TED2017
Elizabeth Wayne: We can hack our immune cells to fight cancer
Elizabet Vejn (Elizabeth Wayne): Možemo ishakovati naše imunoćelije da se borimo protiv raka
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Biomedicinski inženjer Elizabet Vejn kaže da, nakon decenija istraživanja i milijardi dolara potrošenih na klinička istraživanja, još uvek imamo problem sa aplikacijom lekova protiv raka. Hemoterapija ubija rak, ali ubija i ostatak vašeg tela. Umesto da koristimo ideje do kojih su došli ljudi, zašto, u borbi protiv raka, ne bismo koristlil ideje iz prirode? U ovom kratkom govoru, Vejnova objašnjava kako njena laboratorija razvija terapiju nanočesticama koje se vezuju za imuno ćelije, hitnu pomoć vašeg tela, da bi se precizno ciljale ćelije raka bez oštećenja zdravih ćelija.
Elizabeth Wayne - Biomedical engineer
TED Fellow Dr. Elizabeth Wayne is a biomedical engineer and advocate for women in higher education. Full bio
TED Fellow Dr. Elizabeth Wayne is a biomedical engineer and advocate for women in higher education. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Nakon decenija istraživanja
00:12
After decades of research
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00:14
and billions of dollars
spent in clinical trials,
spent in clinical trials,
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i milijardi dolara potrošenih
na klinička istraživanja,
na klinička istraživanja,
00:18
we still have a problem
with cancer drug delivery.
with cancer drug delivery.
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još uvek imamo problem
sa aplikacijom lekova protiv raka.
sa aplikacijom lekova protiv raka.
00:22
We still give patients chemotherapy,
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Pacijenti i dalje primaju hemoterapiju
00:24
which is so non-specific
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koja je toliko neprecizna
00:26
that even though
it kills the cancer cells,
it kills the cancer cells,
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da, iako ubija ćelije raka,
00:29
it kind of kills
the rest of your body, too.
the rest of your body, too.
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takođe nekako ubija i ostatak vašeg tela.
00:32
And yes, we have developed
more selective drugs,
more selective drugs,
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Da, razvijamo selektivnije lekove,
ali je njihovo prosleđivanje u tumor
i dalje problematično,
i dalje problematično,
00:35
but it's still a challenge
to get them into the tumor,
to get them into the tumor,
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00:38
and they end up accumulating
in the other organs as well
in the other organs as well
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tako da se oni, na kraju, talože
i u drugim organima
i u drugim organima
00:41
or passing through your urine,
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ili se izbacuju kroz urin,
00:43
which is a total waste.
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što je potpuno rasipanje.
00:46
And fields like mine have emerged
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Oblasti kao što je moja se pojavljuju
00:48
where we try to encapsulate these drugs
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i pokušavamo da obložimo ove lekove
da bismo ih zaštitili
dok putuju kroz telo.
dok putuju kroz telo.
00:50
to protect them as they
travel through the body.
travel through the body.
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00:52
But these modifications cause problems
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Međutim, ove izmene uzrokuju probleme
za čije rešavanje pravimo dodatne izmene.
00:55
that we make more modifications to fix.
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00:58
So what I'm really trying to say
is we need a better drug delivery system.
is we need a better drug delivery system.
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Pokušavam da kažem
da nam je potreban
bolji sistem aplikacije lekova.
bolji sistem aplikacije lekova.
Predlažem da, umesto da koristimo
samo ideju do koje su ljudi došli,
samo ideju do koje su ljudi došli,
01:03
And I propose,
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01:04
rather than using solely human design,
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01:07
why not use nature's?
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zašto ne da ne koristimo ideju iz prirode?
01:10
Immune cells are these versatile vehicles
that travel throughout our body,
that travel throughout our body,
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Imunoćelije su prilagodljiva prevozna
sredstva koja putuju kroz naše telo
sredstva koja putuju kroz naše telo
01:14
patrolling for signs of disease
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u potrazi za znakovima bolesti
01:16
and arriving at a wound
mere minutes after injury.
mere minutes after injury.
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i stižu do rane jedva nekoliko
minuta nakon povrede.
minuta nakon povrede.
Zato vas pitam -
01:20
So I ask you guys:
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01:22
If immune cells are already traveling
to places of injury or disease
to places of injury or disease
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ako imunoćelije već putuju
do mesta povrede ili bolesti
do mesta povrede ili bolesti
u našem telu,
01:25
in our bodies,
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zašto ne dodati još jednog putnika?
01:26
why not add an extra passenger?
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01:28
Why not use immune cells to deliver drugs
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Zašto ne koristiti imunoćelije
da dostavimo lekove
da dostavimo lekove
01:31
to cure some of our biggest problems
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da izlečimo neke od najvećih problema
01:33
in disease?
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vezanih za oboljenja?
01:36
I am a biomedical engineer,
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Ja sam biomedicinski inženjer
01:38
and I want to tell you guys a story
about how I use immune cells
about how I use immune cells
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i želim da vam ispričam priču
o tome kako koristim imunoćelije
o tome kako koristim imunoćelije
01:41
to target one of the largest
problems in cancer.
problems in cancer.
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da rešimo jedan od najvećih
problema vezanih za rak.
problema vezanih za rak.
01:44
Did you know that over 90 percent
of cancer deaths
of cancer deaths
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Da li znate da se preko 90 posto
smrtnih slučajeva od raka
smrtnih slučajeva od raka
01:47
can be attributed to its spread?
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mogu pripisati njegovom širenju?
01:48
So if we can stop these cancer cells
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Dakle, ako možemo
zaustaviti ove ćelije raka
zaustaviti ove ćelije raka
01:51
from going from the primary tumor
to a distant site,
to a distant site,
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da se prošire od prvobitnog tumora
ka udaljenom mestu,
ka udaljenom mestu,
možemo zaustaviti rak u mestu
01:54
we can stop cancer right in its tracks
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i vratiti ljudima više njihovog života.
01:56
and give people more of their lives back.
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02:00
To do this special mission,
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Za ovu posebnu misiju,
odlučili smo da dostavimo
nanočesticu sačinjenu od lipida,
nanočesticu sačinjenu od lipida,
02:01
we decided to deliver
a nanoparticle made of lipids,
a nanoparticle made of lipids,
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02:04
which are the same materials
that compose your cell membrane.
that compose your cell membrane.
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koji su isti gradivni elementi
koji sačinjavaju vaše ćelijske membrane.
koji sačinjavaju vaše ćelijske membrane.
02:08
And we've added two special molecules.
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Takođe smo dodali dva posebna molekula.
02:11
One is called e-selectin,
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Jedan se zove e-selektin
02:14
which acts as a glue
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i ponaša se kao lepak
02:15
that binds the nanoparticle
to the immune cell.
to the immune cell.
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koji vezuje nanočesticu za imunu ćeliju.
02:19
And the second one is called trail.
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A drugi se zove trejl.
02:21
Trail is a therapeutic drug
that kills cancer cells
that kills cancer cells
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Trejl je terapeutski lek
koji ubija ćelije raka,
koji ubija ćelije raka,
02:24
but not normal cells.
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ali ne i obične ćelije.
Kada spojite ova dva,
02:26
Now, when you put both of these together,
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02:29
you have a mean killing machine on wheels.
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dobijate opaku mašinu
za ubijanje na točkovima.
za ubijanje na točkovima.
02:35
To test this, we ran
an experiment in a mouse.
an experiment in a mouse.
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Da bismo ovo isprobali,
sproveli smo eksperiment na mišu.
sproveli smo eksperiment na mišu.
02:39
So what we did was we injected
the nanoparticles,
the nanoparticles,
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Ubrizgali smo nanočestice
i one su se skoro trenutno vezale
za imunoćelije u krvotoku.
za imunoćelije u krvotoku.
02:42
and they bound almost immediately
to the immune cells in the bloodstream.
to the immune cells in the bloodstream.
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02:46
And then we injected the cancer cells
to mimic a process
to mimic a process
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Onda smo ubrizgali ćelije raka
da bismo simulirali proces
da bismo simulirali proces
02:49
through which cancer cells
spread throughout our bodies.
spread throughout our bodies.
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kojim se ćelije raka šire kroz naše telo.
02:52
And we found something very exciting.
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Otkrili smo nešto veoma uzbudljivo.
Otkrili smo da su u grupi
koja je dobila tretman
koja je dobila tretman
02:55
We found that in our treated group,
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over 75 percent of the cancer cells
we initially injected were dead or dying,
we initially injected were dead or dying,
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preko 75 posto ćelija raka koje smo
na početku ubrizgali umrle ili umirale,
na početku ubrizgali umrle ili umirale,
03:03
in comparison to only around 25 percent.
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u poređenju sa samo oko 25 posto.
03:05
So just imagine: these fewer
amount of cells were available
amount of cells were available
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Samo zamislite ovo - manje količine ćelija
bile su u mogućnosti
bile su u mogućnosti
03:09
to actually be able to spread
to a different part of the body.
to a different part of the body.
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da se prošire na drugi deo tela.
Ovo je samo dva sata posle terapije.
03:12
And this is only after
two hours of treatment.
two hours of treatment.
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03:14
Our results were amazing,
and we had some pretty interesting press.
and we had some pretty interesting press.
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Naši rezultati su bili zapanjujući
i nekoliko prilično zanimljivih
novinskih članaka je objavljeno o nama.
novinskih članaka je objavljeno o nama.
03:19
My favorite title was actually,
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U stvari, moj omiljeni naslov je bio:
03:22
"Sticky balls may stop
the spread of cancer."
the spread of cancer."
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„Lepljive kuglice mogu
zaustavili širenje raka“.
zaustavili širenje raka“.
03:24
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:26
I can't tell you just how smug
my male colleagues were,
my male colleagues were,
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Ne mogu vam objasniti koliko su
moje kolege bile samozadovoljne
moje kolege bile samozadovoljne
03:30
knowing that their sticky balls
might one day cure cancer.
might one day cure cancer.
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znajući da njihove lepljive kuglice
jednog dana mogu izlečiti rak.
jednog dana mogu izlečiti rak.
03:33
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:35
But I can tell you they made
some pretty, pretty, exciting,
some pretty, pretty, exciting,
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Ipak, mogu vam reći da su napravili
neke prilično uzbudljive i kuražne majice.
03:38
pretty ballsy t-shirts.
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03:40
This was also my first experience
talking to patients
talking to patients
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Ovo je takođe bilo moje prvo iskustvo
da razgovaram sa pacijentima
da razgovaram sa pacijentima
03:44
where they asked how soon
our therapy would be available.
our therapy would be available.
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kada su me pitali
kada će naša terapija biti dostupna.
kada će naša terapija biti dostupna.
03:48
And I keep these stories with me
to remind me of the importance
to remind me of the importance
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Čuvam ove priče da se podsetim važnosti
nauke, naučnika i pacijenata.
03:51
of the science,
the scientists and the patients.
the scientists and the patients.
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03:55
Now, our fast-acting results
were pretty interesting,
were pretty interesting,
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Naši rezultati brzog dejstva
su bili veoma zanimljivi,
su bili veoma zanimljivi,
ali smo još uvek imali
jedno preostalo pitanje -
jedno preostalo pitanje -
03:58
but we still had one lingering question:
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04:00
Can our sticky balls,
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mogu li naše lepljive kuglice,
04:02
our particles actually attached
to the immune cells,
to the immune cells,
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naše čestice prikačene za imunoćelije,
04:04
actually stop the spread of cancer?
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zaista zaustavili širenje raka?
04:07
So we went to our animal model,
and we found three important parts.
and we found three important parts.
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Vratili smo se našem životinjskom uzorku
i pronašli smo tri važna dela.
i pronašli smo tri važna dela.
04:12
Our primary tumors were smaller
in our treated animals,
in our treated animals,
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Naši prvobitni tumori su bili manji
kod lečenih životinja,
kod lečenih životinja,
04:15
there were fewer cells in circulation,
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bilo je manje ćelija u pokretu
04:18
and there was little to no
tumor burden in the distant organs.
tumor burden in the distant organs.
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i bilo je jako malo ili nimalo
ćelija tumora u udaljenim organima.
ćelija tumora u udaljenim organima.
04:22
Now, this wasn't just a victory
for us and our sticky balls.
for us and our sticky balls.
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Ovo nije bila pobeda samo
za nas i naše lepljive kuglice.
za nas i naše lepljive kuglice.
04:26
This was also a victory to me
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Ovo je takođe bila pobeda za mene
04:28
in drug delivery,
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u aplikaciji lekova,
04:30
and it represents a paradigm shift,
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i ona predstavlja promenu paradigme,
04:32
a revolution --
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revoluciju -
04:34
to go from just using drugs,
just injecting them
just injecting them
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pomak od korišćenja lekova
i njihovog ubrizgavanja
i njihovog ubrizgavanja
04:37
and hoping they go to the right
places in the body,
places in the body,
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i nadanja da će otići
na prava mesta u telu
na prava mesta u telu
04:40
to using immune cells
as special delivery drivers in your body.
as special delivery drivers in your body.
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do korišćenja imunoćelija
kao posebnih dostavljača u vašem telu.
kao posebnih dostavljača u vašem telu.
04:45
For this example, we used two molecules,
e-selectin and trail,
e-selectin and trail,
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Za ovaj primer smo koristili
dva molekula, e-selektin i trejl,
dva molekula, e-selektin i trejl,
04:49
but really, the possibility
of drugs you can use are endless.
of drugs you can use are endless.
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ali, zaista, mogućnosti lekova
koji se mogu koristiti su nebrojene.
koji se mogu koristiti su nebrojene.
04:53
And I talked about cancer,
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Pričala sam o raku,
04:55
but where disease goes,
so do immune cells.
so do immune cells.
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ali gdegod da je bolest,
tamo idu i imunoćelije.
tamo idu i imunoćelije.
04:59
So this could be used for any disease.
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Ovo se može koristiti za bilo koju bolest.
05:02
Imagine using immune cells
to deliver crucial wound-healing agents
to deliver crucial wound-healing agents
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Zamislite da koristimo imunoćelije
za aplikaciju neophodnih supstanci
za zalečenje rana
za zalečenje rana
05:06
after a spinal cord injury,
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nakon povrede kičmene moždine
05:09
or using immune cells to deliver drugs
past the blood-brain barrier
past the blood-brain barrier
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ili da koristimo imunoćelije
za aplikaciju lekova kroz moždanu membranu
za aplikaciju lekova kroz moždanu membranu
05:13
to treat Parkinson's
or Alzheimer's disease.
or Alzheimer's disease.
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u lečenju Parkinsonove
ili Alchajmerove bolesti.
ili Alchajmerove bolesti.
05:17
These are the ideas that excite me
about science the most.
about science the most.
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Ovo su ideje koje kod mene stvaraju
najveće uzbuđenje vezano za nauku.
najveće uzbuđenje vezano za nauku.
05:20
And from where I stand,
I see so much promise and opportunity.
I see so much promise and opportunity.
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Iz mog ugla, vidim toliko puno
obećanja i mogućnosti.
obećanja i mogućnosti.
05:24
Thank you.
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Hvala.
05:25
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Elizabeth Wayne - Biomedical engineerTED Fellow Dr. Elizabeth Wayne is a biomedical engineer and advocate for women in higher education.
Why you should listen
Dr. Elizabeth Wayne received her Bachelor's degree in Physics from the University of Pennsylvania, where she was a Ronald E. McNair Scholar and Moelis Access Science Scholar. She continued her education at Cornell University, where her research on the role of immune cells in cancer progression and their potential as drug delivery carriers was supported by funding from the National Cancer Institute Physical Sciences in Oncology Network and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. In 2016, Wayne earned her PhD in biomedical engineering, where her work in immune cell-mediated drug delivery resulted in several publications and a technology patent. Her current research uses macrophages to delivery therapeutic genes to solid tumors.
Wayne is a strong advocate for women in science. She has been a chief organizer for the Conference for Undergraduate Women in Physics (CUWIP) at Cornell as well as a panelist and workshop leader at CUWiPs held at Yale and Harvard. She has received awards for her advocacy including the Constance and Alice Cook Award.
Wayne is currently a National Cancer Institute Cancer Nanotechnology Training Program Postdoctoral Fellow in the Eshelman School of Pharmacy at UNC-Chapel Hill. She was recognized as a 2017 TED Fellow for her cancer nanotechnology research and efforts to amplify voices of women in leadership and higher education through her podcast PhDivas. Wayne has been featured in various publications including Bust Magazine, Cornell Chronicle and the Los Angeles Times.
As a speaker, Wayne works with high schools, colleges and nonprofit organizations across the country to encourage the inclusion of women in science.
Elizabeth Wayne | Speaker | TED.com