TED2017
Elizabeth Wayne: We can hack our immune cells to fight cancer
伊丽莎白 · 韦恩: 利用免疫细胞来对抗癌症
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在进行了几十年的临床试验研究，并花费了数十亿美元之后，我们还是面临着一个
关于癌症药物递送的问题，生物医学工程师伊丽莎白 · 韦恩如是说。化疗能杀死癌细胞——但它也会杀死你身体中的健康细胞。与其使用人类的设计来与癌症斗争，为什么不直接利用自然的力量呢？在这个简短的演讲中，韦恩解释了她的实验室正在开创纳米粒子治疗方式，可以与免疫细胞——你身体里的首个回应者——相结合，并在不伤害健康细胞的情况下精准地定位癌细胞。
Elizabeth Wayne - Biomedical engineer
TED Fellow Dr. Elizabeth Wayne is a biomedical engineer and advocate for women in higher education. Full bio
TED Fellow Dr. Elizabeth Wayne is a biomedical engineer and advocate for women in higher education. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
After decades of research
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在经过了几十年的临床实验研究，
花费了数十亿美元之后，
00:14
and billions of dollars
spent in clinical trials,
spent in clinical trials,
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00:18
we still have a problem
with cancer drug delivery.
with cancer drug delivery.
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我们仍然没有解决癌症药物递送的问题。
00:22
We still give patients chemotherapy,
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我们仍然在让患者们接受化疗，
00:24
which is so non-specific
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但这一方法非常缺乏针对性，
00:26
that even though
it kills the cancer cells,
it kills the cancer cells,
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虽然杀死了癌症细胞，
00:29
it kind of kills
the rest of your body, too.
the rest of your body, too.
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但也几乎杀死了你体内的正常细胞。
00:32
And yes, we have developed
more selective drugs,
more selective drugs,
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没错，我们已经开发了
更多选择性治疗的药物，
更多选择性治疗的药物，
00:35
but it's still a challenge
to get them into the tumor,
to get them into the tumor,
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但是仍然难以准确地
把它们送到肿瘤那里，
把它们送到肿瘤那里，
00:38
and they end up accumulating
in the other organs as well
in the other organs as well
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它们最后也会聚集到其它器官，
或者随着尿液流失，
00:41
or passing through your urine,
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00:43
which is a total waste.
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白白被浪费掉了。
00:46
And fields like mine have emerged
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于是就出现了像我所从事的领域，
采用的方法是把这些药物封装起来，
00:48
where we try to encapsulate these drugs
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使它们在抵达目标前完好无损。
00:50
to protect them as they
travel through the body.
travel through the body.
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00:52
But these modifications cause problems
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但是这些改造会导致其它的问题，
00:55
that we make more modifications to fix.
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需要我们做出更多的改变去修复。
00:58
So what I'm really trying to say
is we need a better drug delivery system.
is we need a better drug delivery system.
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所以，我真正想讨论的是，
我们需要一个更好的药物递送系统。
我们需要一个更好的药物递送系统。
01:03
And I propose,
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我提议，
与其使用纯人工设计，
01:04
rather than using solely human design,
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01:07
why not use nature's?
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为什么不用天然的呢？
01:10
Immune cells are these versatile vehicles
that travel throughout our body,
that travel throughout our body,
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免疫细胞是我们身体中运行的
一种多功能交通工具，
一种多功能交通工具，
01:14
patrolling for signs of disease
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巡查疾病的踪迹，
01:16
and arriving at a wound
mere minutes after injury.
mere minutes after injury.
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并在身体受伤后的
仅几分钟内就能抵达伤口。
仅几分钟内就能抵达伤口。
01:20
So I ask you guys:
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我想问问你们：
01:22
If immune cells are already traveling
to places of injury or disease
to places of injury or disease
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如果免疫细胞本就能够
到达我们身体的伤口或患处，
01:25
in our bodies,
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为什么不再加一个乘客呢？
01:26
why not add an extra passenger?
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01:28
Why not use immune cells to deliver drugs
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为什么不用免疫细胞来递送药物
去解决我们疾病中的
01:31
to cure some of our biggest problems
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一些大问题呢？
01:33
in disease?
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01:36
I am a biomedical engineer,
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我是一个生物医学工程师，
我想跟你们讲一个关于
我是如何使用免疫细胞
我是如何使用免疫细胞
01:38
and I want to tell you guys a story
about how I use immune cells
about how I use immune cells
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01:41
to target one of the largest
problems in cancer.
problems in cancer.
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来解决癌症中最主要问题的故事。
你们知不知道，超过90%的癌症死因
01:44
Did you know that over 90 percent
of cancer deaths
of cancer deaths
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是由于癌细胞的扩散？
01:47
can be attributed to its spread?
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那么如果我们可以阻止这些癌细胞
01:48
So if we can stop these cancer cells
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01:51
from going from the primary tumor
to a distant site,
to a distant site,
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从一个原发肿瘤扩散到其他位点，
我们就可以在癌症的发展过程中进行干预，
01:54
we can stop cancer right in its tracks
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从而延长患者的生命。
01:56
and give people more of their lives back.
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02:00
To do this special mission,
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为了完成这个特殊任务，
我们决定递送一种脂质纳米颗粒，
02:01
we decided to deliver
a nanoparticle made of lipids,
a nanoparticle made of lipids,
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02:04
which are the same materials
that compose your cell membrane.
that compose your cell membrane.
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和组成你的细胞膜用的是同一种材料。
02:08
And we've added two special molecules.
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我们还加入了两个特殊的分子。
02:11
One is called e-selectin,
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一个叫内皮细胞选择素，
可以起到胶水的作用，
02:14
which acts as a glue
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02:15
that binds the nanoparticle
to the immune cell.
to the immune cell.
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把纳米颗粒粘在免疫细胞上。
02:19
And the second one is called trail.
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第二个叫TRAIL。
TRAIL是一种用来杀死癌症细胞，
02:21
Trail is a therapeutic drug
that kills cancer cells
that kills cancer cells
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而对正常细胞不起作用的治疗性药物。
02:24
but not normal cells.
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02:26
Now, when you put both of these together,
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当你把这两种分子放在一起，
就有了一个带轮子的猎杀机器。
02:29
you have a mean killing machine on wheels.
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02:35
To test this, we ran
an experiment in a mouse.
an experiment in a mouse.
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我们在老鼠上进行了测试。
02:39
So what we did was we injected
the nanoparticles,
the nanoparticles,
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我们所做的就是，先注射纳米颗粒，
它们几乎立即就粘上了血液中的免疫细胞。
02:42
and they bound almost immediately
to the immune cells in the bloodstream.
to the immune cells in the bloodstream.
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然后我们注射了癌细胞来模拟
02:46
And then we injected the cancer cells
to mimic a process
to mimic a process
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癌细胞扩散到全身的过程。
02:49
through which cancer cells
spread throughout our bodies.
spread throughout our bodies.
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我们观察到了一些非常令人兴奋的现象。
02:52
And we found something very exciting.
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我们发现在治疗组里，
02:55
We found that in our treated group,
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一开始被注射的癌细胞中有
超过75%死了，或濒临死亡，
超过75%死了，或濒临死亡，
02:58
over 75 percent of the cancer cells
we initially injected were dead or dying,
we initially injected were dead or dying,
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03:03
in comparison to only around 25 percent.
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而对照组的数字只有25%上下。
想象一下：这些更少量的细胞
03:05
So just imagine: these fewer
amount of cells were available
amount of cells were available
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03:09
to actually be able to spread
to a different part of the body.
to a different part of the body.
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本可以扩散到身体的不同部位。
这个过程仅发生在治疗开始的两个小时之后。
03:12
And this is only after
two hours of treatment.
two hours of treatment.
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我们的结果令人惊奇，
而且我们发表了非常有趣的新闻稿。
而且我们发表了非常有趣的新闻稿。
03:14
Our results were amazing,
and we had some pretty interesting press.
and we had some pretty interesting press.
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03:19
My favorite title was actually,
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我最钟爱的标题其实是，
03:22
"Sticky balls may stop
the spread of cancer."
the spread of cancer."
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“粘粘球可以阻止癌症扩散。”
（笑声）
03:24
(Laughter)
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我无法描述我的男同事们
在得知他们的粘粘球
在得知他们的粘粘球
03:26
I can't tell you just how smug
my male colleagues were,
my male colleagues were,
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有一天可能治愈癌症时，是如何沾沾自喜的。
03:30
knowing that their sticky balls
might one day cure cancer.
might one day cure cancer.
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（笑声）
03:33
(Laughter)
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但是我可以告诉你们，他们制作了
一些非常非常令人兴奋，
一些非常非常令人兴奋，
03:35
But I can tell you they made
some pretty, pretty, exciting,
some pretty, pretty, exciting,
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非常有种的T恤衫。
03:38
pretty ballsy t-shirts.
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03:40
This was also my first experience
talking to patients
talking to patients
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我也第一次与患者进行了交谈，
他们询问我们的治疗方法
多快可以投入使用。
多快可以投入使用。
03:44
where they asked how soon
our therapy would be available.
our therapy would be available.
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03:48
And I keep these stories with me
to remind me of the importance
to remind me of the importance
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我用这些故事来不断提醒自己
科学、科学家和患者的重要性。
03:51
of the science,
the scientists and the patients.
the scientists and the patients.
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03:55
Now, our fast-acting results
were pretty interesting,
were pretty interesting,
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我们立竿见影的结果非常有趣，
但是我们还有一个遗留问题：
03:58
but we still had one lingering question:
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我们的粘粘球，
04:00
Can our sticky balls,
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那些附在免疫细胞上的颗粒，
04:02
our particles actually attached
to the immune cells,
to the immune cells,
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真的可以阻止癌症的扩散吗？
04:04
actually stop the spread of cancer?
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04:07
So we went to our animal model,
and we found three important parts.
and we found three important parts.
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我们查看了动物模型，
发现了三个重要部分。
发现了三个重要部分。
04:12
Our primary tumors were smaller
in our treated animals,
in our treated animals,
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在接受治疗的动物中，原发肿瘤细胞变小了，
血液循环中的癌细胞也更少，
04:15
there were fewer cells in circulation,
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04:18
and there was little to no
tumor burden in the distant organs.
tumor burden in the distant organs.
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并且距离癌细胞较远的器官
也鲜少，或完全没有感染肿瘤。
也鲜少，或完全没有感染肿瘤。
04:22
Now, this wasn't just a victory
for us and our sticky balls.
for us and our sticky balls.
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这不仅是我们和我们的粘粘球的胜利。
这也是我个人
04:26
This was also a victory to me
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在药物递送中的胜利，
04:28
in drug delivery,
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04:30
and it represents a paradigm shift,
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这代表着一个范式转移，
04:32
a revolution --
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一场革命——
04:34
to go from just using drugs,
just injecting them
just injecting them
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从原先仅仅使用药物，仅仅只是注射它们，
希望它们到体内正确的地方去，
04:37
and hoping they go to the right
places in the body,
places in the body,
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到现在，我们能把免疫细胞作为
身体里的特殊运送司机。
身体里的特殊运送司机。
04:40
to using immune cells
as special delivery drivers in your body.
as special delivery drivers in your body.
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04:45
For this example, we used two molecules,
e-selectin and trail,
e-selectin and trail,
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这个例子里，我们使用了两个分子，
内皮细胞选择素和TRAIL，
内皮细胞选择素和TRAIL，
04:49
but really, the possibility
of drugs you can use are endless.
of drugs you can use are endless.
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但事实上，你可以使用的药物是无限的。
我谈论的是癌症，
04:53
And I talked about cancer,
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但疾病出现在哪里，免疫细胞就会赶去哪里。
04:55
but where disease goes,
so do immune cells.
so do immune cells.
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04:59
So this could be used for any disease.
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所以该方法有可能被应用于任何疾病。
想象一下脊柱受损后，
使用免疫细胞来递送关键的
使用免疫细胞来递送关键的
05:02
Imagine using immune cells
to deliver crucial wound-healing agents
to deliver crucial wound-healing agents
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05:06
after a spinal cord injury,
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伤口愈合剂，
05:09
or using immune cells to deliver drugs
past the blood-brain barrier
past the blood-brain barrier
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或使用免疫细胞
越过血脑屏障来递送药物，
越过血脑屏障来递送药物，
去治疗帕金森症或阿尔兹海默症。
05:13
to treat Parkinson's
or Alzheimer's disease.
or Alzheimer's disease.
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05:17
These are the ideas that excite me
about science the most.
about science the most.
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这些是最让我对科学感到兴奋的想法。
05:20
And from where I stand,
I see so much promise and opportunity.
I see so much promise and opportunity.
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通过我的视角，我看到了
如此多的前景和机会。
如此多的前景和机会。
谢谢。
05:24
Thank you.
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（鼓掌）
05:25
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Elizabeth Wayne - Biomedical engineerTED Fellow Dr. Elizabeth Wayne is a biomedical engineer and advocate for women in higher education.
Why you should listen
Dr. Elizabeth Wayne received her Bachelor's degree in Physics from the University of Pennsylvania, where she was a Ronald E. McNair Scholar and Moelis Access Science Scholar. She continued her education at Cornell University, where her research on the role of immune cells in cancer progression and their potential as drug delivery carriers was supported by funding from the National Cancer Institute Physical Sciences in Oncology Network and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. In 2016, Wayne earned her PhD in biomedical engineering, where her work in immune cell-mediated drug delivery resulted in several publications and a technology patent. Her current research uses macrophages to delivery therapeutic genes to solid tumors.
Wayne is a strong advocate for women in science. She has been a chief organizer for the Conference for Undergraduate Women in Physics (CUWIP) at Cornell as well as a panelist and workshop leader at CUWiPs held at Yale and Harvard. She has received awards for her advocacy including the Constance and Alice Cook Award.
Wayne is currently a National Cancer Institute Cancer Nanotechnology Training Program Postdoctoral Fellow in the Eshelman School of Pharmacy at UNC-Chapel Hill. She was recognized as a 2017 TED Fellow for her cancer nanotechnology research and efforts to amplify voices of women in leadership and higher education through her podcast PhDivas. Wayne has been featured in various publications including Bust Magazine, Cornell Chronicle and the Los Angeles Times.
As a speaker, Wayne works with high schools, colleges and nonprofit organizations across the country to encourage the inclusion of women in science.
Elizabeth Wayne | Speaker | TED.com