TEDGlobal 2013
Chrystia Freeland: The rise of the new global super-rich
Chrystia Freeland: Uspon novih globalnih superbogatih
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Tehnologija napreduje zapanjujućom brzinom -- a sa njom i ekonomska nejednakost, kaže spisateljica Chrystia Freeland. U strastvenom govoru, opisuje uspon nove klase plutokrata (koji su izvanredno moćni stoga što su izvanredno bogati), te sugerira kako globalizacija i nove tehnologije zapravo potiču, a ne smanjuju, globalni raskorak u dohotku. Freeland iznosi tri problema plutokracije ... te jedan tračak nade.
Chrystia Freeland - Plutocracy chronicler
In "Plutocrats," Chrystia Freeland explores the growing gap between the working poor and the increasingly disconnected mega-rich. Full bio
In "Plutocrats," Chrystia Freeland explores the growing gap between the working poor and the increasingly disconnected mega-rich. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Evo najvažnije ekonomske činjenice
našeg vremena.
našeg vremena.
00:12
So here's the most important economic fact of our time.
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00:17
We are living in an age of surging income inequality,
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Živimo u dobu
rastućih razlika u dohotku,
rastućih razlika u dohotku,
00:21
particularly between those at the very top
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posebno između onih na samom vrhu
00:24
and everyone else.
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i svih ostalih.
00:26
This shift is the most striking in the U.S. and in the U.K.,
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Ova promjena je najupečatljivija
u SAD i Ujedinjenom kraljevstvu
u SAD i Ujedinjenom kraljevstvu
00:30
but it's a global phenomenon.
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ali to je globalni fenomen.
00:32
It's happening in communist China,
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To se događa u komunističkoj Kini,
00:35
in formerly communist Russia,
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u bivšoj komunističkoj Rusiji,
00:36
it's happening in India, in my own native Canada.
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To se događa u Indiji i u mojoj rodnoj Kanadi.
00:40
We're even seeing it in cozy social democracies
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To vidimo čak i u udobnim
socijalnim demokracijama
socijalnim demokracijama
00:43
like Sweden, Finland and Germany.
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kao što su Švedska,
Finska i Njemačka.
Finska i Njemačka.
00:46
Let me give you a few numbers to place what's happening.
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Dajte da vam sa nekoliko brojeva
predočim što se događa.
predočim što se događa.
00:50
In the 1970s, the One Percent
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U 1970-ima je udio
"Jednog postotka"
"Jednog postotka"
00:53
accounted for about 10 percent of the national income
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iznosio oko 10% nacionalnog dohotka
00:57
in the United States.
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u SAD.
00:59
Today, their share has more than doubled
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Danas je njihov udio
više nego udvostručen,
više nego udvostručen,
01:02
to above 20 percent.
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do iznad 20%.
01:05
But what's even more striking
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Još upečatljivije je
01:07
is what's happening at the very tippy top
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šta se događaa na samom vrhu
01:10
of the income distribution.
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raspodjele prihoda.
01:12
The 0.1 percent in the U.S.
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0,1% u SAD
01:15
today account for more than eight percent
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danas ima udio viši od 8%
01:18
of the national income.
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nacionalnog dohotka.
01:20
They are where the One Percent was 30 years ago.
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Oni su tamo gde je "Jedan posto"
bio prije 30 godina.
bio prije 30 godina.
01:24
Let me give you another number to put that in perspective,
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Dajte da dodam
još jedan broj u tu sliku,
još jedan broj u tu sliku,
01:27
and this is a figure that was calculated in 2005
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broj koji je izračunao 2005.
01:31
by Robert Reich,
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Robert Reich,
01:32
the Secretary of Labor in the Clinton administration.
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ministar za rad
u Clintonovoj administraciji.
u Clintonovoj administraciji.
01:35
Reich took the wealth of two admittedly very rich men,
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Reich je uzeo bogatstvo dvije
vrlo bogate osobe,
vrlo bogate osobe,
01:40
Bill Gates and Warren Buffett,
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Billa Gatesa i Warrena Buffetta,
01:43
and he found that it was equivalent to the wealth
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te je otkrio kako je
bilo ekvivalentno bogatstvu
bilo ekvivalentno bogatstvu
01:46
of the bottom 40 percent of the U.S. population,
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donjih 40% populacije SAD,
01:51
120 million people.
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120 milijuna ljudi.
01:53
Now, as it happens,
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Sad, kako to biva,
01:56
Warren Buffett is not only himself a plutocrat,
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Warren Buffett nije samo plutokrat,
01:59
he is one of the most astute observers of that phenomenon,
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već je i jedan od najoštroumnijih
promatrača tog fenomena,
promatrača tog fenomena,
02:02
and he has his own favorite number.
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i ima svoj omiljen broj.
02:06
Buffett likes to point out that in 1992,
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Buffett voli istaknuti
kako je u 1992.
kako je u 1992.
02:10
the combined wealth of the people
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kombinirano bogatstvo ljudi
02:12
on the Forbes 400 list --
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na listi Forbesovih 400,
02:14
and this is the list of the 400 richest Americans --
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a to je popis 400
najbogatijih Amerikanaca,
najbogatijih Amerikanaca,
02:17
was 300 billion dollars.
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bilo 300 milijardi dolara.
02:20
Just think about it.
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Samo porazmislite o tome.
02:21
You didn't even need to be a billionaire
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Nisi čak morao biti ni milijarder
02:23
to get on that list in 1992.
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da bi se našao na tom popisu 1992.
02:26
Well, today, that figure has more than quintupled
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Danas se ta brojka
više nego upeterostručila
više nego upeterostručila
02:30
to 1.7 trillion,
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do 1,7 bilijuna,
02:33
and I probably don't need to tell you
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i vjerojvatno vam ne moram reći
02:36
that we haven't seen anything similar happen
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da nismo vidjeli ništa
slično kako se događa
slično kako se događa
02:38
to the middle class,
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srednjoj klasi
02:39
whose wealth has stagnated if not actually decreased.
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čije bogatstvo je stagniralo
ako se zapravo nije čak i smanjilo.
ako se zapravo nije čak i smanjilo.
02:44
So we're living in the age of the global plutocracy,
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Dakle, živimo u doba
globalne plutokracije
globalne plutokracije
02:48
but we've been slow to notice it.
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ali smo bili prespori
da to primijetimo.
da to primijetimo.
02:50
One of the reasons, I think,
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Mislim kako je jedan od razloga
02:52
is a sort of boiled frog phenomenon.
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neki oblik fenomena kuhane žabe.
02:55
Changes which are slow and gradual
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Promjene koje su spore i postupne
02:57
can be hard to notice
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mogu biti teško uočljive
02:59
even if their ultimate impact is quite dramatic.
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čak i kad im je
krajnji utjecaj skroz dramatičan.
krajnji utjecaj skroz dramatičan.
03:02
Think about what happened, after all, to the poor frog.
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Razmislite što se,
na kraju, dogodilo jadnoj žabi.
na kraju, dogodilo jadnoj žabi.
03:05
But I think there's something else going on.
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Ali mislim kako se
događa nešto drugo.
događa nešto drugo.
03:08
Talking about income inequality,
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Razgovor o nejednakosti dohotka,
03:10
even if you're not on the Forbes 400 list,
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čak i ako niste na popisu Forbesovih 400,
03:13
can make us feel uncomfortable.
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može nam izazvati neugodan osjećaj.
03:15
It feels less positive, less optimistic,
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Deluje manje pozitivno,
manje optimistično,
manje optimistično,
03:18
to talk about how the pie is sliced
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pričati kako se kolač dijeli
03:21
than to think about how to make the pie bigger.
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od razmišljanja kako učiniti kolač većim.
03:24
And if you do happen to be on the Forbes 400 list,
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A ako se slučajno nalazite
na listi Forbesovih 400,
na listi Forbesovih 400,
03:26
talking about income distribution,
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razgovor o raspodjeli dohotka
03:29
and inevitably its cousin, income redistribution,
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i neizbježno o njezinoj rođakinji,
preraspodjeli dohotka
preraspodjeli dohotka
03:33
can be downright threatening.
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može biti jednostavno prijeteći.
03:35
So we're living in the age of surging income inequality,
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Dakle, živimo u doba
sve većih nejednakosti dohotka,
sve većih nejednakosti dohotka,
03:40
especially at the top.
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posebno na vrhu.
03:42
What's driving it, and what can we do about it?
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Što pokreće ovo i
što možemo napraviti oko toga?
što možemo napraviti oko toga?
03:45
One set of causes is political:
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Jedan skup uzroka je politički:
03:49
lower taxes, deregulation, particularly of financial services,
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niži porezi, deregulacija,
posebno financijskih usluga,
posebno financijskih usluga,
03:55
privatization, weaker legal protections for trade unions,
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privatizacija,
slabija sindikalna pravna zaštita,
slabija sindikalna pravna zaštita,
04:00
all of these have contributed
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sve to je doprinijelo
04:02
to more and more income going to the very, very top.
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da sve više i više dohotka
odlazi u sam vrh vrha.
odlazi u sam vrh vrha.
04:06
A lot of these political factors can be broadly lumped
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Velik broj tih političkih faktora
se ugrubo može svrstati
se ugrubo može svrstati
04:10
under the category of "crony capitalism,"
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pod kategoriju
"rodijačkog kapitalizma,"
"rodijačkog kapitalizma,"
04:13
political changes that benefit a group
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političkih promjena koje koriste grupi
04:15
of well-connected insiders
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dobro povezanih unutarnjih igrača,
04:17
but don't actually do much good for the rest of us.
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ali nama ostalima
zapravo ne donosi neko dobro.
zapravo ne donosi neko dobro.
04:21
In practice, getting rid of crony capitalism
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U praksi je riješiti se
rodijačkog kapitalizma
rodijačkog kapitalizma
04:24
is incredibly difficult.
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nevjerojatno teško.
04:26
Think of all the years reformers of various stripes
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Sjetite se svih godina
u kojima su reformatori različitih fela
u kojima su reformatori različitih fela
04:30
have tried to get rid of corruption in Russia, for instance,
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pokušavali zaustaviti
korupciju u Rusiji, primjerice,
korupciju u Rusiji, primjerice,
04:33
or how hard it is to re-regulate the banks
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ili koliko je teško re-regulirati banke
04:36
even after the most profound financial crisis
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čak i poslije najdubljih
financijskih kriza
financijskih kriza
04:40
since the Great Depression,
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od Velike gospodarske krize
04:41
or even how difficult it is to get the big multinational companies,
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ili kako je teško dobiti
velike multinacionalne kompanije
velike multinacionalne kompanije
04:46
including those whose motto might be "don't do evil,"
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uključujući i one
čiji bi moto mogao biti "ne čini zlo,"
čiji bi moto mogao biti "ne čini zlo,"
04:50
to pay taxes at a rate even approaching that
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da plate porez po stopi
čak i približnoj onoj
čak i približnoj onoj
04:53
paid by the middle class.
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koju plaća srednja klasa.
04:55
But while getting rid of crony capitalism in practice
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Ali dok je u praksi
zbilja vrlo teško riješiti se
zbilja vrlo teško riješiti se
04:58
is really, really hard,
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rodijačkog kapitalizma,
05:00
at least intellectually, it's an easy problem.
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barem intelektualno, to je lagan problem.
05:03
After all, no one is actually in favor of crony capitalism.
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U krajnjoj liniji, nitko
zapravo i nije za rodijački kapitalizam.
zapravo i nije za rodijački kapitalizam.
05:09
Indeed, this is one of those rare issues
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Zapravo, to je jedna od rijetkih tema
05:11
that unites the left and the right.
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koje ujedinjuju ljevicu i desnicu.
05:15
A critique of crony capitalism is as central
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Kritika rodijačkog kapitalizma
je jednako centralna
je jednako centralna
05:17
to the Tea Party as it is to Occupy Wall Street.
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kako pokretu Tea Party
tako i pokretu Okupirajmo Wall Street.
tako i pokretu Okupirajmo Wall Street.
05:22
But if crony capitalism is, intellectually at least,
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Ali ako je rodijački kapitalizam,
barem intelektualno,
barem intelektualno,
05:26
the easy part of the problem,
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lagan dio problema,
05:28
things get trickier when you look at the economic drivers
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stvari postaju varljivije
kad pogledate ekonomske pokretače
kad pogledate ekonomske pokretače
05:31
of surging income inequality.
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sve većih razlika u dohotku.
05:34
In and of themselves, these aren't too mysterious.
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Sami po sebi oni nisu
previše tajnoviti.
previše tajnoviti.
05:38
Globalization and the technology revolution,
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Globalizacija i tehnološka revolucija,
05:41
the twin economic transformations
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sparene gospodarske transformacije
05:44
which are changing our lives
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koje mijenjaju naše živote
05:45
and transforming the global economy,
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i transformiraju globalno gospodarstvo,
05:47
are also powering the rise of the super-rich.
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također pokreću i uspon superbogatih.
05:51
Just think about it.
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Samo razmislite o tome.
05:52
For the first time in history,
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Prvi put u povijesti,
05:54
if you are an energetic entrepreneur
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ako ste energičan poduzetnik
05:57
with a brilliant new idea
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s briljantnom novom idejom
05:59
or a fantastic new product,
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ili fantastičnim novim proizvodom,
06:01
you have almost instant, almost frictionless access
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imate skoro trenutni,
neometani pristup
neometani pristup
06:05
to a global market of more than a billion people.
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do svjetskog tržišta
sa više od milijardu ljudi.
sa više od milijardu ljudi.
06:09
As a result, if you are very, very smart
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Kao rezultat, ako ste jako jako pametni
06:13
and very, very lucky,
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i jako jako sretni,
06:14
you can get very, very rich
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možete postati jako jako bogat.
06:17
very, very quickly.
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jako jako brzo.
06:20
The latest poster boy for this phenomenon
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Najnoviji primjer
za ovaj fenomen
za ovaj fenomen
06:23
is David Karp.
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je David Karp.
06:25
The 26-year-old founder of Tumblr
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26-godišnji osnivač Tumblr-a
06:28
recently sold his company to Yahoo
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nedavno je prodao
svoju kompaniju Yahoo-u
svoju kompaniju Yahoo-u
06:30
for 1.1 billion dollars.
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za 1,1 milijardi dolara.
06:33
Think about that for a minute:
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Razmislite o tome na trenutak:
06:35
1.1 billion dollars, 26 years old.
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1,1 milijardi dolara, 26 godina.
06:39
It's easiest to see how the technology revolution
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Najbolje se vidi
kako tehnološka revolucija
kako tehnološka revolucija
06:43
and globalization are creating this sort of superstar effect
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i globalizacija
stvaraju taj neki učinak superzvijezde
stvaraju taj neki učinak superzvijezde
06:46
in highly visible fields,
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u jako vidljivim područjima,
06:48
like sports and entertainment.
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kao što su sport i zabava.
06:51
We can all watch how a fantastic athlete
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Svi možemo vidjeti kako sjajan atleta
06:54
or a fantastic performer can today leverage his or her skills
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ili sjajan izvođač može danas opružiti
svoje vještine
svoje vještine
06:58
across the global economy as never before.
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preko globalnog gospodarstva
kao nikad ranije.
kao nikad ranije.
07:02
But today, that superstar effect
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Međutim, danas se učinak superzvijezde
07:04
is happening across the entire economy.
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događa u cijelom gospodarstvu.
07:07
We have superstar technologists.
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Imamo superzvijezde tehnologe,
07:09
We have superstar bankers.
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imamo superzvijezde bankare,
07:11
We have superstar lawyers and superstar architects.
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imamo superzvijezde odvjetnike
i superzvijezde arhitekte.
i superzvijezde arhitekte.
07:14
There are superstar cooks
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Postoje superzvijezde kuhari
07:16
and superstar farmers.
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i superzvijezde seljaci.
07:17
There are even, and this is my personal favorite example,
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Postoje čak, a ovo je meni osobno najdržai primjer,
07:20
superstar dentists,
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superzvijezde zubari,
07:22
the most dazzling exemplar of whom
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od kojih je najblistaviji primjer
07:24
is Bernard Touati, the Frenchman who ministers
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Bernard Touati,
Francuz koji se brine
Francuz koji se brine
07:27
to the smiles of fellow superstars
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za osmijehe kolega superzvijezda
07:30
like Russian oligarch Roman Abramovich
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poput ruskog oligarha
Romana Abramoviča
Romana Abramoviča
07:32
or European-born American fashion designer
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ili, u Europi rođenu,
američku modnu dizajnericu
američku modnu dizajnericu
07:35
Diane von Furstenberg.
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Dianu von Furstenberg.
07:37
But while it's pretty easy to see how globalization
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Ali dok je lako vidjeti kako globalizacija
07:40
and the technology revolution
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i tehnološka revolucija
07:42
are creating this global plutocracy,
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stvaraju ove globalnu plutokraciju,
07:45
what's a lot harder is figuring out what to think about it.
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puno je teže zauzeti svoj stav o tome.
07:49
And that's because,
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A to je zato
07:51
in contrast with crony capitalism,
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što za razliku od
rodijačkog kapitalizma,
rodijačkog kapitalizma,
07:53
so much of what globalization and the technology revolution
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puno je toga što su
globalizacija i tehnološka revolucija
globalizacija i tehnološka revolucija
07:57
have done is highly positive.
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napravile vrlo pozitivno.
07:59
Let's start with technology.
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Krenimo od tehnologije.
08:01
I love the Internet. I love my mobile devices.
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Volim Internet.
Volim svoje mobilne uređaje.
Volim svoje mobilne uređaje.
08:05
I love the fact that they mean that
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Volim činjenicu što to znači
08:06
whoever chooses to will be able to watch this talk
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da tko god želi
može gledati ovaj govor,
može gledati ovaj govor,
08:10
far beyond this auditorium.
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daleko izvan ove dvorane.
08:12
I'm even more of a fan of globalization.
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Još sam veća obožavateljica
globalizacije.
globalizacije.
08:15
This is the transformation
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Ovo je transformacija
08:17
which has lifted hundreds of millions
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koja je podigla stotine milijuna
08:20
of the world's poorest people out of poverty
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najsiromašnijih ljudi na svijetu
iz neimaštine
iz neimaštine
08:23
and into the middle class,
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u srednju klasu,
08:24
and if you happen to live in the rich part of the world,
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a ako ste slučajno živjeli
u bogatom dijelu svijeta
u bogatom dijelu svijeta
08:27
it's made many new products affordable --
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brojni novi proizvodi
su vam postali pristupačni --
su vam postali pristupačni --
08:31
who do you think built your iPhone? —
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što mislite tko je napravio ovaj iPhone? —
08:33
and things that we've relied on for a long time much cheaper.
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i stvari na koje smo se dugo oslanjali
su pojeftinile.
su pojeftinile.
08:37
Think of your dishwasher or your t-shirt.
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Pomislite na vaš aparat za pranje suđa
ili na vašu majicu.
ili na vašu majicu.
08:40
So what's not to like?
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Dakle što ne valja?
08:42
Well, a few things.
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Pa, nekoliko stvari.
08:44
One of the things that worries me
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Jedna od stvari koje me brinu
08:46
is how easily what you might call meritocratic plutocracy
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je kako lako može
tzv. meritokratska plutokracija
tzv. meritokratska plutokracija
08:50
can become crony plutocracy.
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postati rodijačka plutokracija.
08:53
Imagine you're a brilliant entrepreneur
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Zamislite da ste sjajan poduzetnik
08:56
who has successfully sold that idea or that product
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koji je uspješno prodao
ideju ili proizvod
ideju ili proizvod
08:59
to the global billions
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globalnim milijardama
09:00
and become a billionaire in the process.
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i usput postao milijarder.
09:03
It gets tempting at that point
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U tom trenutku postaje primamljivo
09:05
to use your economic nous
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koristiti svoj ekonomski razum
09:08
to manipulate the rules of the global political economy
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za manipulaciju pravila
globalne političke ekonomije
globalne političke ekonomije
09:13
in your own favor.
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u vlastitu korist.
09:15
And that's no mere hypothetical example.
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To nije samo hipotetski primjer.
09:17
Think about Amazon, Apple, Google, Starbucks.
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Pomislite na Amazon,
Apple, Google, Starbucks.
Apple, Google, Starbucks.
09:22
These are among the world's most admired,
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To su neke od najuglednijih,
09:24
most beloved, most innovative companies.
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omiljenih, najinovativnijih
kompanija na svijtu.
kompanija na svijtu.
09:27
They also happen to be particularly adept
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Takođe su izuzetno vješte
09:29
at working the international tax system
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u korištenju
međunarodnog poreznog sustava
međunarodnog poreznog sustava
09:32
so as to lower their tax bill very, very significantly.
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kako bi vrlo vrlo značajno
smanjili svoje poreze.
smanjili svoje poreze.
09:36
And why stop at just playing the global political
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A zašto stati samo na
korištenju globalnog političkog
korištenju globalnog političkog
09:41
and economic system as it exists
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i ekonomskog sustava kakav postoji
09:43
to your own maximum advantage?
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u vašu vlastitu maksimalnu korist?
09:45
Once you have the tremendous economic power
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Jednom kada imate
ogromnu ekonomsku moć,
ogromnu ekonomsku moć,
09:49
that we're seeing at the very, very top of the income distribution
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koju vidimo na samom vrhu
raspodjele dohotka,
raspodjele dohotka,
09:52
and the political power that inevitably entails,
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i političku moć koja s
njom neizbježno dolazi,
njom neizbježno dolazi,
09:55
it becomes tempting as well
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postaje također primamljivo
09:58
to start trying to change the rules of the game
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početi pokušavati
mijenjati pravila igre
mijenjati pravila igre
10:02
in your own favor.
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u vašu vlastitu korist.
10:04
Again, this is no mere hypothetical.
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I ponovo, ovo nije samo hipotetski.
10:06
It's what the Russian oligarchs did
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Tako su radili ruski oligarsi
10:08
in creating the sale-of-the-century privatization
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stvarajući prodaju stoljeća
u obliku privatizacije
u obliku privatizacije
10:12
of Russia's natural resources.
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prirodnih dobara Rusije.
10:14
It's one way of describing what happened
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1774
To je također način
za opisati što se dogodilo
za opisati što se dogodilo
10:15
with deregulation of the financial services
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sa deregulacijom financijskih usluga
10:17
in the U.S. and the U.K.
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u SAD i UK.
10:20
A second thing that worries me
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Druga stvar koja me brine
10:22
is how easily meritocratic plutocracy
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je kako lako meritokratska plutokracija
10:24
can become aristocracy.
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može postati aristokracija.
10:27
One way of describing the plutocrats
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2075
Jedan od načina kako opisati plutokrate
10:29
is as alpha geeks,
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je kao alfa geekove,
10:31
and they are people who are acutely aware
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a oni su ljudi koji su jako svjesni
10:33
of how important highly sophisticated
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koliko su važne visoko razvijene
10:36
analytical and quantitative skills are in today's economy.
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analitičke i kvantitativne vještine
u današnjoj ekonomiji.
u današnjoj ekonomiji.
10:40
That's why they are spending
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To je zašto troše
10:42
unprecedented time and resources
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neviđeno vrijeme i dobra
10:45
educating their own children.
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obrazujući si djecu.
10:47
The middle class is spending more on schooling too,
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Srednja klasa također
troši više na školovanje,
troši više na školovanje,
10:50
but in the global educational arms race
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ali u globalnom obrazovnom nadmetanju
10:53
that starts at nursery school
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koja počinje u vrtiću
10:54
and ends at Harvard, Stanford or MIT,
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a završava na Harvardu,
Stanfordu ili MIT-u,
Stanfordu ili MIT-u,
10:58
the 99 percent is increasingly outgunned
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99 posto je sve više nadjačano
11:02
by the One Percent.
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od strane 1 posto.
11:03
The result is something that economists Alan Krueger
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Rezultat je nešto što
ekonomisti Alen Krueger
ekonomisti Alen Krueger
11:06
and Miles Corak call the Great Gatsby Curve.
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i Miles Corak nazivaju
"Krivuljom Velikog Gatsbyja".
"Krivuljom Velikog Gatsbyja".
11:10
As income inequality increases,
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Ako se nejednakost u dohotku povećava,
11:12
social mobility decreases.
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društvena se pokretljivost smanjuje.
11:15
The plutocracy may be a meritocracy,
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Plutokracija može biti meritokracija,
11:18
but increasingly you have to be born
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ali sve više morate biti rođeni
11:20
on the top rung of the ladder to even take part in that race.
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na gornjoj prečki letvici ljestava
da bi uopće sudjelovali u toj utrci.
da bi uopće sudjelovali u toj utrci.
11:25
The third thing, and this is what worries me the most,
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Treća stvar, a ta me brine najviše,
11:28
is the extent to which those same largely positive forces
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je u kojoj mjeri te iste,
većinom pozitivne snage
većinom pozitivne snage
11:32
which are driving the rise of the global plutocracy
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koje dovode do rasta
globalne plutokracije,
globalne plutokracije,
11:36
also happen to be hollowing out the middle class
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istovremeno osiromašuju srednju klasu
11:39
in Western industrialized economies.
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u zapadnim industrijaliziranim
gospodarstvima.
gospodarstvima.
11:42
Let's start with technology.
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Počnimo sa tehnologijom.
11:44
Those same forces that are creating billionaires
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Iste snage koje stvaraju milijardere
11:47
are also devouring many traditional middle-class jobs.
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uništavaju brojne tradicionalne poslove
srednje klase.
srednje klase.
11:51
When's the last time you used a travel agent?
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Kada ste zadnji put koristili
turističkog agenta?
turističkog agenta?
11:54
And in contrast with the industrial revolution,
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Za razliku od industrijske revolucije
11:57
the titans of our new economy
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velikani naše nove ekonomije
11:59
aren't creating that many new jobs.
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ne stvaraju baš puno novih poslova.
12:02
At its zenith, G.M. employed hundreds of thousands,
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Na svom vrhuncu G.M.
je zapošljavao stotine tisuća,
je zapošljavao stotine tisuća,
12:06
Facebook fewer than 10,000.
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Facebook zapošljava manje od 10.000.
12:09
The same is true of globalization.
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Isto vrijedi i za globalizaciju.
12:12
For all that it is raising hundreds of millions of people
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Sve to što je izvuklo
stotine milijuna ljudi
stotine milijuna ljudi
12:15
out of poverty in the emerging markets,
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iz siromaštva na novim tržištima,
12:17
it's also outsourcing a lot of jobs
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takođe je izmjestilo
brojne poslove
brojne poslove
12:20
from the developed Western economies.
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iz razvijenih zapadnih gospodarstava.
12:22
The terrifying reality is
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Zastrašujuća stvarnost je
12:25
that there is no economic rule
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kako ne postoji ekonomsko pravilo
12:27
which automatically translates
256
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koje bi automatski prevelo
12:30
increased economic growth
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povećanje gospodarskog rasta
12:32
into widely shared prosperity.
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2310
u opće blagostanje.
12:34
That's shown in what I consider to be
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To se vidi u onome za što smatram kako je
12:37
the most scary economic statistic of our time.
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najstrašnija ekonomska statistika
našeg vremena.
našeg vremena.
12:41
Since the late 1990s, increases in productivity
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Od kasnih 1990-ih,
povećanje produktivnosti
povećanje produktivnosti
12:45
have been decoupled from increases
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je bilo odvojeno od povećanja
12:48
in wages and employment.
263
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1934
u plaćama i zaposlenosti.
12:49
That means that our countries are getting richer,
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2944
To znači da su naše zemlje sve bogatije,
12:52
our companies are getting more efficient,
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2624
naša poduzeća su sve učinkovitija,
12:55
but we're not creating more jobs
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1941
ali ne stvaramo više poslova
12:57
and we're not paying people, as a whole, more.
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i općenito ne plaćamo ljudima više.
13:01
One scary conclusion you could draw from all of this
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4209
Jedan od strašnih zaključaka
koji biste mogli iz ovoga izvući
koji biste mogli iz ovoga izvući
13:05
is to worry about structural unemployment.
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3711
je zabrinutost
o strukturnoj nezaposlenosti.
o strukturnoj nezaposlenosti.
13:09
What worries me more is a different nightmare scenario.
270
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Još više me brine
drugačiji scenarij iz noćne more.
drugačiji scenarij iz noćne more.
13:13
After all, in a totally free labor market,
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Na kraju,
na posve slobodnom tržištu rada
na posve slobodnom tržištu rada
13:15
we could find jobs for pretty much everyone.
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možemo naći posao
za gotovo svakoga.
za gotovo svakoga.
13:18
The dystopia that worries me
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2028
Distopija koja me brine
13:20
is a universe in which a few geniuses
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je svemir u kojem nekoliko genija
13:24
invent Google and its ilk
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izume Google i slične stvari
13:26
and the rest of us are employed giving them massages.
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a mi ostali smo zaposleni tako
što ih masiramo.
što ih masiramo.
13:31
So when I get really depressed about all of this,
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Kada sam zbog svega toga depresivna
13:34
I comfort myself in thinking about the Industrial Revolution.
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tješim se razmišljajući
o industrijskoj revoluciji.
o industrijskoj revoluciji.
13:38
After all, for all its grim, satanic mills,
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3895
Na kraju, i uz sve svoje
mračne, sotonske žrvnje
mračne, sotonske žrvnje
13:42
it worked out pretty well, didn't it?
280
810157
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ispalo je prilično dobro, nije li?
13:44
After all, all of us here are richer, healthier, taller --
281
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7023
Na kraju,
svi smo bogatiji, zdraviji, viši --
svi smo bogatiji, zdraviji, viši --
13:51
well, there are a few exceptions —
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2026
dobro, ima nekoliko izuzetaka --
13:53
and live longer than our ancestors in the early 19th century.
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4991
i živimo duže nego naši
preci u iz ranog 19. stoljeća.
preci u iz ranog 19. stoljeća.
13:58
But it's important to remember
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2584
Ali je važno upamtiti
14:01
that before we learned how to share the fruits
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2822
kako smo, prije nego smo naučili
kako dijeliti plodove
kako dijeliti plodove
14:04
of the Industrial Revolution
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1679
industrijske revolucije
14:05
with the broad swathes of society,
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2563
kroz širi obuhvat društva,
14:08
we had to go through two depressions,
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morali proći kroz
dvije velike gospodarske krize,
dvije velike gospodarske krize,
14:11
the Great Depression of the 1930s,
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1859
veliku krizu iz 1930-ih,
14:13
the Long Depression of the 1870s,
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2854
dugu krizu iz 1870-ih,
14:16
two world wars, communist revolutions
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3167
dva svjetska rata, komunističke revolucije
14:19
in Russia and in China,
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2079
u Rusiji i Kini
14:21
and an era of tremendous social
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2325
te eru ogromnih društvenih
14:24
and political upheaval in the West.
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2756
i političkih previranja na Zapadu.
14:26
We also, not coincidentally,
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2720
Prošli smo također, ne slučajno,
14:29
went through an era of tremendous
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2538
kroz doba ogromnih
14:32
social and political inventions.
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društvenih i političkih pronalazaka.
14:34
We created the modern welfare state.
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2344
Stvorili smo modernu skrbnu državu,
14:36
We created public education.
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Stvorili smo javno obrazovanje,
14:38
We created public health care.
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Stvorili smo javno zdravstvo.
14:40
We created public pensions.
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1775
Stvorili smo mirovinski sustav.
14:42
We created unions.
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2025
Stvorili smo sindikate.
14:44
Today, we are living through an era
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Danas živimo u eri
14:46
of economic transformation
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874723
1961
ekonomske preobrazbe
14:48
comparable in its scale and its scope
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3306
usporedive u mjerilu i obujmu
14:51
to the Industrial Revolution.
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2268
sa industrijskom revolucijom.
14:54
To be sure that this new economy benefits us all
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3191
Da bismo bili sigurni kako nam
ova nova ekonomija svima donosi korist
ova nova ekonomija svima donosi korist
14:57
and not just the plutocrats,
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2118
a ne samo plutokratima,
14:59
we need to embark on an era
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morali bismo se otisnuti u eru
15:01
of comparably ambitious social and political change.
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podjednako ambicioznih
društvenih i političkih promjena.
društvenih i političkih promjena.
15:05
We need a new New Deal.
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Potreban nam je novi New Deal.
15:07
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Chrystia Freeland - Plutocracy chroniclerIn "Plutocrats," Chrystia Freeland explores the growing gap between the working poor and the increasingly disconnected mega-rich.
Why you should listen
Author Chrystia Freeland looks under the hood of global capitalism to expose the technological, economic and structural inequalities pushing society in unforeseen directions. Along the way, she takes the temperature of a rising caste -- the super rich -- and shows how the creation of vast fortunes at the top hollow out the middle class in western industrialised countries. This rising income inequality, she argues, has a structural character, and is becoming a cultural and social issue, with consequences for social cohesion and social mobility.
Freeland began her career as an “accidental journalist” with frontline bulletins from the Ukraine in the heat of the Soviet collapse. She is now an editor at Thomson Reuters, and is frequently featured on media outlets ranging from the International Herald Tribune to The Colbert Report.
Chrystia Freeland | Speaker | TED.com