TEDxBerkeley
David Peterson: Why language is humanity's greatest invention
Dejvid Piterson (David Peterson): Zašto je jezik najveći izum čovečanstva
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Civilizacije počivaju na postojanju jezika, kaže tvorac jezika Dejvid Piterson. U govoru koji je podjednako strastven i urnebesan, on prikazuje kako nam učenje, očuvanje i stvaranje novih jezika pomaže razumevanju naše kolektivne čovečnosti i drži kratku lekciju o visoko valirijskom, jednom od dva jezika koja je stvorio za „Igru prestola” (pored dotračkog). „Jezik nije samo sredstvo”, kaže on, „On je naše nasleđe, naš način saopštavanja toga šta znači biti čovek.”
David Peterson - Language creator, writer, artist
David Peterson creates languages for television shows, for films and for fun. Full bio
David Peterson creates languages for television shows, for films and for fun. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Spoons.
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Kašike.
00:16
Cardboard boxes.
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Kartonske kutije.
00:19
Toddler-size electric trains.
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Dečji električni vozići.
00:22
Holiday ornaments.
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Praznični ukrasi.
00:24
Bounce houses.
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Dvorci na naduvavanje.
00:26
Blankets.
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Ćebad.
00:27
Baskets.
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Korpe.
00:29
Carpets.
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Tepisi.
00:30
Tray tables.
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Podmetači.
00:31
Smartphones.
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Pametni telefoni.
00:33
Pianos.
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Klaviri.
00:35
Robes.
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Ogrtači.
00:36
Photographs.
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Fotografije.
00:38
What do all of these things
have in common,
have in common,
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Šta sve ove stvari imaju zajedničko,
osim što su to fotografije
koje sam ja slikao poslednja tri meseca,
koje sam ja slikao poslednja tri meseca,
00:40
aside from the fact they're photos
that I took in the last three months,
that I took in the last three months,
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te stoga imam autorska prava na njih?
00:43
and therefore, own the copyright to?
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00:45
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:47
They're all inventions
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To su sve izumi
00:48
that were created
with the benefit of language.
with the benefit of language.
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koji su stvoreni zahvaljujući jeziku.
00:52
None of these things
would have existed without language.
would have existed without language.
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Nijedna od ovih stvari
ne bi postojala bez jezika.
ne bi postojala bez jezika.
Zamislite da stvarate
bilo koju od ovih stvari
bilo koju od ovih stvari
00:55
Imagine creating any one of those things
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ili da zidate celu zgradu, kao što je ova,
00:57
or, like, building
an entire building like this,
an entire building like this,
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01:00
without being able to use language
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a da ne možete da koristite jezik
01:02
or without benefiting from any knowledge
that was got by the use of language.
that was got by the use of language.
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ili bilo koje znanje koje je stečeno
kroz upotrebu jezika.
kroz upotrebu jezika.
01:06
Basically, language
is the most important thing
is the most important thing
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U suštini, jezik je najvažnija stvar
01:11
in the entire world.
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na celom svetu.
01:12
All of our civilization rests upon it.
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Cela naša civilizacija počiva na njemu.
01:15
And those who devote
their lives to studying it --
their lives to studying it --
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A oni koji posvete život
njegovom izučavanju -
njegovom izučavanju -
01:17
both how language emerged,
how human languages differ,
how human languages differ,
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kako se jezik pojavio,
u čemu se ljudski jezici razlikuju,
u čemu se ljudski jezici razlikuju,
01:22
how they differ from
animal communication systems --
animal communication systems --
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kako se razlikuju od sistema
komunikacije kod životinja -
komunikacije kod životinja -
01:25
are linguists.
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su lingvisti.
01:27
Formal linguistics is a relatively
young field, more or less.
young field, more or less.
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Formalna lingvistika je, manje-više,
relativno novo područje.
relativno novo područje.
01:33
And it's uncovered a lot
of really important stuff.
of really important stuff.
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Otkrila je mnogo izuzetno bitnih stvari.
01:35
Like, for example, that human
communication systems
communication systems
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Kao na primer, da se ljudski
sistemi komunikacije
sistemi komunikacije
01:38
differ crucially from animal
communication systems,
communication systems,
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veoma razlikuju od sistema
komunikacije životinja,
komunikacije životinja,
01:40
that all languages are equally expressive,
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da su svi jezici podjednako izražajni,
01:43
even if they do it in different ways.
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čak i kada to čine na različite načine.
01:45
And yet, despite this,
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Ipak, uprkos svemu tome,
01:49
there are a lot of people
who just love to pop off about language
who just love to pop off about language
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postoje brojni ljudi
koji vole da popuju o jeziku
koji vole da popuju o jeziku
01:53
like they have an equal
understanding of it as a linguist,
understanding of it as a linguist,
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kao da imaju podjednako razumevanje
o njemu kao lingvisti,
o njemu kao lingvisti,
01:57
because, of course, they speak a language.
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zato što, bože moj, govore taj jezik.
01:59
And if you speak a language,
that means you have just as much right
that means you have just as much right
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I ako govorite jezik,
to znači da imate sva prava
to znači da imate sva prava
da pričate o njegovoj upotrebi
kao i bilo ko drugi.
kao i bilo ko drugi.
02:02
to talk about its function
as anybody else.
as anybody else.
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Zamislite da pričate sa hirurgom
02:04
Imagine if you were talking to a surgeon,
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i kažete: „Slušaj, drugar.
02:06
and you say, "Listen, buddy.
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02:08
I've had a heart for, like, 40 years now.
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Ja imam srce, pa, nekih 40 godina.
02:10
I think I know a thing or two
about aortic valve replacements.
about aortic valve replacements.
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Mislim da znam par stvari
o zameni aortnog ventila.
o zameni aortnog ventila.
02:13
I think my opinion
is just as valid as yours."
is just as valid as yours."
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Smatram da je moje mišljenje
jednako vredno kao i tvoje.”
jednako vredno kao i tvoje.”
02:15
And yet, that's exactly what happens.
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Pa ipak, upravo to se dešava.
02:17
This is Neil deGrasse Tyson,
saying that in the film "Arrival,"
saying that in the film "Arrival,"
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Ovo je Nil de Gras Tajson,
koji kaže da bi u filmu „Dolazak”
koji kaže da bi u filmu „Dolazak”
02:21
he would have brought a cryptographer --
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on doveo kriptografa -
02:24
somebody who can unscramble a message
in a language they already know --
in a language they already know --
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nekog ko može dešifrovati poruku
na jezik koji već zna -
na jezik koji već zna -
02:27
rather than a linguist,
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pre nego lingvistu,
02:29
to communicate with the aliens,
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da razgovara sa vanzemaljcima,
02:30
because what would a linguist --
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zato što, šta će nam lingvista -
02:33
why would that be useful
in talking to somebody
in talking to somebody
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zašto bi to bilo korisno
ako pričamo sa nekim
ako pričamo sa nekim
ko govori jezik koji čak i ne znamo?
02:35
speaking a language we don't even know?
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02:37
Though, of course, the "Arrival" film
is not off the hook.
is not off the hook.
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Iako, naravno, film „Dolazak”
nije baš bajan.
nije baš bajan.
02:40
I mean, come on --
listen, film. Hey, buddy:
listen, film. Hey, buddy:
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Mislim, molim vas -
slušaj, film. Hej, druže:
slušaj, film. Hej, druže:
02:42
there are aliens that come down
to our planet in gigantic ships,
to our planet in gigantic ships,
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vanzemaljci dolaze na našu planetu
u ogromnim svemirskim brodovima,
u ogromnim svemirskim brodovima,
02:45
and they want to do nothing
except for communicate with us,
except for communicate with us,
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i ne žele ništa drugo
osim da razgovaraju sa nama,
osim da razgovaraju sa nama,
02:48
and you hire one linguist?
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i vi angažujete jednog lingvistu?
02:51
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:52
What's the US government
on a budget or something?
on a budget or something?
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Zar je vlada SAD-a spala
na nizak budžet ili nešto slično?
na nizak budžet ili nešto slično?
02:55
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:56
A lot of these things can be
chalked up to misunderstandings,
chalked up to misunderstandings,
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Mnoge ovakve stvari se mogu
pripisati nerazumevanju
pripisati nerazumevanju
02:59
both about what language is
and about the formal study of language,
and about the formal study of language,
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toga šta je jezik,
kao i formalnog izučavanja jezika,
kao i formalnog izučavanja jezika,
03:03
about linguistics.
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same lingvistike.
03:05
And I think there's something that
underlies a lot of these misunderstandings
underlies a lot of these misunderstandings
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Mislim da postoji nešto što je u osnovi
dosta ovakvih nerazumevanja,
dosta ovakvih nerazumevanja,
03:10
that can be summed up
by this delightful article in "Forbes,"
by this delightful article in "Forbes,"
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a što je sažeto u divnom članku Forbsa,
03:14
about why high school students
shouldn't learn foreign languages.
shouldn't learn foreign languages.
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o tome zašto srednjoškolci
ne bi trebalo da uče strane jezike.
ne bi trebalo da uče strane jezike.
03:18
I'm going to pull out
some quotes from this,
some quotes from this,
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Izvući ću nekoliko citata iz njega,
03:20
and I want you to see
if you can figure out
if you can figure out
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da vidite da li možete da shvatite
03:22
what underlies some
of these opinions and ideas.
of these opinions and ideas.
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šta se nalazi u osnovi
nekih od ovih mišljenja i ideja.
nekih od ovih mišljenja i ideja.
03:26
"Americans rarely read the classics,
even in translation."
even in translation."
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„Amerikanci retko čitaju klasike,
čak i kada su prevedeni.”
čak i kada su prevedeni.”
03:31
So in other words, why bother
learning a foreign language
learning a foreign language
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Drugim rečima, zašto se mučiti
učenjem stranog jezika,
učenjem stranog jezika,
03:33
when they're not even going to read
the classic in the original anyway?
the classic in the original anyway?
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kada ionako neće čitati
klasike u originalu?
klasike u originalu?
U čemu je poenta?
03:37
What's the point?
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03:38
"Studying foreign languages in school
is a waste of time,
is a waste of time,
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„Učenje stranih jezika u školi
je gubljenje vremena,
je gubljenje vremena,
03:41
compared to other things
that you could be doing in school."
that you could be doing in school."
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u poređenju sa drugim stvarima
koje biste mogli raditi u školi.”
koje biste mogli raditi u školi.”
03:45
"Europe has a lot of language groups
clustered in a relatively small space."
clustered in a relatively small space."
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„Evropa ima mnogo jezičkih grupa
svrstanih na relativno malom prostoru.”
svrstanih na relativno malom prostoru.”
03:49
So for Americans, ah, what's the point
of learning another language?
of learning another language?
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Dakle, po Amerikancima, ma,
u čemu je poenta učenja drugog jezika?
u čemu je poenta učenja drugog jezika?
03:53
You're not really going to get
a lot of bang for your buck out of that.
a lot of bang for your buck out of that.
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Ionako nećete imati
neku veliku korist od toga.
neku veliku korist od toga.
Ovo je moj omiljeni:
03:56
This is my favorite,
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„Student iz Birminhema
bi trebalo da putuje
bi trebalo da putuje
03:57
"A student in Birmingham
would have to travel
would have to travel
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oko 1600 kilometara
da bi došao do meksičke granice,
da bi došao do meksičke granice,
04:00
about a thousand miles
to get to the Mexican border,
to get to the Mexican border,
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pa čak i u tom slučaju,
naišao bi na dovoljno ljudi
naišao bi na dovoljno ljudi
04:02
and even then, there would be enough
people who speak English to get around."
people who speak English to get around."
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koji govore engleski jezik."
04:06
In other words, if you can
kind of wave your arms around,
kind of wave your arms around,
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Drugim rečima, ako umete
da mlatite rukama naokolo,
da mlatite rukama naokolo,
i to vas može dovesti tamo gde idete,
04:09
and you can get to where you're going,
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onda stvarno nema svrhe učiti drugi jezik.
04:11
then there's really no point
in learning another language anyway.
in learning another language anyway.
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Ono što se ističe u dosta ovakvih stavova
je konceptualna metafora
je konceptualna metafora
04:14
What underlies a lot of these attitudes
is the conceptual metaphor,
is the conceptual metaphor,
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04:19
language is a tool.
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da je jezik sredstvo.
04:20
And there's something that rings
very true about this metaphor.
very true about this metaphor.
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Postoji nešto što zvuči
veoma istinito u ovoj metafori.
veoma istinito u ovoj metafori.
Jezik jeste neka vrsta sredstva
po tome što, ako znate lokalni jezik,
po tome što, ako znate lokalni jezik,
04:23
Language is kind of a tool
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04:25
in that, if you know the local language,
you can do more than if you didn't.
you can do more than if you didn't.
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možete da postignete više
nego kada ne znate.
nego kada ne znate.
04:28
But the implication is that
language is only a tool,
language is only a tool,
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Ali iz toga proizilazi
da je jezik samo sredstvo,
da je jezik samo sredstvo,
04:31
and this is absolutely false.
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što je potpuno netačno.
04:33
If language was a tool,
it would honestly be a pretty poor tool.
it would honestly be a pretty poor tool.
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Kada bi jezik bio samo sredstvo,
iskreno, bio bi prilično loše sredstvo.
iskreno, bio bi prilično loše sredstvo.
04:37
And we would have abandoned it long ago
for something that was a lot better.
for something that was a lot better.
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Zamenili bismo ga davno
nečim mnogo boljim. Evo primera.
nečim mnogo boljim. Evo primera.
04:40
Think about just any sentence.
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Pomislite na bilo koju rečenicu.
04:42
Here's a sentence that I'm sure I've said
in my life: "Yesterday I saw Kyn."
in my life: "Yesterday I saw Kyn."
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Evo rečenice koju sam sigurno
već izgovarao: „Juče sam video Kina”.
već izgovarao: „Juče sam video Kina”.
Imam prijatelja po imenu Kin.
04:46
I have a friend named Kyn.
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Kada ja izgovorim rečenicu:
„Juče sam video Kina”,
„Juče sam video Kina”,
04:47
And when I say this sentence,
"Yesterday I saw Kyn,"
"Yesterday I saw Kyn,"
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04:50
do you think it's really the case
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da li stvarno mislite
04:51
that everything in my mind
is now implanted in your mind
is now implanted in your mind
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da je sad sve što mi je na pameti
presađeno u vaš mozak
presađeno u vaš mozak
04:55
via this sentence?
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putem ove rečenice?
04:56
Hardly, because there's a lot
of other stuff going on.
of other stuff going on.
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Teško, zato što se tu dešava
mnogo drugih stvari.
mnogo drugih stvari.
04:58
Like, when I say "yesterday,"
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Na primer, kada kažem „juče”,
05:00
I might think what the weather
was like yesterday because I was there.
was like yesterday because I was there.
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mogu razmišljati kakvo je vreme
bilo juče, zato što sam bio tamo.
bilo juče, zato što sam bio tamo.
A ako se prisećam,
05:03
And if I'm remembering,
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verovatno ću se setiti da sam nešto
zaboravio da pošaljem,
zaboravio da pošaljem,
05:04
I'll probably remember there was something
I forgot to mail, which I did.
I forgot to mail, which I did.
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što se upravo i desilo.
05:08
This was a preplanned joke,
but I really did forget to mail something.
but I really did forget to mail something.
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Ovo je bila smišljena šala, ali zaista
sam zaboravio da pošaljem nešto.
sam zaboravio da pošaljem nešto.
05:11
And so that means
I'm going to have to do it Monday,
I'm going to have to do it Monday,
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Što znači da ću to morati
da uradim u ponedeljak,
da uradim u ponedeljak,
05:14
because that's when
I'm going to get back home.
I'm going to get back home.
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jer se tada vraćam kući.
I naravno, kad pomislim na ponedeljak,
05:16
And of course, when I think of Monday,
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setim se pesme „Manični ponedeljak”
od Banglsa. Odlična pesma.
od Banglsa. Odlična pesma.
05:18
I'll think of "Manic Monday"
by the Bangles. It's a good song.
by the Bangles. It's a good song.
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05:21
And when I say the word "saw,"
I think of this phrase:
I think of this phrase:
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Kada izgovorim reč „video”,
pomislim na izraz:
pomislim na izraz:
05:24
"'I see!' said the blind man
as he picked up his hammer and saw."
as he picked up his hammer and saw."
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„'Vidim!', reče slepi čovek dok je kupio
svoj čekić i testeru.”
svoj čekić i testeru.”
Uvek mi to padne na pamet.
05:27
I always do.
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05:29
Anytime I hear the word "saw" or say it,
I always think of that,
I always think of that,
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Kad god čujem ili izgovorim
reč „video”, odmah pomislim na to,
reč „video”, odmah pomislim na to,
zato što je to moj deda
imao običaj da govori,
imao običaj da govori,
05:32
because my grandfather
always used to say it,
always used to say it,
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pa onda mislim i na njega.
05:34
so it makes me think of my grandfather.
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Vraćamo se opet, iz nekog razloga,
na „Manični ponedeljak”.
na „Manični ponedeljak”.
05:36
And we're back to "Manic Monday"
again, for some reason.
again, for some reason.
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Sa Kinom, kada govorim nešto kao:
„Juče sam video Kina”,
„Juče sam video Kina”,
05:38
And with Kyn, when I'm saying
something like, "Yesterday I saw Kyn,"
something like, "Yesterday I saw Kyn,"
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pomisliću na okolnosti
pod kojima sam ga video.
pod kojima sam ga video.
05:42
I'll think of the circumstances
under which I saw him.
under which I saw him.
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05:45
And this happened to be that day.
Here he is with my cat.
Here he is with my cat.
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To bi bio ovaj dan.
Evo ga sa mojom mačkom.
Evo ga sa mojom mačkom.
05:48
And of course, if I'm thinking of Kyn,
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Naravno, ako razmišljam o Kinu,
misliću o njegovom odlasku
na Univerzitet Long Bič,
na Univerzitet Long Bič,
05:49
I'll think he's going to
Long Beach State right now,
Long Beach State right now,
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i setiću se da su i moj dobar drug
Džon i moja majka
Džon i moja majka
05:52
and I'll remember that
my good friend John and my mother
my good friend John and my mother
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diplomirali na Univerzitetu Long Bič,
05:55
both graduated from Long Beach State,
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a moja rođaka Kejti ga upravo pohađa.
05:56
my cousin Katie is going to
Long Beach State right now.
Long Beach State right now.
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I evo opet „Maničnog ponedeljka”.
05:59
And it's "Manic Monday" again.
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Ali to je samo delić onoga
što se odvija u vašoj glavi
što se odvija u vašoj glavi
06:01
But this is just a fraction
of what's going on in your head
of what's going on in your head
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06:03
at any given time while you are speaking.
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svaki put dok govorite.
06:06
And all we have to represent
the entire mess
the entire mess
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Sve što imamo za predstavljanje
celog tog haosa
celog tog haosa
06:08
that is going on in our head, is this.
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koji se odvija u našoj glavi je ovo.
06:11
I mean, that's all we got.
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Mislim, to je sve što imamo.
06:13
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
06:14
Is it any wonder
that our system is so poor?
that our system is so poor?
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Zar je čudno što
nam je sistem tako oskudan?
nam je sistem tako oskudan?
06:16
So imagine, if I can give you an analogy,
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Zamislite, poređenja radi,
06:19
imagine if you wanted to know
what is it like to eat a cake,
what is it like to eat a cake,
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da želite da saznate
kakav je osećaj jesti tortu,
kakav je osećaj jesti tortu,
06:22
if instead of just eating the cake,
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na taj način što ćete,
umesto da jedete tortu,
umesto da jedete tortu,
06:25
you instead had to ingest
the ingredients of a cake,
the ingredients of a cake,
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morati da svarite sastojke za tortu,
06:28
one by one,
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jedan po jedan,
06:29
along with instructions
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zajedno sa uputstvima
06:31
about how these ingredients
can be combined to form a cake.
can be combined to form a cake.
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o tome kako ove sastojke
treba izmešati da bi se dobila torta.
treba izmešati da bi se dobila torta.
06:34
You had to eat the instructions, too.
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Morate da pojedete i uputstvo.
06:36
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
06:37
If that was how we had to experience cake,
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Kada bismo na takav način
morali da doživimo tortu,
morali da doživimo tortu,
06:39
we would never eat cake.
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verovatno je nikada ne bismo jeli.
06:42
And yet, language is
the only way -- the only way --
the only way -- the only way --
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Pa opet, jezik je jedini način -
jedan jedini način -
jedan jedini način -
06:46
that we can figure out
what is going on here, in our minds.
what is going on here, in our minds.
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da shvatimo šta se to dešava
ovde, u našim mislima.
ovde, u našim mislima.
06:50
This is our interiority,
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To je naša unutrašnjost,
06:52
the thing that makes us human,
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ono što nas čini ljudima,
06:53
the thing that makes us different
from other animals,
from other animals,
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ono što nas razlikuje
od ostalih životinja,
od ostalih životinja,
06:56
is all inside here somewhere,
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sve je to ovde negde unutra,
06:58
and all we have to do to represent it
is our own languages.
is our own languages.
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i sve što nam je potrebno
da bismo to predstavili je naš jezik.
da bismo to predstavili je naš jezik.
07:02
A language is our best way of showing
what's going on in our head.
what's going on in our head.
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Jezik je najbolji način da pokažemo
šta se dešava u našim glavama.
šta se dešava u našim glavama.
07:05
Imagine if I wanted to ask
a big question, like:
a big question, like:
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Zamislite da želite da pitate
neko važno pitanje, na primer:
neko važno pitanje, na primer:
07:08
"What is the nature of human
thought and emotion?"
thought and emotion?"
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„Kakva je priroda
ljudskih misli i osećanja?”
ljudskih misli i osećanja?”
07:10
What you'd want to do
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Ono što želite da uradite
07:11
is you'd want to examine
as many different languages
as many different languages
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je da uporedite što je moguće više jezika.
07:14
as possible.
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07:16
One isn't just going to do it.
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Jedan neće biti dovoljan.
07:18
To give you an example,
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Da bih vam dao primer,
07:19
here's a picture I took of little Roman,
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evo slike malog Romana,
07:22
that I took with a 12-megapixel camera.
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koju sam napravio
kamerom od 12 megapiksela.
kamerom od 12 megapiksela.
07:25
Now, here's that same picture
with a lot fewer pixels.
with a lot fewer pixels.
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Evo sad iste slike sa mnogo manje piksela.
07:29
Obviously, neither
of these pictures is a real cat.
of these pictures is a real cat.
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Očigledno, ni na jednoj
od ovih slika nije prava mačka,
od ovih slika nije prava mačka,
07:33
But one gives you a lot better sense
of what a cat is than the other.
of what a cat is than the other.
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ali jedna daje mnogo bolji osećaj
toga šta je mačka, nego ona druga.
toga šta je mačka, nego ona druga.
07:38
Language is not merely a tool.
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Jezik nije samo puko sredstvo.
07:40
It is our legacy,
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To je naše nasleđe.
07:41
it's our way of conveying
what it means to be human.
what it means to be human.
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To je naš način saopštavanja
toga šta znači biti čovek.
toga šta znači biti čovek.
07:44
And of course, by "our" legacy,
I mean all humans everywhere.
I mean all humans everywhere.
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Naravno, pod „našim” nasleđem,
mislim na ceo ljudski rod.
mislim na ceo ljudski rod.
07:48
And losing even one language
makes that picture a lot less clear.
makes that picture a lot less clear.
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Gubitak samo jednog jezika
čini sliku mnogo manje jasnom.
čini sliku mnogo manje jasnom.
07:53
So as a job for the past 10 years
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Dakle, za posao u prethodnih 10 godina,
07:57
and also as recreation, just for fun,
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a takođe i radi razonode, zabave radi,
08:01
I create languages.
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ja stvaram jezike.
08:02
These are called "conlangs,"
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Oni se zovu „konjezici”,
08:04
short for "constructed languages."
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skraćeno od „konstruisani jezici”.
08:06
Now, presenting these facts back to back,
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Predstavljajući ove
činjenice, rame uz rame,
činjenice, rame uz rame,
08:09
that we're losing languages on our planet
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1978
da gubimo jezike na našoj planeti
08:11
and that I create brand-new languages,
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i da stvaram potpuno nove jezike,
možete pomisliti da postoji
neka dublja veza između ta dva.
neka dublja veza između ta dva.
08:12
you might think that there's
some nonsuperficial connection
some nonsuperficial connection
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08:15
between these two.
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Zapravo, mnogo ljudi je ovo spojilo.
08:16
In fact, a lot of people have drawn a line
between those dots.
between those dots.
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08:19
This is a guy who got
all bent out of shape
all bent out of shape
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Ovo je lik koji se mnogo uzdrmao
08:21
that there was a conlang
in James Cameron's "Avatar."
in James Cameron's "Avatar."
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time da u filmu Džejmsa Kamerona
„Avatar” postoji konjezik.
„Avatar” postoji konjezik.
08:24
He says,
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On tvrdi:
08:26
"But in the three years
it took James Cameron
it took James Cameron
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„Kroz tri godine,
koliko je trebalo Džejmsu Kameronu
koliko je trebalo Džejmsu Kameronu
08:28
to get Avatar to the screen,
a language died."
a language died."
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da snimi Avatar, jedan jezik je umro.”
08:30
Probably a lot more than that, actually.
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U stvari, verovatno mnogo više od jednog.
08:32
"Na'vi, alas, won't fill the hole
where it used to be ..."
where it used to be ..."
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„Na'vi, avaj, neće ispuniti prazninu
tamo gde je ona postojala...”
tamo gde je ona postojala...”
08:36
A truly profound and poignant statement --
193
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Istinski duboka i dirljiva izjava -
08:38
if you don't think about it at all.
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ako uopšte ne razmišljate o tome.
08:41
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
08:42
But when I was here at Cal,
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Ali kad sam ja bio ovde na univerzitetu,
08:44
I completed two majors.
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diplomirao sam na dva predmeta.
08:46
One of them was linguistics,
but the other one was English.
but the other one was English.
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Jedan od njih je bio lingvistika,
ali je drugi bio engleski jezik.
ali je drugi bio engleski jezik.
08:48
And of course, the English major,
the study of English,
the study of English,
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Naravno, smer engleskog jezika,
studiranje engleskog,
studiranje engleskog,
08:51
is not actually the study
of the English language, as we know,
of the English language, as we know,
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nije u stvari studiranje engleskog jezika,
kao što vam je poznato,
kao što vam je poznato,
08:54
it's the study of literature.
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to je studiranje književnosti.
08:55
Literature is just a wonderful thing,
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Književnost je divna stvar,
08:57
because basically, literature,
more broadly, is kind of like art;
more broadly, is kind of like art;
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zato što u suštini, književnost
u širem smislu je kao umetnost:
u širem smislu je kao umetnost:
09:01
it falls under the rubric of art.
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spada u kategoriju umetnosti.
09:03
And what we do with literature,
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A u književnosti se dešava
09:04
authors create new,
entire beings and histories.
entire beings and histories.
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da autori stvaraju
kompletna nova bića i istorije.
kompletna nova bića i istorije.
09:09
And it's interesting to us to see
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Nama je interesantno da gledamo
09:12
what kind of depth and emotion
and just unique spirit
and just unique spirit
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5087
kakve misli i osećanja,
kao i jedinstveni duh,
kao i jedinstveni duh,
09:18
authors can invest
into these fictional beings.
into these fictional beings.
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autori mogu uložiti u ova izmišljena bića.
09:20
So much so, that, I mean --
take a look at this.
take a look at this.
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Toliko mnogo da, mislim - pogledajte ovo.
09:23
There's an entire series of books
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Postoje čitavi serijali knjiga
09:25
that are written
about fictional characters.
about fictional characters.
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2239
koje su napisane o izmišljenim likovima.
09:27
Like, the entire book is just about one
fictional, fake human being.
fictional, fake human being.
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Cela knjiga samo o jednom
izmišljenom, lažnom ljudskom biću.
izmišljenom, lažnom ljudskom biću.
09:31
There's an entire book
on George F. Babbitt
on George F. Babbitt
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Postoji čitava knjiga o Džordžu F. Babitu,
09:34
from Sinclair Lewis's "Babbitt,"
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1837
iz knjige „Babit” Sinklera Luisa,
09:35
and I guarantee you,
that book is longer than "Babbitt,"
that book is longer than "Babbitt,"
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i kladim se da je knjiga
duža nego „Babit”,
duža nego „Babit”,
koja je kratka knjiga.
09:38
which is a short book.
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Da li se iko uopšte seća te knjige?
09:39
Does anybody even remember that one?
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1739
Veoma je dobra, mislim čak
da je bolja od „Glavne ulice”.
da je bolja od „Glavne ulice”.
09:41
It's pretty good, I actually think
it's better than "Main Street."
it's better than "Main Street."
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Eto, rekoh svoje mišljenje.
09:44
That's my hot take.
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09:46
So we've never questioned the fact
that literature is interesting.
that literature is interesting.
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Dakle, nikad nismo dovodili u pitanje
da je književnost interesantna.
da je književnost interesantna.
09:50
But despite the fact,
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Ali uprkos toj činjenici,
09:52
not even linguists are actually interested
in what created languages can tell us
in what created languages can tell us
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čak ni lingvisti nisu
zainteresovani da saznaju
zainteresovani da saznaju
šta nam to stvoreni jezici mogu reći
09:56
about the depth of the human spirit
just as an artistic endeavor.
just as an artistic endeavor.
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3867
o dubinama ljudske duše
kroz umetničko nastojanje.
kroz umetničko nastojanje.
10:00
I'll give you a nice little example here.
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Daću vam jedan mali primer.
10:03
There was an article written about me
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Postojao je jedan članak o meni
10:06
in the California alumni
magazine a while back.
magazine a while back.
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u magazinu Kalifornijski alumni,
pre dosta vremena.
pre dosta vremena.
10:09
And when they wrote this article,
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Kada su pisali taj članak,
želeli su da dovedu nekog
ko se ne slaže sa mnom,
ko se ne slaže sa mnom,
10:10
they wanted to get somebody
from the opposing side,
from the opposing side,
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2420
što, iz ove perspektive,
izgleda malo čudno.
izgleda malo čudno.
10:13
which, in hindsight,
seems like a weird thing to do.
seems like a weird thing to do.
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10:15
You're just talking about a person,
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1690
Pričaš o nekoj osobi,
i želiš da nađeš nekog
ko se ne slaže sa tom osobom.
ko se ne slaže sa tom osobom.
10:17
and you want to get somebody
from the opposing side of that person.
from the opposing side of that person.
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3143
10:20
(Laughter)
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1276
(Smeh)
10:21
Essentially, this is just
a puff piece, but whatever.
a puff piece, but whatever.
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2659
U suštini, to je samo
promotivni članak, ali nema veze.
promotivni članak, ali nema veze.
10:24
So, they happened to get
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Tako se desilo da su došli
10:26
one of the most brilliant
linguists of our time,
linguists of our time,
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2325
do jednog od najsjajnijih
lingvista našeg vremena,
lingvista našeg vremena,
10:29
George Lakoff, who's a linguist
here at Berkeley.
here at Berkeley.
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Džordža Lejkofa, koji je lingvista
ovde na Berkliju.
ovde na Berkliju.
10:32
And his work has basically forever changed
the fields of linguistics
the fields of linguistics
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3562
Njegov rad je, u suštini,
zauvek promenio oblasti lingvistike
zauvek promenio oblasti lingvistike
10:35
and cognitive science.
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i kognitivne nauke.
10:37
And when asked about my work
and about language creation in general,
and about language creation in general,
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Kada su ga pitali o mom radu
i o stvaranju jezika uopšte,
i o stvaranju jezika uopšte,
on je rekao: „Postoji toliko stvari koje
treba da se prouče o pitanju jezika.
treba da se prouče o pitanju jezika.
10:40
he said, "But there's a lot of things
to be done in the study of language.
to be done in the study of language.
241
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3645
10:44
You should spend the time
on something real."
on something real."
242
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2756
Treba da trošite vreme
na nešto što je stvarno."
na nešto što je stvarno."
10:47
Yeah.
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1151
Aha.
10:48
"Something real."
Does this remind you of anything?
Does this remind you of anything?
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„Nešto stvarno”.
Da li vas ovo podseća na nešto?
Da li vas ovo podseća na nešto?
10:50
To use the very framework
that he himself invented,
that he himself invented,
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Da upotrebim isti okvir
koji je on lično izmislio,
koji je on lično izmislio,
10:54
let me refer back
to this conceptual metaphor:
to this conceptual metaphor:
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vratiću se ovoj konceptualnoj metafori:
10:57
language is a tool.
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1268
jezik je sredstvo.
10:58
And he appears to be laboring
under this conceptual metaphor;
under this conceptual metaphor;
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3431
A on, izgleda, radi pod ovom
konceptualnom metaforom,
konceptualnom metaforom,
11:02
that is, language is useful
when it can be used for communication.
when it can be used for communication.
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4067
što znači da je jezik koristan kada može
biti upotrebljen za komunikaciju.
biti upotrebljen za komunikaciju.
11:06
Language is useless
when it can't be used for communication.
when it can't be used for communication.
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3298
Jezik je beskoristan kada ne može
biti upotrebljen za komunikaciju.
biti upotrebljen za komunikaciju.
11:09
It might make you wonder:
What do we do with dead languages?
What do we do with dead languages?
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Možda vam padne na pamet:
šta da radimo sa mrtvim jezicima?
šta da radimo sa mrtvim jezicima?
11:12
But anyway.
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1216
Ali nije bitno.
11:13
So, because of this idea,
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1407
Zbog ove ideje,
11:15
it might seem like
the very height of absurdity
the very height of absurdity
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3862
može se činiti prilično apsurdno
11:18
to have a Duolingo course
on the High Valyrian language
on the High Valyrian language
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666953
3413
imati na Duoligu kurs valirijskog jezika
11:22
that I created for HBO's
"Game of Thrones."
"Game of Thrones."
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koji sam stvorio za seriju
„Igra prestola” na HBO-u.
„Igra prestola” na HBO-u.
11:24
You might wonder what, exactly,
are 740,000 people learning?
are 740,000 people learning?
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3624
Možda se onda zapitate
šta to onda 740 000 ljudi uči?
šta to onda 740 000 ljudi uči?
11:29
(Laughter)
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2262
(Smeh)
11:31
Well, let's take a look at it.
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2063
Pogledajmo.
11:33
What are they learning?
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1635
Šta to oni uče?
11:35
What could they possibly be learning?
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Šta bi uopšte mogli da uče?
11:37
Well, bearing in mind that
the other language for this --
the other language for this --
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Imajući u vidu drugi jezik za ovo -
11:40
it's for people that speak English --
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to je za ljude sa engleskog
govornog područja -
govornog područja -
oni koji govore engleski jezik
uče baš dosta toga.
uče baš dosta toga.
11:43
English speakers are learning quite a bit.
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11:45
Here's a sentence that they will probably
never use for communication
never use for communication
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Evo rečenice koju verovatno nikad
neće upotrebiti u komunikaciji
neće upotrebiti u komunikaciji
11:48
in their entire lives:
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za ceo svoj život:
11:49
"Vala ābre urnes."
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„Vala abre urnes.”
11:51
"The man sees the woman."
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„Čovek vide ženu.”
11:52
The little middle line is the gloss,
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Mala srednja linija je napomena,
11:54
so it's word for word,
that's what it says.
that's what it says.
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poručuje da je u pitanju
doslovno ono što piše.
doslovno ono što piše.
11:56
And they're actually learning
some very fascinating things,
some very fascinating things,
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Oni u stvari uče
neke prilično fascinantne stvari,
neke prilično fascinantne stvari,
posebno ako govore engleski jezik.
11:59
especially if they're English speakers.
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Uče da se glagol može staviti
i na sam kraj rečenice.
i na sam kraj rečenice.
12:01
They're learning that a verb can come
at the very end of a sentence.
at the very end of a sentence.
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To baš i ne može u engleskom jeziku
kada imate složeniju rečenicu.
kada imate složeniju rečenicu.
12:04
Doesn't really do that in English
when you have two arguments.
when you have two arguments.
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Uče da, ponekad,
12:07
They're learning that sometimes
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12:09
a language doesn't have an equivalent
for the word "the" -- it's totally absent.
for the word "the" -- it's totally absent.
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jezik nema svoj paritet za određeni član -
on je potpuno odsutan.
on je potpuno odsutan.
12:13
That's something language can do.
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To je nešto što može
da se desi sa jezikom.
da se desi sa jezikom.
12:15
They're learning that a long vowel
can actually be longer in duration,
can actually be longer in duration,
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Uče da dugi samoglasnici
mogu zaista biti duži u trajanju,
mogu zaista biti duži u trajanju,
12:18
as opposed to different in quality,
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umesto razlike u kvalitetu,
12:20
which is what our long vowels do;
they're actually the same length.
they're actually the same length.
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što naši dugi samoglasnici i rade:
oni su u stvari iste dužine.
oni su u stvari iste dužine.
Uče da postoje one male promene.
12:24
They're learning that
there are these little inflections.
there are these little inflections.
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12:27
Hmm? Hmm?
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Hm? Hm?
12:28
There are inflections called "cases"
on the end of nouns --
on the end of nouns --
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Postoje promene zvane „padeži”
na kraju imenice -
na kraju imenice -
12:32
(Laughter)
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1016
(Smeh)
12:33
that tell you who does what
to whom in a sentence.
to whom in a sentence.
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koje vam govore
ko šta radi kome u rečenici.
ko šta radi kome u rečenici.
12:36
Even if you leave the order
of the words the same
of the words the same
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Čak i ako ostavite isti red reči,
12:39
and switch the endings,
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ali zamenite krajeve,
12:41
it changes who does what to whom.
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to menja ko kome šta radi.
12:44
What they're learning is that languages
do things, the same things, differently.
do things, the same things, differently.
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Ono što uče jeste da jezici
rade iste stvari na različite načine.
rade iste stvari na različite načine.
12:50
And that learning languages can be fun.
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I da učenje jezika može biti zabavno.
12:53
What they're learning is respect
for Language: capital "L" Language.
for Language: capital "L" Language.
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Ono što uče je poštovanje
prema Jeziku, sa velikim slovom „J”.
prema Jeziku, sa velikim slovom „J”.
12:57
And given the fact that 88 percent
of Americans only speak English at home,
of Americans only speak English at home,
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S obzirom na činjenicu da 88% Amerikanaca
govori samo engleski jezik kod kuće,
govori samo engleski jezik kod kuće,
13:01
I don't think that's
necessarily a bad thing.
necessarily a bad thing.
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ne mislim da je to nužno loše.
13:04
You know why languages die on our planet?
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Znate li zašto jezici umiru
na našoj planeti?
na našoj planeti?
13:08
It's not because government imposes
one language on a smaller group,
one language on a smaller group,
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Ne zato što vlade nametnu
jedan jezik manjoj grupi,
jedan jezik manjoj grupi,
13:14
or because an entire group
of speakers is wiped out.
of speakers is wiped out.
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2514
niti zato što je cela grupa
govornog jezika zbrisana.
govornog jezika zbrisana.
13:16
That certainly has happened in the past,
and it's happening now,
and it's happening now,
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3076
To se svakako dešavalo u prošlosti,
a dešava se i danas,
a dešava se i danas,
ali to nije glavni razlog.
13:19
but it's not the main reason.
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13:22
The main reason is that
a child is born to a family
a child is born to a family
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Glavni razlog je
što se dete rodi u porodici
što se dete rodi u porodici
13:25
that speaks a language that
is not widely spoken in their community,
is not widely spoken in their community,
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koja govori jezik koji nije široko
rasprostranjen u njihovoj zajednici,
rasprostranjen u njihovoj zajednici,
13:28
and that child doesn't learn it.
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2007
i dete ga ne nauči.
13:30
Why?
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Zašto?
13:31
Because that language is not valued
in their community.
in their community.
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Zato što taj jezik nije cenjen
u njihovoj zajednici.
u njihovoj zajednici.
13:36
Because the language isn't useful.
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Zato što taj jezik nije koristan.
13:38
Because the child can't go and get a job
if they speak that language.
if they speak that language.
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Zato što to dete ne može naći posao
ako govori taj jezik.
ako govori taj jezik.
13:43
Because if language is just a tool,
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Zato što, ako je jezik samo sredstvo,
13:47
then learning their native language
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onda je učenje njihovog maternjeg jezika
13:49
is about as useful
as learning High Valyrian,
as learning High Valyrian,
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2245
korisno otprilike kao i učenje
visoko valirijskog,
visoko valirijskog,
13:51
so why bother?
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1464
pa zašto se mučiti onda?
13:55
Now ...
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1150
Sad...
13:58
Maybe language study isn't going to lead
to a lot more linguistic fluency.
to a lot more linguistic fluency.
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Možda izučavanje jezika neće dovesti
do znatnog lingvističkog ovladavanja.
do znatnog lingvističkog ovladavanja.
14:02
But maybe that's not such a big deal.
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Ali možda to i nije tako bitno.
14:05
Maybe if more people
are studying more languages,
are studying more languages,
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Možda će, ako više ljudi
bude učilo više jezika,
bude učilo više jezika,
14:08
it will lead to more linguistic tolerance
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to dovesti do veće jezičke tolerancije
14:11
and less linguistic imperialism.
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i smanjiti jezički imperijalizam.
14:13
Maybe if we actually respect
language for what it is --
language for what it is --
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Možda, ako budemo poštovali
jezik zbog onog što on zapravo i jeste -
jezik zbog onog što on zapravo i jeste -
14:16
literally, the greatest invention
in the history of humankind --
in the history of humankind --
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bukvalno, najveći izum
u istoriji čovečanstva -
u istoriji čovečanstva -
14:21
then in the future,
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tada u budućnosti
14:23
we can celebrate endangered languages
as living languages,
as living languages,
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možemo slaviti ugrožene jezike
kao žive jezike,
kao žive jezike,
14:27
as opposed to museum pieces.
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a ne kao deo muzejske zbirke.
14:29
(High Valyrian) Kirimvose.
Thank you.
Thank you.
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(Visoko valirijski) Kirimvose. Hvala.
14:30
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Peterson - Language creator, writer, artistDavid Peterson creates languages for television shows, for films and for fun.
Why you should listen
Best known for creating the Dothraki and Valyrian languages for HBO's Game of Thrones, David Peterson continues to work in Hollywood, though primarily out of his home in Orange County, where he lives with his wife, daughter and two cats. He's appeared previously on The Daily Show with Trevor Noah (2016) and given talks at Google (2014 and 2015) and EG (2016). He has written two books, Living Language Dothraki (2014) and The Art of Language Invention (2015), and some of his upcoming work includes Netflix's The Witcher and Legendary's Dune.
David Peterson | Speaker | TED.com