ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Vilayanur Ramachandran - Brain expert
Neurologist V.S. Ramachandran looks deep into the brain’s most basic mechanisms. By working with those who have very specific mental disabilities caused by brain injury or stroke, he can map functions of the mind to physical structures of the brain.

Why you should listen

V.S. Ramachandran is a mesmerizing speaker, able to concretely and simply describe the most complicated inner workings of the brain. His investigations into phantom limb pain, synesthesia and other brain disorders allow him to explore (and begin to answer) the most basic philosophical questions about the nature of self and human consciousness.

Ramachandran is the director of the Center for Brain and Cognition at the University of California, San Diego, and an adjunct professor at the Salk Institute. He is the author of Phantoms in the Brain (the basis for a Nova special), A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness and The Man with the Phantom Twin: Adventures in the Neuroscience of the Human Brain.

More profile about the speaker
Vilayanur Ramachandran | Speaker | TED.com
TED2007

VS Ramachandran: 3 clues to understanding your brain

维兰努亚·拉玛钱德朗: 通往心灵中央的旅程

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神经学家维兰努亚·拉玛钱德朗(Vilayanur Ramachandran)在这篇演讲中通过三个惊人的幻觉的案例,告诉我们大脑损伤可以揭示大脑组织和心智之间的联系。(绝大部分的中文翻译来自科学松鼠会网站红猪早已完成的翻译) 。
- Brain expert
Neurologist V.S. Ramachandran looks deep into the brain’s most basic mechanisms. By working with those who have very specific mental disabilities caused by brain injury or stroke, he can map functions of the mind to physical structures of the brain. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:25
Well, as Chris克里斯 pointed out, I study研究 the human人的 brain,
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是的,就如克里斯指出的,我研究人的大脑--
00:29
the functions功能 and structure结构体 of the human人的 brain.
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人类大脑的功能和结构。
00:31
And I just want you to think for a minute分钟 about what this entails限嗣继承.
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我想给大家用一分钟的时间想一下这意味着什么
00:35
Here is this mass of jelly果冻, three-pound3磅重 mass of jelly果冻
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这是一个硕大的果冻状的物质 - 三英镑质量
00:39
you can hold保持 in the palm棕榈 of your hand,
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你可以把它放在你的手掌里,
00:42
and it can contemplate沉思 the vastness广大 of interstellar星际 space空间.
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它能思考浩瀚的星际空间,
00:46
It can contemplate沉思 the meaning含义 of infinity无穷
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它可以思考“无限”的含义,
00:48
and it can contemplate沉思 itself本身 contemplating考虑 on the meaning含义 of infinity无穷.
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以及思考它本身去理解“无限”的含义。
00:53
And this peculiar奇特 recursive递归 quality质量 that we call self-awareness自我意识,
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这种独特的自省的特质我们称为自我意识。
00:58
which哪一个 I think is the holy grail大盘 of neuroscience神经科学, of neurology神经内科,
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我认为这就是神经系统科学和神经病学的“圣杯”,
01:02
and hopefully希望, someday日后, we'll understand理解 how that happens发生.
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但愿有一天,我们能够明白这是怎么产生的。
01:05
OK, so how do you study研究 this mysterious神秘 organ器官?
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好的,那么你要怎么研究这个神秘的器官呢?
01:08
I mean, you have 100 billion十亿 nerve神经 cells细胞,
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我的意思是说你有1000亿个神经元细胞,
01:12
little wisps缕缕 of protoplasm原生质, interacting互动 with each other,
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(每个是)一小束原生质,它们相互作用,
01:15
and from this activity活动 emerges出现 the whole整个 spectrum光谱 of abilities能力
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从这些活动中,迸发出一系列的能力
01:19
that we call human人的 nature性质 and human人的 consciousness意识.
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我们称为人性和人的意识。
01:22
How does this happen发生?
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这是怎么产生的呢?
01:23
Well, there are many许多 ways方法 of approaching接近 the functions功能 of the human人的 brain.
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嗯,我们可以用很多方法去研究人脑的功能。
01:26
One approach途径, the one we use mainly主要,
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其中的一个方法,我们所采用的主要的方法,
01:29
is to look at patients耐心 with sustained持续 damage损伤 to a small region地区 of the brain,
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是观察大脑中一小部分区域遭受持续性损伤的病人,
01:34
where there's been a genetic遗传 change更改 in a small region地区 of the brain.
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这部分区域已经发生了一种遗传学改变。
01:36
What then happens发生 is not an across-the-board全面的板 reduction减少
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这发生的不是全面性丧失
01:40
in all your mental心理 capacities能力,
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所有的心智能力,
01:42
a sort分类 of blunting钝化 of your cognitive认知 ability能力.
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换句话说是一种使认知能力迟钝的情况.
01:45
What you get is a highly高度 selective可选择的 loss失利 of one function功能,
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这是一种特定功能的丧失
01:48
with other functions功能 being存在 preserved罐头 intact完整,
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而其他功能则完好无损。
01:50
and this gives you some confidence置信度 in asserting断言
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这让你能自信地说:
01:52
that that part部分 of the brain is somehow不知何故 involved参与 in mediating中介 that function功能.
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那个区域以某种方式在那个功能的运作中起到作用。
01:56
So you can then map地图 function功能 onto structure结构体,
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这样你就能将功能映射到结构上去,
01:58
and then find out what the circuitry's电路的 doing
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并找出这部分神经回路是如何产生
02:01
to generate生成 that particular特定 function功能.
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这个特定的功能的。
02:03
So that's what we're trying to do.
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这就是我们想做的事。
02:05
So let me give you a few少数 striking引人注目 examples例子 of this.
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就让我向诸位展示几个惊人的例子。
02:08
In fact事实, I'm giving you three examples例子, six minutes分钟 each, during this talk.
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事实上,在这个演讲中,我要给出三个例子,每个6分钟。
02:12
The first example is an extraordinary非凡 syndrome综合征 called Capgras卡氏 syndrome综合征.
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第一个例子是一种称为“卡普格拉斯综合症"(Capgras Syndrome)的罕见综合症。
02:16
If you look at the first slide滑动 there,
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请看那边的第一个幻灯片,
02:18
that's the temporal lobes, frontal前面的 lobes, parietal顶叶 lobes, OK --
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图中显示的是颞叶(temporal lobes)、额叶(frontal lobes)和顶叶(parietal lobes)。
02:23
the lobes that constitute构成 the brain.
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够成大脑的脑叶。
02:25
And if you look, tucked away inside the inner surface表面 of the temporal lobes --
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你再看看,折叠在颞叶的皮层内部的部分
02:29
you can't see it there --
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你在图中看不见的
02:31
is a little structure结构体 called the fusiform梭形 gyrus.
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是一种称为梭状回(fusiform gyrus)的微小结构。
02:33
And that's been called the face面对 area in the brain,
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它被称为脑的“脸部区域”,
02:36
because when it's damaged破损, you can no longer recognize认识 people's人们 faces面孔.
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因为如果这个区域遭受损伤,你就无法再识别人们的面孔了。
02:39
You can still recognize认识 them from their voice语音
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你仍然能够通过嗓音识别他人,
02:41
and say, "Oh yeah, that's Joe,"
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并且说,“哦,对了,这是乔”,
02:43
but you can't look at their face面对 and know who it is, right?
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但你没法看着别人的脸认出这是谁,对吧?
02:46
You can't even recognize认识 yourself你自己 in the mirror镜子.
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你就连镜子里的自己都认不出来了。
02:48
I mean, you know it's you because you wink眨眼 and it winks媚眼,
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我的意思是说,当你对着镜子眨眼时,你依然知道那人在眨眼,
02:51
and you know it's a mirror镜子,
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而且你知道那是在镜子里,
02:53
but you don't really recognize认识 yourself你自己 as yourself你自己.
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但却真的识别不出那个人就是你自己。
02:56
OK. Now that syndrome综合征 is well known已知 as caused造成 by damage损伤 to the fusiform梭形 gyrus.
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好,现在这种梭状回损伤导致的疾病是众所周知的了。
03:00
But there's another另一个 rare罕见 syndrome综合征, so rare罕见, in fact事实,
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但还有一种罕见的综合症,非常罕见,事实上,
03:03
that very few少数 physicians医师 have heard听说 about it, not even neurologists神经学家.
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连医生都很少知道,甚至于神经病学家。
03:07
This is called the Capgras卡氏 delusion妄想,
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它名叫“卡普格拉斯错觉”(Capgras Delusion),
03:09
and that is a patient患者, who's谁是 otherwise除此以外 completely全然 normal正常,
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即一个原本完全正常的病患
03:12
has had a head injury, comes out of coma昏迷,
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遭受了头部损伤,从昏迷中醒来,
03:15
otherwise除此以外 completely全然 normal正常, he looks容貌 at his mother母亲
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原本完全正常的病患,他看着自己的母亲
03:18
and says, "This looks容貌 exactly究竟 like my mother母亲, this woman女人,
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并且说,“这人看上去跟我母亲一模一样,这个女人,
03:21
but she's an impostor骗子.
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但她是个假冒的,
03:23
She's some other woman女人 pretending假装 to be my mother母亲."
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是个假装成我母亲的女人”。
03:25
Now, why does this happen发生?
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为什么会这样呢?
03:27
Why would somebody -- and this person is perfectly完美 lucid清醒 and intelligent智能
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为什么这个人完全清醒和理智,
03:30
in all other respects尊重, but when he sees看到 his mother母亲,
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在所有其它方面,但当他看见他母亲时,
03:32
his delusion妄想 kicks in and says, it's not mother母亲.
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他的错觉就出现,并说“这不是我母亲”。
03:35
Now, the most common共同 interpretation解释 of this,
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现在,对此最常见的解释是,
03:37
which哪一个 you find in all the psychiatry精神病学 textbooks教科书,
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你可以在所有的精神病学的教科书找到,
03:39
is a Freudian弗洛伊德 view视图, and that is that this chap皴裂 --
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是弗洛伊德式的观点,那就是:当这个小伙子
03:43
and the same相同 argument论据 applies适用 to women妇女, by the way,
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顺便提一句,女性也得有这种病的
03:45
but I'll just talk about guys.
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但我只说男的好了
03:47
When you're a little baby宝宝, a young年轻 baby宝宝,
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当你还是个婴儿,一个很小的婴儿的时候,
03:50
you had a strong强大 sexual有性 attraction引力 to your mother母亲.
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你对母亲有种很强烈的性吸引。
03:52
This is the so-called所谓 Oedipus俄狄浦斯 complex复杂 of Freud弗洛伊德.
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这就是所谓的“俄狄浦斯”(Oedipus)恋母情结。
03:54
I'm not saying I believe this,
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我没说我相信这个,
03:56
but this is the standard标准 Freudian弗洛伊德 view视图.
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但标准的弗洛伊德观点就是这样的。
03:58
And then, as you grow增长 up, the cortex皮质 develops发展,
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长大后,你的皮层生长发育,
04:01
and inhibits抑制 these latent sexual有性 urges冲动 towards your mother母亲.
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抑制了对母亲的潜在性欲。
04:05
Thank God, or you would all be sexually aroused引起 when you saw your mother母亲.
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感谢上帝,否则每次你看到你母亲的时候会唤起你的性欲。
04:09
And then what happens发生 is,
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接下来,所发生的是,
04:11
there's a blow打击 to your head, damaging有害 the cortex皮质,
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头部的击打损伤了皮层,
04:13
allowing允许 these latent sexual有性 urges冲动 to emerge出现,
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把潜在的性冲动释放,
04:17
flaming炽盛 to the surface表面, and suddenly突然 and inexplicably莫名
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释放到了表层。突然间,莫名其妙地,
04:20
you find yourself你自己 being存在 sexually aroused引起 by your mother母亲.
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你觉得自己对母亲产生了性欲。
04:23
And you say, "My God, if this is my mom妈妈,
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于是你想:“天啊,这是我妈,
04:25
how come I'm being存在 sexually turned转身 on?
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我怎么可能会觉得性冲动?
04:27
She's some other woman女人. She's an impostor骗子."
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她一定是别的女人,是个假冒的。”
04:29
It's the only interpretation解释 that makes品牌 sense to your damaged破损 brain.
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对你受损伤的大脑来说只有这解释才说的通。
04:33
This has never made制作 much sense to me, this argument论据.
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我从来不觉得这样的论辩有道理。
04:36
It's very ingenious巧妙, as all Freudian弗洛伊德 arguments参数 are --
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尽管像弗洛伊德的其它论辩一样,它非常巧妙。
04:39
(Laughter笑声)
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(众笑)
04:41
-- but didn't make much sense because I have seen看到 the same相同 delusion妄想,
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但我觉得它没道理,是因为我见过同样的错觉,
04:46
a patient患者 having the same相同 delusion妄想, about his pet宠物 poodle狮子狗.
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有一病患对他的贵宾犬有同样的错觉。
04:48
(Laughter笑声)
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(众笑)
04:49
He'll地狱 say, "Doctor医生, this is not Fifi菲菲. It looks容貌 exactly究竟 like Fifi菲菲,
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他说:“大夫,这不是菲菲,它看上去跟菲菲一个样,
04:54
but it's some other dog." Right?
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但它是另一条狗”。对吧?
04:56
Now, you try using运用 the Freudian弗洛伊德 explanation说明 there.
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现在请你用弗洛伊德的理论解释解释看。
04:58
(Laughter笑声)
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(众笑)
04:59
You'll你会 start开始 talking about the latent bestiality兽交 in all humans人类,
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你将开始讨论有关人类潜在的恋兽性
05:03
or some such这样 thing, which哪一个 is quite相当 absurd荒诞, of course课程.
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或类似的事情,这当然是相当荒谬的。
05:06
Now, what's really going on?
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实际是怎么回事呢?
05:08
So, to explain说明 this curious好奇 disorder紊乱,
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为了解释这种奇怪的疾病,
05:10
we look at the structure结构体 and functions功能 of the normal正常 visual视觉 pathways途径 in the brain.
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我们来看看正常人脑视觉通路的结构和功能。
05:14
Normally一般, visual视觉 signals信号 come in, into the eyeballs眼球,
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通常来说,视觉信号通过眼球
05:17
go to the visual视觉 areas in the brain.
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进入脑中的视觉区域
05:19
There are, in fact事实, 30 areas in the back of your brain concerned关心 with just vision视力,
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事实上脑后部有30个负责处理视觉信号的区域,
05:22
and after processing处理 all that, the message信息 goes to a small structure结构体
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然后,通过处理所有的这些,信号进入一种微小结构
05:25
called the fusiform梭形 gyrus, where you perceive感知 faces面孔.
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它称为“梭状回”,在那里感知到面部图像。
05:30
There are neurons神经元 there that are sensitive敏感 to faces面孔.
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那里有对面部感知的神经元。
05:32
You can call it the face面对 area of the brain, right?
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你可以称它为“大脑的面部区”。对吧?
05:35
I talked about that earlier.
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我之前谈及过.
05:37
Now, when that area's地区的 damaged破损, you lose失去 the ability能力 to see faces面孔, right?
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那个区域一旦损坏,你就失去了识别面孔的能力。对吧?
05:41
But from that area, the message信息 cascades级联
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但神经信号还会从那个区域通过,
05:44
into a structure结构体 called the amygdala杏仁核 in the limbic边缘 system系统,
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到达边缘系统中称为杏仁核(amygdala)的区域,
05:47
the emotional情绪化 core核心 of the brain,
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那是脑的情绪核心。
05:49
and that structure结构体, called the amygdala杏仁核,
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那个结构称为杏仁核(amygdala),
05:51
gauges the emotional情绪化 significance意义 of what you're looking at.
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它判断你所看见的物体在情绪上的重要性.
05:53
Is it prey猎物? Is it predator捕食者? Is it mate伴侣?
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那是猎物,是捕食者,是配偶,
05:57
Or is it something absolutely绝对 trivial不重要的, like a piece of lint皮棉,
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还是完全无关紧要的东西。例如一个小线头,
05:59
or a piece of chalk粉笔, or a -- I don't want to point to that, but --
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或者一截粉笔,获者-我不想指出来了,但
06:03
or a shoe, or something like that? OK?
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或者是一只鞋,或者类似的东西.
06:05
Which哪一个 you can completely全然 ignore忽视.
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总之是你可以完全忽略的.
06:07
So if the amygdala杏仁核 is excited兴奋, and this is something important重要,
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如果杏仁核变得兴奋,那么说明这是很重要的东西,
06:10
the messages消息 then cascade级联 into the autonomic自主 nervous紧张 system系统.
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神经信号就会向下发送到自主神经系统.
06:13
Your heart starts启动 beating跳动 faster更快.
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你的心跳开始加速,
06:15
You start开始 sweating出汗 to dissipate消散 the heat that you're going to
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你开始出汗以散热,你将紧张
06:18
create创建 from muscular肌肉发达 exertion用力.
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由肌肉收缩产生.
06:20
And that's fortunate幸运, because we can put two electrodes电极 on your palm棕榈
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那是幸运的,因为我们可以把两个电极放在手掌上,
06:24
and measure测量 the change更改 in skin皮肤 resistance抵抗性 produced生成 by sweating出汗.
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来测量汗液产生的皮肤电阻的变化.
06:28
So I can determine确定, when you're looking at something,
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这样我就能判断,当你看着什么东西的时候,
06:30
whether是否 you're excited兴奋 or whether是否 you're aroused引起, or not, OK?
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是兴奋,被唤起,还是没有反应了。对吧?
06:34
And I'll get to that in a minute分钟.
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而我就可以在短时间内知道.
06:36
So my idea理念 was, when this chap皴裂 looks容貌 at an object目的, when he looks容貌 at his --
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我的想法是:当这小伙子看着某个物体时,当他看着他的...
06:40
any object目的 for that matter, it goes to the visual视觉 areas and,
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任何有关系的物体,信号到达视觉区,并且...
06:44
however然而, and it's processed处理 in the fusiform梭形 gyrus,
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也就是说,进入梭状回处理
06:47
and you recognize认识 it as a pea豌豆 plant, or a table,
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你就认出了这件物体是一棵豌豆,一张桌子,
06:50
or your mother母亲, for that matter, OK?
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或者是你的母亲,那是有关系的.对吧?
06:52
And then the message信息 cascades级联 into the amygdala杏仁核,
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接着,信号就传到杏仁核,
06:55
and then goes down the autonomic自主 nervous紧张 system系统.
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再往下传递到自主神经系统。
06:57
But maybe, in this chap皴裂, that wire线 that goes from the amygdala杏仁核 to the limbic边缘 system系统,
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但或许在这小伙子的脑中,从杏仁核到边缘系统的线路
07:02
the emotional情绪化 core核心 of the brain, is cut by the accident事故.
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即到大脑中控制情绪的核心的线路, 被事故切断了。
07:05
So because the fusiform梭形 is intact完整,
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由于梭状回是完整的,
07:07
the chap皴裂 can still recognize认识 his mother母亲,
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小伙子还能够认出他母亲,
07:10
and says, "Oh yeah, this looks容貌 like my mother母亲."
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并且想,“是啊,这人看上去像我母亲”.
07:12
But because the wire线 is cut to the emotional情绪化 centers中心,
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但由于通往情绪中心的通路被切断了,
07:15
he says, "But how come, if it's my mother母亲, I don't experience经验 a warmth热情?"
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他就会想:“为什么我看见母亲时感觉不到温暖,
07:19
Or terror恐怖, as the case案件 may可能 be? Right?
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或者,也许在这个案例中是恐惧,对吧?
07:21
(Laughter笑声)
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(众笑)
07:22
And therefore因此, he says, "How do I account帐户 for this inexplicable费解的 lack缺乏 of emotions情绪?
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于是他就想,"我怎样解释这种无法解释的情绪缺失呢?
07:28
This can't be my mother母亲.
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这不可能是我的母亲。
07:30
It's some strange奇怪 woman女人 pretending假装 to be my mother母亲."
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而是某个奇怪的女人假装是我的母亲。"
07:32
How do you test测试 this?
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你要怎么验证这个呢?
07:34
Well, what you do is, if you take any one of you here, and put you in front面前 of a screen屏幕,
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你要做的是,如果你找来一个人,在他面前放一面屏幕,
07:36
and measure测量 your galvanic电流的 skin皮肤 response响应,
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一边测量他的皮肤电反应,
07:39
and show显示 pictures图片 on the screen屏幕,
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一边在屏幕上放图片给他看,
07:41
I can measure测量 how you sweat when you see an object目的,
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我能测量你看见一个物体出汗的情况,
07:44
like a table or an umbrella雨伞. Of course课程, you don't sweat.
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比如一张桌子或一把伞时,当然你不会出汗,
07:47
If I show显示 you a picture图片 of a lion狮子, or a tiger, or a pinup订起来, you start开始 sweating出汗, right?
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如果我给你看狮子,老虎或性感女郎海报的照片,你会开始出汗。对吧?
07:52
And, believe it or not, if I show显示 you a picture图片 of your mother母亲 --
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信不信由你,如果我给你看你母亲的照片,
07:55
I'm talking about normal正常 people -- you start开始 sweating出汗.
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我说的是正常的人,你会开始流汗,
07:57
You don't even have to be Jewish犹太.
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你甚至不用是个犹太人。
07:59
(Laughter笑声)
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(众笑)
08:01
Now, what happens发生 if you show显示 this patient患者?
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那么,当你向病人展示时,发生了什么事呢?
08:05
You take the patient患者 and show显示 him pictures图片 on the screen屏幕
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你向病人展示图片
08:09
and measure测量 his galvanic电流的 skin皮肤 response响应.
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并测量他的皮肤电反应
08:11
Tables and chairs椅子 and lint皮棉, nothing happens发生, as in normal正常 people,
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看桌子,椅子,线头,没有反应,跟正常人一样;
08:16
but when you show显示 him a picture图片 of his mother母亲,
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当你给他看他母亲的相片,
08:18
the galvanic电流的 skin皮肤 response响应 is flat平面.
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皮肤电图像是平的,
08:20
There's no emotional情绪化 reaction反应 to his mother母亲,
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他对自己的母亲也没有情绪反应,
08:22
because that wire线 going from the visual视觉 areas to the emotional情绪化 centers中心 is cut.
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因为从视觉区通往情绪中心的线路被切断了。
08:27
So his vision视力 is normal正常 because the visual视觉 areas are normal正常,
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他的视觉没有问题,因为视觉区是正常的,
08:30
his emotions情绪 are normal正常 -- he'll地狱 laugh, he'll地狱 cry, so on and so forth向前 --
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他的情绪反应也没有问题,他会哭会笑,等等
08:33
but the wire线 from vision视力 to emotions情绪 is cut
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但是从视觉到情绪的线路却断了,
08:36
and therefore因此 he has this delusion妄想 that his mother母亲 is an impostor骗子.
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因此,他有了这个母亲是冒牌货的错觉。
08:39
It's a lovely可爱 example of the sort分类 of thing we do:
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我们所作的这类事情是个生动的例子,
08:42
take a bizarre奇异的, seemingly似乎 incomprehensible费解的, neural神经 psychiatric精神病 syndrome综合征
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把这种奇怪的、表面看似无法理解的神经-精神病症状
08:46
and say that the standard标准 Freudian弗洛伊德 view视图 is wrong错误,
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认为是正统弗洛伊德观点是错误的
08:48
that, in fact事实, you can come up with a precise精确 explanation说明
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实际上你可以找到一个精确的解释,
08:52
in terms条款 of the known已知 neural神经 anatomy解剖学 of the brain.
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从已知的大脑神经解剖的角度。
08:54
By the way, if this patient患者 then goes,
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顺便说一下,如果这病人之后去,
08:56
and mother母亲 phones手机 from an adjacent room房间 -- phones手机 him --
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母亲从相邻的房间打电话给他,
09:01
and he picks精选 up the phone电话, and he says, "Wow, mom妈妈, how are you? Where are you?"
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他会拿起电话说:“哇,妈,您好不好?您在哪里?”
09:05
There's no delusion妄想 through通过 the phone电话.
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通过电话就不产生错觉了。
09:07
Then, she approaches方法 him after an hour小时, he says, "Who are you?
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但一个小时候当母亲走到面前,他会问:“你是谁?”
09:09
You look just like my mother母亲." OK?
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"你看起来像我母亲"
09:11
The reason原因 is there's a separate分离 pathway
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原因是有另一条通路
09:13
going from the hearing听力 centers中心 in the brain to the emotional情绪化 centers中心,
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从脑的听觉中心通往情绪中心.
09:17
and that's not been cut by the accident事故.
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事故并没有切断那条通路.
09:19
So this explains说明 why through通过 the phone电话 he recognizes识别 his mother母亲, no problem问题.
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这就解释了为什么他能通过电话认出自己的母亲,没问题
09:24
When he sees看到 her in person, he says it's an impostor骗子.
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但当他看到母亲本人,却说那是假冒者。
09:27
OK, how is all this complex复杂 circuitry电路 set up in the brain?
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好了,脑中为什么会有如此复杂的回路呢?
09:31
Is it nature性质, genes基因, or is it nurture培育?
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是自然、基因、还是养育的作用?
09:34
And we approach途径 this problem问题
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我们来试图解答这个问题,
09:36
by considering考虑 another另一个 curious好奇 syndrome综合征 called phantom幻影 limb.
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通过研究另一奇怪的综合症,它名叫“幻肢”。
09:40
And you all know what a phantom幻影 limb is.
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诸位都知道幻肢是什么。
09:42
When an arm is amputated截肢, or a leg is amputated截肢, for gangrene坏疽,
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当一条手臂被切除,或一条腿被切除,由于坏疽的原因,
09:45
or you lose失去 it in war战争 -- for example, in the Iraq伊拉克 war战争,
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或在在战争中失去,比如在伊拉克战争中,
09:47
it's now a serious严重 problem问题 --
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现在这是一个严重的问题
09:49
you continue继续 to vividly生动地 feel the presence存在 of that missing失踪 arm,
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你依然能强烈地感受到那条已经失去的手臂的存在,
09:53
and that's called a phantom幻影 arm or a phantom幻影 leg.
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那就称为幻臂(phantom arm)或幻腿(phantom leg)。
09:56
In fact事实, you can get a phantom幻影 with almost几乎 any part部分 of the body身体.
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实际上,身体的任何部分都会产生幻肢现象。
09:58
Believe it or not, even with internal内部 viscera.
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信不信由你,即使内脏器官都不例外。
10:01
I've had patients耐心 with the uterus子宫 removed去除 -- hysterectomy子宫切除术 --
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我有位病人被摘除了子宫,子宫切除术(hysterectomy)
10:05
who have a phantom幻影 uterus子宫, including包含 phantom幻影 menstrual月经 cramps抽筋
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她得了幻子宫病,包括幻月经痛
10:10
at the appropriate适当 time of the month.
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在每个月适当的时候。
10:12
And in fact事实, one student学生 asked me the other day,
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事实上,有一天一个学生问我,
10:14
"Do they get phantom幻影 PMSPMS?"
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她们有没有幻经前综合症?
10:16
(Laughter笑声)
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(众笑)
10:17
A subject学科 ripe成熟 for scientific科学 enquiry查询, but we haven't没有 pursued追求的 that.
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倒是个不错的科研课题,但我们还没有研究那个。
10:21
OK, now the next下一个 question is,
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好了,接下来的问题是:
10:24
what can you learn学习 about phantom幻影 limbs四肢 by doing experiments实验?
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通过实验,你能从幻肢现象中学到什么?
10:27
One of the things we've我们已经 found发现 was,
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我们发现了一种现象是,
10:29
about half the patients耐心 with phantom幻影 limbs四肢
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有一半幻肢的病人,
10:31
claim要求 that they can move移动 the phantom幻影.
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宣称自己能移动那条幻肢。
10:33
It'll它会 pat his brother哥哥 on the shoulder,
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能用幻肢拍兄弟的肩膀,
10:35
it'll它会 answer回答 the phone电话 when it rings戒指, it'll它会 wave goodbye再见.
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能在电话铃响时拿起听筒、能挥手道别。
10:37
These are very compelling引人注目, vivid生动 sensations感觉.
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他们有种十分强烈的活生生的感觉。
10:40
The patient's耐心 not delusional妄想.
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病患不是在妄想。
10:42
He knows知道 that the arm is not there,
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他知道手臂已经不在了,
10:44
but, nevertheless虽然, it's a compelling引人注目 sensory感觉的 experience经验 for the patient患者.
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但感觉还是非常强烈。
10:47
But however然而, about half the patients耐心, this doesn't happen发生.
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然而,病人中的另一半没有这种感觉。
10:50
The phantom幻影 limb -- they'll他们会 say, "But doctor医生, the phantom幻影 limb is paralyzed.
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这幻肢... 他们告诉我:“大夫,我的幻肢被麻痹了,
10:54
It's fixed固定 in a clenched握紧 spasm痉挛 and it's excruciatingly难以忍受 painful痛苦.
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它固定在绷紧的痉挛的状态,难以忍受的疼痛。
10:57
If only I could move移动 it, maybe the pain疼痛 will be relieved安心."
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如果我能移动它,疼痛或许就会减轻。“
11:00
Now, why would a phantom幻影 limb be paralyzed?
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为什么幻肢会被麻痹呢?
11:03
It sounds声音 like an oxymoron矛盾.
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听上去自相矛盾。
11:05
But when we were looking at the case案件 sheets床单, what we found发现 was,
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当我们查看病例表时,我们发现,
11:08
these people with the paralyzed phantom幻影 limbs四肢,
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这些感觉幻肢被麻痹的人,
11:10
the original原版的 arm was paralyzed because of the peripheral外围设备 nerve神经 injury.
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他们的手臂原先曾被麻痹过,原因是周围神经受伤,
11:14
The actual实际 nerve神经 supplying供应 the arm was severed切断,
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控制手臂的神经被隔断,
11:17
was cut, by say, a motorcycle摩托车 accident事故.
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被切断了,比如在一次车祸中。
11:19
So the patient患者 had an actual实际 arm, which哪一个 is painful痛苦,
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这个病患曾经真的有过一个手臂,很疼,
11:22
in a sling吊绳 for a few少数 months个月 or a year, and then,
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挂着绷带好几个月或一年,然后,
11:26
in a misguided误导 attempt尝试 to get rid摆脱 of the pain疼痛 in the arm,
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在一次错误的尝试中,为了消除手臂的疼痛的,
11:29
the surgeon外科医生 amputatesamputates the arm,
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外科医生做了截肢手术。
11:31
and then you get a phantom幻影 arm with the same相同 pains辛劳, right?
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接下来,就有了条同样疼痛的幻肢。对吧?
11:35
And this is a serious严重 clinical临床 problem问题.
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这可是个严重的临床问题。
11:37
Patients耐心 become成为 depressed郁闷.
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病人们变得心情沮丧,
11:39
Some of them are driven驱动 to suicide自杀, OK?
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导致有些人想自杀。
11:41
So, how do you treat对待 this syndrome综合征?
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那么你要怎么治疗这种综合症呢?
11:43
Now, why do you get a paralyzed phantom幻影 limb?
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为什么会有人觉得幻肢麻痹?
11:45
When I looked看着 at the case案件 sheet, I found发现 that they had an actual实际 arm,
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当我查看病历的时候,我发现他们有过真实的手臂,
11:49
and the nerves神经 supplying供应 the arm had been cut,
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控制手臂的神经被切断,
11:52
and the actual实际 arm had been paralyzed,
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真实的手臂被麻痹了,
11:55
and lying说谎 in a sling吊绳 for several一些 months个月 before the amputation切断术,
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在截肢前挂着绷带好几个月。
11:59
and this pain疼痛 then gets得到 carried携带的 over into the phantom幻影 itself本身.
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这种疼痛被带到了幻肢里。
12:05
Why does this happen发生?
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为什么会这样呢?
12:07
When the arm was intact完整, but paralyzed,
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当手臂完好但麻痹的时候,
12:09
the brain sends发送 commands命令 to the arm, the front面前 of the brain, saying, "Move移动,"
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大脑向手臂发送指令,前脑命令“移动”,
12:12
but it's getting得到 visual视觉 feedback反馈 saying, "No."
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但视觉反馈却说“动不了”;
12:14
Move移动. No. Move移动. No. Move移动. No.
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动―动不了―动―动不了...
12:18
And this gets得到 wired有线 into the circuitry电路 of the brain,
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这被固定在了脑的神经回路中,
12:21
and we call this learned学到了 paralysis麻痹, OK?
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我们把这叫做“习得行麻痹 ”(learned paralysis)。
12:24
The brain learns获悉, because of this Hebbian赫布, associative联想 link链接,
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脑了解到,因为这种海伯联结 (Hebbian associative link),
12:28
that the mere command命令 to move移动 the arm
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使这个移动手臂的简单指令,
12:31
creates创建 a sensation感觉 of a paralyzed arm.
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产生了手臂麻痹的感觉。
12:33
And then, when you've amputated截肢 the arm,
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接着,当你切断了手臂,
12:35
this learned学到了 paralysis麻痹 carries携带 over into your body身体 image图片
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这种“习得行麻痹 ”进入了你的身体意象,
12:39
and into your phantom幻影, OK?
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进入了你的幻肢。可以吧?
12:42
Now, how do you help these patients耐心?
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你要怎么帮助这些病人呢?
12:44
How do you unlearn忘记 the learned学到了 paralysis麻痹,
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你要怎样解除习得性麻痹,
12:46
so you can relieve缓解 him of this excruciating痛苦, clenching紧咬 spasm痉挛
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好让他解除从那个幻臂产生的
12:50
of the phantom幻影 arm?
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剧痛的痉挛?
12:52
Well, we said, what if you now send发送 the command命令 to the phantom幻影,
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我们说了,如果现在你向幻肢发送指令,
12:57
but give him visual视觉 feedback反馈 that it's obeying服从 his command命令, right?
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但却给他服从指令的视觉反馈,会怎样?
13:01
Maybe you can relieve缓解 the phantom幻影 pain疼痛, the phantom幻影 cramp抽筋.
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说不定就会减轻幻肢疼痛和痉挛了。
13:04
How do you do that? Well, virtual虚拟 reality现实.
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你要怎样做到这一点?可以用虚拟现实(virtual reality),
13:06
But that costs成本 millions百万 of dollars美元.
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但那会花上几百万。
13:08
So, I hit击中 on a way of doing this for three dollars美元,
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我想到了一个成本三美元的办法,
13:11
but don't tell my funding资金 agencies机构.
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别跟我的赞助机构说。
13:13
(Laughter笑声)
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(众笑)
13:14
OK? What you do is you create创建 what I call a mirror镜子 box.
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你要做的是制造出一个我称为“镜盒”(mirror box)的东西。
13:18
You have a cardboard纸板 box with a mirror镜子 in the middle中间,
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你在纸板盒中间放面镜子,
13:20
and then you put the phantom幻影 -- so my first patient患者, Derek德里克, came来了 in.
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然后叫病人把幻肢放入盒子里。我的第一个病人,德里克
13:24
He had his arm amputated截肢 10 years年份 ago.
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他在10年前截肢。
13:27
He had a brachial avulsion撕脱, so the nerves神经 were cut
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此前他有臂丛神经撕脱伤(brachial avulsion),神经被切断了,
13:30
and the arm was paralyzed, lying说谎 in a sling吊绳 for a year, and then the arm was amputated截肢.
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手臂被麻痹了,挂着绷带一年,接着手臂被切断了。
13:34
He had a phantom幻影 arm, excruciatingly难以忍受 painful痛苦, and he couldn't不能 move移动 it.
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他有一个幻肢,难以忍受的疼痛,并且他不能移动它。
13:36
It was a paralyzed phantom幻影 arm.
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这是一个“习得行麻痹”的手臂。
13:38
So he came来了 there, and I gave him a mirror镜子 like that, in a box,
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他来看病的时候,我给了他一个象这样的镜子,
13:42
which哪一个 I call a mirror镜子 box, right?
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我称之为镜盒,对吧?
13:45
And the patient患者 puts看跌期权 his phantom幻影 left arm,
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病人将其幻肢左臂
13:48
which哪一个 is clenched握紧 and in spasm痉挛, on the left side of the mirror镜子,
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(绷紧痉挛的那只)放入镜子的左边,
13:50
and the normal正常 hand on the right side of the mirror镜子,
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将正常的手放在镜子的右侧,
13:52
and makes品牌 the same相同 posture姿势, the clenched握紧 posture姿势,
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并做出和左臂同样的姿势,握紧的姿势,
13:56
and looks容貌 inside the mirror镜子. And what does he experience经验?
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并且看着镜子,他感觉到了什么?
13:59
He looks容貌 at the phantom幻影 being存在 resurrected复活,
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他感觉幻肢又复活了。
14:02
because he's looking at the reflection反射 of the normal正常 arm in the mirror镜子,
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因为他看到了镜中的手臂,
14:06
and it looks容貌 like this phantom幻影 has been resurrected复活.
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就好像他的幻肢又重生了。
14:08
"Now," I said, "now, look, wiggle摆动 your phantom幻影 --
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接着我说:“现在摆动一下你幻肢,
14:11
your real真实 fingers手指, or move移动 your real真实 fingers手指 while looking in the mirror镜子."
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你真正的手指,或者在看着镜子的同时移动你真正的手指。“
14:15
He's going to get the visual视觉 impression印象 that the phantom幻影 is moving移动, right?
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这样他会得到幻肢正在移动的视觉印象,对吧?
14:19
That's obvious明显, but the astonishing惊人 thing is,
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这是显而易见的。但令人惊讶的是,
14:21
the patient患者 then says, "Oh my God, my phantom幻影 is moving移动 again,
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病人说,“天啊,我的幻臂又移动了,
14:24
and the pain疼痛, the clenching紧咬 spasm痉挛, is relieved安心."
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那疼痛,那绷紧的痉挛,减轻了。“
14:26
And remember记得, my first patient患者 who came来了 in --
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记住,这是来我这儿的第一个病人...
14:29
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
14:30
-- thank you. (Applause掌声)
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谢谢 (鼓掌)
14:34
My first patient患者 came来了 in, and he looked看着 in the mirror镜子,
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我的第一个病人来看病时,他看着镜子,
14:37
and I said, "Look at your reflection反射 of your phantom幻影."
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我说,“看着自己幻肢的在镜子里的映像“
14:40
And he started开始 giggling傻笑, he says, "I can see my phantom幻影."
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他咯咯笑起来,说:“我看见我的幻肢了。”
14:42
But he's not stupid. He knows知道 it's not real真实.
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他不傻,知道这不是真实的,
14:44
He knows知道 it's a mirror镜子 reflection反射,
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他知道那只是个镜像,
14:46
but it's a vivid生动 sensory感觉的 experience经验.
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但这是非常鲜活的体验。
14:48
Now, I said, "Move移动 your normal正常 hand and phantom幻影."
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接着我说:“动一下你真实的那只手和幻肢手”。
14:51
He said, "Oh, I can't move移动 my phantom幻影. You know that. It's painful痛苦."
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他说:“我可没法移动我的幻肢手,你知道的,很疼。”
14:53
I said, "Move移动 your normal正常 hand."
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我说:“那动一下正常的那只手吧。 ”
14:55
And he says, "Oh my God, my phantom幻影 is moving移动 again. I don't believe this!
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他说:“哦,天,我的幻肢又在动了,简直不能相信,
14:57
And my pain疼痛 is being存在 relieved安心." OK?
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我的疼痛也好些了。”
15:00
And then I said, "Close your eyes眼睛."
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接着我说:“把眼睛闭上。”
15:01
He closes关闭 his eyes眼睛.
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他闭上眼。
15:03
"And move移动 your normal正常 hand."
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“动一下你正常的那只手。”“
15:04
"Oh, nothing. It's clenched握紧 again."
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"厄,感觉不到了,它又绷紧了。”
15:05
"OK, open打开 your eyes眼睛."
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"睁开眼。”
15:07
"Oh my God, oh my God, it's moving移动 again!"
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“哦,天,又在动了!”
15:08
So, he was like a kid孩子 in a candy糖果 store商店.
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他就像个进了糖果店的小孩。
15:10
So, I said, OK, this proves证明 my theory理论 about learned学到了 paralysis麻痹
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所以,我说这证明了我的理论,关于习得性麻痹
15:15
and the critical危急 role角色 of visual视觉 input输入,
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和视觉输入所起重要作用的理论.
15:17
but I'm not going to get a Nobel诺贝尔 Prize
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但我可不会获得诺贝尔奖,
15:19
for getting得到 somebody to move移动 his phantom幻影 limb.
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因为让人成功移动幻肢.
15:21
(Laughter笑声)
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(众笑)
15:22
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
15:23
It's a completely全然 useless无用 ability能力, if you think about it.
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细想之下,这种完全无用的能力,
15:26
(Laughter笑声)
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(众笑)
15:27
But then I started开始 realizing实现, maybe other kinds of paralysis麻痹
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但紧接着我开始意识到,也许其他类型的瘫痪,
15:31
that you see in neurology神经内科, like stroke行程, focal dystonias肌张力障碍 --
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你在神经病学中看到的,例如中风,肌张力障碍(focal dystonias) --
15:36
there may可能 be a learned学到了 component零件 to this,
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也许都有习得的成分,
15:38
which哪一个 you can overcome克服 with the simple简单 device设备 of using运用 a mirror镜子.
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都能用一个装了镜子的简单装置予以克服。
15:41
So, I said, "Look, Derek德里克" --
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我对说:“看,德里克"--
15:43
well, first of all, the guy can't just go around carrying携带 a mirror镜子 to alleviate缓和 his pain疼痛 --
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首先, 病患不能只是四处走动, 带着镜子来减轻痛苦.
15:46
I said, "Look, Derek德里克, take it home and practice实践 with it for a week or two.
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我说,"看,德里克,把它带回家,自己练习一两个礼拜,
15:50
Maybe, after a period of practice实践,
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也许经过一段时间的练习,
15:52
you can dispense发放 with the mirror镜子, unlearn忘记 the paralysis麻痹,
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你能扔掉镜子,忘却麻痹,
15:54
and start开始 moving移动 your paralyzed arm,
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并且开始移动幻肢,
15:56
and then, relieve缓解 yourself你自己 of pain疼痛."
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消除疼痛。”
15:58
So he said OK, and he took it home.
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他说好啊,他就带它回家。
16:00
I said, "Look, it's, after all, two dollars美元. Take it home."
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我说:“两块钱而已,带回家吧。”
16:02
So, he took it home, and after two weeks, he phones手机 me,
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于是他把镜子带回了家。两周后他打来电话来
16:05
and he said, "Doctor医生, you're not going to believe this."
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说:“大夫,你一定不相信。”
16:07
I said, "What?"
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我说:“什么?”
16:08
He said, "It's gone走了."
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他说:“它不见了。”
16:10
I said, "What's gone走了?"
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我说:“什么不见了。”
16:11
I thought maybe the mirror镜子 box was gone走了.
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我还以为镜盒可能不见了。
16:13
(Laughter笑声)
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(众笑)
16:14
He said, "No, no, no, you know this phantom幻影 I've had for the last 10 years年份?
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他说:“不不不,这个跟了我十年的幻肢,
16:17
It's disappeared消失."
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它消失了!”
16:19
And I said -- I got worried担心, I said, my God,
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我说,我担心,我说,天啊
16:21
I mean I've changed this guy's家伙 body身体 image图片,
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我改变了这个人的体象,
16:23
what about human人的 subjects主题, ethics伦理 and all of that?
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有关人类主体, 伦理,所有的方面会有什么问题吗?
16:26
And I said, "Derek德里克, does this bother you?"
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我说:“德里克,你觉得困扰吗?”
16:28
He said, "No, last three days, I've not had a phantom幻影 arm
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他说:“才没有!过去三天,我没了幻肢,
16:31
and therefore因此 no phantom幻影 elbow弯头 pain疼痛, no clenching紧咬,
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于是就没了幻肢肘关节痛,没了握拳,
16:34
no phantom幻影 forearm前臂 pain疼痛, all those pains辛劳 are gone走了 away.
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没了幻肢上臂疼痛,所有这些疼痛都消失了。
16:37
But the problem问题 is I still have my phantom幻影 fingers手指 dangling悬空 from the shoulder,
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但问题的,我的幻手指还挂在肩膀这边,
16:41
and your box doesn't reach达到."
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你的镜子够不到"
16:43
(Laughter笑声)
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(众笑)
16:44
"So, can you change更改 the design设计 and put it on my forehead前额,
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"你能不能把设计改一下,把它放在我的前额,
16:47
so I can, you know, do this and eliminate消除 my phantom幻影 fingers手指?"
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让我作类似的练习消除我的幻手指?”
16:50
He thought I was some kind of magician魔术师.
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他认为我是某类魔术师.
16:52
Now, why does this happen发生?
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为什么会发生这样的事?
16:53
It's because the brain is faced面对 with tremendous巨大 sensory感觉的 conflict冲突.
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因为脑面临巨大的感觉冲突,
16:56
It's getting得到 messages消息 from vision视力 saying the phantom幻影 is back.
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它收到视觉信号,说幻肢又回来了;
16:59
On the other hand, there's no appropriate适当 reception招待会,
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但另一方面,又没有接收到相应的
17:01
muscle肌肉 signals信号 saying that there is no arm, right?
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来自肌肉的信号说它没有手臂,对吧?
17:05
And your motor发动机 command命令 saying there is an arm,
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你的动作信号也在告诉你有一只手臂。
17:07
and, because of this conflict冲突, the brain says, to hell地狱 with it,
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以为这种冲突,大脑说,见鬼去吧,
17:10
there is no phantom幻影, there is no arm, right?
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根本就没有什么幻肢,这条手臂已经不在了。”
17:13
It goes into a sort分类 of denial否认 -- negates通过则无效 the signals信号.
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它进入某种否认,否认了那个信号.
17:15
And when the arm disappears消失, the bonus奖金 is, the pain疼痛 disappears消失
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当手臂消失时,好处就是疼痛也一并消失,
17:19
because you can't have disembodied脱离现实 pain疼痛 floating漂浮的 out there, in space空间.
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因为不可能有一种无形体的疼痛漂浮空中。
17:23
So, that's the bonus奖金.
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那是奖励.
17:25
Now, this technique技术 has been tried试着 on dozens许多 of patients耐心
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此疗法现在已经在几十个病人身上试验了
17:27
by other groups in Helsinki赫尔辛基,
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在赫尔辛基的其他团体中.
17:29
so it may可能 prove证明 to be valuable有价值 as a treatment治疗 for phantom幻影 pain疼痛,
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也许能证明是一种治疗幻肢疼痛的有价值的方法。
17:32
and indeed确实, people have tried试着 it for stroke行程 rehabilitation复原.
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的确,人们已经试验用它复原中风。
17:34
Stroke行程 you normally一般 think of as damage损伤 to the fibers纤维,
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通常认为中风是由于神经纤维受损
17:37
nothing you can do about it.
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你没有办法做什么。
17:39
But, it turns out some component零件 of stroke行程 paralysis麻痹 is also learned学到了 paralysis麻痹,
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然而,结果发现是有一些中风瘫痪的成分也是习得性麻痹,
17:44
and maybe that component零件 can be overcome克服 using运用 mirrors镜子.
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或许也能用镜子加以克服。
17:47
This has also gone走了 through通过 clinical临床 trials试验,
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临床试验也正在进行中,
17:49
helping帮助 lots and lots of patients耐心.
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以帮助许多病患。
17:51
OK, let me switch开关 gears齿轮 now to the third第三 part部分 of my talk,
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好了,接下来开始讲第三部分,
17:55
which哪一个 is about another另一个 curious好奇 phenomenon现象 called synesthesia联觉.
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是关于另一个奇怪现象的,它叫做“共感”(Synesthesia)。
17:59
This was discovered发现 by Francis弗朗西斯 Galton高尔顿 in the nineteenth第十九 century世纪.
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这是由弗朗西斯.高尔顿在十九世纪发现的。
18:02
He was a cousin表姐 of Charles查尔斯 Darwin达尔文.
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他是查尔斯.达尔文的表亲。
18:04
He pointed out that certain某些 people in the population人口,
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他指出,人群中某些成员,
18:06
who are otherwise除此以外 completely全然 normal正常, had the following以下 peculiarity特点:
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其他方面均与常人无异,却有如下特别之处:
18:10
every一切 time they see a number, it's colored有色.
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他们看到一个数字时,就能感受到色彩。
18:13
Five is blue蓝色, seven is yellow黄色, eight is chartreuse黄绿色,
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5是蓝色的,7是黄色的,8是黄绿色的,
18:17
nine is indigo靛青, OK?
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9是紫蓝色的。
18:19
Bear in mind心神, these people are completely全然 normal正常 in other respects尊重.
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记住,这些人其他方面完全正常。
18:22
Or C sharp尖锐 -- sometimes有时, tones evoke唤起 color颜色.
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或者升C,有时候从音符中感觉到颜色,
18:25
C sharp尖锐 is blue蓝色, F sharp尖锐 is green绿色,
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升C是蓝色的,升F是绿色的,
18:28
another另一个 tone might威力 be yellow黄色, right?
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另一个音符也许是黄色的。
18:31
Why does this happen发生?
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为什么会这样?
18:33
This is called synesthesia联觉. Galton高尔顿 called it synesthesia联觉,
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这成为“共感”,高尔顿把这称为“共感”(synaesthesia).
18:35
a mingling采风 of the senses感官.
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一种感觉的混合。
18:37
In us, all the senses感官 are distinct不同.
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对我们来说,感觉之间是不同的,
18:39
These people muddle糊涂 up their senses感官.
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这些人会混合他们的感觉。
18:41
Why does this happen发生?
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为什么会这样?
18:42
One of the two aspects方面 of this problem问题 are very intriguing奇妙.
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这个问题的两个方面中的一个非常有意思,
18:44
Synesthesia联觉 runs运行 in families家庭,
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“共感”在家族中遗传。
18:46
so Galton高尔顿 said this is a hereditary遗传 basis基础, a genetic遗传 basis基础.
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因此高尔顿说认为其中有遗传基础,基因基础。
18:49
Secondly其次, synesthesia联觉 is about -- and this is what gets得到 me to my point
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其次,“共感”是一种关于 - 这是我要阐明的观点
18:53
about the main主要 theme主题 of this lecture演讲, which哪一个 is about creativity创造力 --
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有关这个演讲的主题,与创造力有关。
18:56
synesthesia联觉 is eight times more common共同 among其中 artists艺术家, poets诗人, novelists小说家
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“共感”在艺术家,诗人,作家中更普遍,是普通人的8倍。
19:01
and other creative创作的 people than in the general一般 population人口.
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以及其他有创意的人,对比于普通的人群。
19:04
Why would that be?
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为什么会这样?
19:05
I'm going to answer回答 that question.
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我就要回答这个问题,
19:07
It's never been answered回答 before.
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此前没有人回答过。
19:09
OK, what is synesthesia联觉? What causes原因 it?
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好了,什么是共感,成因是什么?
19:10
Well, there are many许多 theories理论.
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有许多理论做出解释。
19:11
One theory理论 is they're just crazy.
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一种理论认为,他们就是疯了而已。
19:13
Now, that's not really a scientific科学 theory理论, so we can forget忘记 about it.
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那算不上什么科学理论,所以别管它了。
19:16
Another另一个 theory理论 is they are acid junkies瘾君子 and potheadspotheads, right?
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另一个理论是这些人吸毒者,大麻瘾君子。
19:20
Now, there may可能 be some truth真相 to this,
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或许有点道理,
19:22
because it's much more common共同 here in the Bay Area than in San Diego迭戈.
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因为共感在湾区比在圣地亚哥常见。
19:24
(Laughter笑声)
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(众笑)
19:25
OK. Now, the third第三 theory理论 is that --
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好的。第三个理论是,
19:28
well, let's ask ourselves我们自己 what's really going on in synesthesia联觉. All right?
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我们来问问自己:共感到底是什么?
19:33
So, we found发现 that the color颜色 area and the number area
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我们发现,图中的颜色区和数字区
19:36
are right next下一个 to each other in the brain, in the fusiform梭形 gyrus.
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在大脑的梭状回里彼此相邻,
19:39
So we said, there's some accidental偶然 cross交叉 wiring接线
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因此我们认为,之间发生了意外的串线(cross-wiring),
19:41
between之间 color颜色 and numbers数字 in the brain.
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在大脑中颜色和数字区之间。
19:44
So, every一切 time you see a number, you see a corresponding相应 color颜色,
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所以,每次你看见数字,就会同时相应的颜色,
19:47
and that's why you get synesthesia联觉.
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于是就有了共感。
19:49
Now remember记得 -- why does this happen发生?
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现在记住,为什么这会发生呢?
19:51
Why would there be crossed越过 wires电线 in some people?
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为什么有些人会发生串线呢?
19:53
Remember记得 I said it runs运行 in families家庭?
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记得我说过这是家族遗传的。
19:55
That gives you the clue线索.
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这就给了你线索。
19:57
And that is, there is an abnormal不正常 gene基因,
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说不定是某个异常的基因
19:59
a mutation突变 in the gene基因 that causes原因 this abnormal不正常 cross交叉 wiring接线.
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一种基因突变,引起了异常的串线。
20:02
In all of us, it turns out
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结果是,我们每个人,
20:04
we are born天生 with everything wired有线 to everything else其他.
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我们在出生时,所有的与其他相连,
20:08
So, every一切 brain region地区 is wired有线 to every一切 other region地区,
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脑中的所有区域都彼此相连,
20:11
and these are trimmed修剪 down to create创建
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它们被修剪成为
20:13
the characteristic特性 modular模块化 architecture建筑 of the adult成人 brain.
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成人脑中的不同特征模块。
20:16
So, if there's a gene基因 causing造成 this trimming修剪
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如果有一个基因控制这种修剪过程,
20:18
and if that gene基因 mutates变异,
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并且基因变异了,
20:20
then you get deficient匮乏 trimming修剪 between之间 adjacent brain areas.
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那么你在不同脑区中的修剪就不充分了.
20:23
And if it's between之间 number and color颜色, you get number-color数字彩 synesthesia联觉.
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并且如果这是在数字和颜色之间,你就得了数字-颜色共感症.
20:26
If it's between之间 tone and color颜色, you get tone-color色调色 synesthesia联觉.
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如果这是在音调和颜色之间,你就得音调-颜色共感症.
20:29
So far, so good.
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到目前还好。
20:31
Now, what if this gene基因 is expressed表达 everywhere到处 in the brain,
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那么,如果此基因在脑中的所有地方都启作用又怎样?
20:33
so everything is cross-connected交叉连接?
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那么所有的地方都相联如何?
20:34
Well, think about what artists艺术家, novelists小说家 and poets诗人 have in common共同,
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好,想一下艺术家、作家和诗人之间有什么共通的地方,
20:40
the ability能力 to engage从事 in metaphorical隐喻 thinking思维,
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他们都能进行隐喻思维(metaphorical thinking),
20:43
linking链接 seemingly似乎 unrelated无关 ideas思路,
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把表面上无关的想法联系在一起,
20:45
such这样 as, "It is the east, and Juliet朱丽叶 is the Sun太阳."
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比如“这是东方,朱丽叶就是太阳。”
20:48
Well, you don't say, Juliet朱丽叶 is the sun太阳,
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你不会说朱丽叶是个太阳
20:50
does that mean she's a glowing泛着 ball of fire?
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这句话的意思难道是“她是个炙热的火球”吗?
20:52
I mean, schizophrenics精神分裂症患者 do that, but it's a different不同 story故事, right?
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精神分裂的人会那么想,但那是另外一回事,对吗?
20:55
Normal正常 people say, she's warm like the sun太阳,
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正常人会说她像太阳一样温暖,
20:58
she's radiant辐射的 like the sun太阳, she's nurturing培育 like the sun太阳.
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她象太阳一样发光,她象太阳一样哺育他人。
21:00
Instantly即刻, you've found发现 the links链接.
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你马上就能领会其中的联系。
21:02
Now, if you assume承担 that this greater更大 cross交叉 wiring接线
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现在,如果你假设这种较大的串线,
21:05
and concepts概念 are also in different不同 parts部分 of the brain,
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以及概念也位于脑的不同部分,
21:08
then it's going to create创建 a greater更大 propensity倾向
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那就说明有一种较大的倾向
21:11
towards metaphorical隐喻 thinking思维 and creativity创造力
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对于隐喻思维和创造性
21:14
in people with synesthesia联觉.
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在有共感症的人当中(更为突出).
21:16
And, hence于是, the eight times more common共同 incidence发生率 of synesthesia联觉
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因此,(某类人群)患共感症是常人的八倍
21:19
among其中 poets诗人, artists艺术家 and novelists小说家.
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其中包括艺术家、诗人和作家.
21:21
OK, it's a very phrenologicalphrenological view视图 of synesthesia联觉.
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好的,这是关于共感症的一种颅相学的观点.
21:24
The last demonstration示范 -- can I take one minute分钟?
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看最后一个演示。-- 给我一分钟时间好吗?
21:26
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
21:28
OK. I'm going to show显示 you that you're all synesthetes联觉, but you're in denial否认 about it.
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我将向诸位展示:你们全都有共感症,只是自己不承认罢了。
21:33
Here's这里的 what I call Martian火星 alphabet字母. Just like your alphabet字母,
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图中是我称为"火星字母表"的东西,就象你的字母表.
21:37
A is A, B is B, C is C.
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A是A,B是B,C是C,
21:40
Different不同 shapes形状 for different不同 phonemes音素, right?
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不同的音素有着不同的形状,对吧?
21:43
Here, you've got Martian火星 alphabet字母.
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这是"火星字母表".
21:45
One of them is Kiki琪琪, one of them is Buba布巴.
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其中一个叫“Kiki”,另一个叫“Buba”。
21:47
Which哪一个 one is Kiki琪琪 and which哪一个 one is Buba布巴?
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哪一个是“Kiki”,哪一个是“Buba”呢?
21:49
How many许多 of you think that's Kiki琪琪 and that's Buba布巴? Raise提高 your hands.
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有多少人觉得这边是“kiki”,那边是“buba”的?举下手。
21:51
Well, it's one or two mutants突变体.
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好了,有一两位突变体。
21:53
(Laughter笑声)
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(众笑)
21:54
How many许多 of you think that's Buba布巴, that's Kiki琪琪? Raise提高 your hands.
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有多少人觉得这边是“Buba",那边是“Kiki”的?举下手。
21:56
Ninety-nine九十九 percent百分 of you.
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百分之九十九的人。
21:58
Now, none没有 of you is a Martian火星. How did you do that?
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好了,诸位都不是火星人,你们是怎么认出来?
22:00
It's because you're all doing a cross-model跨模型 synesthetic联觉 abstraction抽象化,
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因为诸位都在进行跨模块的共感的抽象,
22:05
meaning含义 you're saying that that sharp尖锐 inflection拐点 -- ki-ki棋棋,
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意思是,你觉得那尖尖的东西看上去像“Kiki”。
22:09
in your auditory听觉 cortex皮质, the hair头发 cells细胞 being存在 excited兴奋 -- Kiki琪琪,
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在你的听觉皮层中,听毛细胞受刺激,"Kiki"
22:14
mimics模仿 the visual视觉 inflection拐点, sudden突然 inflection拐点 of that jagged盘陀 shape形状.
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产生了视觉上的曲折,一种突然的曲折,就像那个锯齿的形状.
22:17
Now, this is very important重要, because what it's telling告诉 you
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这非常的重要.因为它告诉你
22:20
is your brain is engaging in a primitive原始 --
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你的大脑正在从事一种原始的
22:22
it's just -- it looks容貌 like a silly愚蠢 illusion错觉,
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它就象-就象一个可笑的错觉,
22:24
but these photons光子 in your eye are doing this shape形状,
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这些光子在你的眼中形成这个形状
22:28
and hair头发 cells细胞 in your ear are exciting扣人心弦 the auditory听觉 pattern模式,
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同时你耳中的听毛细胞对这个听觉模式兴奋,
22:31
but the brain is able能够 to extract提取 the common共同 denominator分母.
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但大脑能够抽取两者的共性。
22:36
It's a primitive原始 form形成 of abstraction抽象化,
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这是抽象的一种原始形式.
22:38
and we now know this happens发生 in the fusiform梭形 gyrus of the brain,
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我们现在知道,这发生在大脑的梭状回.
22:43
because when that's damaged破损,
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因为当那里受损时,
22:44
these people lose失去 the ability能力 to engage从事 in Buba布巴 Kiki琪琪,
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病人就失去判断“Buba Kiki”的能力,
22:48
but they also lose失去 the ability能力 to engage从事 in metaphor隐喻.
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他们也失去了比喻的能力。
22:50
If you ask this guy, what -- "all that glitters闪烁 is not gold,"
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你要是问他:“发光的未必是黄金"
22:54
what does that mean?"
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这句话是什么意思?
22:56
The patient患者 says, "Well, if it's metallic金属的 and shiny闪亮, it doesn't mean it's gold.
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病人会说:“意思是金属的会闪光的不一定是黄金,
22:58
You have to measure测量 its specific具体 gravity重力, OK?"
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你得测试它的比重。”
23:01
So, they completely全然 miss小姐 the metaphorical隐喻 meaning含义.
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他完全不明白其中的比喻意义。
23:04
So, this area is about eight times the size尺寸 in higher更高 --
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这个脑区在体积上八倍于
23:07
especially特别 in humans人类 -- as in lower降低 primates灵长类动物.
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如果比较人类和低等灵长类.
23:10
Something very interesting有趣 is going on here in the angular gyrus,
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这边的角型脑回(angular gyrus)区域很有意思,
23:13
because it's the crossroads十字路口 between之间 hearing听力, vision视力 and touch触摸,
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因为它是视觉、听觉和触觉的交汇处。
23:16
and it became成为 enormous巨大 in humans人类. And something very interesting有趣 is going on.
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人类的角型脑回特别大,有一些非常有意思的(研究)正在进行
23:20
And I think it's a basis基础 of many许多 uniquely独特地 human人的 abilities能力
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我认为这对许多人类特有的能力是非常基本的,
23:23
like abstraction抽象化, metaphor隐喻 and creativity创造力.
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比如抽象、类比,和创新。
23:26
All of these questions问题 that philosophers哲学家 have been studying研究 for millennia千年,
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这些问题,哲学家已经研究上千年了,
23:29
we scientists科学家们 can begin开始 to explore探索 by doing brain imaging成像,
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现在我们科学家能够通过脑成像,
23:33
and by studying研究 patients耐心 and asking the right questions问题.
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研究病人,还有提出正确的问题来开始进行探索了。
23:35
Thank you.
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谢谢.
23:37
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
23:38
Sorry about that.
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很抱歉.
23:39
(Laughter笑声)
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(众笑)
Translated by Ken Zheng
Reviewed by Wang Qian

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Vilayanur Ramachandran - Brain expert
Neurologist V.S. Ramachandran looks deep into the brain’s most basic mechanisms. By working with those who have very specific mental disabilities caused by brain injury or stroke, he can map functions of the mind to physical structures of the brain.

Why you should listen

V.S. Ramachandran is a mesmerizing speaker, able to concretely and simply describe the most complicated inner workings of the brain. His investigations into phantom limb pain, synesthesia and other brain disorders allow him to explore (and begin to answer) the most basic philosophical questions about the nature of self and human consciousness.

Ramachandran is the director of the Center for Brain and Cognition at the University of California, San Diego, and an adjunct professor at the Salk Institute. He is the author of Phantoms in the Brain (the basis for a Nova special), A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness and The Man with the Phantom Twin: Adventures in the Neuroscience of the Human Brain.

More profile about the speaker
Vilayanur Ramachandran | Speaker | TED.com