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Johann Hari: Everything you think you know about addiction is wrong
Johann Hari: Sve što mislite da znate o ovisnostima je pogrešno
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Što zapravo uzrokuje ovisnost o bilo čemu od kokaina do pametnih telefona? Kako se možemo izliječiti od nje? Johann Hari iz prve je ruke, promatrajući voljene kako se bore s ovisnostima, vidio kako suvremene metode podbacuju. Zapitao se zašto se prema ovisnicima odnosimo tako kako se odnosimo te postoji li bolji način za to. U ovom iznimno osobnom govoru Johann Hari govori o tome kako ga je ta potraga za boljim načinom odvela na put oko svijeta na kojem je pronašao neke iznenađujuće i optimistične načine razmišljanja o tom problemu koji je star koliko i sam svijet.
Johann Hari - Journalist
Johann Hari spent three years researching the war on drugs; along the way, he discovered that addiction is not what we think it is. Full bio
Johann Hari spent three years researching the war on drugs; along the way, he discovered that addiction is not what we think it is. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
One of my earliest memories
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Jedno mojih od najstarijih sjećanja
00:14
is of trying to wake up
one of my relatives and not being able to.
one of my relatives and not being able to.
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jest neuspjeli pokušaj buđenja
jednog od mojih rođaka.
jednog od mojih rođaka.
Bio sam samo dijete,
pa nisam shvaćao zašto,
pa nisam shvaćao zašto,
00:17
And I was just a little kid,
so I didn't really understand why,
so I didn't really understand why,
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ali kako sam odrastao,
00:20
but as I got older,
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00:21
I realized we had
drug addiction in my family,
drug addiction in my family,
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shvaćao sam da imamo ovisnika u obitelji,
uključujući i ovisnika o kokainu.
00:23
including later cocaine addiction.
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00:25
I'd been thinking about it a lot lately,
partly because it's now exactly 100 years
partly because it's now exactly 100 years
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U zadnje vrijeme puno razmišljam o tome,
dijelom zato što su prije točno sto godina
dijelom zato što su prije točno sto godina
00:30
since drugs were first banned
in the United States and Britain,
in the United States and Britain,
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droge prvi put
zabranjene u SAD-u i Britaniji,
zabranjene u SAD-u i Britaniji,
00:33
and we then imposed that
on the rest of the world.
on the rest of the world.
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a to smo kasnije
nametnuli ostatku svijeta.
nametnuli ostatku svijeta.
00:36
It's a century since we made
this really fateful decision
this really fateful decision
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Prošlo je cijelo stoljeće otkako smo
donijeli tu vjernu odluku
donijeli tu vjernu odluku
00:39
to take addicts and punish them
and make them suffer,
and make them suffer,
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da kažnjavamo i mučimo ovisnike
00:43
because we believed that would deter them;
it would give them an incentive to stop.
it would give them an incentive to stop.
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jer smo vjerovali da će ih to zastrašiti,
da će ih potaknuti da prestanu.
da će ih potaknuti da prestanu.
00:48
And a few years ago, I was looking at
some of the addicts in my life who I love,
some of the addicts in my life who I love,
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Prije nekoliko godina promatrao sam
neke od ovisnika u mom životu koje volim
neke od ovisnika u mom životu koje volim
00:53
and trying to figure out
if there was some way to help them.
if there was some way to help them.
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i pokušavao se dosjetiti načina
na koji bih im mogao pomoći.
na koji bih im mogao pomoći.
00:56
And I realized there were loads
of incredibly basic questions
of incredibly basic questions
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Shvatio sam da ima puno osnovnih pitanja
00:59
I just didn't know the answer to,
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na koja nemam odgovor.
01:01
like, what really causes addiction?
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Npr. što je uzrok ovisnosti?
01:04
Why do we carry on with this approach
that doesn't seem to be working,
that doesn't seem to be working,
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Zašto se držimo ovog pristupa
koji očito ne funkcionira
koji očito ne funkcionira
01:07
and is there a better way out there
that we could try instead?
that we could try instead?
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i postoji li bolji pristup
koji bismo mogli isprobati?
koji bismo mogli isprobati?
Čitao sam puno o tome
01:10
So I read loads of stuff about it,
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01:12
and I couldn't really find
the answers I was looking for,
the answers I was looking for,
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i nisam našao odgovore koje sam tražio,
pa sam dosjetio kako ću se naći
s različitim ljudima diljem svijeta
s različitim ljudima diljem svijeta
01:14
so I thought, okay, I'll go and sit
with different people around the world
with different people around the world
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01:18
who lived this and studied this
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koji su to proživjeli i proučavali
01:20
and talk to them and see
if I could learn from them.
if I could learn from them.
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i popričati s njima da vidim
što mogu naučiti od njih.
što mogu naučiti od njih.
01:22
And I didn't realize I would end up
going over 30,000 miles at the start,
going over 30,000 miles at the start,
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Nisam ni slutio da ću preći
preko 50 000 km odmah u početku,
preko 50 000 km odmah u početku,
01:26
but I ended up going and meeting
loads of different people,
loads of different people,
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ali na kraju sam ih prešao
i upoznao puno različitih ljudi -
i upoznao puno različitih ljudi -
01:29
from a transgender crack dealer
in Brownsville, Brooklyn,
in Brownsville, Brooklyn,
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od transrodnog dilera cracka
u Bronsvilleu, Brooklynu
u Bronsvilleu, Brooklynu
01:31
to a scientist who spends a lot of time
feeding hallucinogens to mongooses
feeding hallucinogens to mongooses
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do znanstvenika koji daje
halucinogene droge mungosima
halucinogene droge mungosima
01:35
to see if they like them --
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da vidi sviđaju li im se
- ispada da im se sviđaju,
ali samo u posebnim situacijama -
ali samo u posebnim situacijama -
01:36
it turns out they do, but only
in very specific circumstances --
in very specific circumstances --
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01:39
to the only country that's ever
decriminalized all drugs,
decriminalized all drugs,
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do jedine države koja je
ikada legalizirala sve droge,
ikada legalizirala sve droge,
01:42
from cannabis to crack, Portugal.
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od marihuane do cracka, Portugal.
01:45
And the thing I realized
that really blew my mind is,
that really blew my mind is,
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Uistinu me zapanjilo što sam shvatio
01:47
almost everything we think
we know about addiction is wrong,
we know about addiction is wrong,
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da je gotovo sve što mislimo
da znamo o ovisnostima pogrešno.
da znamo o ovisnostima pogrešno.
01:51
and if we start to absorb
the new evidence about addiction,
the new evidence about addiction,
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Kada počnemo upijati
nove dokaze o ovisnosti,
nove dokaze o ovisnosti,
01:54
I think we're going to have to change
a lot more than our drug policies.
a lot more than our drug policies.
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nećemo morati promijeniti
samo naše zakone o drogama.
samo naše zakone o drogama.
01:58
But let's start with what we think
we know, what I thought I knew.
we know, what I thought I knew.
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Krenimo od onoga što mislimo da znamo,
od toga što sam ja mislio da znam.
od toga što sam ja mislio da znam.
02:01
Let's think about this middle row here.
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Promotrimo ovaj srednji red.
02:03
Imagine all of you, for 20 days now, went
off and used heroin three times a day.
off and used heroin three times a day.
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Svi zamislite da ste 20 dana zaredom
uzimali heroin triput dnevno.
uzimali heroin triput dnevno.
Nekima ova ideja zvuči
primamljivije nego drugima.
primamljivije nego drugima.
02:07
Some of you look a little more
enthusiastic than others at this prospect.
enthusiastic than others at this prospect.
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02:10
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
Ne brinite, to je tek misaoni eksperiment.
02:11
Don't worry,
it's just a thought experiment.
it's just a thought experiment.
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02:14
Imagine you did that, right?
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Sad to zamislite.
02:16
What would happen?
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Što bi se dogodilo?
Imamo priču o tome što bi se dogodilo
koja nam se priča već stoljećima.
koja nam se priča već stoljećima.
02:17
Now, we have a story about what would
happen that we've been told for a century.
happen that we've been told for a century.
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Mislimo da budući da
heroin izaziva ovisnost,
heroin izaziva ovisnost,
02:21
We think, because there are
chemical hooks in heroin,
chemical hooks in heroin,
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02:23
as you took it for a while,
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a vi ste ga uzimali neko vrijeme,
02:25
your body would become
dependent on those hooks,
dependent on those hooks,
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tijelo će postati ovisno o njemu,
02:28
you'd start to physically need them,
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postat ćete fizički ovisni
02:29
and at the end of those 20 days,
you'd all be heroin addicts. Right?
you'd all be heroin addicts. Right?
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i nakon tih 20 dana, postat ćete
ovisnici o heroinu. Zar ne?
ovisnici o heroinu. Zar ne?
02:33
That's what I thought.
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To sam i ja mislio.
Prvi put kad sam pomislio
da je nešto u toj priči pogrešno
da je nešto u toj priči pogrešno
02:34
First thing that alerted me to the fact
that something's not right with this story
that something's not right with this story
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jest kad mi je objašnjeno.
02:38
is when it was explained to me.
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02:40
If I step out of this TED Talk today
and I get hit by a car and I break my hip,
and I get hit by a car and I break my hip,
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Ako danas odem s ove TED-konferencije,
pokupi me auto i slomim kuk,
pokupi me auto i slomim kuk,
odvest će me u bolnicu gdje će mi
dati velike količine diamorphinea.
dati velike količine diamorphinea.
02:43
I'll be taken to hospital
and I'll be given loads of diamorphine.
and I'll be given loads of diamorphine.
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02:47
Diamorphine is heroin.
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Diamorphine je heroin.
02:48
It's actually much better heroin
than you're going to buy on the streets,
than you're going to buy on the streets,
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Zapravo puno bolji od onoga
kojeg možete naći na ulicama
kojeg možete naći na ulicama
02:52
because the stuff you buy
from a drug dealer is contaminated.
from a drug dealer is contaminated.
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jer je heroin koji kupujete
od dilera kontaminiran.
od dilera kontaminiran.
Štoviše, vrlo je malen udio heroina,
02:55
Actually, very little of it is heroin,
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dok ćete kod doktora
dobiti medicinski čist heroin,
dobiti medicinski čist heroin,
02:57
whereas the stuff you get
from the doctor is medically pure.
from the doctor is medically pure.
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a dobivat ćete ga duže vrijeme.
02:59
And you'll be given it for quite
a long period of time.
a long period of time.
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Ima puno ljudi u ovoj prostoriji
03:02
There are loads of people in this room,
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koji toga možda nisu ni svjesni,
a koji su uzimali dosta heroina.
a koji su uzimali dosta heroina.
03:04
you may not realize it,
you've taken quite a lot of heroin.
you've taken quite a lot of heroin.
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03:07
And anyone who is watching this
anywhere in the world, this is happening.
anywhere in the world, this is happening.
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I to se događa svugdje u svijetu.
03:10
And if what we believe
about addiction is right --
about addiction is right --
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Ako je točno ono što
vjerujemo o ovisnostima,
vjerujemo o ovisnostima,
03:13
those people are exposed
to all those chemical hooks --
to all those chemical hooks --
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ti su ljudi izloženi kemijskim
uzročnicima ovisnosti.
uzročnicima ovisnosti.
Što bi se trebalo dogoditi?
Trebali bi postati ovisnici.
Trebali bi postati ovisnici.
03:15
What should happen?
They should become addicts.
They should become addicts.
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03:18
This has been studied really carefully.
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To se pažljivo proučava.
To se ne događa; primijetit ćete
da ukoliko vam je baka operirala kuk,
da ukoliko vam je baka operirala kuk,
03:20
It doesn't happen; you will have noticed
if your grandmother had a hip replacement,
if your grandmother had a hip replacement,
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nije postala narkomanka.
(Smijeh)
(Smijeh)
03:23
she didn't come out as a junkie.
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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Kad sam to naučio,
činilo mi se veoma čudno,
činilo mi se veoma čudno,
03:26
And when I learned this,
it seemed so weird to me,
it seemed so weird to me,
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03:29
so contrary to everything I'd been told,
everything I thought I knew,
everything I thought I knew,
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potpuna suprotnost svemu što mi je
rečeno, svemu što sam mislio da znam
rečeno, svemu što sam mislio da znam
03:33
I just thought it couldn't be right,
until I met a man called Bruce Alexander.
until I met a man called Bruce Alexander.
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Mislio sam da to nikako nije istina,
sve dok nisam upoznao Brucea Alexandera.
sve dok nisam upoznao Brucea Alexandera.
03:36
He's a professor
of psychology in Vancouver
of psychology in Vancouver
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On je profesor psihologije u Vancouveru
03:39
who carried out an incredible experiment
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koji je izvršio nevjerojatan eksperiment
03:41
I think really helps us
to understand this issue.
to understand this issue.
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koji nam uvelike pomaže
razumjeti ovaj problem.
razumjeti ovaj problem.
03:43
Professor Alexander explained to me,
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Profesor Alexander objasnio mi je
03:45
the idea of addiction we've all
got in our heads, that story,
got in our heads, that story,
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vjerovanje o ovisnostima
na koje smo svi pali, a ta priča
na koje smo svi pali, a ta priča
dijelom potječe od niza eksperimenata
03:48
comes partly from a series of experiments
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izvršenih ranije u 20. stoljeću
03:50
that were done earlier
in the 20th century.
in the 20th century.
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koji su bili uistinu jednostavni.
03:52
They're really simple.
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03:54
You can do them tonight at home
if you feel a little sadistic.
if you feel a little sadistic.
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Možete ih izvršiti večeras kod kuće
ako ste sadistički nastrojeni.
ako ste sadistički nastrojeni.
03:57
You get a rat and you put it in a cage,
and you give it two water bottles:
and you give it two water bottles:
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Uzmete štakora, stavite ga
u kavez i date mu dvije boce vode.
u kavez i date mu dvije boce vode.
04:00
One is just water, and the other is water
laced with either heroin or cocaine.
laced with either heroin or cocaine.
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U jednoj je obična voda, a u drugoj
voda začinjena ili heroinom ili kokainom.
voda začinjena ili heroinom ili kokainom.
U tom slučaju on će gotovo uvijek
radije uzeti kontaminiranu
radije uzeti kontaminiranu
04:04
If you do that, the rat will almost always
prefer the drug water
prefer the drug water
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i gotovo uvijek prilično se brzo i ubiti.
04:07
and almost always
kill itself quite quickly.
kill itself quite quickly.
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I to je to, zar ne?
Mislimo da to tako funkcionira.
Mislimo da to tako funkcionira.
04:09
So there you go, right?
That's how we think it works.
That's how we think it works.
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Sedamdesetih godina profesor Alexander
proučio je ovaj eksperiment
proučio je ovaj eksperiment
04:12
In the '70s, Professor Alexander comes
along and he looks at this experiment
along and he looks at this experiment
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i primijetio nešto.
04:15
and he noticed something.
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Rekao je: "Štakora smo
stavili u prazan kavez
stavili u prazan kavez
04:17
He said ah, we're putting
the rat in an empty cage.
the rat in an empty cage.
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u kojemu nema što raditi
osim drogirati se.
osim drogirati se.
04:19
It's got nothing to do
except use these drugs.
except use these drugs.
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Probajmo nešto drugo."
04:21
Let's try something different.
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Profesor je izradio kavez
pod nazivom "Park za štakore"
pod nazivom "Park za štakore"
04:23
So Professor Alexander built a cage
that he called "Rat Park,"
that he called "Rat Park,"
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koji je više-manje raj za štakore.
04:26
which is basically heaven for rats.
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04:28
They've got loads of cheese,
they've got loads of colored balls,
they've got loads of colored balls,
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Imaju brdo sira, loptica u boji,
tunela.
04:31
they've got loads of tunnels.
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Što je najvažnije, imaju puno prijatelja
dostupnih za razmnožavanje.
dostupnih za razmnožavanje.
04:33
Crucially, they've got loads of friends.
They can have loads of sex.
They can have loads of sex.
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Imaju i obje boce vode,
običnu i kontaminiranu.
običnu i kontaminiranu.
04:36
And they've got both the water bottles,
the normal water and the drugged water.
the normal water and the drugged water.
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04:41
But here's the fascinating thing:
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Ali ono što je fascinantno jest
04:44
In Rat Park, they don't
like the drug water.
like the drug water.
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to da u Parku za štakore
ne biraju kontaminiranu vodu.
ne biraju kontaminiranu vodu.
04:47
They almost never use it.
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Gotovo je nikad ne izabiru.
04:49
None of them ever use it compulsively.
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Nijedan je ne koristi kompulzivno,
04:51
None of them ever overdose.
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nijedan se nije predozirao.
04:53
You go from almost 100 percent overdose
when they're isolated
when they're isolated
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Od stopostotnog predoziranja u izolaciji
04:56
to zero percent overdose when they
have happy and connected lives.
have happy and connected lives.
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do 0% predoziranja
kad žive sretno i ispunjeno.
kad žive sretno i ispunjeno.
04:59
Now, when he first saw this,
Professor Alexander thought,
Professor Alexander thought,
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Kad je profesor Alexander
ovo prvi put vidio, pomislio je
ovo prvi put vidio, pomislio je
05:03
maybe this is just a thing about rats,
they're quite different to us.
they're quite different to us.
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kako je to možda povezano
samo uz štakore koji se razlikuju od nas.
samo uz štakore koji se razlikuju od nas.
Možda ne toliko drugačiji
koliko bismo htjeli, ali...
koliko bismo htjeli, ali...
05:06
Maybe not as different as we'd like,
but, you know --
but, you know --
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Srećom, eksperiment na ljudima
05:09
But fortunately, there was
a human experiment
a human experiment
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05:11
into the exact same principle happening
at the exact same time.
at the exact same time.
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na istom principu
odvijao se u to isto vrijeme,
odvijao se u to isto vrijeme,
05:14
It was called the Vietnam War.
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a zvao se Vijetnamski rat.
05:16
In Vietnam, 20 percent of all American
troops were using loads of heroin,
troops were using loads of heroin,
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U Vijetnamu 20% svih američkih trupa
koristilo je ogromne količine heroina,
koristilo je ogromne količine heroina,
05:20
and if you look at the news
reports from the time,
reports from the time,
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a ako promotrite vijesti iz tog vremena,
05:23
they were really worried, because
they thought, my God, we're going to have
they thought, my God, we're going to have
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vidite da su bili jako zabrinuti
jer su mislili da će imati
jer su mislili da će imati
05:27
hundreds of thousands of junkies
on the streets of the United States
on the streets of the United States
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stotine tisuće narkomana na ulicama SAD-a
05:30
when the war ends; it made total sense.
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kada rat završi.
Imalo je smisla.
Imalo je smisla.
05:32
Now, those soldiers who were using
loads of heroin were followed home.
loads of heroin were followed home.
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Vojnici koji su koristili goleme
količine heroina poslani su kućama.
količine heroina poslani su kućama.
Arhiv opće psihijatrije
obavio je temeljito istraživanje.
obavio je temeljito istraživanje.
05:35
The Archives of General Psychiatry
did a really detailed study,
did a really detailed study,
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I što im se dogodilo?
05:38
and what happened to them?
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05:40
It turns out they didn't go to rehab.
They didn't go into withdrawal.
They didn't go into withdrawal.
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Nisu trebali na odvikavanje niti su
proživljavali simptome odvikavanja.
proživljavali simptome odvikavanja.
05:44
Ninety-five percent of them just stopped.
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Devedeset pet posto
jednostavno je prestalo.
jednostavno je prestalo.
05:47
Now, if you believe the story
about chemical hooks,
about chemical hooks,
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Ako vjerujete u priču
o kemijskoj ovisnosti,
o kemijskoj ovisnosti,
05:49
that makes absolutely no sense,
but Professor Alexander began to think
but Professor Alexander began to think
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to nema baš nikakvog smisla,
ali profesor Alexander počeo je misliti
ali profesor Alexander počeo je misliti
05:53
there might be a different
story about addiction.
story about addiction.
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da neka druga priča stoji iza ovisnosti.
05:55
He said, what if addiction isn't
about your chemical hooks?
about your chemical hooks?
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"Što ako ovisnost nema
nikakve veze s kemijskom ovisnosti?
nikakve veze s kemijskom ovisnosti?
05:58
What if addiction is about your cage?
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Što ako ona ima veze s vašim kavezom?
06:01
What if addiction is an adaptation
to your environment?
to your environment?
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Što ako je ovisnost
oblik prilagođavanja okolišu?"
oblik prilagođavanja okolišu?"
06:04
Looking at this,
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To je promatrao
i jedan drugi profesor:
Petar Cohen iz Nizozemske
Petar Cohen iz Nizozemske
06:05
there was another professor
called Peter Cohen in the Netherlands
called Peter Cohen in the Netherlands
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koji je pomislio da to
ne bi trebalo zvati ovisnošću,
ne bi trebalo zvati ovisnošću,
06:08
who said, maybe we shouldn't
even call it addiction.
even call it addiction.
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možda to treba zvati vezivanjem.
06:11
Maybe we should call it bonding.
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06:12
Human beings have a natural
and innate need to bond,
and innate need to bond,
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Ljudska bića imaju prirodnu,
urođenu potrebu za vezivanjem.
urođenu potrebu za vezivanjem.
06:15
and when we're happy and healthy,
we'll bond and connect with each other,
we'll bond and connect with each other,
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Kad smo sretni i zdravi, vezat ćemo se
i povezivati jedni s drugima,
i povezivati jedni s drugima,
06:19
but if you can't do that,
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ali ako to ne možemo učiniti
06:22
because you're traumatized or isolated
or beaten down by life,
or beaten down by life,
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jer smo istraumatizirani,
izolirani ili nas je život pregazio,
izolirani ili nas je život pregazio,
06:25
you will bond with something
that will give you some sense of relief.
that will give you some sense of relief.
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vezat ćemo se uz nešto
što će nam pružiti olakšanje.
što će nam pružiti olakšanje.
06:29
Now, that might be gambling,
that might be pornography,
that might be pornography,
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Bilo to kockanje, pornografija,
kokain ili marihuana,
06:31
that might be cocaine,
that might be cannabis,
that might be cannabis,
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vezat ćemo se i povezivati
s nečime jer nam je to u prirodi.
s nečime jer nam je to u prirodi.
06:33
but you will bond and connect
with something because that's our nature.
with something because that's our nature.
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06:37
That's what we want as human beings.
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Tome težimo kao ljudska bića.
06:40
And at first, I found this quite
a difficult thing to get my head around,
a difficult thing to get my head around,
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Isprva mi je to bilo teško za shvatiti,
06:43
but one way that helped me
to think about it is,
to think about it is,
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ali ovo mi je pomoglo u tome.
06:46
I can see, I've got over by my seat
a bottle of water, right?
a bottle of water, right?
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Vidim da pokraj mog
mjesta stoji boca vode,
mjesta stoji boca vode,
06:49
I'm looking at lots of you, and lots
of you have bottles of water with you.
of you have bottles of water with you.
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a gledajući sve vas, primjećujem
da ih imaju i mnogi od vas.
da ih imaju i mnogi od vas.
Zaboravite droge i rat drogama.
06:53
Forget the drugs. Forget the drug war.
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06:55
Totally legally, all of those bottles
of water could be bottles of vodka, right?
of water could be bottles of vodka, right?
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Bilo bi sasvim legalno da su
te boce vode zapravo punjene votkom.
te boce vode zapravo punjene votkom.
06:59
We could all be getting drunk --
I might after this -- (Laughter) --
I might after this -- (Laughter) --
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Svi bi se mogli ponapijati,
pa i ja odmah nakon ovoga. (Smijeh)
pa i ja odmah nakon ovoga. (Smijeh)
07:03
but we're not.
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Ali ne radimo to.
Budući da si možete priuštiti
odoka milijardu funti
odoka milijardu funti
07:04
Now, because you've been able to afford
the approximately gazillion pounds
the approximately gazillion pounds
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vrijednu TED-konferenciju,
pretpostavljam da si možete priuštiti
pretpostavljam da si možete priuštiti
07:08
that it costs to get into a TED Talk,
I'm guessing you guys could afford
I'm guessing you guys could afford
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i da pijete votku sljedećih šest mjeseci.
07:11
to be drinking vodka
for the next six months.
for the next six months.
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07:13
You wouldn't end up homeless.
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Ne biste postali beskućnici.
07:15
You're not going to do that,
and the reason you're not going to do that
and the reason you're not going to do that
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Nećete to napraviti,
a to nećete napraviti
a to nećete napraviti
07:19
is not because anyone's stopping you.
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ne zato što vas nitko ne sprječava,
07:21
It's because you've got
bonds and connections
bonds and connections
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već zato što imate veze i povezanosti
u kojima želite sudjelovati.
07:23
that you want to be present for.
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Imate posao koji volite,
imate ljude koje volite.
imate ljude koje volite.
07:25
You've got work you love.
You've got people you love.
You've got people you love.
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Imate zdrave odnose,
07:27
You've got healthy relationships.
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07:29
And a core part of addiction,
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a osnovni dio ovisnosti,
07:32
I came to think, and I believe
the evidence suggests,
the evidence suggests,
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kako sam i sȃm zaključio,
a kako i dokazi potvrđuju,
a kako i dokazi potvrđuju,
jest nepodnošljivost vlastitog života.
07:34
is about not being able to bear
to be present in your life.
to be present in your life.
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07:38
Now, this has really
significant implications.
significant implications.
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To ima značajne implikacije.
07:41
The most obvious implications
are for the War on Drugs.
are for the War on Drugs.
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Najočitije implikacije
odnose se na rat drogama.
odnose se na rat drogama.
07:44
In Arizona, I went out
with a group of women
with a group of women
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U Arizoni sam izašao s grupom žena
07:47
who were made to wear t-shirts
saying, "I was a drug addict,"
saying, "I was a drug addict,"
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koje su morale nositi majice s natpisom:
"Bila sam ovisna o drogama",
"Bila sam ovisna o drogama",
07:51
and go out on chain gangs and dig graves
while members of the public jeer at them,
while members of the public jeer at them,
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okovane lancima kopale grobove
dok su im se promatrači rugali,
dok su im se promatrači rugali,
07:56
and when those women get out of prison,
they're going to have criminal records
they're going to have criminal records
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a kad te žene izađu iz zatvora,
imat će kriminalne dosjee
imat će kriminalne dosjee
08:00
that mean they'll never work
in the legal economy again.
in the legal economy again.
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zbog kojih više neće naći posao
na legalnom tržištu.
na legalnom tržištu.
To je prilično ekstreman primjer,
u slučaju odreda okovanih,
u slučaju odreda okovanih,
08:02
Now, that's a very extreme example,
obviously, in the case of the chain gang,
obviously, in the case of the chain gang,
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08:06
but actually almost
everywhere in the world
everywhere in the world
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ali gotovo svugdje u svijetu
08:08
we treat addicts to some degree like that.
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donekle tako postupamo s ovisnicima.
Kažnjavamo ih, posramljujemo
i dajemo im kriminalne dosjee.
i dajemo im kriminalne dosjee.
08:10
We punish them. We shame them.
We give them criminal records.
We give them criminal records.
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onemogućujemo im da se ponovno povežu.
08:13
We put barriers between them reconnecting.
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08:16
There was a doctor in Canada,
Dr. Gabor Maté, an amazing man,
Dr. Gabor Maté, an amazing man,
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Kanadski doktor Gabor Maté,
odličan čovjek,
odličan čovjek,
08:19
who said to me, if you wanted to design
a system that would make addiction worse,
a system that would make addiction worse,
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rekao mi je: "Da želiš stvoriti sustav
koji će pogoršati ovisnost,
koji će pogoršati ovisnost,
08:23
you would design that system.
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stvorio bi ga."
08:24
Now, there's a place that decided
to do the exact opposite,
to do the exact opposite,
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Postoji mjesto koje je odlučilo
postupiti upravo suprotno.
postupiti upravo suprotno.
08:27
and I went there to see how it worked.
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Posjetio sam ga da vidim kako djeluje.
08:29
In the year 2000, Portugal had
one of the worst drug problems in Europe.
one of the worst drug problems in Europe.
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Godine 2000. Portugal je imao
najvišu stopu problema s drogom u Europi.
najvišu stopu problema s drogom u Europi.
08:33
One percent of the population was addicted
to heroin, which is kind of mind-blowing,
to heroin, which is kind of mind-blowing,
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Jedan posto građana bilo je ovisno
o heroinu, što je zaista nevjerojatno,
o heroinu, što je zaista nevjerojatno,
08:36
and every year, they tried
the American way more and more.
the American way more and more.
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a svake su godine sve više
isprobavali "američki način".
isprobavali "američki način".
08:39
They punished people and stigmatized them
and shamed them more,
and shamed them more,
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Kažnjavali su ovisnike,
stigmatizirali ih i posramljivali
stigmatizirali ih i posramljivali
i svake se godine problem povećavao.
08:42
and every year, the problem got worse.
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08:44
And one day, the Prime Minister and
the leader of the opposition got together,
the leader of the opposition got together,
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Jednog su se dana premijer
i voditelj opozicije ujedinili
i voditelj opozicije ujedinili
08:48
and basically said, look, we can't go on
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i rekli: "Ne možemo napredovati
s državom u kojoj imamo
sve više ovisnika o heorinu.
sve više ovisnika o heorinu.
08:50
with a country where we're having
ever more people becoming heroin addicts.
ever more people becoming heroin addicts.
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Osnujmo vijeće znanstvenika i doktora
08:53
Let's set up a panel
of scientists and doctors
of scientists and doctors
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da smislimo kako najbolje
riješiti taj problem."
riješiti taj problem."
08:56
to figure out what would
genuinely solve the problem.
genuinely solve the problem.
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I osnovali su vijeće pod vodstvom
dr. Joãoa Goulãoa, krasnog čovjeka,
dr. Joãoa Goulãoa, krasnog čovjeka,
08:58
And they set up a panel led by
an amazing man called Dr. João Goulão,
an amazing man called Dr. João Goulão,
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da prouče sve te dokaze
09:01
to look at all this new evidence,
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i vratili su se rekavši:
09:03
and they came back and they said,
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"Legalizirajte sve droge
od marihuane do cracka, ali" -
od marihuane do cracka, ali" -
09:05
"Decriminalize all drugs
from cannabis to crack, but" --
from cannabis to crack, but" --
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09:09
and this is the crucial next step --
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i to je ključan sljedeći korak -
09:11
"take all the money we used to spend
on cutting addicts off,
on cutting addicts off,
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"uzmite sav novac koji smo trošili
na uskraćivanje stvari ovisnicima,
na uskraćivanje stvari ovisnicima,
09:15
on disconnecting them,
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na isključivanje
09:16
and spend it instead
on reconnecting them with society."
on reconnecting them with society."
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i potrošite ih na to
da ih povežete s društvom."
da ih povežete s društvom."
09:20
And that's not really what we think of
as drug treatment
as drug treatment
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To nije nešto što pada na pamet
kad govorimo o liječenju ovisnosti
kad govorimo o liječenju ovisnosti
09:25
in the United States and Britain.
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nama u SAD-u i Britaniji.
09:26
So they do do residential rehab,
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Rade stambenu rehabilitiaciju,
09:28
they do psychological therapy,
that does have some value.
that does have some value.
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rade i psihološku terapiju,
to ima određenu vrijednost.
to ima određenu vrijednost.
09:31
But the biggest thing they did
was the complete opposite of what we do:
was the complete opposite of what we do:
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Najvažnija stvar koju rade jest
čista suprotnost našim postpucima:
čista suprotnost našim postpucima:
09:34
a massive program
of job creation for addicts,
of job creation for addicts,
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masivni program
kreiranja poslova za ovisnike
kreiranja poslova za ovisnike
09:37
and microloans for addicts
to set up small businesses.
to set up small businesses.
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i mikro-krediti za ovisnike
da osnuju mala poduzeća.
da osnuju mala poduzeća.
09:39
So say you used to be a mechanic.
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Npr. bili ste mehaničar.
09:41
When you're ready, they'll go
to a garage, and they'll say,
to a garage, and they'll say,
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Kad budete spremni,
otići će u garažu i reći:
otići će u garažu i reći:
09:44
if you employ this guy for a year,
we'll pay half his wages.
we'll pay half his wages.
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zaposlite li ga na godinu dana.
mi ćemo mu pokriti pola plaće.
mi ćemo mu pokriti pola plaće.
09:47
The goal was to make sure
that every addict in Portugal
that every addict in Portugal
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Cilj je bio osigurati
da svaki ovisnik u Portugalu
da svaki ovisnik u Portugalu
09:50
had something to get out
of bed for in the morning.
of bed for in the morning.
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ima razlog za ustati iz kreveta.
Kada samo otišao
upoznati ovisnike u Portugalu,
upoznati ovisnike u Portugalu,
09:52
And when I went and met the addicts
in Portugal,
in Portugal,
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09:55
what they said is,
as they rediscovered purpose,
as they rediscovered purpose,
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rekli su da su ponovnim otkrivanjem smisla
09:57
they rediscovered bonds
and relationships with the wider society.
and relationships with the wider society.
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ponovno otkrili i veze
i odnose sa širim društvom.
i odnose sa širim društvom.
10:01
It'll be 15 years this year
since that experiment began,
since that experiment began,
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Ove godine je 15. godišnjica
od početka eksperimenta
od početka eksperimenta
i ovo su rezultati:
10:03
and the results are in:
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10:05
injecting drug use is down in Portugal,
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zlouporaba droga u Portugalu je u padu,
prema Britanskom kriminološkom dnevniku,
10:07
according to the British
Journal of Criminology,
Journal of Criminology,
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10:09
by 50 percent, five-zero percent.
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za 50% - pedeset posto.
10:12
Overdose is massively down,
HIV is massively down among addicts.
HIV is massively down among addicts.
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Predoziranje je u drastičnom padu,
kao i zaraženost HIV-om među ovisnicima.
kao i zaraženost HIV-om među ovisnicima.
10:16
Addiction in every study
is significantly down.
is significantly down.
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Prema svim istraživanjima
ovisnost je značajno opala.
ovisnost je značajno opala.
10:18
One of the ways you know it's worked
so well is that almost nobody in Portugal
so well is that almost nobody in Portugal
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Jedan od pokazatelja uspješnosti
je taj što gotovo nitko u Portugalu
je taj što gotovo nitko u Portugalu
10:22
wants to go back to the old system.
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ne želi natrag na stari sustav.
10:24
Now, that's the political implications.
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To su političke implikacije.
10:26
I actually think there's a layer
of implications
of implications
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Zapravo, ima cijeli sloj implikacija
10:29
to all this research below that.
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ovih istraživanja ispod ovoga.
10:30
We live in a culture where people
feel really increasingly vulnerable
feel really increasingly vulnerable
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Živimo u kulturi u kojoj
su ljudi sve više ranjivi
su ljudi sve više ranjivi
10:33
to all sorts of addictions,
whether it's to their smartphones
whether it's to their smartphones
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na različite oblike ovisnosti,
bilo o ovisnosti o mobitelima
bilo o ovisnosti o mobitelima
10:36
or to shopping or to eating.
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ili o šopingu ili o hrani.
Prije početka konferencije -
i svi vi to znate -
i svi vi to znate -
10:38
Before these talks began --
you guys know this --
you guys know this --
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10:40
we were told we weren't allowed
to have our smartphones on,
to have our smartphones on,
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rečeno nam je da ne smijemo
imati uključene mobitele
imati uključene mobitele
i mogu vam reći
da je dosta vas izgledalo
da je dosta vas izgledalo
10:43
and I have to say, a lot of you
looked an awful lot like
looked an awful lot like
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kao ovisnici kojima je rečeno
da će im diler biti nedostupan
da će im diler biti nedostupan
10:46
addicts who were told their dealer
was going to be unavailable
was going to be unavailable
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sljedećih nekoliko sati. (Smijeh)
10:49
for the next couple of hours. (Laughter)
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Puno se nas tako osjeća,
a možda je i čudno za reći.
a možda je i čudno za reći.
10:51
A lot of us feel like that,
and it might sound weird to say,
and it might sound weird to say,
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Pričao sam vam kako je
odcjepljenost glavni uzrok ovisnosti
odcjepljenost glavni uzrok ovisnosti
10:53
I've been talking about how disconnection
is a major driver of addiction
is a major driver of addiction
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koji je iznenađujuće u porastu
10:57
and weird to say it's growing,
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jer vjerojatno mislite da smo
najpovezanije društvo u povijesti.
najpovezanije društvo u povijesti.
10:58
because you think we're the most connected
society that's ever been, surely.
society that's ever been, surely.
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No ja počinjem misliti
da su sve povezanosti koje imamo,
da su sve povezanosti koje imamo,
11:02
But I increasingly began to think
that the connections we have
that the connections we have
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ili mislimo da imamo, svojevrsna
parodija ljudske povezanosti.
parodija ljudske povezanosti.
11:05
or think we have, are like a kind
of parody of human connection.
of parody of human connection.
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Ako doživite neku krizu,
primijetit ćete nešto.
primijetit ćete nešto.
11:08
If you have a crisis in your life,
you'll notice something.
you'll notice something.
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Neće vaši sljedbenici
na Twitteru doći i tješiti vas
na Twitteru doći i tješiti vas
11:11
It won't be your Twitter followers
who come to sit with you.
who come to sit with you.
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niti će to biti vaši prijatelji
na Facebooku.
na Facebooku.
11:14
It won't be your Facebook friends
who help you turn it round.
who help you turn it round.
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Bit će to vaši prijatelji od krvi i mesa
s kojima imate duboke,
s kojima imate duboke,
11:17
It'll be your flesh and blood friends
who you have deep and nuanced
who you have deep and nuanced
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slojevite odnose licem u lice.
11:20
and textured, face-to-face
relationships with,
relationships with,
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11:22
and there's a study I learned about from
Bill McKibben, the environmental writer,
Bill McKibben, the environmental writer,
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O jednom sam istraživanju naučio
od Billa McKibbena, pisca o okolišu,
od Billa McKibbena, pisca o okolišu,
11:27
that I think tells us a lot about this.
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koji nam puno govori o ovome.
11:29
He looked at the number of close friends
the average American believes
the average American believes
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Promatrao je na koliko bliskih prijatelja
prosječni Amerikanac vjeruje
prosječni Amerikanac vjeruje
11:32
they can call on in a crisis.
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da može računati u nevolji.
11:34
That number has been declining
steadily since the 1950s.
steadily since the 1950s.
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Taj se broj sve više smanjuje od 1950-ih.
11:37
The amount of floor space
an individual has in their home
an individual has in their home
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Kvadratura stanova i kuća
11:40
has been steadily increasing,
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sve se više povećava.
11:42
and I think that's like a metaphor
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Po meni je to svojevrsna metafora
11:44
for the choice we've made as a culture.
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o odluci koju smo donijeli kao kultura.
Prijatelje smo zamijenili kvadraturom,
veze smo zamijenili stvarima,
veze smo zamijenili stvarima,
11:46
We've traded floorspace for friends,
we've traded stuff for connections,
we've traded stuff for connections,
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11:51
and the result is we are one of the
loneliest societies there has ever been.
loneliest societies there has ever been.
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zbog čega smo jedno
od najusamljenijih društava u povijesti.
od najusamljenijih društava u povijesti.
11:54
And Bruce Alexander, the guy who did
the Rat Park experiment, says,
the Rat Park experiment, says,
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Bruce Alexander, voditelj
eksperimenta sa štakorima,
eksperimenta sa štakorima,
11:58
we talk all the time in addiction
about individual recovery,
about individual recovery,
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tvrdi da kod ovisnosti uvijek
govorimo o osobnom oporavku,
govorimo o osobnom oporavku,
12:01
and it's right to talk about that,
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što je u redu,
12:03
but we need to talk much more
about social recovery.
about social recovery.
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ali više bismo trebali govoriti
o društvenom oporavku.
o društvenom oporavku.
12:06
Something's gone wrong with us,
not just with individuals but as a group,
not just with individuals but as a group,
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S nama je nešto pošlo krivo
i kao s pojedincima i kao s grupom
i kao s pojedincima i kao s grupom
12:09
and we've created a society where,
for a lot of us,
for a lot of us,
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te smo stvorili društvo u kojem većina
12:12
life looks a whole lot more
like that isolated cage
like that isolated cage
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na život gleda kao na izolirani kavez,
12:14
and a whole lot less like Rat Park.
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a ne kao na park za štakore.
12:16
If I'm honest, this isn't
why I went into it.
why I went into it.
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Iskreno, nisam se zbog toga upustio u ovo.
12:19
I didn't go in to the discover
the political stuff, the social stuff.
the political stuff, the social stuff.
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Nisam krenuo u potragu
za političkim i društvenim otkrićima,
za političkim i društvenim otkrićima,
12:23
I wanted to know how to help
the people I love.
the people I love.
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već sam htio pomoći svojim voljenima.
12:25
And when I came back from this
long journey and I'd learned all this,
long journey and I'd learned all this,
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Kad sam se vratio s tog puta
sa svim tim znanjem,
sa svim tim znanjem,
sagledao sam ovisnike u mojem životu.
12:28
I looked at the addicts in my life,
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12:31
and if you're really candid,
it's hard loving an addict,
it's hard loving an addict,
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Ako ćemo biti iskreni,
teško je voljeti ovisnika,
teško je voljeti ovisnika,
12:36
and there's going to be lots of people
who know in this room.
who know in this room.
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to zna i mnogo ljudi u ovoj prostoriji.
Često ste ljuti
12:39
You are angry a lot of the time,
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12:41
and I think one of the reasons
why this debate is so charged
why this debate is so charged
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i mislim da je jedan od razloga
zašto je ova rasprava toliko nabijena
zašto je ova rasprava toliko nabijena
12:45
is because it runs through the heart
of each of us, right?
of each of us, right?
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zato što pogađa svakoga od nas, zar ne?
12:48
Everyone has a bit of them
that looks at an addict and thinks,
that looks at an addict and thinks,
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Svatko ima djelić u sebi
koji promatra ovisnika i misli si:
koji promatra ovisnika i misli si:
12:51
I wish someone would just stop you.
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"Kad bi te barem netko zaustavio."
Savjeti koji nam se daju za pomoć
ovisnicima u našim životima
ovisnicima u našim životima
12:52
And the kind of scripts we're told for how
to deal with the addicts in our lives
to deal with the addicts in our lives
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tipizirani su
12:56
is typified by, I think,
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prema reality- emisiji "Intervencija",
ako ste je ikad gledali.
ako ste je ikad gledali.
12:57
the reality show "Intervention,"
if you guys have ever seen it.
if you guys have ever seen it.
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Mislim da su naši životi
definirani reality televizijom,
definirani reality televizijom,
13:00
I think everything in our lives
is defined by reality TV,
is defined by reality TV,
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ali to je već jedna druga tema.
13:03
but that's another TED Talk.
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13:04
If you've ever seen
the show "Intervention,"
the show "Intervention,"
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Emisija "Intervencija"
13:07
it's a pretty simple premise.
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ima jednostavnu premisu.
13:08
Get an addict, all the people
in their life, gather them together,
in their life, gather them together,
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Nađete ovisnika, ljude
iz njegova života i sve ih okupite,
iz njegova života i sve ih okupite,
ovisnika suočite s njegovim postupcima
i kažu: "ako se ne središ,
i kažu: "ako se ne središ,
13:11
confront them with what they're doing,
and they say, if you don't shape up,
and they say, if you don't shape up,
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13:15
we're going to cut you off.
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izolirat ćemo te."
13:16
So what they do is they take
the connection to the addict,
the connection to the addict,
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Dakle, ovisniku
prijete oduzimanjem veza
13:19
and they threaten it,
they make it contingent
they make it contingent
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ako se ne bude ponašao kako oni žele.
13:21
on the addict behaving the way they want.
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13:24
And I began to think, I began to see
why that approach doesn't work,
why that approach doesn't work,
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Počeo sam uviđati zašto
takav pristup ne funkcionira,
takav pristup ne funkcionira,
13:27
and I began to think that's almost like
the importing of the logic of the Drug War
the importing of the logic of the Drug War
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a to je zato što pomalo nalikuje
primjeni rata drogama
primjeni rata drogama
13:32
into our private lives.
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na naše privatne živote.
13:34
So I was thinking,
how could I be Portuguese?
how could I be Portuguese?
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Počeo sam razmišljati,
kako bih mogao biti Portugalac?
kako bih mogao biti Portugalac?
13:37
And what I've tried to do now,
and I can't tell you I do it consistently
and I can't tell you I do it consistently
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Ono što sada pokušavam raditi
i što konstantno radim
i što konstantno radim
13:41
and I can't tell you it's easy,
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i što je prilično jednostavno
13:43
is to say to the addicts in my life
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jest to da ovisnicima
u svom životu govorim
u svom životu govorim
13:45
that I want to deepen
the connection with them,
the connection with them,
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da želim produbiti povezanost s njima.
13:48
to say to them, I love you
whether you're using or you're not.
whether you're using or you're not.
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Govorim im da ih volim bez obzira
na to koriste li droge ili ne.
na to koriste li droge ili ne.
13:51
I love you, whatever state you're in,
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Govorim im da ih volim
bez obzira na to u kakvom su stanju
bez obzira na to u kakvom su stanju
13:54
and if you need me,
I'll come and sit with you
I'll come and sit with you
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i da ako me trebaju,
doći ću i bit ću s njima
doći ću i bit ću s njima
13:57
because I love you and I don't
want you to be alone
want you to be alone
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jer ih volim i ne želim da budu sami
13:59
or to feel alone.
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ili da se osjećaju usamljeno.
14:01
And I think the core of that message --
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Sama osnova te poruke -
14:03
you're not alone, we love you --
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nisi sam, volimo te -
14:06
has to be at every level
of how we respond to addicts,
of how we respond to addicts,
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mora postojati na svakoj razini
naše reakcije na ovisnike,
naše reakcije na ovisnike,
14:09
socially, politically and individually.
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socijalnoj, političkoj i individualnoj.
14:12
For 100 years now, we've been singing
war songs about addicts.
war songs about addicts.
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Već sto godina ovisnicima pjevamo o ratu,
14:16
I think all along we should have been
singing love songs to them,
singing love songs to them,
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a mislim da smo im
trebali pjevati o ljubavi
trebali pjevati o ljubavi
14:20
because the opposite of addiction
is not sobriety.
is not sobriety.
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jer suprotnost ovisnosti nije trijeznost.
14:24
The opposite of addiction is connection.
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Suprotnost ovisnosti jest povezanost.
14:28
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
14:30
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Johann Hari - JournalistJohann Hari spent three years researching the war on drugs; along the way, he discovered that addiction is not what we think it is.
Why you should listen
British journalist Johann Hari is the author of the New York Times best-selling book Chasing The Scream, from which his talk on addiction was adapted and for which he spent three years researching the war on drugs and questioning the ways in which we treat addiction.
He has written for many of the world’s leading newspapers and magazines, including The New York Times, Le Monde, The Guardian, New Republic, The Nation, Slate.com, and The Sydney Morning Herald. He was a columnist for the British newspaper The Independent for nine years.
Hari was twice named National Newspaper Journalist of the Year by Amnesty International, was named Gay Journalist of the Year at the Stonewall Awards -- and won the Martha Gellhorn Prize for political writing.
Johann Hari | Speaker | TED.com