TEDSummit 2019
Nick Hanauer: The dirty secret of capitalism -- and a new way forward
尼克哈諾爾: 資本主義的骯髒秘密－以及向前邁進的新方法
Filmed:
Readability: 5.3
2,893,693 views
不平等和政治不穩定的加劇，是數十年來用了不好的經濟理論所造成的直接結果，企業家尼克哈諾爾如是說。在這場很有遠見的演說中，他拆穿了「貪婪很好」這句真言－他認為這個想法不僅具有道德腐蝕性，在科學上也大錯特錯－他提出了一個以互惠和合作為基礎的新經濟學理論。
Nick Hanauer - Venture capitalist, author
Nick Hanauer has become an important voice in the raging debate on inequality — and his provocative argument is aimed at his fellow plutocrats. Full bio
Nick Hanauer has become an important voice in the raging debate on inequality — and his provocative argument is aimed at his fellow plutocrats. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I am a capitalist,
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我是資本主義者，
00:17
and after a 30-year career in capitalism
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在三十年橫跨三十多間公司的
00:20
spanning three dozen companies,
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資本主義職涯中，
00:22
generating tens of billions
of dollars in market value,
of dollars in market value,
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創造了數百億美元的市場價值，
00:26
I'm not just in the top one percent,
I'm in the top .01 percent of all earners.
I'm in the top .01 percent of all earners.
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我的收入不只是在前 1%，
還是在前 0.01%。
還是在前 0.01%。
00:33
Today, I have come
to share the secrets of our success,
to share the secrets of our success,
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今天，我來分享我們成功的秘密，
00:36
because rich capitalists like me
have never been richer.
have never been richer.
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因為像我這樣的資本主義者
以前從來沒有這麼富有過。
以前從來沒有這麼富有過。
00:40
So the question is, how do we do it?
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問題是：我們是怎麼辦到的？
00:44
How do we manage to grab
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我們這一群人，是如何掌握
00:45
an ever-increasing share
of the economic pie every year?
of the economic pie every year?
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每年都不斷增長的經濟大餅？
00:50
Is it that rich people are smarter
than we were 30 years ago?
than we were 30 years ago?
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是因為有錢人比三十年前更聰明嗎？
00:55
Is it that we're working harder
than we once did?
than we once did?
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還是我們現在更努力了？
00:59
Are we taller, better looking?
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我們有比較高、比較好看嗎？
01:03
Sadly, no.
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很不幸的，沒有。
01:05
It all comes down to just one thing:
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總結起來只有一點：
01:08
economics.
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經濟學。
01:10
Because, here's the dirty secret.
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因為，骯髒的秘密如下。
01:12
There was a time
in which the economics profession
in which the economics profession
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曾經有段時間，經濟學專業人士
是為了公眾利益努力的，
是為了公眾利益努力的，
01:15
worked in the public interest,
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01:16
but in the neoliberal era,
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但在新自由時代，
01:18
today,
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如今，
01:20
they work only for big corporations
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他們只為大公司和億萬富翁工作，
01:22
and billionaires,
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01:24
and that is creating
a little bit of a problem.
a little bit of a problem.
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那會造成一些問題。
01:27
We could choose to enact economic policies
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我們可以選擇制定經濟政策、
向富人收更高的稅、
01:31
that raise taxes on the rich,
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01:34
regulate powerful corporations
or raise wages for workers.
or raise wages for workers.
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規範強大的企業
或者提高員工的薪資。
或者提高員工的薪資。
01:38
We have done it before.
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這我們以前都做過。
01:39
But neoliberal economists would warn
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但新自由主義經濟學家會警告說，
01:42
that all of these policies
would be a terrible mistake,
would be a terrible mistake,
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這些政策都會是可怕的錯誤，
01:46
because raising taxes
always kills economic growth,
always kills economic growth,
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因為提高稅率會扼殺經濟成長，
01:50
and any form of government regulation
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而任何形式的政策規範
01:52
is inefficient,
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都沒有效率，
01:54
and raising wages always kills jobs.
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提高薪資則會扼殺工作機會。
01:57
Well, as a consequence of that thinking,
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用這種想法做事的後果就是，
02:00
over the last 30 years, in the USA alone,
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在過去三十年，光是在美國，
02:04
the top one percent has grown
21 trillion dollars richer
21 trillion dollars richer
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金字塔頂端 1% 的富人財富多了
二十一兆美金，
二十一兆美金，
02:09
while the bottom 50 percent
have grown 900 billion dollars poorer,
have grown 900 billion dollars poorer,
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底部 50% 的窮人財富
則少了九千億美金，
則少了九千億美金，
02:14
a pattern of widening inequality
that has largely repeated itself
that has largely repeated itself
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貧富不均的擴大現象
在世界各地不斷地上演。
02:18
across the world.
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02:19
And yet, as middle class families
struggle to get by
struggle to get by
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還有，
就在中產階級這四十年來，
02:24
on wages that have not budged
in about 40 years,
in about 40 years,
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掙扎著餬口的的同時，
02:28
neoliberal economists continue to warn
that the only reasonable response
that the only reasonable response
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新自由經濟學家仍不斷警告，
面對緊縮和全球化的痛苦，
02:32
to the painful dislocations
of austerity and globalization
of austerity and globalization
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唯一合理的因應方式
竟是更緊縮與更全球化。
竟是更緊縮與更全球化。
02:36
is even more austerity and globalization.
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02:40
So, what is a society to do?
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所以，社會該如何是好？
02:44
Well, it's super clear to me
what we need to do.
what we need to do.
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我非常清楚該怎麼做。
02:47
We need a new economics.
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我們需要一種新的經濟學。
02:51
So, economics has been described
as the dismal science,
as the dismal science,
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經濟學一直被描述成
一門沉悶的科學，
一門沉悶的科學，
02:55
and for good reason,
because as much as it is taught today,
because as much as it is taught today,
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雖然學校教這麼多了，
有很好的理由可以說明，
有很好的理由可以說明，
02:58
it isn't a science at all,
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它其實根本不是科學，
儘管用了一堆很玄的數學。
儘管用了一堆很玄的數學。
03:00
in spite of all
of the dazzling mathematics.
of the dazzling mathematics.
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03:03
In fact, a growing number
of academics and practitioners
of academics and practitioners
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事實上，越來越多學者和業者
03:06
have concluded that neoliberal
economic theory is dangerously wrong
economic theory is dangerously wrong
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得出結論認為，新自由經濟理論
錯的離譜，
03:12
and that today's growing crises
of rising inequality
of rising inequality
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現今，不平等越來越嚴重，
03:16
and growing political instability
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政策越來越不穩定，
03:17
are the direct result
of decades of bad economic theory.
of decades of bad economic theory.
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這些危機都是數十年採用了不好的
經濟理論而直接造成的結果。
經濟理論而直接造成的結果。
03:23
What we now know is that the economics
that made me so rich isn't just wrong,
that made me so rich isn't just wrong,
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現在我們知道，
讓我如此富有的經濟學
讓我如此富有的經濟學
不僅是錯的，
03:29
it's backwards,
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還開倒車，
03:31
because it turns out
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因為，我們發現，
03:33
it isn't capital
that creates economic growth,
that creates economic growth,
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經濟成長並不是資本創造的，
03:36
it's people;
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是人創造出來的；
03:39
and it isn't self-interest
that promotes the public good,
that promotes the public good,
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公眾利益並不是靠自利來推動的，
03:44
it's reciprocity;
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而是靠互惠互利來的；
03:46
and it isn't competition
that produces our prosperity,
that produces our prosperity,
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我們的繁榮並不是競爭造成的，
03:50
it's cooperation.
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而是合作。
03:53
What we can now see is that an economics
that is neither just nor inclusive
that is neither just nor inclusive
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現在我們能夠了解，
不公正又不包容的經濟
不公正又不包容的經濟
03:58
can never sustain the high levels
of social cooperation
of social cooperation
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永遠不可能維持高度的社會合作，
04:02
necessary to enable
a modern society to thrive.
a modern society to thrive.
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但現代社會要繁榮
就少不了社會合作。
就少不了社會合作。
04:05
So where did we go wrong?
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所以，我們是哪裡做錯了？
04:09
Well, it turns out
that it's become painfully obvious
that it's become painfully obvious
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結果發現，這個事實
明顯到讓人感到痛苦：
明顯到讓人感到痛苦：
04:13
that the fundamental assumptions
that undergird neoliberal economic theory
that undergird neoliberal economic theory
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支撐新自由經濟理論的
那些基礎假設
04:19
are just objectively false,
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客觀來說，根本是錯的，
04:22
and so today first I want to take you
through some of those mistaken assumptions
through some of those mistaken assumptions
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所以，今天，我首先想
跟大家談一些錯誤的假設，
跟大家談一些錯誤的假設，
04:26
and then after describe where the science
suggests prosperity actually comes from.
suggests prosperity actually comes from.
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之後再說明，如何從科學的角度
創造繁榮。
創造繁榮。
04:33
So, neoliberal economic
assumption number one is
assumption number one is
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所以，新自由經濟的第一個假設是
04:37
that the market is
an efficient equilibrium system,
an efficient equilibrium system,
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市場是一個有效的平衡系統，
04:42
which basically means that if one thing
in the economy, like wages, goes up,
in the economy, like wages, goes up,
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基本上，意思就是，
當經濟體中有一個元素提升，
如薪水，
如薪水，
04:48
another thing in the economy,
like jobs, must go down.
like jobs, must go down.
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經濟體中的另一個元素
就會下降，如工作機會。
就會下降，如工作機會。
04:53
So for example, in Seattle, where I live,
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比如，在我居住的西雅圖，
04:56
when in 2014 we passed
our nation's first 15 dollar minimum wage,
our nation's first 15 dollar minimum wage,
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2014 年我們通過了全國
前所未有的十五美金最低薪資，
前所未有的十五美金最低薪資，
05:02
the neoliberals freaked out
over their precious equilibrium.
over their precious equilibrium.
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新自由主義者們對即將失去的
寶貴平衡而驚慌失措。
寶貴平衡而驚慌失措。
05:07
"If you raise the price
of labor," they warned,
of labor," they warned,
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他們警告：
「如果你們提高勞動力的價格，」
「如果你們提高勞動力的價格，」
05:10
"businesses will purchase less of it.
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「企業購買的勞動力就會減少。
05:12
Thousands of low-wage workers
will lose their jobs.
will lose their jobs.
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數以千計的低薪員工
就會失去工作。
就會失去工作。
05:14
The restaurants will close."
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餐廳會關門。」不過……
05:16
Except ...
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05:19
they didn't.
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並沒有發生。
05:20
The unemployment rate fell dramatically.
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失業率大大下降。
05:25
The restaurant business in Seattle boomed.
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西雅圖的餐廳業
突然好轉。為什麼？
突然好轉。為什麼？
05:28
Why?
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05:30
Because there is no equilibrium.
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因為根本沒有什麼平衡。
05:33
Because raising wages
doesn't kill jobs, it creates them;
doesn't kill jobs, it creates them;
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因為提高薪水不會扼殺而會創造
工作機會；因為，比如，
工作機會；因為，比如，
05:36
because, for instance,
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05:38
when restaurant owners are suddenly
required to pay restaurant workers enough
required to pay restaurant workers enough
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當餐廳老闆突然被要求
支付餐廳員工更多錢，
支付餐廳員工更多錢，
05:43
so that now even they
can afford to eat in restaurants,
can afford to eat in restaurants,
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讓他們都能夠負擔得起
在餐廳用餐，
在餐廳用餐，
05:47
it doesn't shrink the restaurant business,
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這就不會讓餐廳的業績萎縮，
05:49
it grows it, obviously.
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很顯然，反而會成長。
05:53
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
05:54
Thank you.
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謝謝。
05:58
The second assumption is
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第二個假設是，
06:01
that the price of something
is always equal to its value,
is always equal to its value,
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任何東西的價格
總是等同於它的價值，
總是等同於它的價值，
06:06
which basically means
that if you earn 50,000 dollars a year
that if you earn 50,000 dollars a year
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基本上，意思就是，
如果你一年賺五萬美金，
如果你一年賺五萬美金，
06:10
and I earn 50 million dollars a year,
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而我一年賺五千萬美金，
06:13
that's because I produce
a thousand times as much value as you.
a thousand times as much value as you.
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那是因為我產出的
價值比你高一千倍。
價值比你高一千倍。
06:18
Now,
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現在，
06:20
it will not surprise you to learn
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對這樣的假設
06:23
that this is a very comforting assumption
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如果你不會感到太驚訝，
就只有一種可能 :
就只有一種可能 :
06:25
if you're a CEO paying yourself
50 million dollars a year
50 million dollars a year
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你是一位會付給自己
五千萬美金年薪，
五千萬美金年薪，
06:28
but paying your workers poverty wages.
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但付給員工的薪水
卻少的可憐的執行長。
卻少的可憐的執行長。
06:31
But please, take it from somebody
who has run dozens of businesses:
who has run dozens of businesses:
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但，拜託，聽聽經營過
數十間企業的人怎麼說：
數十間企業的人怎麼說：
06:35
this is nonsense.
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這很不合理。
06:38
People are not paid what they are worth.
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人們的工資與他們的價值無關。
06:40
They are paid what they have
the power to negotiate,
the power to negotiate,
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他們的薪水取決於
薪資協調的權利，
薪資協調的權利，
06:43
and wages' falling share of GDP
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薪水佔國內生產總值的
比例一直下降，
比例一直下降，
06:46
is not because workers
have become less productive
have become less productive
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並非因為勞工的生產力下降，
06:50
but because employers
have become more powerful.
have become more powerful.
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而是因為僱主的權利變大了。
06:54
And --
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且——
06:55
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
06:59
And by pretending that the giant imbalance
in power between capital and labor
in power between capital and labor
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把資方和勞方之間
權利嚴重不平衡的情況
權利嚴重不平衡的情況
07:04
doesn't exist,
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裝作沒看到，
07:06
neoliberal economic theory
became essentially
became essentially
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新自由經濟理論在根本上
07:10
a protection racket for the rich.
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就是富人的保護傘。
07:13
The third assumption,
and by far the most pernicious,
and by far the most pernicious,
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第三個假設，目前為止
最有害的一個，就是
最有害的一個，就是
07:16
is a behavioral model
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07:17
that describes human beings
as something called "homo economicus,"
as something called "homo economicus,"
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將人類描述成某種
「經濟智人」的行為模型，
「經濟智人」的行為模型，
07:21
which basically means
that we are all perfectly selfish,
that we are all perfectly selfish,
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基本上，意思就是，
我們都是非常自私、
我們都是非常自私、
07:26
perfectly rational
and relentlessly self-maximizing.
and relentlessly self-maximizing.
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非常理性無情，
只會不斷膨脹自我的人類。
只會不斷膨脹自我的人類。
07:31
But just ask yourselves,
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但，問問你自己，
07:33
is it plausible that every single time
for your entire life,
for your entire life,
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真的嗎？你這生當中
07:37
when you did something
nice for somebody else,
nice for somebody else,
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每次出手幫忙別人，
07:39
all you were doing
was maximizing your own utility?
was maximizing your own utility?
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都是為了把你的個人利益最大化嗎？
07:42
Is it plausible that when a soldier jumps
on a grenade to defend fellow soldiers,
on a grenade to defend fellow soldiers,
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一個士兵撲向手榴彈
以保護他的夥伴，
以保護他的夥伴，
07:46
they're just promoting
their narrow self-interest?
their narrow self-interest?
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目的只是心胸狹窄地
想促進自我利益？這說法對嗎？
想促進自我利益？這說法對嗎？
07:49
If you think that's nuts,
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如果你會認為他們都是笨蛋，
07:51
contrary to any reasonable
moral intuition,
moral intuition,
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這與任何合理的精神直覺相反，
07:54
that's because it is
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那是因為根據最新的科學，
07:56
and, according to the latest science,
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它告訴你，
07:58
not true.
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這是假的。
07:59
But it is this behavioral model
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這是因為，以冷酷為核心的
新自由經濟行為模式，
新自由經濟行為模式，
08:02
which is at the cold, cruel heart
of neoliberal economics,
of neoliberal economics,
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08:05
and it is as morally corrosive
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不僅腐蝕了我們的人性道德，
從科學的角度而言，也大錯特錯，
08:09
as it is scientifically wrong
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08:11
because, if we accept at face value
143
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因為，
如果我們接受了錯誤的想法——
08:16
that humans are fundamentally selfish,
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人類基本上是自私的這個想法，
08:19
and then we look around the world
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然後轉頭看看這個世界，
08:22
at all of the unambiguous
prosperity in it,
prosperity in it,
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看看世界上所有
明確的繁榮昌盛，
明確的繁榮昌盛，
08:26
then it follows logically,
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從邏輯上，
08:28
then it must be true by definition,
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從定義上來看，
是因為數十億個自私的行為
是因為數十億個自私的行為
08:30
that billions of individual
acts of selfishness
acts of selfishness
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造就了這個繁榮及
08:34
magically transubstantiate
into prosperity and the common good.
into prosperity and the common good.
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符合大眾利益的社會。
08:38
If we humans are merely
selfish maximizers,
selfish maximizers,
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如果我們人類只是自私的膨脹者，
08:41
then selfishness
is the cause of our prosperity.
is the cause of our prosperity.
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那麼，自私就是我們繁榮的成因。
08:46
Under this economic logic,
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在這個經濟邏輯下，
08:48
greed is good,
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貪婪變成是好的，
08:51
widening inequality is efficient,
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將不平等擴散出去變成
是對人類有效益的，
是對人類有效益的，
08:54
and the only purpose of the corporation
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而企業的唯一目的
08:56
can be to enrich shareholders,
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就是讓股東更富裕，
08:58
because to do otherwise
would be to slow economic growth
would be to slow economic growth
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因為若不這麼做，
就會讓經濟成長慢下來，
就會讓經濟成長慢下來，
09:02
and harm the economy overall.
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並傷害到整體經濟。
09:05
And it is this gospel of selfishness
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正是這些自私的信條，
09:08
which forms the ideological cornerstone
of neoliberal economics,
of neoliberal economics,
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型塑出新自由經濟主義
意識形態的基石，
意識形態的基石，
09:13
a way of thinking
which has produced economic policies
which has produced economic policies
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這種思考方式所
產生出來的經濟政策
產生出來的經濟政策
09:16
which have enabled me and my rich buddies
in the top one percent
in the top one percent
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讓我和其他在前 1% 的富有夥伴們
09:20
to grab virtually all of the benefits
of growth over the last 40 years.
of growth over the last 40 years.
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能取得過去四十年成長
所帶來的所有利益。
所帶來的所有利益。
09:25
But,
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但，
09:26
if instead
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如果我們摒棄這些信條，
09:29
we accept the latest empirical research,
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改接納最新的實證研究、
09:32
real science, which correctly
describes human beings
describes human beings
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真正的科學，正確地描述人類
09:36
as highly cooperative,
169
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是高度合作的、
09:39
reciprocal
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互惠的，
09:40
and intuitively moral creatures,
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且在直覺上具有道德的動物，
09:43
then it follows logically
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根據這樣的邏輯，
09:46
that it must be cooperation
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人類是合作的
09:48
and not selfishness
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而非自私的，
09:50
that is the cause of our prosperity,
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造就我們繁榮昌盛的
09:52
and it isn't our self-interest
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不是我們的自我利益
09:54
but rather our inherent reciprocity
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而是人類天生的互惠能力
造就了人類的繁榮昌盛。
造就了人類的繁榮昌盛。
09:58
that is humanity's economic superpower.
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10:01
So at the heart of this new economics
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所以，
在這新經濟學的核心，
10:06
is a story about ourselves that grants us
permission to be our best selves,
permission to be our best selves,
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是一個關於我們自己的故事，
讓我們可以成為最好的自己，
讓我們可以成為最好的自己，
10:11
and, unlike the old economics,
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不像以前的舊經濟學，
10:14
this is a story that is virtuous
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這個故事是良善的，
10:16
and also has the virtue of being true.
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也具有真實的美德。
10:21
Now,
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現在，
10:22
I want to emphasize
that this new economics
that this new economics
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我想要強調這種新經濟學
10:25
is not something I have personally
imagined or invented.
imagined or invented.
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並非我個人想像或發明出來的。
10:27
Its theories and models
are being developed and refined
are being developed and refined
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它的理論和模型
正在世界各地的大學裡
發展和完善，
發展和完善，
10:30
in universities around the world
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2018
10:32
building on some of the best
new research in economics,
new research in economics,
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建構的基礎是一些
最好的經濟相關新研究、
最好的經濟相關新研究、
10:36
complexity theory, evolutionary theory,
190
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複雜理論、演化理論、
10:37
psychology, anthropology
and other disciplines.
and other disciplines.
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心理學、人類學，及其它行為準則。
10:41
And although this new economics
does not yet have its own textbook
does not yet have its own textbook
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雖然這種新經濟學還沒有
它自己的教科書，
它自己的教科書，
10:45
or even a commonly agreed upon name,
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甚至沒有一個大家都同意的名稱，
10:48
in broad strokes
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廣義來說，
10:50
its explanation of where prosperity
comes from goes something like this.
comes from goes something like this.
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它對於繁榮從何而來的
解釋是像這樣的。
解釋是像這樣的。
10:55
So, market capitalism
is an evolutionary system
is an evolutionary system
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市場資本主義是一個演化系統，
11:00
in which prosperity emerges
197
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在這個系統中，繁榮的出現，
11:02
through a positive feedback loop
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是因為透過不斷增長的
創新與消費需求
創新與消費需求
11:04
between increasing amounts of innovation
and increasing amounts of consumer demand.
and increasing amounts of consumer demand.
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之間的正向回饋，循環而成的。
11:09
Innovation is the process
by which we solve human problems,
by which we solve human problems,
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創新就是我們用來
解決人類問題的過程，
解決人類問題的過程，
11:14
consumer demand is the mechanism
through which the market selects
through which the market selects
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消費者需求是一種機制，
市場透過它來選擇
市場透過它來選擇
11:17
for useful innovations,
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哪些創新是有用的，
11:20
and as we solve more problems,
we become more prosperous.
we become more prosperous.
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隨著我們解決更多問題，
我們就變得更繁榮。
我們就變得更繁榮。
11:23
But as we become more prosperous,
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但，隨著我們變得更繁榮，
11:27
our problems and solutions
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我們的問題和解決方案
11:29
become more complex,
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會變得更複雜，
11:32
and this increasing technical complexity
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技術的複雜度一直上升，
11:35
requires ever higher levels
of social and economic cooperation
of social and economic cooperation
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4518
就會需要更高程度的
社會和經濟合作，
社會和經濟合作，
11:39
in order to produce
the more highly specialized products
the more highly specialized products
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才能產生出更專業的產品，
11:42
that define a modern economy.
210
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來定義現代經濟。
11:48
Now, the old economics
is correct, of course,
is correct, of course,
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4684
當然，舊的經濟學也沒錯，
11:52
that competition plays a crucial role
in how markets work,
in how markets work,
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在市場的運作方式中，
競爭扮演了關鍵的角色，
競爭扮演了關鍵的角色，
11:56
but what it fails to see
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但你在這裡面看不到
11:58
is that it is largely a competition
between highly cooperative groups --
between highly cooperative groups --
214
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高度合作團體之間的競爭——
12:03
competition between firms,
competition between networks of firms,
competition between networks of firms,
215
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公司之間的競爭、
公司網路協作的競爭、
公司網路協作的競爭、
12:07
competition between nations --
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國家之間的競爭——
12:10
and anyone who has ever run
a successful business knows
a successful business knows
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曾經經營過成功企業的人都知道，
12:14
that building a cooperative team
by including the talents of everyone
by including the talents of everyone
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用大家的才華來打造
團結的團隊幾乎一定是
團結的團隊幾乎一定是
12:19
is almost always a better strategy
than just a bunch of selfish jerks.
than just a bunch of selfish jerks.
219
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4416
比用一堆自私渾蛋更好的策略。
12:25
So how do we leave neoliberalism behind
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所以，我們要如何把
新自由主義拋諸腦後，
新自由主義拋諸腦後，
12:32
and build a more sustainable,
more prosperous
more prosperous
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建立一個更永續、更繁榮，
12:37
and more equitable society?
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且更平等的社會？
12:40
The new economics suggests
just five rules of thumb.
just five rules of thumb.
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新經濟學提出了五條法則。
12:44
First is that successful economies
are not jungles, they're gardens,
are not jungles, they're gardens,
224
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第一，成功的經濟不是叢林，
是花園，
12:51
which is to say that markets,
225
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3684
也就是說，
市場像花園一樣需要照顧，
12:55
like gardens, must be tended,
226
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12:59
that the market is the greatest
social technology ever invented
social technology ever invented
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這個市場是有史以來
可以解決人類問題的
可以解決人類問題的
最偉大的社會技術。
13:03
for solving human problems,
228
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13:05
but unconstrained by social norms
or democratic regulation,
or democratic regulation,
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5185
而不是靠社會規範或
民主監管來約束，
民主監管來約束，
13:10
markets inevitably create
more problems than they solve.
more problems than they solve.
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這樣的市場只會創造出
更多無法避免的問題，
更多無法避免的問題，
13:14
Climate change,
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像氣候變遷、2008 年的金融危機
13:15
the great financial crisis of 2008
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13:17
are two easy examples.
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是兩個很容易想到的例子。
13:19
The second rule is
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第二條法則，
13:23
that inclusion creates economic growth.
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包容力能創造經濟成長。
13:28
So the neoliberal idea
236
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新自由主義者認為
13:30
that inclusion is this fancy luxury
237
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包容力只有在經濟成長時
才會出現的的高檔奢侈品，
才會出現的的高檔奢侈品，
13:33
to be afforded if and when we have growth
is both wrong and backwards.
is both wrong and backwards.
238
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這樣的想法是大錯特錯
且是開倒車的。
且是開倒車的。
13:39
The economy is people.
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經濟談的是人。
13:42
Including more people in more ways
240
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用更多方法讓更多人參與
13:44
is what causes economic growth
in market economies.
in market economies.
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才會造就市場經濟的成長。
13:49
The third principle
242
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第三條，
13:51
is the purpose of the corporation
is not merely to enrich shareholders.
is not merely to enrich shareholders.
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6185
企業的目的不能只是
讓股東賺更多錢。
讓股東賺更多錢。
13:58
The greatest grift
in contemporary economic life
in contemporary economic life
244
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現代經濟最大的騙局，
14:01
is the neoliberal idea that
the only purpose of the corporation
the only purpose of the corporation
245
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就是新自由主義的這個想法：
企業唯一目的及主管的唯一責任
14:04
and the only responsibility of executives
246
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2893
14:07
is to enrich themselves and shareholders.
247
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就是讓他們自己及股東赚更多錢。
14:11
The new economics must and can insist
248
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新經濟學必須能夠堅持
14:17
that the purpose of the corporation
249
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企業的目的是要改變
所有利害關係人的福祉：
所有利害關係人的福祉：
14:19
is to improve the welfare
of all stakeholders:
of all stakeholders:
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14:22
customers, workers,
251
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客戶、員工、
14:24
community and shareholders alike.
252
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社區，和股東等。
14:28
Rule four:
253
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第四條，
14:30
greed is not good.
254
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貪婪是不好的。
14:34
Being rapacious
doesn't make you a capitalist,
doesn't make you a capitalist,
255
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貪心並不會讓你成為資本主義者，
14:38
it makes you a sociopath.
256
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會讓你成為人人討厭的反社會者。
14:40
(Laughter)
257
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（笑聲）
14:42
(Applause)
258
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（掌聲）
14:47
And in an economy as dependent
upon cooperation at scale as ours,
upon cooperation at scale as ours,
259
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5184
在像我們這種仰賴
規模合作的經濟中，
規模合作的經濟中，
14:52
sociopathy is as bad for business
as it is for society.
as it is for society.
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反社會者對商業和對社會都不好。
14:57
And fifth and finally,
261
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最後，第五條，
15:00
unlike the laws of physics,
262
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不像物理定律，
15:03
the laws of economics are a choice.
263
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3542
經濟的定律是種選擇。
15:08
Now, neoliberal economic theory
264
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新自由經濟理論
15:10
has sold itself to you
as unchangeable natural law,
as unchangeable natural law,
265
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把自己當作不變的
自然法則來說服你，
自然法則來說服你，
15:15
when in fact it's social norms
and constructed narratives
and constructed narratives
266
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事實上，它是以偽科學為基礎
建構出來的社會規範。
15:19
based on pseudoscience.
267
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15:21
If we truly want a more equitable,
268
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3517
如果我們真心想要更平等、
15:25
more prosperous
and more sustainable economy,
and more sustainable economy,
269
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3518
更繁榮、更永續的經濟，
15:29
if we want high-functioning democracies
270
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2726
如果我們想要運作良好的民主
15:31
and civil society,
271
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和公民社會，
15:34
we must have a new economics.
272
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我們就必須要有一種新經濟學。
15:36
And here's the good news:
273
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1976
好消息來了：
15:38
if we want a new economics,
274
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如果我們想要一種新的經濟學，
15:40
all we have to do is choose to have it.
275
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我們只需要做一件事：
選擇擁有它。
選擇擁有它。
15:44
Thank you.
276
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謝謝。
15:46
(Applause)
277
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（掌聲）
16:03
Moderator: So Nick,
I'm sure you get this question a lot.
I'm sure you get this question a lot.
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主持人：尼克，我相信
你常被問到這個問題。
你常被問到這個問題。
16:08
If you're so unhappy
with the economic system,
with the economic system,
279
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3101
如果你對於經濟系統如此不滿，
16:11
why not just give all your money away
and join the 99 percent?
and join the 99 percent?
280
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4726
為什麼不甘脆就把你的錢
都送掉，加入 99% 的人？
都送掉，加入 99% 的人？
16:16
Nick Hanauer: Yeah, no, yes, right.
281
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尼克哈諾爾：好，不，是，對。
16:19
You get that a lot. You get that a lot.
282
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常會有人這樣問。常會有。
16:20
"If you care so much about taxes,
why don't you pay more,
why don't you pay more,
283
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2726
「如果你這麼在乎稅收，
為什麼不多繳點稅？
為什麼不多繳點稅？
16:23
and if you care so much about wages,
why don't you pay more?"
why don't you pay more?"
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如果你這麼在乎薪水，
為什麼不多支付點？」
為什麼不多支付點？」
16:26
And I could do that.
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我是可以那麼做。
16:29
The problem is,
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問題是，
16:30
it doesn't make that much difference,
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不會造成什麼不同，
16:32
and I have discovered a strategy
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我發現了一項策略，
16:34
that works literally
a hundred thousand times better --
a hundred thousand times better --
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效果高了十萬倍——
16:37
Moderator: OK.
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主：好。
16:38
NH: which is to use my money
to build narratives and to pass laws
to build narratives and to pass laws
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尼：那就是，用我的錢
來建構成功模式並透過法律，
來建構成功模式並透過法律，
16:41
that will require
all the other rich people
all the other rich people
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讓所有其他富人
16:43
to pay taxes and pay their workers better.
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都有繳稅和給員工更好的待遇。
16:46
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
16:47
And so, for example,
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所以，比如，
16:49
the 15-dollar minimum wage
that we cooked up
that we cooked up
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我們推出來的十五
美金的最低薪資，
美金的最低薪資，
16:52
has now affected 30 million workers.
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現在影響到三千萬名工作者。
16:54
So that works better.
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那比較有用。
16:55
Moderator: That's great.
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主：那很棒。
16:57
If you change your mind,
we'll find some takers for you.
we'll find some takers for you.
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如果你改變心意，
我們會幫你找一些接受人。
我們會幫你找一些接受人。
16:59
NH: OK. Thank you.
Moderator: Thank you very much.
Moderator: Thank you very much.
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尼：好，謝謝。
主：非常謝謝。
主：非常謝謝。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nick Hanauer - Venture capitalist, authorNick Hanauer has become an important voice in the raging debate on inequality — and his provocative argument is aimed at his fellow plutocrats.
Why you should listen
Nick Hanauer has founded, co-founded and funded more than 30 companies across a range of industries, with a pretty notable record of success. As a few highlights, he cofounded a company called aQuantive that sold to Microsoft for $6.4 billion, and was the first non-family investor in Amazon.
Meanwhile Hanauer, a “proud and unapologetic capitalist,” has also been looking closely at society’s growing inequality gap, and the consequences it holds for our shared destiny — and the ultimate fate of our democracies. In 2007, he and civic activist Eric Liu co-wrote the book The True Patriot, an examination of progressive patriotism. This was followed by 2011’s The Gardens of Democracy, also with Liu, a vision for “growing” good citizens.
In 2013, Hanauer published a commentary in Bloomberg BusinessWeek proposing a $15 minimum wage (a suggestion that Seattle acted on this year). Early in 2014, he and Eric Beinhocker published "Capitalism, Redefined." In the summer of 2014, Hanauer published a much-shared essay in Politico that suggests, if societal inequality is allowed to grow unchecked, modern societies could start looking an awful lot like pre-Revolutionary France.
He is working on a new book, due out in 2015.
Nick Hanauer | Speaker | TED.com