ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Gilbert - Psychologist; happiness expert
Harvard psychologist Dan Gilbert says our beliefs about what will make us happy are often wrong -- a premise he supports with intriguing research, and explains in his accessible and unexpectedly funny book, Stumbling on Happiness.

Why you should listen

Dan Gilbert believes that, in our ardent, lifelong pursuit of happiness, most of us have the wrong map. In the same way that optical illusions fool our eyes -- and fool everyone's eyes in the same way -- Gilbert argues that our brains systematically misjudge what will make us happy. And these quirks in our cognition make humans very poor predictors of our own bliss.

The premise of his current research -- that our assumptions about what will make us happy are often wrong -- is supported with clinical research drawn from psychology and neuroscience. But his delivery is what sets him apart. His engaging -- and often hilarious -- style pokes fun at typical human behavior and invokes pop-culture references everyone can relate to. This winning style translates also to Gilbert's writing, which is lucid, approachable and laugh-out-loud funny. The immensely readable Stumbling on Happiness, published in 2006, became a New York Times bestseller and has been translated into 20 languages.

In fact, the title of his book could be drawn from his own life. At 19, he was a high school dropout with dreams of writing science fiction. When a creative writing class at his community college was full, he enrolled in the only available course: psychology. He found his passion there, earned a doctorate in social psychology in 1985 at Princeton, and has since won a Guggenheim Fellowship and the Phi Beta Kappa teaching prize for his work at Harvard. He has written essays and articles for The New York Times, Time and even Starbucks, while continuing his research into happiness at his Hedonic Psychology Laboratory.

More profile about the speaker
Dan Gilbert | Speaker | TED.com
TED2004

Dan Gilbert: The surprising science of happiness

Filmed:
18,394,509 views

Dan Gilbert, author of Stumbling on Happiness, challenges the idea that we'll be miserable if we don't get what we want. Our "psychological immune system" lets us feel truly happy even when things don't go as planned.
- Psychologist; happiness expert
Harvard psychologist Dan Gilbert says our beliefs about what will make us happy are often wrong -- a premise he supports with intriguing research, and explains in his accessible and unexpectedly funny book, Stumbling on Happiness. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
When you have 21 minutesminutit to speakräägi,
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Kui sul on rääkimiseks 21 minutit,
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two millionmiljonit eurot yearsaastaid seemstundub like a really long time.
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tundub kaks miljonit aastat väga pika ajana.
00:20
But evolutionarilyevolutionarily, two millionmiljonit eurot yearsaastaid is nothing.
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Aga evolutsiooniliselt, on kaks miljonit aastat tühine.
00:23
And yetveel in two millionmiljonit eurot yearsaastaid the humaninimene brainaju has nearlypeaaegu tripledkolmekordistunud in massmass,
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Ometigi on inimaju mass selle ajaga kolmekordistunud,
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going from the one-and-a-quarterüks ja veerand poundnael brainaju of our ancestoresivanem here, HabilisHabilis,
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kasvades meie esivanemate 500 grammisest ajust
00:32
to the almostpeaaegu three-poundkolm naela meatloafpikkpoiss that everybodykõik here has betweenvahel theiroma earskõrvad.
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peaaegu 1.4kg pätsiks, mis igal siinviibijal kõrvade vahel on.
00:38
What is it about a bigsuur brainaju that natureloodus was so eagerinnukas for everyigaüks one of us to have one?
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Miks tahtis loodus, et igal ühel meist oleks suur aju?
00:45
Well, it turnspöördub out when brainsajud triplekolmekordne in sizesuurus,
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Tuleb välja, et kui aju suurus kolmekordistus,
00:48
they don't just get threekolm timeskorda biggersuurem; they gainkasu newuus structuresstruktuurid.
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ei muutunud kõigest selle mõõtmed vaid ka struktuur.
00:52
And one of the mainpeamine reasonspõhjustel our brainaju got so bigsuur is because it got a newuus partosaliselt,
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Aju kasvamise peapõhjuseks oli üks täiesti uus ajuosa,
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calledkutsutud the "frontaleesmine lobetüvele." And particularlyeriti, a partosaliselt calledkutsutud the "pre-frontalPre-eesmise cortexajukoor."
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"otsmikusagar". Eriti selle esiosa, "prefrontaalne korteks".
01:00
Now what does a pre-frontalPre-eesmise cortexajukoor do for you that should justifyõigustada
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Mida see esiosa siis meile annab, et õigustada
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the entireterve architecturalarhitektuurne overhaulkapitaalremont of the humaninimene skullkolju in the blinkvilkuma of evolutionaryevolutsiooniline time?
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terve kolju ehitusliku uuendust nii lühikese aja jooksul?
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Well, it turnspöördub out the pre-frontalPre-eesmise cortexajukoor does lots of things,
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Tuleb välja, et sellel esiosal on palju ülesandeid
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but one of the mostkõige rohkem importantoluline things it does
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aga üks olulisemaid neist
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is it is an experiencekogemus simulatorsimulaatori.
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on kogemuste simuleerimine.
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FlightLennu pilotspiloodid practicepraktika in flightlend simulatorssimulaatorid
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Piloodid kasutavad oskuste lihvimisel lennusimulaatoreid,
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so that they don't make realreaalne mistakesvigu in planeslennukid.
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et vältida päris lendudel vigade tegemist .
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HumanInimese beingsolendid have this marvelousimeilus adaptationkohanemine
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Inimestel on imeline kohanemisvõime
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that they can actuallytegelikult have experienceskogemused in theiroma headspead
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nii et nad saavad enda peas kogeda
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before they try them out in realreaalne life.
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asju enne, kui nad neid päris elus proovivad.
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This is a tricktrikk that nonepole ühtegi of our ancestorsesivanemad could do,
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See on trikk, mis pole omane ühelegi meie eelkäijatest,
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and that no other animalloom can do quiteüsna like we can. It's a marvelousimeilus adaptationkohanemine.
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ja mida meile võrdselt ei valda ükski loom. See on Imeline.
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It's up there with opposablevastupidine thumbspöidlad and standingseisab uprightpüsti and languagekeel
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See on samal joonel meie pöidla, püsti seismise ja keelega,
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as one of the things that got our speciesliigid out of the treespuud
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kui üks neist asjadest mis meie liigi metsast välja
01:48
and into the shoppingostmine mallkaubanduskeskus.
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kaubanduskeskustesse juhatas.
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Now -- (LaughterNaer) -- all of you have donelõpetatud this.
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Nii - (Naer) - te kõik olete seda teinud.
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I mean, you know,
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Ma mõtlen, teate küll,
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BenBen and Jerry'sJerry doesn't have liver-and-onionmaksa-ja sibulaga icejää creamkreem,
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Ben and Jerry's ei tooda neeru-sibula jäätist,
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and it's not because they whippedvahustatud some up, triedproovis it and wentläksin, "YuckYuck."
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ning see ei tule sellest, et nad testisid seda ütlesid, "Väkk."
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It's because, withoutilma leavinglahkudes your armchairtugitool,
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See tuleb sellest, et saame ilma tugitoolist tõusmat seda
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you can simulatesimuleerima that flavormaitse and say "yuckYuck" before you make it.
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maitset simuleerida ja öelda "väkk" juba enne maitsmist.
02:08
Let's see how your experiencekogemus simulatorssimulaatorid are workingtöötav.
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Vaatame siis kuidas meie kogemuste simulaatorid töötavad.
02:13
Let's just runjooksma a quickkiire diagnosticdiagnostika
before I proceedjätkake with the restpuhata of the talk.
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Teeme enne ülejäänud kõnega jätkamist kiire ülevaate.
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Here'sSiin on two differenterinevad futuresfutuurid that I invitekutsuda you to contemplatekaaluge,
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and you can try to simulatesimuleerima them and tell me whichmis one you think you mightvõib-olla prefereelistavad.
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02:25
One of them is winningvõitnud the lotteryLoterii. This is about 314 millionmiljonit eurot dollarsdollarit.
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02:30
And the other is becomingmuutumas paraplegicparaplegic.
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02:33
So, just give it a momenthetk of thought.
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02:36
You probablytõenäoliselt don't feel like you need a momenthetk of thought.
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02:39
InterestinglyHuvitav, there are dataandmed on these two groupsrühmad of people,
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dataandmed on how happyõnnelik they are.
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02:45
And this is exactlytäpselt what you expectedoodata, isn't it?
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02:48
But these aren'tei ole the dataandmed. I madetehtud these up!
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02:51
These are the dataandmed. You failedebaõnnestus the poppop quizviktoriin, and you're hardlyvaevalt fiveviis minutesminutit into the lectureloeng.
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02:56
Because the factfakt is that a yearaastas after losingkaotada the use of theiroma legsjalad,
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and a yearaastas after winningvõitnud the lottoLotto, lotteryLoterii winnersvõitjad and paraplegicsparaplegics
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are equallyvõrdselt happyõnnelik with theiroma liveselab.
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Now, don't feel too badhalb about failingläbi kukkuma the first poppop quizviktoriin,
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because everybodykõik failsebaõnnestub all of the poppop quizzesviktoriinid all of the time.
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03:13
The researchuuringud that my laboratorylaboratoorium has been doing,
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03:16
that economistsmajandusteadlased and psychologistspsühholoogid around the countryriik have been doing,
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have revealedselgus something really quiteüsna startlingüllatavalt to us,
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03:22
something we call the "impactmõju biaskõrvalekalle,"
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whichmis is the tendencytendents for the simulatorsimulaatori to work badlyhalvasti.
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For the simulatorsimulaatori to make you believe that differenterinevad outcomestulemusi
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are more differenterinevad than in factfakt they really are.
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From fieldvaldkonnas studiesuuringud to laboratorylaboratoorium studiesuuringud,
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we see that winningvõitnud or losingkaotada an electionvalimised, gainingkasumi saamine or losingkaotada a romanticromantiline partnerpartner,
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gettingsaada or not gettingsaada a promotionedendamine, passingmööduv or not passingmööduv a collegekolledž testtest,
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on and on, have farkaugel lessvähem impactmõju, lessvähem intensityintensiivsus and much lessvähem durationkestus
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than people expectoota them to have.
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In factfakt, a recenthiljutised studyUuring -- this almostpeaaegu floorspõrandad me --
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a recenthiljutised studyUuring showingnäidates how majorsuur life traumastraumad affectmõjutama people
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suggestssoovitab that if it happenedjuhtus over threekolm monthskuud agotagasi,
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with only a fewvähe exceptionserandid,
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it has no impactmõju whatsoevermis iganes on your happinessõnne.
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04:09
Why?
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04:12
Because happinessõnne can be synthesizedsünteesitud.
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04:16
SirSir ThomasThomas BrownPruun wrotekirjutas in 1642, "I am the happiestkõige õnnelikum man aliveelus.
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I have that in me that can convertteisendada povertyvaesus to richesrikkust, adversityebaõnn to prosperityheaolu.
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I am more invulnerableinvulnerable than AchillesAchilleuse; fortuneõnne hathon not one placekoht to hittabas me."
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What kindlaadi of remarkabletähelepanuväärne machinerymasinad does this guy have in his headpea?
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Well, it turnspöördub out it's preciselytäpselt the samesama remarkabletähelepanuväärne machinerymasinad that all off us have.
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04:39
HumanInimese beingsolendid have something that we mightvõib-olla think of as a "psychologicalpsühholoogiline immuneimmuunne systemsüsteem."
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A systemsüsteem of cognitivekognitiivne processesprotsessid, largelysuuresti non-consciousmitte-teadlik cognitivekognitiivne processesprotsessid,
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that help them changemuutus theiroma viewsvaated of the worldmaailm,
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so that they can feel better about the worldsmaailmad in whichmis they find themselvesise.
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04:58
Like SirSir ThomasThomas, you have this machinemasin.
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05:00
UnlikeErinevalt SirSir ThomasThomas, you seemtundub not to know it. (LaughterNaer)
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05:04
We synthesizesünteesida happinessõnne, but we think happinessõnne is a thing to be foundleitud.
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05:10
Now, you don't need me to give you too manypalju examplesnäited of people synthesizingsünteesimine happinessõnne,
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05:15
I suspectkahtlustatav. ThoughKuigi I'm going to shownäidata you some experimentaleksperimentaalne evidencetõend,
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you don't have to look very farkaugel for evidencetõend.
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As a challengeväljakutse to myselfise, sincesest I say this onceüks kord in a while in lecturesloengud,
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I tookvõttis a copykoopia of the NewUus YorkYork TimesKorda and triedproovis to find some instancesjuhtumid of people synthesizingsünteesimine happinessõnne.
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05:28
And here are threekolm guys synthesizingsünteesimine happinessõnne.
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"I am so much better off physicallyfüüsiliselt, financiallyrahaliselt, emotionallyemotsionaalselt, mentallyvaimselt
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and almostpeaaegu everyigaüks other way." "I don't have one minute'smälestamaks regretkahetsen.
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It was a gloriouskuulsusrikas experiencekogemus." "I believe it turnedpööratud out for the bestparim."
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Who are these characterstähemärki who are so damnkuradi happyõnnelik?
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Well, the first one is JimJim WrightWright.
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Some of you are oldvana enoughpiisav to remembermäleta: he was the chairmanesimees of the HouseMaja of RepresentativesEsindajad
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05:48
and he resignedastus tagasi in disgracehäbistav when this youngnoor RepublicanVabariikliku namednimega NewtSelgitati välja GingrichGingrich
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foundleitud out about a shadyvarjuline bookraamat dealtegelema he had donelõpetatud.
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He lostkadunud everything. The mostkõige rohkem powerfulvõimas DemocratDemokraat in the countryriik,
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he lostkadunud everything.
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He lostkadunud his moneyraha; he lostkadunud his powervõimsus.
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06:01
What does he have to say all these yearsaastaid laterhiljem about it?
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"I am so much better off physicallyfüüsiliselt, financiallyrahaliselt, mentallyvaimselt
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and in almostpeaaegu everyigaüks other way."
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06:08
What other way would there be to be better off?
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06:10
VegetablyVegetably? MinerallyMinerally? AnimallyAnimally? He's prettyilus much coveredkaetud them there.
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06:14
MoreeseMoreese BickhamBickham is somebodykeegi you've never heardkuulnud of.
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06:16
MoreeseMoreese BickhamBickham utteredkõnelnud these wordssõnad uponpärast beingolemine releasedvabastatud.
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06:20
He was 78 yearsaastaid oldvana. He spentkulutanud 37 yearsaastaid
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in a LouisianaLouisiana StateRiigi PenitentiaryKinnipidamisasutuste
for a crimekuritegevus he didn't commitpühenduma.
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[He was ultimatelylõpuks
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releasedvabastatud for good behaviorkäitumine
halfwaypooleldi throughläbi his sentencelause.]
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And what did he have to say about his experiencekogemus?
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06:32
"I don't have one minute'smälestamaks regretkahetsen. It was a gloriouskuulsusrikas experiencekogemus."
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06:34
GloriousKuulsusrikas! This guy is not sayingöeldes,
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06:36
"Well, you know, there were some nicekena guys. They had a gymjõusaal."
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It's "gloriouskuulsusrikas,"
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a wordsõna we usuallytavaliselt reservereservi for something like a religiousreligioosne experiencekogemus.
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06:43
HarryHarry S. LangermanLangerman utteredkõnelnud these wordssõnad, and he's somebodykeegi you mightvõib-olla have knownteatud
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but didn't, because in 1949 he readloe a little articleartikkel in the paperpaber
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about a hamburgerHamburger standseisma ownedomandis by these two brothersvennad namednimega McDonaldsMcDonalds.
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06:54
And he thought, "That's a really neatpuhas ideaidee!"
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So he wentläksin to find them. They said,
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"We can give you a franchisefrantsiis on this for 3,000 buckstaala."
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HarryHarry wentläksin back to NewUus YorkYork, askedküsisin his brothervend who'skes on an investmentinvesteeringud bankerpankur
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to loanlaen him the 3,000 dollarsdollarit,
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and his brother'svenna immortalsurematu wordssõnad were,
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"You idiotidioot, nobodykeegi ei eatssööb hamburgershamburgerid."
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07:08
He wouldn'tei oleks lendlaenata him the moneyraha, and of coursemuidugi sixkuus monthskuud laterhiljem
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07:11
RayRay CrocCroc had exactlytäpselt the samesama ideaidee.
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It turnspöördub out people do eatsööma hamburgershamburgerid,
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and RayRay CrocCroc, for a while, becamesai the richestrikkaim man in AmericaAmeerikas.
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07:20
And then finallylõpuks -- you know, the bestparim of all possiblevõimalik worldsmaailmad --
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07:22
some of you recognizetunnustama this youngnoor photofoto of PetePete BestParim,
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07:27
who was the originaloriginaal drummertrummar for the BeatlesBeatles,
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untilkuni they, you know, sentsaadeti him out on an errandsaab algusest lõpuni and snucknuusuta away
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and pickedkorjatud up RingoRingo on a tourekskursioon.
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07:35
Well, in 1994, when PetePete BestParim was interviewedintervjueeriti
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-- yes, he's still a drummertrummar; yes, he's a studiostuudio musicianmuusik --
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he had this to say: "I'm happierõnnelikumad than I would have been with the BeatlesBeatles."
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07:43
Okay. There's something importantoluline to be learnedõppinud from these people,
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and it is the secretsaladus of happinessõnne.
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Here it is, finallylõpuks to be revealedselgus.
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First: accruekoguma wealthjõukus, powervõimsus, and prestigeprestiiž,
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then losekaotada it. (LaughterNaer)
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SecondTeine: spendkulutama as much of your life in prisonvangla as you possiblytõenäoliselt can.
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(LaughterNaer) ThirdKolmanda: make somebodykeegi elsemuidu really, really richrikas. (LaughterNaer)
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And finallylõpuks: never ever joinliitu the BeatlesBeatles. (LaughterNaer)
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OK. Now I, like ZeZe FrankFrank, can predictennustada your nextjärgmine thought,
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whichmis is, "Yeah, right." Because when
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people synthesizesünteesida happinessõnne, as these gentlemenhärrased seemtundub to have donelõpetatud,
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08:19
we all smilenaeratus at them, but we kindlaadi of rollrullima our eyessilmad and say,
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"Yeah right, you never really wanted the jobtöökoht."
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08:26
"Oh yeah, right. You really didn't
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have that much in commontavaline with her,
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and you figuredarvasin that out just about the time
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she threwviskas the engagementkaasamine ringringi in your facenägu."
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08:34
We smirkmuigama because we believe that syntheticsünteetiline happinessõnne
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is not of the samesama qualitykvaliteet as what we mightvõib-olla call "naturalloomulik happinessõnne."
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What are these termstingimustel?
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NaturalLooduslik happinessõnne is what we get when we get what we wanted,
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and syntheticsünteetiline happinessõnne is what we make when we don't get what we wanted.
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08:51
And in our societyühiskond, we have a strongtugev beliefveendumus
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that syntheticsünteetiline happinessõnne is of an inferiormadalama astme kindlaadi.
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Why do we have that beliefveendumus?
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08:59
Well, it's very simplelihtne. What kindlaadi of economicmajanduslik enginemootor
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would keep churningkloppimise
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if we believeduskusin that not gettingsaada what we want could make us just as happyõnnelik as gettingsaada it?
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With all apologiesvabandused to my friendsõber MatthieuMatthieu RicardRicard,
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a shoppingostmine mallkaubanduskeskus fulltäis of ZenZen monksmunkad
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is not going to be particularlyeriti profitablekasumlik
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because they don't want stuffasjad enoughpiisav.
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I want to suggestsoovitavad to you that syntheticsünteetiline happinessõnne
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is everyigaüks bitnatuke as realreaalne and enduringkestev
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as the kindlaadi of happinessõnne you stumblepahandab uponpärast
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when you get exactlytäpselt what you were aimingmille eesmärk on for.
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Now, I'm a scientistteadlane, so I'm going to do this not with rhetoricretoorika,
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but by marinatingmarineerimine you in a little bitnatuke of dataandmed.
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Let me first shownäidata you an experimentaleksperimentaalne paradigmparadigma that is used
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to demonstratenäidata the synthesissüntees of happinessõnne
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amongseas regularkorrapärane oldvana folksinimesed. And this isn't minemine.
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This is a 50-year-old-aasta vana paradigmparadigma calledkutsutud the "freetasuta choicevalik paradigmparadigma."
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It's very simplelihtne.
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You bringtuua in, say, sixkuus objectsobjektid,
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and you askküsi a subjectteema to rankauaste them from the mostkõige rohkem to the leastvähemalt likedmeeldis.
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In this casejuhtum, because the experimentkatse I'm going to tell you about useskasutab them,
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these are MonetMonet printsprindib.
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So, everybodykõik can rankauaste these MonetMonet printsprindib
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from the one they like the mostkõige rohkem, to the one they like the leastvähemalt.
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Now we give you a choicevalik:
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"We happenjuhtuda to have some extraLisa printsprindib in the closetkapp.
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We're going to give you one as your prizeauhind to take home.
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We happenjuhtuda to have numbernumber threekolm and numbernumber fourneli,"
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we tell the subjectteema. This is a bitnatuke of a difficultraske choicevalik,
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because neitherei one is preferredeelistatud stronglytugevalt to the other,
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but naturallyloomulikult, people tendkipuvad to pickkorjama numbernumber threekolm
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because they likedmeeldis it a little better than numbernumber fourneli.
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SometimeMillalgi laterhiljem -- it could be 15 minutesminutit; it could be 15 dayspäeva --
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the samesama stimulistiimulite are put before the subjectteema,
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and the subjectteema is askedküsisin to re-rankuuesti auaste the stimulistiimulite.
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"Tell us how much you like them now."
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What happensjuhtub? Watch as happinessõnne is synthesizedsünteesitud.
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This is the resulttulemus that has been replicatedpaljundatud over and over again.
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You're watchingvaadates happinessõnne be synthesizedsünteesitud.
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Would you like to see it again? HappinessÕnne!
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"The one I got is really better than I thought!
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That other one I didn't get sucksimeb!"
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(LaughterNaer) That's the synthesissüntees of happinessõnne.
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Now what's the right responsevastus to that? "Yeah, right!"
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Now, here'ssiin on the experimentkatse we did,
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and I would hopelootust this is going to convinceveenda you that
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"Yeah, right!" was not the right responsevastus.
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We did this experimentkatse with a groupGrupp of patientspatsiendid
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who had anterogradeanterograadset amnesiaamneesia. These are hospitalizedhaiglaravil patientspatsiendid.
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MostEnamik of them have Korsakoff'sKorsakoff's syndromesündroom,
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a polyneuriticpolyneuritic psychosispsühhoos that -- they drankjõi way too much,
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and they can't make newuus memoriesmälestused.
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OK? They remembermäleta theiroma childhoodlapsepõlves, but if you walkjalutuskäik in and introducetutvustama yourselfise,
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and then leavelahkuma the roomtuba,
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when you come back, they don't know who you are.
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We tookvõttis our MonetMonet printsprindib to the hospitalhaigla.
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And we askedküsisin these patientspatsiendid to rankauaste them
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from the one they likedmeeldis the mostkõige rohkem to the one they likedmeeldis the leastvähemalt.
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We then gaveandis them the choicevalik betweenvahel numbernumber threekolm and numbernumber fourneli.
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Like everybodykõik elsemuidu, they said,
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"GeeGee, thanksaitäh DocDoc! That's great! I could use a newuus printprintige.
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I'll take numbernumber threekolm."
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We explainedselgitatud we would have numbernumber threekolm mailedPostitatud to them.
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We gatheredkogutud up our materialsmaterjalid and we wentläksin out of the roomtuba,
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and countedloendatud to a halfpool hourtund.
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Back into the roomtuba, we say, "HiHei, we're back."
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The patientspatsiendid, blessõnnistagu them, say, "AhAh, DocDoc, I'm sorry,
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I've got a memorymälu problemprobleem; that's why I'm here.
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If I've metkohtusime you before, I don't remembermäleta."
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"Really, JimJim, you don't remembermäleta? I was just here with the MonetMonet printsprindib?"
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"Sorry, DocDoc, I just don't have a cluevihje."
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"No problemprobleem, JimJim. All I want you to do is rankauaste these for me
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from the one you like the mostkõige rohkem to the one you like the leastvähemalt."
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What do they do? Well, let's first checkKontrollima and make sure
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they're really amnesiacAmnesiac. We askküsi these
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amnesiacAmnesiac patientspatsiendid to tell us whichmis one they ownoma,
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whichmis one they chosevalisin last time, whichmis one is theirsise.
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And what we find is amnesiacAmnesiac patientspatsiendid just guessarvan.
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These are normalnormaalne controlskontrollid, where if I did this with you,
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all of you would know whichmis printprintige you chosevalisin.
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But if I do this with amnesiacAmnesiac patientspatsiendid,
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they don't have a cluevihje. They can't pickkorjama theiroma printprintige out of a lineupkoosseis.
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Here'sSiin on what normalnormaalne controlskontrollid do: they synthesizesünteesida happinessõnne.
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Right? This is the changemuutus in likingmaitse järgi scoreskoor,
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the changemuutus from the first time they rankedjärjestatud to the secondteine time they rankedjärjestatud.
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NormalNormaalne controlskontrollid shownäidata
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-- that was the magicmaagia I showednäitas you;
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now I'm showingnäidates it to you in graphicalgraafiline formvormis --
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"The one I ownoma is better than I thought. The one I didn't ownoma,
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the one I left behindtaga, is not as good as I thought."
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AmnesiacsAmnesiaCS do exactlytäpselt the samesama thing. Think about this resulttulemus.
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These people like better the one they ownoma,
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but they don't know they ownoma it.
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"Yeah, right" is not the right responsevastus!
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What these people did when they synthesizedsünteesitud happinessõnne
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is they really, trulytõesti changedmuudetud
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theiroma affectiveemotsionaalne, hedonichedoonilist, aestheticesteetiline reactionsreaktsioonid to that posterplakat.
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They're not just sayingöeldes it because they ownoma it,
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because they don't know they ownoma it.
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Now, when psychologistspsühholoogid shownäidata you barsbaarid,
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you know that they are showingnäidates you averageskeskmised väärtused of lots of people.
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And yetveel, all of us have this psychologicalpsühholoogiline immuneimmuunne systemsüsteem,
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this capacityvõimsus to synthesizesünteesida happinessõnne,
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but some of us do this tricktrikk better than othersteised.
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And some situationsolukordades allowlubama anybodykeegi to do it more effectivelytõhusalt
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than other situationsolukordades do.
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It turnspöördub out that freedomvabadus
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-- the abilityvõime to make up your mindmeeles and changemuutus your mindmeeles --
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is the friendsõber of naturalloomulik happinessõnne, because it allowslubab you to choosevali
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amongseas all those deliciousmaitsev futuresfutuurid and find the one that you would mostkõige rohkem enjoynaudi.
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But freedomvabadus to choosevali
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-- to changemuutus and make up your mindmeeles -- is the enemyvaenlane of syntheticsünteetiline happinessõnne.
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And I'm going to shownäidata you why.
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DilbertDilbert alreadyjuba knowsteab, of coursemuidugi.
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You're readinglugemine the cartooncartoon as I'm talkingräägime.
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"Dogbert'sDogbert's techtech supporttoetus. How mayvõib I abusekuritarvitamine you?"
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"My printerprinter printsprindib a blanktühi pageleht after everyigaüks documentdokument."
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"Why would you complainkaebama, kurtma about gettingsaada freetasuta paperpaber?"
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"FreeTasuta? Aren'tEi ole you just givingandes me my ownoma paperpaber?"
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"EgadEgad, man! Look at the qualitykvaliteet of the freetasuta paperpaber
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comparedvõrreldes to your lousykővasti regularkorrapärane paperpaber!
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Only a foolloll or a liarvaletaja would say that they look the samesama!"
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"AhAh! Now that you mentionmainima it, it does seemtundub a little silkiersilkier!"
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14:54
"What are you doing?"
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"I'm helpingaidates people acceptaktsepteerima the things they cannotei saa changemuutus." IndeedTõepoolest.
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The psychologicalpsühholoogiline immuneimmuunne systemsüsteem workstöötab bestparim
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when we are totallytäiesti stuckkinni, when we are trappedlõksus.
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This is the differencevahe betweenvahel datingdating and marriageabielu, right?
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I mean, you go out on a datekuupäev with a guy,
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and he pickshuvitavat his nosenina; you don't go out on anotherteine datekuupäev.
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You're marriedabielus to a guy and he pickshuvitavat his nosenina?
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Yeah, he has a heartsüda of goldkuld;
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don't touchpuudutage the fruitcakePuuviljakook. Right? (LaughterNaer)
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You find a way to be happyõnnelik with what's happenedjuhtus.
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Now what I want to shownäidata you is that
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people don't know this about themselvesise,
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and not knowingteades this can work to our supremekõrgeim disadvantagePuuduseks.
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Here'sSiin on an experimentkatse we did at HarvardHarvardi.
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We createdloodud a photographyfotograafia coursemuidugi, a black-and-whitemust ja valge photographyfotograafia coursemuidugi,
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and we allowedlubatud studentsõpilased to come in and learnõppida how to use a darkroompimikus.
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So we gaveandis them cameraskaamerad; they wentläksin around campusülikoolilinnak;
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they tookvõttis 12 picturespildid of theiroma favoritelemmik professorsprofessorid and theiroma dormÜhikas roomtuba and theiroma dogkoer,
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and all the other things they wanted to have HarvardHarvardi memoriesmälestused of.
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They bringtuua us the camerakaamera; we make up a contactkontakt sheetleht;
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they figurejoonis out whichmis are the two bestparim picturespildid;
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and we now spendkulutama sixkuus hourstundi teachingõpetamine them about darkroomsDarkrooms.
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And they blowlöök two of them up,
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and they have two gorgeousgorgeous eight-by-kaheksa-poolt-10 glossiesglossies of
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meaningfulmõttekas things to them, and we say,
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"WhichMis one would you like to give up?"
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They say, "I have to give one up?"
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"Oh, yes. We need one as evidencetõend of the classklassis projectprojekt.
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So you have to give me one. You have to make a choicevalik.
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You get to keep one, and I get to keep one."
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Now, there are two conditionstingimused in this experimentkatse.
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In one casejuhtum, the studentsõpilased are told, "But you know,
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if you want to changemuutus your mindmeeles, I'll always have the other one here,
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and in the nextjärgmine fourneli dayspäeva, before I actuallytegelikult mailposti teel it to headquarterspeakorter,
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I'll be gladhea meel to" -- (LaughterNaer) -- yeah, "headquarterspeakorter" --
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"I'll be gladhea meel to swapswap it out with you. In factfakt,
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I'll come to your dormÜhikas roomtuba and give
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-- just give me an emaile-post. Better yetveel, I'll checkKontrollima with you.
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You ever want to changemuutus your mindmeeles, it's totallytäiesti returnabletagastatavad."
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The other halfpool of the studentsõpilased are told exactlytäpselt the oppositevastupidi:
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"Make your choicevalik. And by the way,
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the mailposti teel is going out, goshgosh, in two minutesminutit, to EnglandInglismaa.
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Your picturepilt will be wingingwinging its way over the AtlanticAtlandi.
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You will never see it again."
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Now, halfpool of the studentsõpilased in eachiga of these conditionstingimused
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are askedküsisin to make predictionsEnnustused about how much
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they're going to come to like the picturepilt that they keep
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and the picturepilt they leavelahkuma behindtaga.
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Other studentsõpilased are just sentsaadeti back to theiroma little dormÜhikas roomstoad
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and they are measuredmõõdetud over the nextjärgmine threekolm to sixkuus dayspäeva
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on theiroma likingmaitse järgi, satisfactionrahulolu with the picturespildid.
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And look at what we find.
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First of all, here'ssiin on what studentsõpilased think is going to happenjuhtuda.
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They think they're going to maybe come to like the picturepilt they chosevalisin
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a little more than the one they left behindtaga,
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but these are not statisticallystatistiliselt significantmärkimisväärne differenceserinevused.
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It's a very smallväike increasesuurendama, and it doesn't much matterasi
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whetherkas they were in the reversiblepöörduv or irreversiblepöördumatu conditionseisund.
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Wrong-oVale-o. BadPaha simulatorssimulaatorid. Because here'ssiin on what's really happeningjuhtub.
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BothMõlemad right before the swapswap and fiveviis dayspäeva laterhiljem,
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people who are stuckkinni with that picturepilt,
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who have no choicevalik,
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who can never changemuutus theiroma mindmeeles, like it a lot!
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And people who are deliberatingeelnõusid -- "Should I returntagasi it?
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Have I gottensaanud the right one? Maybe this isn't the good one?
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Maybe I left the good one?" -- have killedtapeti themselvesise.
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They don't like theiroma picturepilt, and in factfakt
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even after the opportunityvõimalus to swapswap has expiredaegunud,
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they still don't like theiroma picturepilt. Why?
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Because the reversiblepöörduv conditionseisund is not conducivesoodustav
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to the synthesissüntees of happinessõnne.
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So here'ssiin on the finallõplik piecetükk of this experimentkatse.
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We bringtuua in a wholeterve newuus groupGrupp of naivenaiivne HarvardHarvardi studentsõpilased
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and we say, "You know, we're doing a photographyfotograafia coursemuidugi,
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and we can do it one of two waysviisid.
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We could do it so that when you take the two picturespildid,
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you'dsa tahad have fourneli dayspäeva to changemuutus your mindmeeles,
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or we're doing anotherteine coursemuidugi where you take the two picturespildid
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and you make up your mindmeeles right away
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and you can never changemuutus it. WhichMis coursemuidugi would you like to be in?"
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DuhDuh! 66 percentprotsenti of the studentsõpilased, two-thirdskaks kolmandikku,
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prefereelistavad to be in the coursemuidugi where they have the opportunityvõimalus to changemuutus theiroma mindmeeles.
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HelloTere? 66 percentprotsenti of the studentsõpilased choosevali to be in the coursemuidugi in whichmis they will
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ultimatelylõpuks be deeplysügavalt dissatisfiedrahulolematu with the picturepilt.
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Because they do not know the conditionstingimused underalla whichmis syntheticsünteetiline happinessõnne growskasvab.
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The BardBard said everything bestparim, of coursemuidugi, and he's makingtegemine my pointpunkt here
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but he's makingtegemine it hyperbolicallyhyperbolically:
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"'Tis"Tis nothing good or badhalb / But thinkingmõtlesin makesteeb it so."
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It's nicekena poetryluule, but that can't exactlytäpselt be right.
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Is there really nothing good or badhalb?
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Is it really the casejuhtum that gallSapp bladderpõie surgerykirurgia and a tripreisi to ParisPariis
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are just the samesama thing? That seemstundub like a one-questionüks küsimus IQIQ testtest.
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They can't be exactlytäpselt the samesama.
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19:25
In more turgidmahlakad proseproosa, but closerlähemale to the truthtõde,
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19:28
was the fatherisa of modernkaasaegne capitalismkapitalism, AdamAdam SmithSmith, and he said this.
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19:31
This is worthväärt contemplatingkaalub:
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19:33
"The great sourceallikas of bothmõlemad the miseryviletsus and disordershäired of humaninimene life
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19:37
seemstundub to arisetekkida from overratingoverrating the differencevahe
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19:40
betweenvahel one permanentalaline situationolukord and anotherteine ...
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19:43
Some of these situationsolukordades mayvõib, no doubtkahtlust, deserveväärima to be preferredeelistatud to othersteised,
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19:48
but nonepole ühtegi of them can deserveväärima to be pursuedjätkata
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19:54
with that passionatekirglik ardorvaimustus whichmis drivesajamid us to violaterikkuda the rulesreeglid
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19:58
eitherkas of prudencekonservatiivsuse or of justiceõiglus, or to corruptkorrumpeerunud the futuretulevik tranquilityvaikus of our mindsmeeled,
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20:03
eitherkas by shamehäbi from the remembranceajalooline mälu of our ownoma follyrumalus,
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20:07
or by remorsekahetsus for the horrorõudus of our ownoma injusticeebaõiglus."
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20:11
In other wordssõnad: yes, some things are better than othersteised.
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20:16
We should have preferenceseelistused that leadjuhtima us into one futuretulevik over anotherteine.
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20:21
But when those preferenceseelistused drivesõita us too hardraske and too fastkiire
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20:25
because we have overratedkõrgemalt hinnatud the differencevahe betweenvahel these futuresfutuurid,
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20:29
we are at riskrisk.
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20:32
When our ambitionambitsioon is boundedmis on piiratud, it leadsjuhib us to work joyfullyrõõmsalt.
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20:35
When our ambitionambitsioon is unboundedpiiranguteta, it leadsjuhib us to lievaleta, to cheatpetma, to stealvarastada, to hurthaiget othersteised,
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20:41
to sacrificeohverdama things of realreaalne valueväärtus. When our fearshirmud are boundedmis on piiratud,
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20:45
we're prudentkaalutletud; we're cautiousettevaatlik; we're thoughtfulmõtlik.
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20:49
When our fearshirmud are unboundedpiiranguteta and overblownYlikukkinut,
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20:52
we're recklesshoolimatu, and we're cowardlyarg.
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20:55
The lessonõppetund I want to leavelahkuma you with from these dataandmed
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20:58
is that our longingsigatsus and our worriesmured are bothmõlemad to some degreekraad overblownYlikukkinut,
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21:03
because we have withinjooksul us the capacityvõimsus to manufacturetootmine the very commoditykaup
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21:09
we are constantlypidevalt chasingröövimine when we choosevali experiencekogemus.
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21:13
Thank you.
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Gilbert - Psychologist; happiness expert
Harvard psychologist Dan Gilbert says our beliefs about what will make us happy are often wrong -- a premise he supports with intriguing research, and explains in his accessible and unexpectedly funny book, Stumbling on Happiness.

Why you should listen

Dan Gilbert believes that, in our ardent, lifelong pursuit of happiness, most of us have the wrong map. In the same way that optical illusions fool our eyes -- and fool everyone's eyes in the same way -- Gilbert argues that our brains systematically misjudge what will make us happy. And these quirks in our cognition make humans very poor predictors of our own bliss.

The premise of his current research -- that our assumptions about what will make us happy are often wrong -- is supported with clinical research drawn from psychology and neuroscience. But his delivery is what sets him apart. His engaging -- and often hilarious -- style pokes fun at typical human behavior and invokes pop-culture references everyone can relate to. This winning style translates also to Gilbert's writing, which is lucid, approachable and laugh-out-loud funny. The immensely readable Stumbling on Happiness, published in 2006, became a New York Times bestseller and has been translated into 20 languages.

In fact, the title of his book could be drawn from his own life. At 19, he was a high school dropout with dreams of writing science fiction. When a creative writing class at his community college was full, he enrolled in the only available course: psychology. He found his passion there, earned a doctorate in social psychology in 1985 at Princeton, and has since won a Guggenheim Fellowship and the Phi Beta Kappa teaching prize for his work at Harvard. He has written essays and articles for The New York Times, Time and even Starbucks, while continuing his research into happiness at his Hedonic Psychology Laboratory.

More profile about the speaker
Dan Gilbert | Speaker | TED.com