TEDxBeaconStreet
Chris Nowinski: Can I have your brain? The quest for truth on concussions and CTE
克里斯‧諾因斯基: 可以把你的大腦給我嗎？ 追尋腦震盪和慢性創傷性腦病（CTE）的真相
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頂級運動員的腦內發生了奇怪而致命的情況。腦震盪可能導致腦退化、失智、精神病和早夭，被稱為「慢性創傷性腦病（CTE）」。克里斯·諾因斯基希望通過分析已逝運動員的大腦來解開這個醫學謎團。這就是為什麼他遇到職業運動員的第一個問題是：「可以把你的腦袋給我嗎？」他闡述為了保護運動員和你的腦所進行的努力，以及目前已發現的突破性訊息。
Chris Nowinski - Social entrepreneur
Dr. Chris Nowinski is leading a global conversation on concussions, CTE and the future of sports. Full bio
Dr. Chris Nowinski is leading a global conversation on concussions, CTE and the future of sports. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'm Chris Nowinski, and odds are
if you've met me in the last five years
if you've met me in the last five years
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我是克里斯·諾因斯基，
如果你在過去的五年中曾遇見我，
如果你在過去的五年中曾遇見我，
00:16
I've asked you, after a few minutes,
a bit of an odd question:
a bit of an odd question:
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很有可能在我們交談幾分鐘後，
我問了你一個怪問題：
我問了你一個怪問題：
00:20
Can I have your brain?
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「可以把你的大腦給我嗎？」
如果你不知道我的故事，
那就看似是個怪問題，
那就看似是個怪問題，
00:22
Now, it only seems like a strange question
if you don't know my story
if you don't know my story
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00:25
so please let me share it with you.
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讓我與你們分享吧。
00:28
I grew up outside of Chicago,
and I was an athlete
and I was an athlete
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我在芝加哥郊區長大，
是一名運動員，
是一名運動員，
00:31
and I was very lucky to get recruited
to play football at Harvard University.
to play football at Harvard University.
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我很幸運地被哈佛大學錄取踢足球。
00:36
So that's me.
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那就是我。
00:37
And then after graduating,
like most Harvard graduates,
like most Harvard graduates,
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畢業後，像大多數哈佛畢業生一樣，
00:40
I decided I wanted to join the WWE.
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我決定加入世界摔角娛樂圈。
00:43
So that's also me.
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所以那也是我。
00:44
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
當然你還記得 2002
和 2003 年的 Monday Night Raw，
和 2003 年的 Monday Night Raw，
00:47
Sure you remember me
from Monday Night Raw in 2002 and 2003,
from Monday Night Raw in 2002 and 2003,
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00:50
and I had a blast
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我造成極大的迴響，
00:52
playing what people
affectionately like to call
affectionately like to call
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扮演大家喜愛的常春藤名校勢利鬼
00:55
Chris Harvard, the Ivy League snob.
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克里斯·哈佛。
（笑聲）
00:57
(Laughter)
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00:59
It was perfect for me.
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對我而言，那角色非常完美。
01:00
But unfortunately,
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但不幸的是，
01:02
I got kicked in the head
by my colleague Bubba Ray Dudley,
by my colleague Bubba Ray Dudley,
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我的頭給拍擋
布巴‧雷‧達德利的腳踢中了，
布巴‧雷‧達德利的腳踢中了，
01:06
and I suffered a severe concussion.
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我遭受嚴重的腦震盪。
01:08
And it led to what became
permanent postconcussion symptoms:
permanent postconcussion symptoms:
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導致永久性的腦震盪症候群症狀：
01:12
constant headaches, inability to sleep,
depression, feeling in a fog.
depression, feeling in a fog.
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持續頭痛、難以入睡、
抑鬱、感覺迷迷糊糊。
抑鬱、感覺迷迷糊糊。
01:17
And in that first year,
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而在第一年裡，
01:18
I tried to figure out
how could I make this pain go away.
how could I make this pain go away.
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我試圖消除這痛苦，
01:22
And I wasn't getting
the answers I needed from doctors,
the answers I needed from doctors,
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醫生沒給我需要的答案，
01:24
and so I started digging
into the medical literature.
into the medical literature.
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所以我開始深入研究醫學文獻，
01:27
And I found there's
this whole story about concussions
this whole story about concussions
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發現了關於腦震盪
01:30
that we weren't really being told.
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原先未知的完整事實。
所以我決定為此寫一本書，
01:31
So I decided to write a book about it,
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書名是「頭部遊戲：
美式足球的腦震盪危機」，
美式足球的腦震盪危機」，
01:33
called "Head Games:
Football's Concussion Crisis"
Football's Concussion Crisis"
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在 2006 年出版。
01:35
that came out in 2006.
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01:37
But in that process, I learned
it's not really just about concussions.
it's not really just about concussions.
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但在寫作的過程中，
我了解到不僅是腦震盪而已，
我了解到不僅是腦震盪而已，
01:40
I learned about a disease called
chronic traumatic encephalopathy or CTE.
chronic traumatic encephalopathy or CTE.
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有一種稱為「慢性創傷性腦病」
或 CTE 的疾病存在。
或 CTE 的疾病存在。
01:45
What we used to call punch-drunk,
because we only knew about it from boxers.
because we only knew about it from boxers.
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過去只知道是拳擊手的頭
受到重擊而醺醉的現象。
受到重擊而醺醉的現象。
01:49
We knew that getting hit in the head
too many times with boxers
too many times with boxers
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由於拳擊手頭部被多次擊中，
01:53
would cause their brain to essentially
start to rot, to degenerate.
start to rot, to degenerate.
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會導致他們的大腦開始損壞及退化。
01:57
And they'd have symptoms
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他們會有一些症狀
01:58
like memory problems
and problems with cognition,
and problems with cognition,
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像記憶和認知問題、
02:01
depression, impulse
control issues, aggression.
control issues, aggression.
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抑鬱、衝動控制問題，及侵略性。
02:05
So basically, I got ...
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基本上，我得知......
我的受傷時間剛剛好，
02:09
I got injured at the right time,
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02:11
in which the first two NFL players
were studied for this disease.
were studied for this disease.
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有兩名前 NFL 球員，
因為這種疾病而被研究。
因為這種疾病而被研究。
02:15
And it turned out they both had it.
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結果證明他們都有 CTE。
02:17
The first was Mike Webster,
50 years old, already had dementia.
50 years old, already had dementia.
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第一人是邁克‧韋伯斯特，
50 歲已經患有失智症。
50 歲已經患有失智症。
第二人是特里‧龍，
於 45 歲時自殺。
於 45 歲時自殺。
02:21
The second, Terry Long,
45 years old when he took his life.
45 years old when he took his life.
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02:26
The medical examiner in Pittsburgh
decided to look at their brains
decided to look at their brains
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匹茲堡的醫學檢查員
決定查看他們的大腦，
決定查看他們的大腦，
02:30
and found this disease.
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發現他們有這種病。
02:31
I wrote a chapter about it,
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我為此寫了一章，
02:33
and I thought people would make
a big deal out of it.
a big deal out of it.
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以為人們會反應強烈。
02:36
But shockingly, even when
the first two cases came in positive,
the first two cases came in positive,
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但令我震驚的是
即使有前面兩個陽性的病例，
即使有前面兩個陽性的病例，
02:39
there was never a national
news story about this,
news story about this,
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從來沒有全國性的新聞
02:42
what's going on in football
with these cases of CTE.
with these cases of CTE.
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報導足球界的這些 CTE 案例。
02:45
So the book comes out,
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這本書上架了，
02:47
not a whole lot is happening,
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沒多少事發生。
02:48
and one day I read the newspaper --
November 20, 2006.
November 20, 2006.
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有一天我在讀報紙──
當時是 2006 年 11 月 20 日，
當時是 2006 年 11 月 20 日，
02:53
I find out that Andre Waters
just took his life.
just took his life.
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發現安德烈·沃特斯剛自殺。
02:57
Those of you who know football,
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對足球熟識的人，
像我就是看著安德烈·沃特斯長大的，
02:58
Andre Waters was someone
I grew up watching.
I grew up watching.
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03:00
Former Philadelphia Eagles strong safety,
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他曾是費城老鷹隊堅固的防守後衛，
在 44 歲擔任乙級足球教練時
03:02
[44] years old,
a Division II football coach
a Division II football coach
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03:05
when he decided to put a gun to his head.
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舉槍自殺。
報導中提及他的綽號是
「骯髒的沃特斯」，
「骯髒的沃特斯」，
03:08
In the article they reminded me,
his nickname was Dirty Waters.
his nickname was Dirty Waters.
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03:11
He was known for leading with his head,
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以頭先行防守而聞名，
03:13
so I thought I'm just going to look up
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這使我想查查看
他是否曾經談及自己腦震盪的事。
03:15
did he ever talk
about the concussions he had.
about the concussions he had.
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我找到沃特斯在 1994 年的一段話：
03:17
And I found a quote from 1994
where Andre Waters said,
where Andre Waters said,
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「15 次腦震盪後我就不再數了。
03:20
"I stopped counting my concussions at 15.
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03:23
I wouldn't say anything, I'd just sniff
smelling salts and go back out there."
smelling salts and go back out there."
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（撞了頭後）我什麼都沒說，
僅聞聞嗅鹽提提神就又回球場。」
僅聞聞嗅鹽提提神就又回球場。」
03:26
And I thought, I wonder
if he might have CTE, too.
if he might have CTE, too.
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我納悶他是否也有 CTE，
03:30
If that might have contributed to whatever
made him choose to end his life.
made him choose to end his life.
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那會不會是造成他
選擇自殺的部分原因。
選擇自殺的部分原因。
03:34
So I ended up calling the doctor
who did the first two studies, and I said,
who did the first two studies, and I said,
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所以我後來打電話給之前
做兩項研究的醫生，我說︰
做兩項研究的醫生，我說︰
03:37
"Hey, I think you should
study Andre Waters."
study Andre Waters."
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「嘿，我認為你應該研究
安德烈‧沃特斯。」
安德烈‧沃特斯。」
03:41
And he said, "I'd be happy to.
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他說：「我很樂意。
03:44
The problem is, the first two cases
died in the county in which I work,
died in the county in which I work,
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但問題是，前兩次死亡個案
發生在我工作的郡，
發生在我工作的郡，
03:47
and I could study them as part of my job.
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我的工作範圍許可研究它們的情況。
03:49
I can't do that with Andre Waters,
he died in Florida.
he died in Florida.
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沃特斯在佛羅里達州去世，
我沒法處理。
我沒法處理。
03:52
If you want me to study him,
you're going to have to figure out
you're going to have to figure out
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如果你想讓我研究他的情況，
就必須想辦法讓我取得他的大腦。」
03:55
how to get me the brain."
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03:57
So I said, "OK.
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我說：「好的。
04:00
How does one get a brain?"
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如何取得大腦？」
04:03
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:05
So I racked my brain
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我絞盡腦汁，
04:07
and I thought, why don't I call
the medical examiner
the medical examiner
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想到，何不打電話給法醫？
04:09
who I think has the brain right now?
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大腦現在應該在他那裏。
04:11
So I called up the medical examiner
in Florida, and I said,
in Florida, and I said,
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我打電話給佛羅里達州的法醫，
說：「嘿，你不認識我，但
安德烈‧沃特斯的腦還在你哪兒嗎？」
安德烈‧沃特斯的腦還在你哪兒嗎？」
04:14
"Hey, you don't know me, but do you still
have the brain of Andre Waters?"
have the brain of Andre Waters?"
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04:18
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:19
And he said, "Yes, I do."
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他說：「是的，在這裡。」
04:22
I said, "OK, are you going to
study him for CTE?"
study him for CTE?"
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我說：「好，你打算研究
他有沒有 CTE 這方面的問題嗎？」
他有沒有 CTE 這方面的問題嗎？」
04:26
And he said no, in fact at that time
he didn't believe that was a real disease.
he didn't believe that was a real disease.
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他說不，當時他並不認為 CTE
是一種真正的疾病。
是一種真正的疾病。
04:30
I said, "OK, if you're not,
do you mind if I have it?"
do you mind if I have it?"
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我說：「好，如果你用不著，
你介意把這個腦給我嗎？」
你介意把這個腦給我嗎？」
04:34
And he said, "Well, young man,
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他說：「這樣子吧，年輕人，
04:38
I can't give you the brain.
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我不能把這個腦給你。
04:40
You need his family's permission.
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你需要得到他家人的同意。
04:41
But if you do get the permission
of his next of kin,
of his next of kin,
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如果他的近親許可了，
04:45
I will release the brain to you."
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我就把大腦交給你。」
04:47
And I said, "Great!"
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我說：「太棒了！」
04:49
And then I realized I had to figure out
who his next of kin was and ask them,
who his next of kin was and ask them,
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接著我意識到必須找出
他的近親是誰，詢問他們。
他的近親是誰，詢問他們。
04:53
and it turned out it was
Andre Waters's 88-year-old mother.
Andre Waters's 88-year-old mother.
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結果是沃特斯 88 歲的母親。
04:57
And I sat there, and I took
a breath and I thought,
a breath and I thought,
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我坐在那裡，深吸一口氣，想︰
05:00
"Am I really going to cold-call
an 88-year-old grieving mother
an 88-year-old grieving mother
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「真的要唐突地打電話
給一個兒子剛剛自殺，
給一個兒子剛剛自殺，
88 歲的悲傷母親嗎？」
05:04
who just lost her son to suicide?"
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05:06
And almost everything in me
said, "Don't do it.
said, "Don't do it.
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我的內心掙扎著說：「不要這樣做。
05:10
It's too much to put
this poor woman through,
this poor woman through,
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實在太過分，
會傷透一個可憐女人的心，
會傷透一個可憐女人的心，
05:13
she's been through so much already."
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她已經受夠了。」
05:15
But then this other voice in my head said,
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但是，我腦海中有另一個聲音說：
05:17
"You know what?
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「知道嗎？
05:19
If guys are killing themselves
from this disease
from this disease
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如果人們正在因 CTE 而自殺，
05:21
and we could study it to maybe
prevent this from happening in the future,
prevent this from happening in the future,
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我們可以通過研究
防止未來再發生同樣的事，
防止未來再發生同樣的事，
05:25
sometimes you've just got to suck it up
and do something that's very hard."
and do something that's very hard."
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有時你要忍受痛苦，
做一些極困難的事情。」
做一些極困難的事情。」
所以我打電話給她。
05:29
So I called her.
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05:32
First time, nobody answered.
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第一次，電話沒人接聽。
第二次，電話沒人接聽，
第三次......沒語音信箱。
第三次......沒語音信箱。
05:34
Second time, no one answered,
third... no voice mails.
third... no voice mails.
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05:37
The fifth time, I got an answer.
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第五次，有人接電話了。
05:39
And thank God that Andre Waters's family
was so gracious about the call and said,
was so gracious about the call and said,
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感謝上帝，沃特斯的家人
如此親切地接電話，回答說：
如此親切地接電話，回答說：
「你知道嗎，我們想知道
安德烈發生了什麼事。
安德烈發生了什麼事。
05:46
"You know what, we want to know
what happened to Andre.
what happened to Andre.
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我們想知道在過去的五年中，
他的變化為何如此之大。」
他的變化為何如此之大。」
05:48
We want to know why he changed so much
in the last five years of his life."
in the last five years of his life."
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所以，我們研究那個腦，
05:52
And so we studied the brain,
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05:55
and it turned out that he did have CTE.
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事實證明他確實患有 CTE。
他成為第三位被診斷
患有該病的 NFL 球員。
患有該病的 NFL 球員。
05:59
He became the third NFL player
diagnosed with the disease.
diagnosed with the disease.
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06:02
This is what it looks like.
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腦看起來就是這樣。
06:03
He was somewhere between mild and severe.
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他處於輕度和重度之間。
06:06
OK, we have three
of three NFL players here.
of three NFL players here.
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好的，我們有三名
NFL 的球員在這裡，
NFL 的球員在這裡，
06:10
Maybe this needs to get
a little bit more serious.
a little bit more serious.
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可能這需要更被重視些。
06:12
Maybe something's happening here.
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也許當中發生了一些事情，
06:14
So I ended up starting
the Concussion Legacy Foundation,
the Concussion Legacy Foundation,
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所以我最終成立了
「腦震盪後遺症基金會」，
「腦震盪後遺症基金會」，
正式展開這項工作。
06:17
actually formalized the work,
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我不僅是個打電話要腦的人，
06:18
so it wasn't just
some guy calling for brains.
some guy calling for brains.
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我還搜尋世界各地，
06:20
And I searched the world.
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06:23
And I put together
the best research team I could find.
the best research team I could find.
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盡我所能組成最好的研究團隊。
06:26
So we partnered with Boston University,
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我們與波士頓大學、
06:28
we partnered with scientists
at the VA here in Boston,
at the VA here in Boston,
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波士頓美國退伍軍人事務部的
科學家合作，
科學家合作，
我們起動了一個大腦儲存庫。
06:31
and we started a brain bank.
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06:33
Turns out, if you want to know
how to cure degenerative brain disease,
how to cure degenerative brain disease,
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原來，如果你想知道
如何治療退行性腦病，
如何治療退行性腦病，
06:36
you have to start
by actually studying the brains.
by actually studying the brains.
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就必須從研究大腦開始。
我們是目前世界上第一個
專注於研究 CTE 的中心。
專注於研究 CTE 的中心。
06:38
At this point, we were the first center
in the world focused on CTE.
in the world focused on CTE.
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06:43
It just had not been studied formally.
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以前並沒有正式的研究。
06:46
And so we start this brain bank,
and it's my job to get the brains
and it's my job to get the brains
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我們啟動這個腦庫，
我的工作是為相片中間的
安·麥基博士和腦庫取得腦。
安·麥基博士和腦庫取得腦。
06:49
for Dr. Ann McKee
and her brain bank, right in the middle.
and her brain bank, right in the middle.
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我們還與鮑勃‧斯特恩博士、
羅伯特‧坎圖博士合作，
羅伯特‧坎圖博士合作，
06:52
We also work with Dr. Bob Stern,
Dr. Robert Cantu,
Dr. Robert Cantu,
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06:56
truly my dream team
of scientists that I support.
of scientists that I support.
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我支持這夢寐以求的科學團隊。
06:58
So my job is to get the brains.
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我的工作就是要獲取大腦。
07:00
And I was very successful
in those early years.
in those early years.
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早年我非常成功。
從 2007 年起
我每天早晨閱讀訃文。
我每天早晨閱讀訃文。
07:03
Since 2007 I've started every day
by reading the obituaries.
by reading the obituaries.
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07:08
And it's a tough way to live.
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這是個艱難的生活方式，
07:10
And it's hard on me
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對我來說很難，
07:12
and it's even worse on these
poor families that I've been calling
poor families that I've been calling
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更可憐的是曾經在過去 10 年中
07:16
for the last 10 years,
to ask for their brains.
to ask for their brains.
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接我電話的那些家庭，
被要求捐出他們親人的大腦。
被要求捐出他們親人的大腦。
07:19
And so early on in the process,
as it started to really eat away at me,
as it started to really eat away at me,
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早期的沉重工作使我精疲力竭，
07:22
I decided, you know what,
can I find another way
can I find another way
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換個角度想，能否找到另一種方式，
讓人們自願捐獻大腦作這項研究？
07:25
to get people to donate
their brains to this research?
their brains to this research?
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07:28
And I figured out,
what if we could create a culture
what if we could create a culture
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如果我們要在這個國家
創造出捐贈大腦的文化，
創造出捐贈大腦的文化，
07:32
of brain donation in this country?
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怎樣才辦得到呢？
07:33
What if it became normal for athletes
to donate their brain after they died?
to donate their brain after they died?
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運動員去世後捐出他們的腦
可否成為一種常態？
可否成為一種常態？
我從捐腦的註冊過程開始。
07:37
And so what I started
was a brain donation registry.
was a brain donation registry.
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07:40
And I started asking athletes
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我開始詢問運動員
07:43
if they would publicly pledge
to donate their brain to science.
to donate their brain to science.
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可願公開承諾捐出大腦供科學研究。
07:47
And it started with, actually,
a hockey player in 2009.
a hockey player in 2009.
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計劃始於 2009 年，
07:50
One of my first pledges
was a former Harvard hockey player,
was a former Harvard hockey player,
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早期承諾的人之一是
前哈佛曲棍球運動員，
前哈佛曲棍球運動員，
當時在國家冰球聯盟的諾亞‧韋爾奇。
07:55
Noah Welch, who was
in the NHL at the time.
in the NHL at the time.
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起初，人們才開始慢慢理解這事。
07:57
It was a slow start people understanding
what this was about.
what this was about.
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所以當頭版新聞出現：
08:00
So when the news hit the front page,
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08:02
"Noah Welch pledging
his brain to science,"
his brain to science,"
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「諾亞‧韋爾奇將大腦奉獻給科學」
08:04
he said he went
to the locker room the next day,
to the locker room the next day,
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之後的第二天，他走進更衣室，
一個隊友把他拉到一邊說：
08:06
one of his teammates
pulled him aside and said,
pulled him aside and said,
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「我聽說你把大腦
捐獻給科學研究。」
捐獻給科學研究。」
08:09
"Hey, I heard you're donating
your brain to science."
your brain to science."
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他說：「是的。」
08:11
And he said, "Yep."
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08:12
And he said, "Wow.
How many games are you going to miss?"
How many games are you going to miss?"
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他說：「哇，你會錯過多少場比賽？」
08:15
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:17
True story.
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真實的故事。
08:18
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:24
But we've been remarkably successful --
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但我們非常成功，
08:28
over 2,500 athletes have signed up.
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已經有超過 2,500 名運動員承諾。
08:31
They get a brain-donation card
they keep in their wallet.
they keep in their wallet.
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他們得到一張可放在
錢包的大腦捐贈卡。
錢包的大腦捐贈卡。
08:34
This is mine, I was
obviously first, it says 01.
obviously first, it says 01.
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這張是我的， 顯然我是一號。
我會捐出我的大腦。
08:39
And I will donate my brain to this.
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我們很幸運有像布蘭迪‧查斯坦，
08:41
We've also been lucky
to have people like Brandi Chastain,
to have people like Brandi Chastain,
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她是女子足球的偶像；
08:43
the women's soccer icon,
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全國運動汽車競賽協會的
戴爾‧恩哈特；
戴爾‧恩哈特；
08:45
NASCAR's Dale Earnhardt Jr.
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尼克·布尼康蒂就在兩週前
許諾捐出他的大腦，
許諾捐出他的大腦，
08:46
Just two weeks ago,
Hall-of-Famer Nick Buoniconti
Hall-of-Famer Nick Buoniconti
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08:48
who had been diagnosed with dementia,
signed up to pledge his brain.
signed up to pledge his brain.
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入選名人堂的他
已被診斷出患有失智症。
已被診斷出患有失智症。
08:52
So it's been wonderful,
and the great thing about it
and the great thing about it
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這真是太棒了，
08:54
is that it has worked
in changing how we're able to get brains.
in changing how we're able to get brains.
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棒在它改變了我們獲得大腦的方式。
現在我不用向外打電話，
卻有更多的家屬打電話給我們，
卻有更多的家屬打電話給我們，
08:58
So now, instead of me having to call,
more families call us.
more families call us.
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09:01
And our phones ring off the hook.
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我們的電話鈴聲響個不停。
09:03
And so I can now focus
on taking this information,
on taking this information,
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所以我現在能專注於獲取信息，
弄清楚我們如何治療，
09:06
figuring out how do we work
towards a cure,
towards a cure,
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09:09
how do we work towards prevention,
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以及預防的方向，
09:11
and so my life has gotten a lot easier.
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所以我的生活變得輕鬆多了。
09:13
This is just some of the headlines
that we've able to get over the years
that we've able to get over the years
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這只是這些年來我們獲得的
頭條新聞中的一部分，
頭條新聞中的一部分，
09:17
from athletes pledging their brain.
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關於承諾捐出大腦的運動員們。
09:20
The problem has been what we learned.
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我們研究腦所獲得的知識才是問題。
09:22
So when we started this,
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一開始
09:23
only 45 cases existed
in the world of this disease
in the world of this disease
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腦庫研究的這病
世上只有 45 例。
09:27
that had been studied in brain banks.
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09:30
Since then, we have acquired 500 brains
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從那時起，我們已經
獲得了 500 個大腦，
獲得了 500 個大腦，
09:33
and found over 300 of them had CTE.
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其中 300 多人被發現患有 CTE 。
09:36
To put that in perspective,
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從這個角度看來，
09:37
the rest of the world has not studied
100 brains since we started this.
100 brains since we started this.
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從我們開始到現在，
國外研究過的腦不超過 100。
國外研究過的腦不超過 100。
09:42
What we've seen though
is very frightening.
is very frightening.
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而我們的發現非常駭人。
09:45
So some of you might have seen
the headline in July
the headline in July
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你們當中有些人可能看過七月份
09:48
in the "New York Times."
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「紐約時報」的頭條。
09:49
And a recent study we published,
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我們最近發表的研究報告顯示，
09:51
that of the first 111
NFL players we looked at
NFL players we looked at
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最初 111 名被檢視的 NFL 球員，
09:54
110 were positive for this disease.
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有 110 個確診為 CTE 陽性；
09:57
Of the first 53 college
football players we looked at,
football players we looked at,
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我們看過的頭 53 名
大學足球運動員中，
大學足球運動員中，
10:01
48 had this disease.
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48 人有這病。
10:04
That's something
that's a very big concern to me.
that's a very big concern to me.
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這是我非常擔心的事情。
所以現在，我非常專注於
10:07
And so now, I'm very much focused
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10:09
on what can we do
to actually treat this disease?
to actually treat this disease?
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能做些什麼來治療這病？
我們仍然無法
為活生生的人診斷 CTE，
為活生生的人診斷 CTE，
10:14
We still can't diagnose
CTE in living people,
CTE in living people,
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10:17
we have no treatments
that are going to be coming
that are going to be coming
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在未來五年內
我們無法找出藥品治療方案。
10:20
out of the pharmaceutical industry
in the next five years.
in the next five years.
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10:23
This is a long, long fight.
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這是一場漫長的戰爭。
10:25
But our Concussion Legacy Foundation
is here to not only facilitate this work,
is here to not only facilitate this work,
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我們的腦震盪後遺症基金會，
不僅促進尋找治療方案，
不僅促進尋找治療方案，
那是長期的工作；
10:30
and that's the long game,
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但眼前的是，我們能夠預防這疾病，
10:31
but the short game is,
hey, we can prevent this.
hey, we can prevent this.
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我們能夠預防這疾病，
10:33
We can prevent this disease
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只要不再讓人腦常常受撞擊。
10:35
if we just stopped hitting people
in the head so much.
in the head so much.
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10:37
And frankly, we need to stop
hitting children in the head.
hitting children in the head.
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坦率地說，我們不要再讓
兒童的腦袋受到撞擊。
兒童的腦袋受到撞擊。
事實證明，讓一個五歲孩子的
腦袋每年被撞擊 500 次
腦袋每年被撞擊 500 次
10:40
Turns out, it's not a great idea
to hit a five-year-old in the head
to hit a five-year-old in the head
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10:43
500 times each year.
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並不是個好主意。
10:45
And it does actually
open up the door to this disease.
open up the door to this disease.
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那會引致這病。
10:47
And so, we've got
a lot of work ahead of us.
a lot of work ahead of us.
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所以，我們有很多工作要做。
10:51
But I have great hope that we're
on our way to curing this disease.
on our way to curing this disease.
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我抱著極大的希望
我們正朝向治療這病的方向邁進。
我們正朝向治療這病的方向邁進。
10:56
But I hope you understand
my story a little more now.
my story a little more now.
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希望你們現在更了解我的故事了。
11:01
And now that we've gotten
to know each other a little bit better,
to know each other a little bit better,
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我們現在已彼此了解多了些，
11:05
this is the time where I ask you,
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這個時刻我要問你︰
11:07
"Can I have your brain?"
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「把你的大腦給我，好嗎？」
11:09
Thank you very much.
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非常感謝。
11:10
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
11:13
Thank you.
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謝謝。
11:14
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Chris Nowinski - Social entrepreneurDr. Chris Nowinski is leading a global conversation on concussions, CTE and the future of sports.
Why you should listen
Dr. Chris Nowinski is an All-Ivy Harvard football player-turned WWE professional wrestler-turned neuroscientist. He discovered the concussion crisis the hard way: a 2003 kick to the chin in a WWE tag-team match ended his career, causing post-concussion syndrome and sending him on a journey where he uncovered a public health conspiracy that continues to cost lives.
Nowinski wrote the investigative expose Head Games: Football’s Concussion Crisis in 2006 and soon after founded the non-profit Concussion Legacy Foundation (CLF), where he serves as CEO. He co-founded the world-famous Boston University (BU) CTE Center, where he serves as the outreach, recruitment, education, and public policy leader, as well as the VA-BU-CLF Brain Bank, where he led recruitment for the 2017 study that found 110 of 111 deceased NFL players had CTE. His journey has been profiled in media outlets like HBO's "Real Sports", ESPN's "Outside the Lines" and the New York Times, and he was the subject of the award-winning documentary Head Games: The Global Concussion Crisis by celebrated director Steve James.
Nowinski earned his doctorate in behavioral neuroscience from Boston University School of Medicine and has authored more than 25 scientific publications. VICE Sports called Nowinski "the man most responsible for making CTE part of the national conversation," and Sports Illustrated said, "It is Nowinski's figure which looms behind the doctors and the headlines and the debate roiling over sports'newfound commitment to minimizing head trauma."
Chris Nowinski | Speaker | TED.com