corals.
an entire generation of corals.
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3576
A mi smo skoro uništili
celu generaciju korala.
celu generaciju korala.
13:23
But a few made it anyway,
despite our best efforts,
despite our best efforts,
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Ali nekoliko je preživelo,
bez obzira na naše najteže napore,
bez obzira na naše najteže napore,
13:28
and now it's time for us to thank them
for the work they did
for the work they did
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sad je vreme da im zahvalimo
na svom njihovom radu
na svom njihovom radu
13:31
and give them every chance they have
to raise the coral reefs of the future,
to raise the coral reefs of the future,
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i da im pružimo svaku priliku
da grade koralne grebene u budućnosti,
da grade koralne grebene u budućnosti,
13:36
their coral babies.
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svoje larve korala.
13:37
Thank you so much.
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Hvala vam mnogo.
13:38
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kristen Marhaver - Coral reef biologistTED Senior Fellow Kristen Marhaver is a marine biologist studying the ecology, behavior and reproduction of reef corals.
Why you should listen
Dr. Kristen Marhaver's work combines classic scientific methods with new technologies to help threatened coral species survive their early life stages. She was the first person to rear juveniles of the endangered Caribbean Pillar Coral. Now she's now developing bacterial tools to improve coral survival at all life stages.
Marhaver's research has been covered by NPR, BBC, The Atlantic and Popular Science, among hundreds of outlets. She's earned five fellowships and grants from the US National Science Foundation and multiple awards for science communication. Marhaver is a TED Senior Fellow, a WINGS Fellow, and a World Economic Forum Young Scientist.
Outside the lab, Marhaver advocates for stronger ocean conservation and smarter science communication. Her talks and articles have been featured by Google, Wired UK, Mission Blue and by ocean and scuba festivals around the world.
A scuba diver from the age of 15, Marhaver is a graduate of Georgia Institute of Technology and the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Her lab is based at the CARMABI Research Station on the island of Curaçao.
Kristen Marhaver | Speaker | TED.com