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Jamila Raqib: The secret to effective nonviolent resistance
Džamila Rakib (Jamila Raqib): Tajna delotvornog nenasilnog otpora
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Nećemo okončati nasilje, govoreći ljudima da je ono moralno pogrešno, kaže Džamila Rakib, izvršna direktorka Instituta Albert Ajnštajn. Umesto toga, moramo pronaći alternativne načine da se bavimo konfliktom, koji su jednako moćni i delotvorni. Rakib promoviše ljudima, koji žive pod tiranijom, nenasilni otpor - a to je mnogo više od uličnih protesta. Deli ohrabrujuće primere kreativnih strategija koje su dovele do promena širom sveta, kao i poruku nade o budućnosti u kojoj nema oružanih konflikata. "Najveća nada za čovečanstvo ne počiva u osudi nasilja, već u njegovom prevazilaženju", kaže Rakiba.
Jamila Raqib - Peacemaker
Jamila Raqib works on pragmatic approaches to nonviolent action for activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments globally. Full bio
Jamila Raqib works on pragmatic approaches to nonviolent action for activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments globally. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
War has been a part of my life
since I can remember.
since I can remember.
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Rat je deo mog života otkad pamtim.
00:16
I was born in Afghanistan,
just six months after the Soviets invaded,
just six months after the Soviets invaded,
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Rođena sam u Avganistanu,
samo šest meseci nakon sovjetske invazije
samo šest meseci nakon sovjetske invazije
00:21
and even though I was too young
to understand what was happening,
to understand what was happening,
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i iako sam bila suviše mala
da razumem šta se dešavalo,
da razumem šta se dešavalo,
00:24
I had a deep sense of the suffering
and the fear around me.
and the fear around me.
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duboko sam bila svesna patnje
i straha koji su me okruživali.
i straha koji su me okruživali.
00:29
Those early experiences had a major impact
on how I now think about war and conflict.
on how I now think about war and conflict.
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Ta rana iskustva su imala velik uticaj
na to kako razmišljam o ratu i konfliktu.
na to kako razmišljam o ratu i konfliktu.
00:35
I learned that when people
have a fundamental issue at stake,
have a fundamental issue at stake,
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Naučila sam da kad se radi
o ključnim pitanjima za ljude,
o ključnim pitanjima za ljude,
00:38
for most of them,
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za većinu
00:39
giving in is not an option.
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predaja ne dolazi u obzir.
00:41
For these types conflicts --
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Kod ovog vida konflikta -
00:43
when people's rights are violated,
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kad su ljudska prava ugrožena,
00:45
when their countries are occupied,
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kad su im države pod okupacijom,
00:47
when they're oppressed and humiliated --
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kad su ugnjetavani i ponižavani -
00:49
they need a powerful way
to resist and to fight back.
to resist and to fight back.
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potreban im je moćan oblik otpora i borbe.
00:53
Which means that no matter how destructive
and terrible violence is,
and terrible violence is,
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Što znači da bez obzira na to
koliko je destruktivno i užasno nasilje,
koliko je destruktivno i užasno nasilje,
00:57
if people see it as their only choice,
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ako ljudi gledaju na njega
kao na jedini izbor,
kao na jedini izbor,
01:00
they will use it.
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koristiće ga.
01:02
Most of us are concerned
with the level of violence in the world.
with the level of violence in the world.
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Većina nas je zabrinuta
zbog stepena nasilja u svetu.
zbog stepena nasilja u svetu.
01:06
But we're not going to end war
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Ali nećemo okončati rat,
01:07
by telling people
that violence is morally wrong.
that violence is morally wrong.
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govoreći ljudima
da je nasilje moralno pogrešno.
da je nasilje moralno pogrešno.
01:10
Instead, we must offer them a tool
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Umesto toga, moramo da im ponudimo oruđe
01:13
that's at least as powerful
and as effective as violence.
and as effective as violence.
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koje je bar podjednako moćno
i delotovorno kao i nasilje.
i delotovorno kao i nasilje.
01:17
This is the work I do.
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Ovo je moj posao.
01:19
For the past 13 years,
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Proteklih 13 godina
01:21
I've been teaching people
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podučavam ljude
01:22
in some of the most difficult
situations around the world
situations around the world
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u najtežim situacijama širom sveta
01:25
how they can use nonviolent
struggle to conduct conflict.
struggle to conduct conflict.
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kako mogu da koriste nenasilnu
borbu da upravljaju konfliktom.
borbu da upravljaju konfliktom.
01:30
Most people associate this type of action
with Gandhi and Martin Luther King.
with Gandhi and Martin Luther King.
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Većina ljudi povezuje ovaj vid delanja
sa Gandijem i Martinom Luterom Kingom.
sa Gandijem i Martinom Luterom Kingom.
01:35
But people have been using
nonviolent action for thousands of years.
nonviolent action for thousands of years.
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Ali ljudi koriste nenasilno delanje
već hiljadama godina.
već hiljadama godina.
01:39
In fact, most of the rights
that we have today in this country --
that we have today in this country --
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Zapravo, većina prava
koja danas imamo u ovoj državi -
koja danas imamo u ovoj državi -
01:44
as women,
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kao žene,
01:45
as minorities,
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kao manjine,
01:46
as workers,
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kao radnici,
01:47
as people of different sexual orientations
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kao ljudi različitih
seksualnih orijentacija
seksualnih orijentacija
01:50
and citizens concerned
with the environment --
with the environment --
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i građani zabrinuti za okolinu -
01:52
these rights weren't handed to us.
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ta prava nam nisu dodeljena.
01:55
They were won by people
who fought for them
who fought for them
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Stekli su ih ljudi
koji su se borili za njih
koji su se borili za njih
01:57
and who sacrificed for them.
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i koji su se žrtvovali za njih.
01:59
But because we haven't learned
from this history,
from this history,
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Ali kako nismo naučili iz ove istorije,
02:01
nonviolent struggle as a technique
is widely misunderstood.
is widely misunderstood.
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nenasilna borba kao veština
je na široko pogrešno shvaćena.
je na široko pogrešno shvaćena.
02:06
I met recently with a group
of Ethiopian activists,
of Ethiopian activists,
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Nedavno sam upoznala
grupu aktivista iz Etiopije
grupu aktivista iz Etiopije
02:09
and they told me something
that I hear a lot.
that I hear a lot.
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i rekli su mi nešto što često čujem.
02:12
They said they'd already
tried nonviolent action,
tried nonviolent action,
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Rekli su mi da su već isprobali
nenasilno delanje
nenasilno delanje
02:15
and it hadn't worked.
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i da nije delovalo.
02:16
Years ago they held a protest.
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Pre nekoliko godina su imali protest.
02:18
The government arrested everyone,
and that was the end of that.
and that was the end of that.
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Vlada je pohapsila sve
i tu je bio kraj tome.
i tu je bio kraj tome.
02:23
The idea that nonviolent struggle
is equivalent to street protests
is equivalent to street protests
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Zamisao da je nenasilna borba
jednaka uličnim protestima
jednaka uličnim protestima
02:27
is a real problem.
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je istinski problem.
02:29
Because although protests can be a great
way to show that people want change,
way to show that people want change,
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Jer iako protesti mogu da budu sjajan
način da se pokaže da ljudi žele promene,
način da se pokaže da ljudi žele promene,
02:33
on their own, they don't
actually create change --
actually create change --
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sami za sebe,
neće zapravo stvoriti promene -
neće zapravo stvoriti promene -
02:36
at least change that is fundamental.
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bar ne temeljne promene.
02:38
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:39
Powerful opponents are not going to give
people what they want
people what they want
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Moćni protivnici
neće dati ljudima to što žele
neće dati ljudima to što žele
02:42
just because they asked nicely ...
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samo zato što lepo pitaju...
02:45
or even not so nicely.
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ili čak ne tako lepo.
02:47
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:48
Nonviolent struggle works
by destroying an opponent,
by destroying an opponent,
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Nenasilna borba deluje
uništavajući protivnika,
uništavajući protivnika,
02:52
not physically,
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ne fizički,
02:53
but by identifying the institutions
that an opponent needs to survive,
that an opponent needs to survive,
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već prepoznavanjem institucija
koje su nužne za opstanak protivnika,
koje su nužne za opstanak protivnika,
02:57
and then denying them
those sources of power.
those sources of power.
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a potom uskraćivanjem tih izvora moći.
03:00
Nonviolent activists
can neutralize the military
can neutralize the military
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Nenasilni aktivisti
mogu da neutrališu vojsku
mogu da neutrališu vojsku
03:03
by causing soldiers to defect.
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tako što teraju vojnike na dezerterstvo.
03:05
They can disrupt the economy
through strikes and boycotts.
through strikes and boycotts.
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Mogu da poremete ekonomiju
preko štrajkova i bojkota.
preko štrajkova i bojkota.
03:09
And they can challenge
government propaganda
government propaganda
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I mogu da izazovu vladinu propagandu
03:11
by creating alternative media.
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stvarajući alternativne medije.
03:13
There are a variety of methods
that can be used to do this.
that can be used to do this.
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Postoji više metoda
koje se mogu koristiti za to.
koje se mogu koristiti za to.
03:17
My colleague and mentor, Gene Sharp,
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Moja koleginica i mentorka, Džin Šarp,
03:20
has identified 198 methods
of nonviolent action.
of nonviolent action.
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identifikovala je 198 metoda
nenasilnog delovanja.
nenasilnog delovanja.
03:26
And protest is only one.
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A protesti su samo jedan od njih.
03:28
Let me give you a recent example.
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Navešću vam skorašnji primer.
03:30
Until a few months ago,
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Do pre nekoliko meseci,
03:32
Guatemala was ruled
by corrupt former military officials
by corrupt former military officials
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Gvatemalom su vladali
korumpirani bivši vojni zvaničnici
korumpirani bivši vojni zvaničnici
03:35
with ties to organized crime.
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sa vezama s organizovanim kriminalom.
03:38
People were generally aware of this,
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Ljudi su uopšteno bili svesni toga,
03:39
but most of them felt powerless
to do anything about it --
to do anything about it --
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ali se većina osećala nemoćno
da bilo šta uradi po tom pitanju -
da bilo šta uradi po tom pitanju -
03:44
until one group of citizens,
just 12 regular people,
just 12 regular people,
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sve dok jedna grupa građana,
prosto običnih 12 ljudi,
prosto običnih 12 ljudi,
03:48
put out a call on Facebook
to their friends
to their friends
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nije objavila poziv
prijateljima na Fejsbuku
prijateljima na Fejsbuku
03:51
to meet in the central plaza,
holding signs with a message:
holding signs with a message:
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da se okupe na centralnom trgu,
držeći znakove s porukom:
držeći znakove s porukom:
03:55
"Renuncia YA" --
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"Renuncia YA" --
03:57
resign already.
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dajte ostavke već jednom.
03:59
To their surprise,
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Na njihovo iznenađenje,
04:00
30,000 people showed up.
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pojavilo se 30,000 ljudi.
04:03
They stayed there for months
as protests spread throughout the country.
as protests spread throughout the country.
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Ostali su tu mesecima
dok su se protesti širili zemljom.
dok su se protesti širili zemljom.
04:06
At one point,
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U jednom momentu,
04:08
the organizers delivered hundreds of eggs
to various government buildings
to various government buildings
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organizatori su isporučili stotine jaja
različitim vladinim zgradama
različitim vladinim zgradama
04:12
with a message:
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s porukom:
04:13
"If you don't have the huevos" --
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"Ako nemate 'huevos'" -
04:15
the balls --
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jaja -
"da sprečite korumpirane kandidate
da se kandiduju za ministarstva,
da se kandiduju za ministarstva,
04:17
"to stop corrupt candidates
from running for office,
from running for office,
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04:20
you can borrow ours."
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možete da pozajmite naša."
04:21
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:23
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
04:28
President Molina responded
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Predsednik Molina je odgovorio,
04:30
by vowing that we would never step down.
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zaklinjući se da se nikad neće povući.
04:32
And the activists realized
that they couldn't just keep protesting
that they couldn't just keep protesting
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I aktivisti su shvatili
da ne mogu prosto da nastave s protestima
da ne mogu prosto da nastave s protestima
04:36
and ask the president to resign.
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i da traže ostavku od predsednika.
04:38
They needed to leave him no choice.
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Moraju da mu ukinu izbor.
04:40
So they organized a general strike,
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Pa su organizovali generalni štrajk,
04:42
in which people throughout
the country refused to work.
the country refused to work.
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u kom su ljudi širom zemlje
odbili da rade.
odbili da rade.
04:45
In Guatemala City alone,
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Samo u gradu Gvatemala,
04:46
over 400 businesses
and schools shut their doors.
and schools shut their doors.
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preko 400 firmi i škola
je zatvorilo svoja vrata.
je zatvorilo svoja vrata.
04:50
Meanwhile,
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U međuvremenu
04:51
farmers throughout the country
blocked major roads.
blocked major roads.
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su zemljoradnici širom zemlje
blokirali važnije puteve.
blokirali važnije puteve.
04:54
Within five days,
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Za pet dana
04:55
the president,
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predsednik
04:56
along with dozens of other
government officials,
government officials,
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zajedno sa desetinama drugih
vladinih zvaničnika
vladinih zvaničnika
04:59
resigned already.
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je dao ostavku.
05:01
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
05:05
I've been greatly inspired
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Veoma me inspirišu
05:07
by the creativity and bravery
of people using nonviolent action
of people using nonviolent action
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kreativnost i hrabrost
ljudi koji nenasilno delaju
ljudi koji nenasilno delaju
05:11
in nearly every country in the world.
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u skoro svim zemljama sveta.
05:13
For example,
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Na primer,
05:14
recently a group of activists in Uganda
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nedavno je grupa aktivista u Ugandi
05:17
released a crate of pigs in the streets.
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oslobodila kavez svinja na ulice.
05:20
You can see here that the police
are confused about what to do with them.
are confused about what to do with them.
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Ovde vidite zbunjenost policije
jer ne zna šta da radi s njima.
jer ne zna šta da radi s njima.
05:23
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:24
The pigs were painted
the color of the ruling party.
the color of the ruling party.
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Svinje su obojene
bojama vladajuće stranke.
bojama vladajuće stranke.
05:27
One pig was even wearing a hat,
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Jedna svinja je čak nosila šešir,
05:29
a hat that people recognized.
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šešir koji je ljudima prepoznatljiv.
05:32
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:34
Activists around the world
are getting better at grabbing headlines,
are getting better at grabbing headlines,
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Aktivisti širom sveta
su sve bolji u pridobijanju naslova,
su sve bolji u pridobijanju naslova,
05:37
but these isolated actions do very little
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ali ove izolovane delatnosti malo pomažu,
05:40
if they're not part of a larger strategy.
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ako nisu deo veće strategije.
05:42
A general wouldn't march
his troops into battle
his troops into battle
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General ne bi marširao
sa svojim trupama u bitku,
sa svojim trupama u bitku,
05:45
unless he had a plan to win the war.
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ako nema plan za dobijanje rata.
05:47
Yet this is how most of the world's
nonviolent movements operate.
nonviolent movements operate.
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Ipak, ovako većina svetskih
nenasilnih pokreta radi.
nenasilnih pokreta radi.
05:50
Nonviolent struggle is just as complex
as military warfare,
as military warfare,
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Nenasilna borba je jednako složena
kao i vojno ratovanje,
kao i vojno ratovanje,
05:55
if not more.
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ako ne i više.
05:56
Its participants must be well-trained
and have clear objectives,
and have clear objectives,
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Učesnici moraju da budu dobro obučeni
i da imaju jasne ciljeve,
i da imaju jasne ciljeve,
06:00
and its leaders must have a strategy
of how to achieve those objectives.
of how to achieve those objectives.
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a njihove vođe moraju da imaju strategiju
kako da postignu te ciljeve.
kako da postignu te ciljeve.
06:05
The technique of war has been developed
over thousands of years
over thousands of years
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Tehnika ratovanja je razvijana
tokom hiljada godina
tokom hiljada godina
06:08
with massive resources
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uz ogromne resurse
06:10
and some of our best minds
dedicated to understanding
dedicated to understanding
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i neki od naših najvećih umova
su bili posvećeni razumevanju
su bili posvećeni razumevanju
06:13
and improving how it works.
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i unapređenju ratne delatnosti.
06:15
Meanwhile, nonviolent struggle
is rarely systematically studied,
is rarely systematically studied,
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U međuvremenu, nenasilna borba
je retko kad sistematski izučavana,
je retko kad sistematski izučavana,
06:20
and even though the number is growing,
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pa iako su brojevi sve veći,
06:22
there are still only a few dozen people
in the world who are teaching it.
in the world who are teaching it.
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svega imamo nekoliko desetina ljudi
u svetu koji to predaju.
u svetu koji to predaju.
06:26
This is dangerous,
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Ovo je opasno
06:28
because we now know that our old
approaches of dealing with conflict
approaches of dealing with conflict
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jer sad znamo da su naši stari
pristupi bavljenju konfliktima
pristupi bavljenju konfliktima
06:32
are not adequate for the new
challenges that we're facing.
challenges that we're facing.
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neadekvatni za nove izazove
s kojima se suočavamo.
s kojima se suočavamo.
06:35
The US government recently admitted
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Vlada SAD-a je nedavno priznala
06:37
that it's in a stalemate
in its war against ISIS.
in its war against ISIS.
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da je u pat poziciji u ratu sa ISIS-om.
06:41
But what most people don't know
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Ali većina ljudi ne zna
06:43
is that people have stood up to ISIS
using nonviolent action.
using nonviolent action.
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da se ljudi suprotstavljaju ISIS-u
putem nenasilnog delovanja.
putem nenasilnog delovanja.
06:47
When ISIS captured Mosul in June 2014,
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Kad je ISIS zauzeo Mosul u junu 2014,
06:50
they announced that they were putting
in place a new public school curriculum,
in place a new public school curriculum,
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objavili su da uvode
novi plan rada u javne škole
novi plan rada u javne škole
06:54
based on their own extremist ideology.
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zasnovan na njihovoj
ekstremističkoj ideologiji.
ekstremističkoj ideologiji.
06:57
But on the first day of school,
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Ali prvog dana škole,
06:59
not a single child showed up.
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nijedno dete se nije pojavilo.
07:02
Parents simply refused to send them.
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Roditelji su prosto odbili da ih pošalju.
07:05
They told journalists they would rather
homeschool their children
homeschool their children
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Rekli su novinarima da će radije
da kući obrazuju svoju decu
da kući obrazuju svoju decu
07:08
than to have them brainwashed.
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nego da im ispiraju mozgove.
07:10
This is an example
of just one act of defiance
of just one act of defiance
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Ovo je primer samo jednog čina otpora
07:13
in just one city.
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u samo jednom gradu.
07:15
But what if it was coordinated
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Ali šta kad bi bio koordinisan
07:17
with the dozens of other acts
of nonviolent resistance
of nonviolent resistance
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sa desetinama drugih činova
nenasilnog otpora
nenasilnog otpora
07:19
that have taken place against ISIS?
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koji se vode protiv ISIS-a?
07:21
What if the parents' boycott
was part of a larger strategy
was part of a larger strategy
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Šta kad bi bojkot roditelja
bio deo šire strategije
bio deo šire strategije
07:25
to identify and cut off the resources
that ISIS needs to function;
that ISIS needs to function;
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da bi se prepoznali i osporili resursi
koji su potrebni ISIS-u da bi delovao;
koji su potrebni ISIS-u da bi delovao;
07:30
the skilled labor needed to produce food;
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kvalifikovani radnici
koji proizvode hranu;
koji proizvode hranu;
07:32
the engineers needed
to extract and refine oil;
to extract and refine oil;
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inženjeri neophodni
za vađenje i preradu nafte;
za vađenje i preradu nafte;
07:36
the media infrastructure
and communications networks
and communications networks
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medijska infrastruktura
i komunikacijske mreže
i komunikacijske mreže
07:38
and transportation systems,
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i transportni sistem
07:40
and the local businesses
that ISIS relies on?
that ISIS relies on?
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i lokalne firme na koje se ISIS oslanja?
07:43
It may be difficult
to imagine defeating ISIS
to imagine defeating ISIS
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Možda je teško zamisliti
pobedu nad ISIS-om
pobedu nad ISIS-om
07:47
with action that is nonviolent.
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putem nenasilnog delovanja.
07:49
But it's time we challenge
the way we think about conflict
the way we think about conflict
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Ali je vreme da dovedemo u pitanje
način razmišljanja o ratu
način razmišljanja o ratu
07:52
and the choices we have in facing it.
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i koje izbore imamo
kad smo suočeni s njim.
kad smo suočeni s njim.
07:56
Here's an idea worth spreading:
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Evo ideje vredne širenja:
07:58
let's learn more about where
nonviolent action has worked
nonviolent action has worked
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saznajmo što više o tome
gde je nenasilno delanje delovalo
gde je nenasilno delanje delovalo
08:01
and how we can make it more powerful,
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i kako možemo da ga učinimo moćnijim,
08:04
just like we do with other
systems and technologies
systems and technologies
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baš kao što radimo
s drugim sistemima i tehnologijama
s drugim sistemima i tehnologijama
08:07
that are constantly being refined
to better meet human needs.
to better meet human needs.
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koje se stalno prerađuju
kako bi bolje zadovoljile ljudske potrebe.
kako bi bolje zadovoljile ljudske potrebe.
08:11
It may be that we can improve
nonviolent action
nonviolent action
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Možda možemo da poboljšamo
nenasilno delovanje
nenasilno delovanje
08:14
to a point where it is increasingly
used in place of war.
used in place of war.
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do tačke gde bi se sve češće
koristilo umesto rata.
koristilo umesto rata.
08:18
Violence as a tool of conflict
could then be abandoned
could then be abandoned
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Nasilje kao oruđe konflikta
bi onda moglo da bude napušteno
bi onda moglo da bude napušteno
08:22
in the same way that bows and arrows were,
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na isti način kao lukovi i strele
08:25
because we have replaced them
with weapons that are more effective.
with weapons that are more effective.
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jer smo ih zamenili delotvornijim oružjem.
08:29
With human innovation, we can make
nonviolent struggle more powerful
nonviolent struggle more powerful
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Ljudskim inovacijama možemo učiniti
nenasilnu borbu moćnijom
nenasilnu borbu moćnijom
08:34
than the newest and latest
technologies of war.
technologies of war.
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od najnovijih i poslednjih
tehnologija rata.
tehnologija rata.
08:38
The greatest hope for humanity
lies not in condemning violence
lies not in condemning violence
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Najveća nada za čovečanstvo
ne leži u osudi nasilja,
ne leži u osudi nasilja,
08:42
but in making violence obsolete.
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već u njegovom prevazilaženju.
08:46
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
08:47
(Applause)
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(Apaluz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jamila Raqib - PeacemakerJamila Raqib works on pragmatic approaches to nonviolent action for activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments globally.
Why you should listen
Jamila Raqib is the executive director of the Albert Einstein Institution, which promotes the study and strategic use of nonviolent action worldwide. Since 2002, she has worked closely with Dr. Gene Sharp, the world's foremost scholar on strategic nonviolent action. Together, they developed a curriculum titled Self-Liberation: A Guide to Strategic Planning for Action to End a Dictatorship or Other Oppression. The publication is intended to provide in-depth guidance for planning a strategic nonviolent struggle.
Raqib represents the Institution at a number of domestic and international forums such as the Oslo Freedom Forum and the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations. Her work centers on presenting a pragmatic approach to nonviolent action to activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments. She travels throughout the world conducting consultations and workshops for individuals and groups seeking to achieve diverse goals such as opposing dictatorship, combatting corruption, attaining political rights, economic justice, environmental protection and women's empowerment.
She holds a B.A. in Management from Simmons College in Boston, MA, and is a Research Affiliate of the Center for International Studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Jamila Raqib | Speaker | TED.com