ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Barry Schwartz - Psychologist
Barry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom.

Why you should listen

In his 2004 book The Paradox of Choice, Barry Schwartz tackles one of the great mysteries of modern life: Why is it that societies of great abundance — where individuals are offered more freedom and choice (personal, professional, material) than ever before — are now witnessing a near-epidemic of depression? Conventional wisdom tells us that greater choice is for the greater good, but Schwartz argues the opposite: He makes a compelling case that the abundance of choice in today's western world is actually making us miserable.

Infinite choice is paralyzing, Schwartz argues, and exhausting to the human psyche. It leads us to set unreasonably high expectations, question our choices before we even make them and blame our failures entirely on ourselves. His relatable examples, from consumer products (jeans, TVs, salad dressings) to lifestyle choices (where to live, what job to take, who and when to marry), underscore this central point: Too much choice undermines happiness.

Schwartz's previous research has addressed morality, decision-making and the varied inter-relationships between science and society. Before Paradox he published The Costs of Living, which traces the impact of free-market thinking on the explosion of consumerism -- and the effect of the new capitalism on social and cultural institutions that once operated above the market, such as medicine, sports, and the law.

Both books level serious criticism of modern western society, illuminating the under-reported psychological plagues of our time. But they also offer concrete ideas on addressing the problems, from a personal and societal level.

Schwartz is the author of the TED Book, Why We Work

More profile about the speaker
Barry Schwartz | Speaker | TED.com
TED2009

Barry Schwartz: Our loss of wisdom

巴瑞‧史瓦茲(Barry Schwartz)談論我們所遺失的智慧

Filmed:
4,075,680 views

巴瑞‧史瓦茲熱情的呼喻用”實踐中的智慧”做為解藥,來解決被官僚愚弄的社會。他強力的訴說規則與條例常常讓我們失望,許多好的動機也都事與願違,而實際生活中的智慧確可以幫助我們來重建這世界。
- Psychologist
Barry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
In his inaugural就職 address地址,
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在他的就職演說上,
00:14
Barack巴拉克 Obama奧巴馬 appealed上訴 to each of us to give our best最好
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歐巴馬(Barack Obama)呼籲我們每個人極盡所能的
00:18
as we try to extricate解脫 ourselves我們自己 from this current當前 financial金融 crisis危機.
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來擺脫當前的金融危機。
00:24
But what did he appeal上訴 to?
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但是甚麼是他所呼籲的呢?
00:26
He did not, happily高高興興, follow跟隨 in the footsteps步伐 of his predecessor前任,
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很慶幸的,他並沒有像前總統布希,
00:30
and tell us to just go shopping購物.
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就僅僅告訴大家多去購物而已。
00:34
Nor也不 did he tell us, "Trust相信 us. Trust相信 your country國家.
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也沒有告訴我們 – “ 相信我們相信、你們的國家,
00:38
Invest投資, invest投資, invest投資."
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投資、投資、再投資”。
00:42
Instead代替, what he told us was to put aside在旁邊 childish幼稚 things.
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反而,他告訴我們將這種幼稚的事情放一邊。
00:47
And he appealed上訴 to virtue美德.
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他向我們呼籲美德。
00:51
Virtue美德 is an old-fashioned過時 word.
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美德是一個過氣的名詞。
00:55
It seems似乎 a little out of place地點 in a cutting-edge前沿 environment環境 like this one.
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這樣的用詞在當前的環境似乎並不合適。
01:00
And besides除了, some of you might威力 be wondering想知道,
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而且也許你們有些人會這樣想,
01:03
what the hell地獄 does it mean?
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他到底在說甚麼?
01:06
Let me begin開始 with an example.
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讓我從一個例子開始說起。
01:09
This is the job工作 description描述 of a hospital醫院 janitor門警
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這是一家醫院裡一個清潔工的工作說明,
01:12
that is scrolling滾動 up on the screen屏幕.
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在螢幕上滾動顯示著。
01:15
And all of the items項目 on it are unremarkable不起眼.
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這上面所寫的事情都相當的平凡。
01:20
They're the things you would expect期望:
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這些都是你可以想象到的事情:
01:23
mop拖把 the floors地板, sweep them, empty the trash垃圾, restock進貨 the cabinets櫥櫃.
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掃地、拖地、清理垃圾、補充櫃檯等等。
01:28
It may可能 be a little surprising奇怪 how many許多 things there are,
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這些事的數量多到讓人吃驚,
01:31
but it's not surprising奇怪 what they are.
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但是這些事情卻是很平常。
01:33
But the one thing I want you to notice注意 about them is this:
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但是這邊有一件事是我要提出讓你們注意的:
01:36
even though雖然 this is a very long list名單,
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即使這些工作內容清單如此冗長,
01:39
there isn't a single thing on it that involves涉及 other human人的 beings眾生.
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但是它確沒有一項是涉及他人的。
01:44
Not one.
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一個都沒有。
01:47
The janitor's看門人 job工作 could just as well be doneDONE in a mortuary停屍間 as in a hospital醫院.
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這個清潔工的工作在停屍間或醫院都可以進行。
01:52
And yet然而, when some psychologists心理學家 interviewed採訪 hospital醫院 janitors校工
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然而,當一些心理學家去採訪這類的清潔人員時,
01:57
to get a sense of what they thought their jobs工作 were like,
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想瞭解他們是如何看待自己的工作的,
02:00
they encountered遇到 Mike麥克風,
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他們遇見了麥克,
02:03
who told them about how he stopped停止 mopping掃蕩 the floor地板
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麥克告訴他們之所以他停止繼續拖地
02:06
because Mr先生. Jones瓊斯 was out of his bed getting得到 a little exercise行使,
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是因為瓊斯先生都會起床做做簡單的運動,
02:09
trying to build建立 up his strength強度, walking步行 slowly慢慢地 up and down the hall大廳.
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他試著藉由運動來恢復體力,並且緩慢的在樓梯裡上下的走動。
02:13
And Charlene夏琳 told them about how she ignored忽視 her supervisor's監督員 admonition警告
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而查麗告訴他們說之所以她沒有聽從上司的忠告,
02:19
and didn't vacuum真空 the visitor's訪客 lounge休息室
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用真空吸塵器來打掃訪客室
02:22
because there were some family家庭 members會員 who were there all day, every一切 day
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是因為有一些家庭訪客成員會一整天都待在那邊,
02:25
who, at this moment時刻, happened發生 to be taking服用 a nap小憩.
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像現在就正有一些人在裡面休息。
02:28
And then there was Luke盧克,
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接下來他們訪問了路克,
02:30
who washed the floor地板 in a comatose昏睡的 young年輕 man's男人的 room房間 twice兩次
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他對一個年輕的昏迷病人的房間地板洗刷了兩次,
02:34
because the man's男人的 father父親, who had been keeping保持 a vigil守夜 for six months個月,
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因為這個病人的父親足足在這邊待了六個月,
02:39
didn't see Luke盧克 do it the first time,
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路克第一次來打掃的時後這位父親並沒有看到,
02:42
and his father父親 was angry憤怒.
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所以這位病人的父親生氣了。
02:44
And behavior行為 like this from janitors校工, from technicians技師, from nurses護士
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像這樣的行為,不管來自清潔人員、技術人員、護士
02:50
and, if we're lucky幸運 now and then, from doctors醫生,
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有些幸運的時後,還會是醫生,
02:53
doesn't just make people feel a little better,
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不僅僅讓人們感受好一點,
02:56
it actually其實 improves提高 the quality質量 of patient患者 care關心
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事實上也會改善病人照護的品質
02:59
and enables使 hospitals醫院 to run well.
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使醫院有著良好的運作機制。
03:02
Now, not all janitors校工 are like this, of course課程.
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當然在現在的社會上並不是每一個清潔人員都這樣子。
03:05
But the ones那些 who are think that these sorts排序 of human人的 interactions互動
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但是能這樣子做的人都認為這些人與人之間的交流
03:11
involving涉及 kindness善良, care關心 and empathy同情
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涉及到善良、關懷與體諒,
03:14
are an essential必要 part部分 of the job工作.
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這正是這份工作的核心部份。
03:16
And yet然而 their job工作 description描述 contains包含 not one word about other human人的 beings眾生.
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然而在這份工作的說明之中確未出現任何一個與他人有關的詞彙。
03:21
These janitors校工 have the moral道德 will to do right by other people.
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這些清潔人員有良知的去正確的對待人們。
03:27
And beyond this, they have the moral道德 skill技能 to figure數字 out what "doing right" means手段.
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除此之外,他們還有道德的技能去判斷甚麼才是正確的做法。
03:34
"Practical實際的 wisdom智慧," Aristotle亞里士多德 told us,
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亞里斯多德告訴我們”實踐的智慧”,
03:39
"is the combination組合 of moral道德 will and moral道德 skill技能."
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”就是道德意願與道德技能的結合。
03:42
A wise明智的 person knows知道 when and how to make the exception例外 to every一切 rule規則,
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一個明智的人懂得甚麼時後以及如何去對應每一條規定而做出特殊的處理,
03:49
as the janitors校工 knew知道 when to ignore忽視 the job工作 duties職責 in the service服務 of other objectives目標.
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就像是這些清潔人員知道在為他人服務時甚麼時後可以不用在意這項工作本身職能的要求一般的。
03:55
A wise明智的 person knows知道 how to improvise湊合,
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一個明智的人知道如何隨機應變,
03:59
as Luke盧克 did when he re-washed重新洗 the floor地板.
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就像是路克再去洗刷一次地板一樣。
04:02
Real-world真實世界 problems問題 are often經常 ambiguous曖昧 and ill-defined不明確
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現實生活中的問題常常很曖昧且模糊不清的,
04:05
and the context上下文 is always changing改變.
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而且問題的內容常常在改變。
04:08
A wise明智的 person is like a jazz爵士樂 musician音樂家 --
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一個明智的人就像爵士樂手般的,
04:11
using運用 the notes筆記 on the page, but dancing跳舞 around them,
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看著歌譜演奏的時後並不完全遵從,
04:14
inventing發明了 combinations組合 that are appropriate適當 for the situation情況 and the people at hand.
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會即興創作來與當時的環境與人們相互配合。
04:21
A wise明智的 person knows知道 how to use these moral道德 skills技能
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一個明智的人知道如何使用道德技能
04:24
in the service服務 of the right aims目標.
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為一個正確的目的而工作。
04:27
To serve服務 other people, not to manipulate操作 other people.
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為他人服務,而不是應付他人。
04:31
And finally最後, perhaps也許 most important重要,
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最後,也許是會重要的,
04:34
a wise明智的 person is made製作, not born天生.
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一個明智的人不是天生的,而是後天養成的。
04:37
Wisdom智慧 depends依靠 on experience經驗,
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智慧依靠經驗,
04:40
and not just any experience經驗.
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但也不完全所有的經驗都可依賴。
04:43
You need the time to get to know the people that you're serving服務.
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你需要時間去瞭解你正在服務的人們。
04:47
You need permission允許 to be allowed允許 to improvise湊合,
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你需要得到許可去做一些臨時的決定,
04:50
try new things, occasionally偶爾 to fail失敗 and to learn學習 from your failures故障.
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嘗試新的事物,偶爾會失敗,但你可以從中學習。
04:55
And you need to be mentored輔導 by wise明智的 teachers教師.
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同時你也需要一個明智的導師來指導你。
04:58
When you ask the janitors校工 who behaved like the ones那些 I described描述
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當你問我那些剛才我提到的清潔人員
05:03
how hard it is to learn學習 to do their job工作,
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學會他們那樣子的工作有多難,
05:06
they tell you that it takes lots of experience經驗.
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他們會告訴你需要很多的經驗才能。
05:09
And they don't mean it takes lots of experience經驗 to learn學習 how to mop拖把 floors地板 and empty trash垃圾 cans.
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那並不是說你需要在學習托地與倒垃圾花很多的時間來累積經驗,
05:13
It takes lots of experience經驗 to learn學習 how to care關心 for people.
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而是說你在關心照護人們是需要很多經驗的累積的。
05:19
At TEDTED, brilliance is rampant猖獗.
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在TED中,有才華的人越來越多
05:23
It's scary害怕.
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這有點可怕。
05:25
The good news新聞 is you don't need to be brilliant輝煌 to be wise明智的.
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好消息是想要成為明智的人你不需要聰明絕頂。
05:30
The bad news新聞 is that without wisdom智慧,
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壞消息是如果沒有智慧,
05:34
brilliance isn't enough足夠.
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僅僅有小聰明是不夠的。
05:37
It's as likely容易 to get you and other people into trouble麻煩 as anything else其他.
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小聰明和一些其他的東西一樣會讓你惹上麻煩
05:43
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
05:46
Now, I hope希望 that we all know this.
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現在我希望我們都能清楚的知道這一點。
05:49
There's a sense in which哪一個 it's obvious明顯,
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這個道理是很明顯的,
05:52
and yet然而, let me tell you a little story故事.
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我再跟你們說一個小故事。
05:55
It's a story故事 about lemonade檸檬汽水.
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這是一個關於檸檬水的故事。
05:58
A dad and his seven-year-old七十歲 son兒子 were watching觀看 a Detroit底特律 Tigers老虎 game遊戲 at the ballpark球場.
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一位父親與他七歲的兒子在球場觀看底特律老虎隊的比賽。
06:04
His son兒子 asked him for some lemonade檸檬汽水
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兒子說他想喝檸檬水
06:06
and Dad went to the concession讓步 stand to buy購買 it.
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這位父親就到商店去買。
06:09
All they had was Mike's邁克的 Hard Lemonade檸檬汽水,
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但店裡只有一種Mike’s Hard檸檬水,
06:12
which哪一個 was five percent百分 alcohol.
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裡面含有5%的酒精成份。
06:15
Dad, being存在 an academic學術的, had no idea理念 that Mike's邁克的 Hard Lemonade檸檬汽水 contained alcohol.
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身為學者的父親並不知道這裡面含有酒精成份。
06:21
So he brought it back.
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所以他就買了回來。
06:24
And the kid孩子 was drinking it, and a security安全 guard守衛 spotted it,
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孩子正在喝時被警衛發現了,
06:27
and called the police警察, who called an ambulance救護車
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警衛叫了警察,警察又叫了救護車,
06:30
that rushed to the ballpark球場, whisked護送 the kid孩子 to the hospital醫院.
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救護車迅速的到達棒球場把孩子帶去醫院。
06:33
The emergency room房間 ascertained確定 that the kid孩子 had no alcohol in his blood血液.
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急診室後來確定孩子的血液中並沒有酒精
06:37
And they were ready準備 to let the kid孩子 go.
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他們才讓孩子離開。
06:40
But not so fast快速.
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可這事還沒完。
06:43
The Wayne韋恩 County Child兒童 Welfare福利 Protection保護 Agency機構 said no.
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韋恩縣兒童福利保護局並不允許孩子被帶走。
06:47
And the child兒童 was sent發送 to a foster培育 home for three days.
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於是孩子被送去寄養家庭待了三天。
06:51
At that point, can the child兒童 go home?
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到這時了,小孩可以回家了嗎?
06:54
Well, a judge法官 said yes, but only if the dad leaves樹葉 the house and checks檢查 into a motel汽車旅館.
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是的,法官說可以了,但是前提是這位父親必須離開家裡到外面的旅館去住。
07:06
After two weeks, I'm happy快樂 to report報告,
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等兩周後,我很高興的告訴大家,
07:09
the family家庭 was reunited重聚.
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這一家人終於團聚了。
07:11
But the welfare福利 workers工人 and the ambulance救護車 people
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但是社福機構、救護人員
07:14
and the judge法官 all said the same相同 thing:
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還有法官都說了同樣的話:
07:17
"We hate討厭 to do it but we have to follow跟隨 procedure程序."
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”我們也討厭這樣子做,但是我們必需按規定辦事”。
07:21
How do things like this happen發生?
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這樣的事情怎麼會發生呢?
07:25
Scott斯科特 Simon西蒙, who told this story故事 on NPR美國國家公共電台,
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史考特賽門(Scott Simon)在NPR內講了這個故事,
07:29
said, "Rules規則 and procedures程序 may可能 be dumb,
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他說:規則與制度可能死板呆滯,
07:33
but they spare備用 you from thinking思維."
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但是他們可以讓你不用思考。"
07:36
And, to be fair公平, rules規則 are often經常 imposed徵收
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公平一點的來說,規則常常都是強制性的,
07:38
because previous以前 officials官員 have been lax
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因為以前的官員比較鬆懈,
07:41
and they let a child兒童 go back to an abusive濫用的 household家庭.
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他們讓一個孩子回到一個充滿漫罵與傷害的家庭。
07:44
Fair公平 enough足夠.
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這樣的理由充份了。
07:45
When things go wrong錯誤, as of course課程 they do,
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當事情做錯了,
07:48
we reach達到 for two tools工具 to try to fix固定 them.
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我們就會利用這類的工具去彌補。
07:52
One tool工具 we reach達到 for is rules規則.
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這第一類的工具就是規則條例。
07:55
Better ones那些, more of them.
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更多更好的規則。
07:58
The second第二 tool工具 we reach達到 for is incentives獎勵.
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第二種工具就是我們會尋求激勵的制度。
08:01
Better ones那些, more of them.
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更多更好的激勵方式。
08:04
What else其他, after all, is there?
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還有甚麼其他的方法與工具呢?
08:07
We can certainly當然 see this in response響應 to the current當前 financial金融 crisis危機.
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我們可以輕易的在現在的金融危機的回應上發現到。
08:12
Regulate調節, regulate調節, regulate調節.
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管制、管制再管制。
08:15
Fix固定 the incentives獎勵, fix固定 the incentives獎勵, fix固定 the incentives獎勵 ...
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改善激勵方式、改善激勵方式還是改善激勵方式...
08:18
The truth真相 is that neither也不 rules規則 nor也不 incentives獎勵
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事实是:不管是規則條例還是激勵方式,
08:21
are enough足夠 to do the job工作.
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都不足以完成這樣的工作。
08:23
How could you even write a rule規則 that got the janitors校工 to do what they did?
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你要如何去製定一條規定讓剛剛提到的那些清潔人員去做到他們應盡的工作內容呢?
08:27
And would you pay工資 them a bonus獎金 for being存在 empathic感情移入的?
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你會因為他們的同情心而發給他們獎金嗎?
08:30
It's preposterous荒謬 on its face面對.
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這看起來太荒謬了。
08:34
And what happens發生 is that as we turn increasingly日益 to rules規則,
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當我們求助更多的獎勵制度時會發生甚麼事,
08:39
rules規則 and incentives獎勵 may可能 make things better in the short run,
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規則條例與激勵方式只會在短期內讓事情變好,
08:43
but they create創建 a downward向下 spiral螺旋
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但是那些制度與條例產生了向下的漩渦,
08:46
that makes品牌 them worse更差 in the long run.
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讓事情在長期內變的更糟。
08:48
Moral道德 skill技能 is chipped缺口 away by an over-reliance過度依賴 on rules規則
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道德的技能已經被規則的過度信賴給粉碎了,
08:53
that deprives剝奪 us of the opportunity機會
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它剝奪了我們的機會
08:55
to improvise湊合 and learn學習 from our improvisations即興.
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去隨機應變和臨場反應之中去學習。
08:58
And moral道德 will is undermined破壞
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道德意願也被埋沒了
09:01
by an incessant不停 appeal上訴 to incentives獎勵
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因為不斷的尋求激勵方式
09:04
that destroy破壞 our desire慾望 to do the right thing.
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而破壞了我們本身對於正確對待事情的欲望。
09:07
And without intending打算 it,
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不用去預想,
09:09
by appealing吸引人的 to rules規則 and incentives獎勵,
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尋求規則和激勵方式,
09:13
we are engaging in a war戰爭 on wisdom智慧.
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我們將會經歷一場智慧的戰爭。
09:15
Let me just give you a few少數 examples例子,
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讓我來舉幾個例子,
09:18
first of rules規則 and the war戰爭 on moral道德 skill技能.
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先是規則與道德技能的衝突。
09:21
The lemonade檸檬汽水 story故事 is one.
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檸檬水的故事就是一個。
09:23
Second第二, no doubt懷疑 more familiar to you,
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第二個你們會更熟悉,
09:26
is the nature性質 of modern現代 American美國 education教育:
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美國現有的教育現況:
09:29
scripted腳本, lock-step鎖步 curricula課程.
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照本宣科,遵尋著舊有的課程。
09:32
Here's這裡的 an example from Chicago芝加哥 kindergarten幼兒園.
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這是一個發生在芝加哥幼稚園的例子。
09:35
Reading and enjoying享受 literature文學
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閱讀和欣賞
09:37
and words that begin開始 with 'B'B.'
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以B開頭的單字和文學作品。
09:39
"The Bath:" Assemble集合 students學生們 on a rug地毯
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浴室:把學生們聚集在一個小墊子上,
09:42
and give students學生們 a warning警告 about the dangers危險 of hot water.
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警告學生們熱水的危險性。
09:44
Say 75 items項目 in this script腳本 to teach a 25-page-頁 picture圖片 book.
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在計案中提出75件物品來教一本只有25頁的圖畫書籍。
09:49
All over Chicago芝加哥 in every一切 kindergarten幼兒園 class in the city,
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整個芝加哥的幼稚園,
09:52
every一切 teacher老師 is saying the same相同 words in the same相同 way on the same相同 day.
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每個老師在同一天都以相同的方式說著同樣的話。
09:59
We know why these scripts腳本 are there.
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我們清楚為甚麼有這樣的教案。
10:03
We don't trust相信 the judgment判斷 of teachers教師 enough足夠
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我們無法充份的信任老師們的判斷力
10:06
to let them loose疏鬆 on their own擁有.
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讓他們去自由發揮。
10:09
Scripts腳本 like these are insurance保險 policies政策 against反對 disaster災害.
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像這樣的教案就像是應對災難的保險一樣。
10:12
And they prevent避免 disaster災害.
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他們能夠預防災難。
10:15
But what they assure保證 in its place地點 is mediocrity庸人.
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但是他們身為教師的職位,能肯定的是,他們造就了平庸。
10:20
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
10:27
Don't get me wrong錯誤. We need rules規則!
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不要誤會我的意思。我們需要規則!
10:29
Jazz爵士樂 musicians音樂家 need some notes筆記 --
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爵士樂手也需要一些樂譜,
10:31
most of them need some notes筆記 on the page.
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他們大部份的人還是需要看著樂譜演奏。
10:33
We need more rules規則 for the bankers銀行家, God knows知道.
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我們需要更多的規則來約束銀行家,神也知道。
10:35
But too many許多 rules規則 prevent避免 accomplished完成 jazz爵士樂 musicians音樂家
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但是太多的規則會讓熟練的爵士樂手
10:39
from improvising即興.
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無法即興創作。
10:41
And as a result結果, they lose失去 their gifts禮品,
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最後,他們就會失去他們的天賦,
10:44
or worse更差, they stop playing播放 altogether.
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或者更壞的狀況是他們完全不再演出。
10:47
Now, how about incentives獎勵?
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那激勵方式呢?
10:50
They seem似乎 cleverer聰明.
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它們看起來更聰明些。
10:52
If you have one reason原因 for doing something
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如果你有一個理由去做某件事,
10:54
and I give you a second第二 reason原因 for doing the same相同 thing,
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我會給你第二個理由做相同的事情
10:57
it seems似乎 only logical合乎邏輯 that two reasons原因 are better than one
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單單從邏輯上來說兩個理由似乎比一個理由 好
11:00
and you're more likely容易 to do it.
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而你就更有理由去做。
11:03
Right?
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是吧?
11:05
Well, not always.
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其實不一定。
11:07
Sometimes有時 two reasons原因 to do the same相同 thing seem似乎 to compete競爭 with one another另一個
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有的時後做同一件事的兩個理由可能會相當矛盾,
11:10
instead代替 of complimenting稱讚,
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而不是相輔相成
11:12
and they make people less likely容易 to do it.
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他們就會使人不那麼願意去做。
11:15
I'll just give you one example because time is racing賽跑.
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因為時間有限我就在舉一個例子。
11:18
In Switzerland瑞士, back about 15 years年份 ago,
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大概在15年前的瑞士,
11:21
they were trying to decide決定 where to site現場 nuclear waste浪費 dumps轉儲.
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人們試圖決定要在哪裡處理核廢料。
11:24
There was going to be a national國民 referendum公投.
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那時舉行了全國性的公民投票。
11:27
Some psychologists心理學家 went around and polled調查 citizens公民 who were very well informed通知.
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一些心理學家就四處游走,向一些知識豐富的公民拉票。
11:30
And they said, "Would you be willing願意 to have a nuclear waste浪費 dump傾倒 in your community社區?"
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他們就問”你願意在你的社區內放置核廢料嗎?”
11:33
Astonishingly令人驚訝的是, 50 percent百分 of the citizens公民 said yes.
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吃驚的是50%的公民都說願意。
11:38
They knew知道 it was dangerous危險.
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他們也知道危險性。
11:40
They thought it would reduce減少 their property屬性 values.
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他們知道這將降低他們房屋的價值。
11:43
But it had to go somewhere某處
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但是這些核廢料總要放到某地方
11:46
and they had responsibilities責任 as citizens公民.
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而且做為公民也有義務負責。
11:49
The psychologists心理學家 asked other people a slightly different不同 question.
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心理學家們稍微改了一下問題,又問了其它的人。
11:53
They said, "If we paid支付 you six weeks' salary薪水 every一切 year
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他們問”如果我們每年付你六周的薪水,
11:56
would you be willing願意 to have a nuclear waste浪費 dump傾倒 in your community社區?"
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你願意在你的社區內安置核廢料嗎?”
12:00
Two reasons原因. It's my responsibility責任 and I'm getting得到 paid支付.
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兩個理由,這是我的義務而且我還拿的到錢。
12:04
Instead代替 of 50 percent百分 saying yes,
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不像是之前的50%說願意而已,
12:07
25 percent百分 said yes.
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現在只有25%的人願意這麼做。
12:10
What happens發生 is that
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這個結果
12:13
the second第二 this introduction介紹 of incentive激勵 gets得到 us
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就是第二個激勵條件所造成的。
12:17
so that instead代替 of asking, "What is my responsibility責任?"
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它没有使我們去問”甚麼是我的職責義務?”
12:20
all we ask is, "What serves供應 my interests利益?"
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而是問:”什麼符合我的利益?“
12:23
When incentives獎勵 don't work,
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當激勵機制不奏效的時候,
12:25
when CEOs老總 ignore忽視 the long-term長期 health健康 of their companies公司
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當首席執行長不顧公司的長期健康的發展
12:28
in pursuit追求 of short-term短期 gains收益 that will lead to massive大規模的 bonuses獎金,
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而去追求可以立即得到大量紅利的短期利益的時後,
12:32
the response響應 is always the same相同.
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回應終是一樣的。
12:36
Get smarter聰明 incentives獎勵.
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建立更加巧妙的激勵制度。
12:40
The truth真相 is that there are no incentives獎勵 that you can devise設計
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事情的真相確是:你不可能想出
12:43
that are ever going to be smart聰明 enough足夠.
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足夠巧妙的激勵機制。
12:46
Any incentive激勵 system系統 can be subverted顛覆 by bad will.
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任何激勵機制都可以被惡意的意願給推翻的。
12:50
We need incentives獎勵. People have to make a living活的.
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我們是需要激勵機制的。人們總是需要生活。
12:54
But excessive過多 reliance依賴 on incentives獎勵
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但是對於激勵機制過分的依賴
12:56
demoralizes讓人墮落 professional專業的 activity活動
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會讓道德的活躍性受挫
12:59
in two senses感官 of that word.
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這可以由兩個面向來看。
13:02
It causes原因 people who engage從事 in that activity活動 to lose失去 morale情緒
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他會讓已經在這個活動裡面的人失去士氣
13:06
and it causes原因 the activity活動 itself本身 to lose失去 morality道德.
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也會讓活動喪失民心。
13:10
Barack巴拉克 Obama奧巴馬 said, before he was inaugurated揭牌,
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在就職之前歐巴馬說
13:15
"We must必須 ask not just 'Is'是 it profitable有利可圖?' but 'Is'是 it right?'"
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”我們不僅僅問’這個有利潤嗎’還要問’這是對的嗎?’”
13:19
And when professions職業 are demoralized士氣低落,
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當職位士氣受挫時,
13:22
everyone大家 in them becomes dependent依賴的 on -- addicted上癮 to -- incentives獎勵
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從事這個職位的人都會變得依賴甚至沉溺於激勵制度
13:27
and they stop asking "Is it right?"
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而且他們也不會問”這是正確的嗎?”
13:30
We see this in medicine醫學.
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我們能在醫療行業中看到這些事。
13:33
("Although雖然 it's nothing serious嚴重, let's keep an eye on it to make sure it doesn't turn into a major重大的 lawsuit訴訟.")
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”儘管不是那麼嚴重,我們最好注意一下確保這些事部會變成嚴重的訴訟。”
13:37
And we certainly當然 see it in the world世界 of business商業.
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”我們當然也能在商業的世界裡看到這些。
13:39
("In order訂購 to remain competitive競爭的 in today's今天的 marketplace市井, I'm afraid害怕 we're going to have to replace更換 you with a sleezeballsleezeball.")
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”為了在當今的市場保持競爭力,我們恐怕要用個懶漢來取代你的位置了。”
13:45
("I sold出售 my soul靈魂 for about a tenth第十 of what the damn該死的 things are going for now.")
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”為了這些混賬事將要達到目標的十分之一,我現在就出賣了我的靈魂。”
13:50
It is obvious明顯 that this is not the way people want to do their work.
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這很顯然並不是人們所期待的工作方式。
13:53
So what can we do?
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那麼我們可以做些甚麼呢?
13:56
A few少數 sources來源 of hope希望:
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下面是一些希望的來源:
13:59
we ought應該 to try to re-moralize重新說教 work.
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我們應該常是重新賦予工作道德的意涵。
14:02
One way not to do it: teach more ethics倫理 courses培訓班.
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一個方法就是:不要教授過多的道德規範課程。
14:08
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
14:11
There is no better way to show顯示 people that you're not serious嚴重
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要向人們展示你並不是那麼嚴肅,最好的方法就是
14:14
than to tie領帶 up everything you have to say about ethics倫理
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把你要說的那些關於道德規範的事包裝起來
14:17
into a little package with a bow and consign交付 it to the margins利潤率 as an ethics倫理 course課程.
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帶到一個有蝴蝶結的小包裝裡,然後把它當成一節道德的課程交出來。
14:22
What to do instead代替?
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除此之外還可以做甚麼呢?
14:24
One: Celebrate慶祝 moral道德 exemplars典範.
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方式一 : 表揚道德榜樣。
14:28
Acknowledge確認, when you go to law school學校,
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當你走進法學院的時候會有
14:31
that a little voice語音 is whispering耳語 in your ear
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一個很小的聲音就在你耳邊講訴
14:34
about Atticus阿提庫斯 Finch芬奇.
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阿提卡斯芬奇這位正義律師的故事。
14:37
No 10-year-old-歲 goes to law school學校 to do mergers兼併 and acquisitions收購.
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没有10歲的小孩進法學院是為了從事兼併和收購。
14:40
People are inspired啟發 by moral道德 heroes英雄.
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人們會被道德英雄們給激勵。
14:43
But we learn學習 that with sophistication詭辯
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但我們知道,當詭辯強詞奪理的時後,
14:46
comes the understanding理解 that you can't acknowledge確認 that you have moral道德 heroes英雄.
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你就會為不承認你有敬仰的道德英雄。
14:50
Well, acknowledge確認 them.
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還是承認他們吧。
14:52
Be proud驕傲 that you have them.
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因你擁有他們而自豪吧。
14:54
Celebrate慶祝 them.
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讚美他們。
14:56
And demand需求 that the people who teach you acknowledge確認 them and celebrate慶祝 them too.
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也需要有些人來教你認識與讚美這些道德英雄。
14:59
That's one thing we can do.
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這是我們可以做的一件事。
15:02
I don't know how many許多 of you remember記得 this:
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我不知道您們有多少人記得這件事:
15:05
another另一個 moral道德 hero英雄, 15 years年份 ago, Aaron亞倫 Feuerstein福伊爾施泰因,
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十五年前另一個道德英雄,愛倫福爾斯丁(Aaron Feuerstein),
15:09
who was the head of Malden馬爾登 Mills米爾斯 in Massachusetts馬薩諸塞 --
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他是麻薩諸塞州梅爾登米爾斯的老板 –
15:12
they made製作 PolartecPOLARTEC --
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這公司是生產Polarter材料
15:14
The factory burned down.
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工廠燒毀了,
15:16
3,000 employees僱員. He kept不停 every一切 one of them on the payroll工資表.
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有3000個工人,他還是讓每一個工人都領到了工錢。
15:19
Why? Because it would have been a disaster災害 for them
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為甚麼呢?因為如果讓工人離開對於他們來說,或者對於
15:22
and for the community社區 if he had let them go.
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社區來說,這將是很不幸的災難。
15:25
"Maybe on paper our company公司 is worth價值 less to Wall Street,
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”可能名稱上我們並沒有華爾街的公司值錢,
15:29
but I can tell you it's worth價值 more. We're doing fine."
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但我可告訴你們,它比想像的更有價值,我們做的很好”
15:33
Just at this TEDTED we heard聽說 talks會談 from several一些 moral道德 heroes英雄.
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就在TED,我就聽到了好幾個道德英雄的演講。
15:37
Two were particularly尤其 inspiring鼓舞人心 to me.
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有兩個特別激勵我。
15:40
One was Ray射線 Anderson安德森, who turned轉身 --
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一個是雷安德森(Ray Anderson),他 –
15:43
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲),
15:46
-- turned轉身, you know, a part部分 of the evil邪惡 empire帝國
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你們也知道,他把邪惡帝國的一部份變成了
15:49
into a zero-footprint零空間佔用, or almost幾乎 zero-footprint零空間佔用 business商業.
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一個碳零排放,或者說是零排放的生意。
15:52
Why? Because it was the right thing to do.
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為甚麼呢?因為這是正確的事。
15:56
And a bonus獎金 he's discovering發現 is
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他發現的另一個額外的獎勵是:
15:59
he's actually其實 going to make even more money.
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他實際上將會賺更多的錢。
16:02
His employees僱員 are inspired啟發 by the effort功夫.
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他的員工被他的作為所激勵。
16:05
Why? Because there happy快樂 to be doing something that's the right thing to do.
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為甚麼呢?因為他們很樂意去做那些正確的事。
16:09
Yesterday昨天 we heard聽說 Willie威利 Smits史密茨 talk about re-foresting重新造林 in Indonesia印度尼西亞.
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昨天我們聽了威力斯密特(Willie Smits)關於重建印尼森林的演講。
16:14
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
16:17
In many許多 ways方法 this is the perfect完善 example.
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從很多方面來說這是一個完美的例子。
16:20
Because it took the will to do the right thing.
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因為它利用了意願來做正確的事。
16:23
God knows知道 it took a huge巨大 amount of technical技術 skill技能.
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上帝也知道這會用到很多的技術技能。
16:26
I'm boggled猛然一驚 at how much he and his associates聯營 needed需要 to know
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我非常吃驚的是他和他的組織到底需要知道多少細節內容
16:29
in order訂購 to plot情節 this out.
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才能把事情規劃出來。
16:32
But most important重要 to make it work --
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但是最重要的是讓它運作起來,
16:35
and he emphasized強調 this --
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而且他強調
16:37
is that it took knowing會心 the people in the communities社區.
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這是用來讓很多團體的人們瞭解的一部份。
16:40
Unless除非 the people you're working加工 with are behind背後 you,
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除非和你一起工作的人們在身後支持你,
16:45
this will fail失敗.
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不然這將會失敗。
16:47
And there isn't a formula to tell you how to get the people behind背後 you,
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但沒有一個公式會告訴你如何讓人們支持你。
16:50
because different不同 people in different不同 communities社區
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因為在不同團體內有不同的人
16:53
organize組織 their lives生活 in different不同 ways方法.
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會用各種不同的方式來進行他們的生活。
16:56
So there's a lot here at TEDTED, and at other places地方, to celebrate慶祝.
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在TED和很多其它的地方都有很多事值得稱讚。
16:59
And you don't have to be a mega-hero超級英雄.
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你也不必非要去當個超級英雄。
17:02
There are ordinary普通 heroes英雄.
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有很多平凡的英雄
17:04
Ordinary普通 heroes英雄 like the janitors校工 who are worth價值 celebrating慶祝 too.
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就像是之前提到的清潔工人一樣,他們就是值得讚揚的平凡英雄。
17:07
As practitioners從業者 each and every一切 one of us should strive努力
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作為參與者,我們每一個人都應該努力
17:10
to be ordinary普通, if not extraordinary非凡 heroes英雄.
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如果成不了非凡的英雄也要成為一個平凡的英雄。
17:13
As heads of organizations組織,
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作為公司的老板,
17:15
we should strive努力 to create創建 environments環境
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我們應該努力的創造環境
17:17
that encourage鼓勵 and nurture培育 both moral道德 skill技能 and moral道德 will.
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來鼓勵和培養道德技能與道德意願。
17:22
Even the wisest最明智的 and most well-meaning善意 people
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即使是最聰明善解人意的人
17:25
will give up if they have to swim游泳 against反對 the current當前
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也會放棄如果要他們去逆流而行
17:28
in the organizations組織 in which哪一個 they work.
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和他們工作的單位抗爭。
17:31
If you run an organization組織, you should be sure
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如果你要成立一家公司,你要確保
17:34
that none沒有 of the jobs工作 -- none沒有 of the jobs工作 --
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沒有一個工作 – 沒有一個工作
17:37
have job工作 descriptions說明 like the job工作 descriptions說明 of the janitors校工.
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的工作說明會像之前的清潔人員的工作說明一樣。
17:40
Because the truth真相 is that
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因為真相是
17:43
any work that you do that involves涉及 interaction相互作用 with other people
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你做的任何一個與人打交道的工作
17:46
is moral道德 work.
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都是道德的工作。
17:49
And any moral道德 work depends依靠 upon practical實際的 wisdom智慧.
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任何一個道德的工作都會依賴於實踐的智慧。
17:53
And, perhaps也許 most important重要,
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然後最重要的是
17:56
as teachers教師, we should strive努力 to be the ordinary普通 heroes英雄,
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身為一個老師,我們應該努力成為平凡的英雄,
17:59
the moral道德 exemplars典範, to the people we mentor導師.
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成為我們做為教導人們的道德模範。
18:03
And there are a few少數 things that we have to remember記得 as teachers教師.
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作為老師有一些事我們應該記住。
18:06
One is that we are always teaching教學.
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一是我們一直都在教導。
18:10
Someone有人 is always watching觀看.
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而有人會一直在觀察。
18:13
The camera相機 is always on.
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鏡頭永遠是打開著的。
18:15
Bill法案 Gates蓋茨 talked about the importance重要性 of education教育
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比爾蓋茲談論過教育的重要性,
18:18
and, in particular特定, the model模型 that KIPPKIPP was providing提供:
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還特別提供了KIPP規範。
18:21
"Knowledge知識 is power功率."
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”知識就是力量”
18:24
And he talked about a lot of the wonderful精彩 things
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他也談到了許多美好的事情
18:27
that KIPPKIPP is doing
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KIPP正在
18:29
to take inner-city內城 kids孩子 and turn them in the direction方向 of college學院.
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讓市中心的孩子走向大學的道路。
18:33
I want to focus焦點 on one particular特定 thing KIPPKIPP is doing
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我想把重點放在KIPP正在做的一件事情上那是
18:36
that Bill法案 didn't mention提到.
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比爾蓋茲沒提過的。
18:39
That is that they have come to the realization實現
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他們發現這樣一件事實
18:42
that the single most important重要 thing kids孩子 need to learn學習
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就是孩子需要學的最重要的一件事
18:44
is character字符.
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就是人格。
18:45
They need to learn學習 to respect尊重 themselves他們自己.
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他們需要學習尊重自己。
18:48
They need to learn學習 to respect尊重 their schoolmates同學.
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他們需要學習尊重他們的同學。
18:51
They need to learn學習 to respect尊重 their teachers教師.
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他們需要學習尊重他們的老師。
18:54
And, most important重要, they need to learn學習 to respect尊重 learning學習.
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最重要的是,他們需要學習尊重學習。
18:57
That's the principle原理 objective目的.
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這是一個理論性的目標。
18:59
If you do that, the rest休息 is just pretty漂亮 much a coast downhill下坡.
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如果你這麼做了,剩下的就像是向下的滑坡一路好走。
19:03
And the teachers教師: the way you teach these things to the kids孩子
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老師們你們教導孩子的方法
19:06
is by having the teachers教師 and all the other staff員工 embody體現 it every一切 minute分鐘 of every一切 day.
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應該把每天每一分鐘所有的東西都融合在一起。
19:13
Obama奧巴馬 appealed上訴 to virtue美德.
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歐巴瑪呼籲美德。
19:15
And I think he was right.
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我認為他是對的。
19:17
And the virtue美德 I think we need above以上 all others其他 is practical實際的 wisdom智慧,
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而且我認為我們最需要的美德就是實踐的智慧。
19:21
because it's what allows允許 other virtues美德 -- honesty誠實, kindness善良, courage勇氣 and so on --
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因為它讓其它的美德 – 誠實,善良,勇氣等等 –
19:28
to be displayed顯示 at the right time and in the right way.
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在正確的時間以正確的方式展現出來。
19:31
He also appealed上訴 to hope希望.
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他還呼籲期望。
19:34
Right again.
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也是對的。
19:36
I think there is reason原因 for hope希望.
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我認為呼籲期望是有原因的。
19:39
I think people want to be allowed允許 to be virtuous.
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我想人人都希望能都是善的。
19:42
In many許多 ways方法, it's what TEDTED is all about.
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從很大的程度上來說這就是TED的意義所在。
19:46
Wanting婉婷 to do the right thing
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期望能做正確的事情,
19:49
in the right way
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以正確的方式,
19:51
for the right reasons原因.
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為正當的理由。
19:53
This kind of wisdom智慧 is within the grasp把握 of each and every一切 one of us
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這種智慧是我們每一個都能獲得的,
19:56
if only we start開始 paying付款 attention注意.
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只要我們開始注意。
19:59
Paying付款 attention注意 to what we do,
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注意我們所做的事情,
20:02
to how we do it,
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留心我們做事的方式,
20:04
and, perhaps也許 most importantly重要的,
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以及,可能是最重要的,
20:06
to the structure結構體 of the organizations組織 within which哪一個 we work,
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去構築我們所工作的組織,
20:09
so as to make sure that it enables使 us and other people to develop發展 wisdom智慧
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以此來保證它可以讓我們和其它人開發智慧
20:14
rather than having it suppressed抑制.
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而不是壓制我們的智慧。
20:17
Thank you very much.
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非常感謝您們。
20:20
Thank you.
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謝謝
20:22
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
20:25
Chris克里斯 Anderson安德森: You have to go and stand out here a sec.
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克里斯‧安德森 : 你可能要到那邊站著等一下。
20:31
Barry巴里 Schwartz施瓦茨: Thank you very much.
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巴瑞‧史瓦茲 : 非常感謝大家。
20:33
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Chih-Yuan Huang
Reviewed by Amy Zerotus

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Barry Schwartz - Psychologist
Barry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom.

Why you should listen

In his 2004 book The Paradox of Choice, Barry Schwartz tackles one of the great mysteries of modern life: Why is it that societies of great abundance — where individuals are offered more freedom and choice (personal, professional, material) than ever before — are now witnessing a near-epidemic of depression? Conventional wisdom tells us that greater choice is for the greater good, but Schwartz argues the opposite: He makes a compelling case that the abundance of choice in today's western world is actually making us miserable.

Infinite choice is paralyzing, Schwartz argues, and exhausting to the human psyche. It leads us to set unreasonably high expectations, question our choices before we even make them and blame our failures entirely on ourselves. His relatable examples, from consumer products (jeans, TVs, salad dressings) to lifestyle choices (where to live, what job to take, who and when to marry), underscore this central point: Too much choice undermines happiness.

Schwartz's previous research has addressed morality, decision-making and the varied inter-relationships between science and society. Before Paradox he published The Costs of Living, which traces the impact of free-market thinking on the explosion of consumerism -- and the effect of the new capitalism on social and cultural institutions that once operated above the market, such as medicine, sports, and the law.

Both books level serious criticism of modern western society, illuminating the under-reported psychological plagues of our time. But they also offer concrete ideas on addressing the problems, from a personal and societal level.

Schwartz is the author of the TED Book, Why We Work

More profile about the speaker
Barry Schwartz | Speaker | TED.com