TEDMED 2016
David R. Williams: How racism makes us sick
David R. Williams: Kako obolijevamo od rasizma
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Zašto je rasizam tako duboko povezan sa zdravljem? David R. Williams razvio je skalu za mjerenje utjecaja diskriminacije na cjelokupno zdravlje, koja ide dalje od tradicionalnih mjera poput dohotka i edukacije, da bi otkrio kako faktori kao što su implicitna sklonost, rezidencijalna segregacija i negativni stereotipi kreiraju i održavaju nejednakost. U ovom govoru koji otvara oči, Williams prezetira dokaze koji pokazuju da rasizam stvara namješten sistem - i nudi primjere programa iz svih dijelova SAD-a koji rade na razoružanju diskriminacije.
David R. Williams - Public health sociologist
David R. Williams asks: What if we decided to tackle the striking levels of early death and poor health that are due to the color of one's skin? Full bio
David R. Williams asks: What if we decided to tackle the striking levels of early death and poor health that are due to the color of one's skin? Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
An article in the Yale Alumni Magazine
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Članak iz Yale Alumni Magazine -a
00:17
told the story of Clyde Murphy,
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govori o priči Clyde Murphya,
00:19
a black man who was a member
of the Class of 1970.
of the Class of 1970.
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crnca koji je bio član
generacije 1970.
generacije 1970.
00:24
Clyde was a success story.
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Njegova je priča uspješna.
00:28
After Yale and a law degree from Columbia,
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Nakon Yale-a i pravne diplome s Columbie,
00:32
Clyde spent the next 30 years
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Clyde je proveo idućih 30 godina
00:34
as one of America's
top civil rights lawyers.
top civil rights lawyers.
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kao jedan od najboljih američkih
odvjetnika za ljudska prava.
odvjetnika za ljudska prava.
00:38
He was also a great husband and father.
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Također je bio odličan muž i otac.
00:42
But despite his success,
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Ali usprkos njegovom uspjehu,
00:44
personally and professionally,
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profesionalnom i osobnom,
00:48
Clyde's story had a sad ending.
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Clydeova priča ima tužan završetak.
00:51
In 2010,
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U 2010.,
00:53
at the age of 62,
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u 62. godini života,
00:56
Clyde died from a blood clot in his lung.
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Clyde je umro od krvnog ugruška u plućima.
01:02
Clyde's experience was not unique.
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Clyde nije jedini koji je to doživio.
01:06
Many of his black classmates from Yale
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Mnogo njegovih crnih kolega s Yale-a
01:09
also died young.
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je također umrlo mlado.
01:12
In fact, the magazine article indicated
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Zapravo, članak ukazuje na to
01:16
that 41 years after graduation from Yale,
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da 41 godinu nakon diplomiranja na Yaleu,
01:20
the black members of the Class of 1970
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crni članovi generacije 1970.
01:23
had a death rate
that was three times higher
that was three times higher
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imaju stopu smrtnosti
trostruko veću
trostruko veću
01:26
than that of the average class member.
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od prosječnog studenta.
01:30
It's stunning.
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To je nevjerojatno.
01:33
America has recently awakened
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Ameriku je nedavno probudila
01:36
to a steady drumbeat
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vijest
01:38
of unarmed black men
being shot by the police.
being shot by the police.
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o nenaoružanim crncima
pretučenima od strane policije.
pretučenima od strane policije.
01:43
What is even a bigger story
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Još značajniji podatak je
01:48
is that every seven minutes,
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da svakih 7 minuta,
01:51
a black person dies prematurely
in the United States.
in the United States.
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u SAD-u preuranjeno umre
1 crna osoba.
1 crna osoba.
01:56
That is over 200 black people
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To je preko 200 ljudi
02:00
die every single day
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koji umru svakoga dana,
02:02
who would not die if the health
of blacks and whites were equal.
of blacks and whites were equal.
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a koji nebi umrli da je zdravlje
crnih i bijelih ljudi jednako.
crnih i bijelih ljudi jednako.
02:10
For the last 25 years,
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U posljednjih 25 godina
02:12
I have been on a mission
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ja sam bio na misiji
02:14
to understand why does race
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da shvatim zašto je rasa
02:17
matter so profoundly for health.
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toliko bitna kada se radi o zdravlju.
02:21
When I started my career,
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Kada sam počeo svoju karijeru,
02:23
many believed that it was simply
about racial differences
about racial differences
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mnogi su jednostavno vjerovali
da je to zbog rasnih razlika
da je to zbog rasnih razlika
02:27
in income and education.
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u primanjima i obrazovanju.
02:30
I discovered that while
economic status matters for health,
economic status matters for health,
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Otkrio sam da, iako
ekonomski status utječe na zdravlje,
ekonomski status utječe na zdravlje,
02:36
there is more to the story.
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tu postoji nešto više.
02:38
So for example, if we look
at life expectancy at age 25,
at life expectancy at age 25,
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Naprimjer, pogledajmo
očekivani životni vijek u dobi od 25 godina,
očekivani životni vijek u dobi od 25 godina,
02:43
at age 25 there's a five-year gap
between blacks and whites.
between blacks and whites.
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u dobi od 25 godina pojavljuje se petogodišnji
jaz između crnaca i bijelaca.
jaz između crnaca i bijelaca.
02:49
And the gap by education
for both whites and blacks
for both whites and blacks
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A jaz u edukaciji
između bijelaca i crnaca
između bijelaca i crnaca
02:53
is even larger than the racial gap.
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je još veći od rasnog jaza.
02:56
At the same time,
at every level of education,
at every level of education,
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U isto vrijeme,
na bilo kojoj razini edukacije,
na bilo kojoj razini edukacije,
03:01
whites live longer than blacks.
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bijelci žive duže od crnaca.
03:04
So whites who are high school dropouts
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Bijelci koji odustanu od srednje škole
03:06
live 3.4 years longer
than their black counterparts,
than their black counterparts,
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žive 3.4 godine duže
od njihovih crnih kolega,
od njihovih crnih kolega,
03:10
and the gap is even larger
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a jaz je još veći
03:13
among college graduates.
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među diplomantima.
03:16
Most surprising of all,
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Ono što najviše iznenađuje
03:19
whites who have graduated from high school
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je to što bijelci sa završenom srednjom školom
03:22
live longer than blacks
with a college degree
with a college degree
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žive dulje od crnaca
s diplomom
s diplomom
03:26
or more education.
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ili s većim stupnjem obrazovanja.
03:28
So why does race matter
so profoundly for health?
so profoundly for health?
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Pa zašto je rasa tako
duboko povezana sa zdravljem?
duboko povezana sa zdravljem?
03:32
What else is it
beyond education and income
beyond education and income
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Što još osim
obrazovanja i dohotka
obrazovanja i dohotka
03:37
that might matter?
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može utjecati na to?
03:40
In the early 1990s,
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U ranim 1990-ima
03:42
I was asked to review a new book
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trebao sam napisati recenziju
jedne nove knjige
jedne nove knjige
03:45
on the health of black America.
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o zdravlju crnaca u Americi.
03:48
I was struck that almost every single one
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Bio sam iznenađen svakim
03:51
of its 25 chapters
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od ukupno 25 poglavlja
03:53
said that racism
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koji su govorili o tome
03:55
was a factor that was hurting
the health of blacks.
the health of blacks.
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kako je rasizam ono što škodi
zdravlju crnaca.
zdravlju crnaca.
03:59
All of these researchers
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Svi ti istraživači
04:02
were stating that racism was a factor
adversely impacting blacks,
adversely impacting blacks,
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su tvrdili da je rasizam faktor
koji nepovoljno utjele na crnce,
koji nepovoljno utjele na crnce,
04:08
but they provided no evidence.
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ali nisu imali dokaza za to.
04:10
For me, that was not good enough.
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Meni to nije bilo dovoljno.
04:13
A few months later,
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Nekoliko mjeseci poslije,
04:15
I was speaking at a conference
in Washington, DC,
in Washington, DC,
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bio sam govornik jedne
konferencije u Washingtonu, DC,
konferencije u Washingtonu, DC,
04:18
and I said that one
of the priorities for research
of the priorities for research
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na kojoj sam rekao da je
jedan od prioriteta tog istraživanja
jedan od prioriteta tog istraživanja
04:21
was to document the ways
in which racism affected health.
in which racism affected health.
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dokumentirati načine
na koji rasizam može utjecati na zdravlje.
na koji rasizam može utjecati na zdravlje.
04:26
A white gentleman stood in the audience
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Jedan gospodin, bijelac, koji je stajao u publici
04:29
and said that while he agreed
with me that racism was important,
with me that racism was important,
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rekao je da, iako se slaže samnom
da je rasizam važan,
da je rasizam važan,
04:34
we could never measure racism.
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rasizam ne može biti izmjeren.
04:36
"We measure self-esteem," I said.
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"Mjerimo samopoštovanje", rekao sam.
04:40
"There's no reason
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"Nema razloga
04:41
why we can't measure racism
if we put our minds to it."
if we put our minds to it."
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zašto nebi mogli mjeriti rasizam
ako se posvetimo tome."
ako se posvetimo tome."
04:45
And so I put my mind to it
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I tako sam se posvetio tome
04:48
and developed three scales.
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te razvio 3 mjere.
04:50
The first one captured
major experiences of discrimination,
major experiences of discrimination,
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Prva je mjerila
iskustvo diskriminacije,
iskustvo diskriminacije,
04:54
like being unfairly fired
or being unfairly stopped by the police.
or being unfairly stopped by the police.
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kao naprimjer neopravdano dobivanje otkaza
ili zaustavljanje od strane policije.
ili zaustavljanje od strane policije.
04:58
But discrimination also occurs
in more minor and subtle experiences,
in more minor and subtle experiences,
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Ali diskriminacija je također prisutna
u mnogo manjim i suptilnijim oblicima,
u mnogo manjim i suptilnijim oblicima,
05:04
and so my second scale,
called the Everyday Discrimination Scale,
called the Everyday Discrimination Scale,
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pa tako moja druga mjera, koja je dobila naziv
Mjera Svakodnevne Diskriminacije,
Mjera Svakodnevne Diskriminacije,
05:08
captures nine items
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mjeri 9 stavaka
05:09
that captures experiences
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koje mjere iskustva
05:11
like you're treated
with less courtesy than others,
with less courtesy than others,
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kada su pojedinci tretirani
s manjom ljubaznošću od drugih,
s manjom ljubaznošću od drugih,
05:14
you receive poorer service
than others in restaurants or stores,
than others in restaurants or stores,
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kada im je u restoranima i dućanima
pružena lošija usluga nego drugima,
pružena lošija usluga nego drugima,
05:18
or people act as if they're afraid of you.
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ili kada se ljudi ponašaju kao da
vas se boje.
vas se boje.
05:21
This scale captures
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Ova mjera prikazuje
05:24
ways in which the dignity and the respect
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načine na koje su
dostojanstvo i poštovanje
dostojanstvo i poštovanje
05:27
of people who society does not value
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ljudi koje društvo ne cijeni
05:30
is chipped away on a daily basis.
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narušeni na dnevnoj bazi.
05:33
Research has found
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Istraživanje je pokazalo
05:37
that higher levels of discrimination
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da su veće razine diskriminacije
05:40
are associated with an elevated risk
of a broad range of diseases
of a broad range of diseases
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povezane s povećanim rizikom
od mnogih bolesti,
od mnogih bolesti,
05:45
from blood pressure to abdominal obesity
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od krvnog tlaka i pretilosti
05:49
to breast cancer to heart disease
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do raka dojke i srčanih bolesti
05:51
and even premature mortality.
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te čak preuranjene smrtnosti.
05:55
Strikingly, some of the effects
are observed at a very young age.
are observed at a very young age.
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Nevjerojatno je da su neki efekti
primjećeni u vrlo ranoj dobi.
primjećeni u vrlo ranoj dobi.
06:00
For example, a study of black teens
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Na primjer, jedno
istraživanje mladih crnaca
istraživanje mladih crnaca
06:06
found that those who reported higher
levels of discrimination as teenagers
levels of discrimination as teenagers
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pokazalo je da su oni koji su prikazali
veće razine diskriminacije kao tinejdžeri
veće razine diskriminacije kao tinejdžeri
06:13
had higher levels of stress hormones,
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imali veće razine hormona stresa,
06:17
of blood pressure
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krvnog tlaka
06:19
and of weight at age 20.
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i težine u dobi od 20 godina.
06:24
However,
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Međutim,
06:27
the stress of discrimination
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stres izazvan diskriminacijom
06:30
is only one aspect.
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je samo jedan aspekt.
06:32
Discrimination and racism
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Diskriminacija i rasizam
06:34
also matters in other
profound ways for health.
profound ways for health.
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utječu na zdravlje i na druge načine.
06:39
For example, there's
discrimination in medical care.
discrimination in medical care.
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Na primjer, diskriminacija
prisutna u zdravstvu.
prisutna u zdravstvu.
06:43
In 1999, the National Academy of Medicine
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U 1999., "National Academy of Medicine"
06:47
asked me to serve on a committee
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zatražila me da sudjelujem u povjerenstvu
06:49
that found, concluded
based on the scientific evidence,
based on the scientific evidence,
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koje je došlo do otkrića,
baziranom na znanstvenim dokazima,
baziranom na znanstvenim dokazima,
06:54
that blacks and other minorities
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da crnci i druge manjine
06:56
receive poorer quality care than whites.
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primaju lošiju zdravstvenu njegu od bijelaca.
07:00
This was true for all kinds
of medical treatment,
of medical treatment,
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To je bilo prisutno
tijekom bilo kakve medicinske njege,
tijekom bilo kakve medicinske njege,
07:04
from the most simple
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od onih najjednostavnijih
07:06
to the most technologically sophisticated.
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do tehnološki najprofinjenijih.
07:10
One explanation for this pattern
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Jedno objašnjenje za to
07:13
was a phenomenon
that's called "implicit bias"
that's called "implicit bias"
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je fenomen nazvan
"implicitna pristranost"
"implicitna pristranost"
07:17
or "unconscious discrimination."
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ili "nesvjesna diskriminacija."
07:20
Research for decades
by social psychologists
by social psychologists
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Istraživanje socijalnih psihologa
desetljećima je
desetljećima je
07:22
indicates that if you hold
a negative stereotype
a negative stereotype
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indiciralo da, ukoliko netko
ima negativne stereotipe
ima negativne stereotipe
07:26
about a group in your subconscious mind
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o određenoj grupi u svojoj podsvijesti,
07:29
and you meet someone from that group,
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prilikom susreta s nekim iz te grupe
07:32
you will discriminate against that person.
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diskriminirat će tu osobu.
07:34
You will treat them differently.
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Tretirat će ih drugačije,
07:36
It's an unconscious process.
It's an automatic process.
It's an automatic process.
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što je nesvjesan proces.
Automatski proces.
Automatski proces.
07:40
It is a subtle process, but it's normal
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Suptilan, ali normalan proces,
07:44
and it occurs even among
the most well-intentioned individuals.
the most well-intentioned individuals.
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i događa se čak i
onima koji imaju najbolju namjeru.
onima koji imaju najbolju namjeru.
07:51
But the deeper that I delved
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Ali što sam dublje kopao
07:54
into the health impact of racism,
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po utjecajima rasizma na zdravlje,
07:57
the more insidious the effects became.
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efekti su postajali podmukliji.
08:01
There is institutional discrimination,
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Postoji institucijska diskriminacija,
08:04
which refers to discrimination
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koja podrazumijeva diskriminaciju
08:07
that exists in the processes
of social institutions.
of social institutions.
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koja se javlja u djelovanju socijalnih institucija.
08:12
Residential segregation by race,
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Podjela četvrti na temelju rase,
08:14
which has led to blacks and whites living
in very different neighborhood contexts,
in very different neighborhood contexts,
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koje je dovelo do crnaca i bijelaca
koji žive u potpuno različitim četvrtima
koji žive u potpuno različitim četvrtima
08:19
is a classic example
of institutional racism.
of institutional racism.
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je klasičan primjer institucijalnog rasizma.
08:25
One of America's best-kept secrets
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Jedna od Američkih najbolje čuvanih tajni
08:29
is how residential segregation
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je da je podjela četvrti
08:31
is the secret source
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tajni izvor
08:33
that creates racial inequality
in the United States.
in the United States.
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rasne nejednakosi u Sjedinjenim Državama.
08:38
In America, where you live
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U Americi, područje u kojem živite
08:41
determines your access to opportunities
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određuje vaše mogućnosti
08:44
in education, in employment,
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edukacije, zaposlenja,
08:48
in housing and even
in access to medical care.
in access to medical care.
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stambene te čak
mogućnosti zdravstvene njege.
mogućnosti zdravstvene njege.
08:53
One study of the 171 largest
cities in the United States
cities in the United States
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Jedno istražvanje 171
grada Sjedinjenih Država
grada Sjedinjenih Država
09:00
concluded that there is not even one city
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došlo je do zaključka
da ne postoji nijedan grad
da ne postoji nijedan grad
09:03
where whites live
under equal conditions to blacks,
under equal conditions to blacks,
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gdje bijelci i crnci žive
u jednakim uvjetima,
u jednakim uvjetima,
09:06
and that the worst urban contexts
in which whites reside
in which whites reside
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i da je najgore urbano područje
u kojem bijelci žive
u kojem bijelci žive
09:10
is considerably better than the average
context of black communities.
context of black communities.
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znatno bolje od
prosječnih crnačkih zajednica.
prosječnih crnačkih zajednica.
09:15
Another study found
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Drugo istraživanje je pokazalo
09:17
that if you could eliminate statistically
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da, ako eliminiramo statističku
09:20
residential segregation,
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podjelu četvrti,
09:22
you would completely erase
black-white differences in income,
black-white differences in income,
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među crncima i bijelcima
više nema razlike u primanjima,
više nema razlike u primanjima,
09:26
education and unemployment,
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obrazovanju i nezaposlenosti,
09:29
and reduce black-white differences
in single motherhood
in single motherhood
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te se smanjuje razlika između
crnih i bijelih samohranih majki
crnih i bijelih samohranih majki
09:32
by two thirds,
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za dvije trećine,
09:33
all of that driven by segregation.
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sve to pod utjecajem podjele.
09:36
I have also learned
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Također sam naučio
09:39
how the negative stereotypes
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kako negativni stereotipi
09:41
and images of blacks in our culture
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i percepcije crnaca u našoj kulturi
09:44
literally create and sustain
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doslovno stvaraju i održavaju
09:47
both institutional
and individual discrimination.
and individual discrimination.
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i institucijsku i individualnu diskriminaciju.
09:52
A group of researchers
have put together a database
have put together a database
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Grupa istraživača
stvorila je bazu podataka
stvorila je bazu podataka
09:56
that contains the books,
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koja sadrži knjige,
09:58
magazines and articles
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časopise i članke
10:01
that an average college-educated
American would read over their lifetime.
American would read over their lifetime.
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koje prosječan fakultetsko-obrazovan
Amerikanac pročita tijekom svog života.
Amerikanac pročita tijekom svog života.
10:06
It allows us to look within this database
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Omogućava nam da
pogledamo tu bazu
pogledamo tu bazu
10:09
and see how Americans
have seen words paired together
have seen words paired together
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i vidimo kombinacije riječi
kako ih vide Amerikanci
kako ih vide Amerikanci
10:14
as they grow up in their society.
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tijekom svog razvoja unutar društva.
10:17
So when the word "black"
appears in American culture,
appears in American culture,
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Kada se riječ "crnac"
pojavi u američkoj kulturi,
pojavi u američkoj kulturi,
10:21
what co-occurs with it?
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koje riječi se pojavljuju uz nju?
10:23
"Poor,"
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"Siromašan,"
10:24
"violent,"
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"nasilan,"
10:25
"religious,"
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"pobožan,"
10:27
"lazy,"
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"lijen,"
10:28
"cheerful,"
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"veseo,"
10:29
"dangerous."
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"opasan."
10:31
When "white" occurs,
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Kada se pojavi "bijelac,"
10:33
the frequently co-occurring words
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riječi koje se pojavljuju uz nju su
10:35
are "wealthy,"
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"imućan,"
10:36
"progressive,"
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"napredan,"
10:38
"conventional,"
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"konvencionalan,"
10:40
"stubborn,"
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"tvrdoglav,"
10:41
"successful,"
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"uspješan,"
10:42
"educated."
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"obrazovan."
10:44
So when a police officer
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I onda kada policajac
10:47
overreacts when he sees
an unarmed black male
an unarmed black male
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pretjerano reagira kada vidi
nenaoružanog crnog muškarca
nenaoružanog crnog muškarca
10:53
and perceives him
to be violent and dangerous,
to be violent and dangerous,
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i doživi ga kao
agresivnog i opasnog,
agresivnog i opasnog,
10:57
we are not necessarily dealing
with an inherently bad cop.
with an inherently bad cop.
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to ne mora značiti da se radi o
inherentno lošem policajcu.
inherentno lošem policajcu.
11:03
We may be simply viewing
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Možda se jednostavno radi
11:05
a normal American
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o normalnom Amerikancu
11:07
who is reflecting
what he has been exposed to
what he has been exposed to
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koji je odraz onoga
čemu je bio izložen
čemu je bio izložen
11:11
as a result of being raised
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tijekom odgoja
11:14
in this society.
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u ovom društvu.
11:16
From my own experience,
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Iz mog osobnog iskustva,
11:19
I believe that your race
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vjerujem da nečija rasa
11:22
does not have to be
a determinant of your destiny.
a determinant of your destiny.
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ne mora odrediti nečiju sudbinu.
11:26
I migrated to the United States
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Doselio sam u Sjedinjene Države
11:29
from the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia
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s Karipskih otoka Svete Lucija
11:32
in the late 1970s
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u kasnim 1970-ima
11:34
in pursuit of higher education,
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1840
s ciljem višeg obrazovanja,
11:38
and in the last 40 years,
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i u posljednjih 40 godina,
11:40
I have done well.
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1200
dobro mi ide.
11:42
I have had a supportive family,
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Imam obitelj koja me podržava,
11:44
I have worked hard,
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naporno radim,
11:47
I have done well.
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1200
dobro mi ide.
11:49
But it took more for me to be successful.
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Ali mi je bilo potrebno više da postanem uspješan.
11:52
I received a minority fellowship
from the University of Michigan.
from the University of Michigan.
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Dobio sam stipendiju za manjine
od Sveučilišta u Michiganu.
od Sveučilišta u Michiganu.
11:57
Yes. I am an affirmative action baby.
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Da. Ja sam dijete afirmativne akcije.
12:02
Without affirmative action,
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Bez afirmativne akcije,
12:05
I would not be here.
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ja nebi bio ovdje.
12:09
But in the last 40 years,
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Ali u posljednjih 40 godina,
12:11
black America has been
less successful than I have.
less successful than I have.
217
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3760
crnci u Americi bili su
manje uspješni od mene.
manje uspješni od mene.
12:16
In 1978, black households
in the United States
in the United States
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U 1978., crna kućanstva
u Sjedinjenim Državama
u Sjedinjenim Državama
12:22
earned 59 cents for every dollar
of income whites earned.
of income whites earned.
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730040
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zaradila su 59 centi za svaki
zarađeni dolar koji su bijelci zaradili.
zarađeni dolar koji su bijelci zaradili.
12:27
In 2015,
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2256
U 2015.,
12:29
black families still earn 59 cents
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4856
crne obitelji i dalje zarađuju 59 centi
12:34
for every dollar of income
that white families receive,
that white families receive,
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3816
za svaki zarađeni dolar prihoda
koji zarade bijele obitelji,
koji zarade bijele obitelji,
12:38
and the racial gaps in wealth
are even more stunning.
are even more stunning.
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3600
i rasni jaz u bogatsvu
je još više zadivljujući.
je još više zadivljujući.
12:42
For every dollar of wealth
that whites have,
that whites have,
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Za svaki dolar bogatstva
koji posjeduju bijelci,
koji posjeduju bijelci,
12:45
black families have six pennies
and Latinos have seven pennies.
and Latinos have seven pennies.
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crne obitelji imaju 6 penija,
a Latinoamerikanci 7 penija.
a Latinoamerikanci 7 penija.
12:50
The fact is,
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Činjenica je da,
12:52
racism
227
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rasizam
12:54
is producing a truly rigged system
228
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4336
stvara namješten sustav
12:58
that is systematically disadvantaging
some racial groups in the United States.
some racial groups in the United States.
229
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5240
koji sistematski oduzima prednost
nekim rasnim grupama u Sjedinjenim Državama.
nekim rasnim grupama u Sjedinjenim Državama.
13:04
To paraphrase Plato,
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2176
Da citiram Platona,
13:07
there is nothing so unfair
231
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ništa nije toliko nepošteno
13:10
as the equal treatment of unequal people.
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3320
kao jednako tretiranje nejednakih ljudi.
13:15
And that's why I am committed
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I zato sam se ja posvetio
13:18
to working to dismantle racism.
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ukidanju rasizma.
13:21
I deeply appreciate the fact
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Duboko cijenim činjenicu
13:24
that I am standing on the shoulders
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da stojim na ramenima
13:27
of those who have sacrificed
even their lives to open the doors
even their lives to open the doors
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onih koji su žrtvovali svoje živote
kako bi otvorili vrata
kako bi otvorili vrata
13:32
that I have walked through.
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kroz koja sam ja prošao.
13:34
I want to ensure
that those doors remain open
that those doors remain open
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Želim osigurati
da ta vrata ostaju otvorena
da ta vrata ostaju otvorena
13:38
and that everyone
can walk through those doors.
can walk through those doors.
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i da svi mogu proći kroz njih.
13:44
Robert Kennedy said,
241
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2336
Robert Kennedy je rekao,
13:46
"Each time a man" --
or woman, I would add --
or woman, I would add --
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3536
"Svaki put kada se muškarac",
ili žena ja bih dodao,
ili žena ja bih dodao,
13:50
"stands up for an ideal
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"zauzme za neki ideal
13:52
or acts to improve the lot of others
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ili poboljšanje sudbina drugih
13:54
or strikes out against injustice,
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2576
ili napad na nepravdu,
13:57
he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope,
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3536
on šalje naprijed mali val nade,
14:01
and those ripples can build a current
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3096
koji mogu sagraditi struju
14:04
that can sweep down the mightiest walls
of oppression and resistance."
of oppression and resistance."
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koja može oboriti
najsnažnije zidove tlačenja i otpora."
najsnažnije zidove tlačenja i otpora."
14:10
I am optimistic today
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Danas sam optimističan
14:12
because all across America,
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jer sam diljem Amerike,
14:14
I have seen ripples of hope.
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vidio te valove nade.
14:17
The Boston Medical Center
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Zdravstveni centar u Bostonu
14:19
has added lawyers to the medical team
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2720
u medicinski tim dodao je odvjetnike
14:23
so that physicians can improve
the health of their patients
the health of their patients
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kako bi liječnici mogli unaprijediti
zdravlje svojih pacijenata
zdravlje svojih pacijenata
14:27
because the lawyers are addressing
the nonmedical needs their patients have.
the nonmedical needs their patients have.
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tako što se pacijenti mogu obratiti
odvjetnicima za svoje nemedicinske potrebe.
odvjetnicima za svoje nemedicinske potrebe.
14:32
Loma Linda University
has built a gateway college
has built a gateway college
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Sveučilište Loma Linda
osnovalo je odjel
osnovalo je odjel
14:36
in nearby San Bernardino
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u blizini San Bernardina
14:38
so that in addition
to delivering medical care,
to delivering medical care,
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koji, uz medicinsku njegu,
14:41
they can provide job skills
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pruža i poslovne vještine
14:44
and job training
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i treninge
14:46
to a predominantly minority,
low-income community members
low-income community members
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874000
4776
pretežito za manjine,
članove društva s manjim prihodima
članove društva s manjim prihodima
14:50
so that they will have the skills
they need to get a decent job.
they need to get a decent job.
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kako bi dobili vještine
potrebne za dobivanje pristojnog posla.
potrebne za dobivanje pristojnog posla.
14:56
In Chapel Hill, North Carolina,
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U Chapel Hillu, u Sjevernoj Karolini,
14:59
the Abecedarian Project has figured out
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3696
Početnički projekt je shvatio
15:03
how to ensure that they have lowered
the risks for heart disease
the risks for heart disease
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5296
kako osigurati smanjeni rizik
od srčanih bolesti
od srčanih bolesti
15:08
for blacks in their mid-30s
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za crnce u 30-ima
15:11
by providing high-quality day care
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pružanjem usluga kvalitetnih dječjih vrtića
15:14
from birth to age five.
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2696
od rođenja do pete godine starosti.
15:17
In after-school centers
across the United States,
across the United States,
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U post-školskim centrima
ciljem Sjedinjenih Država,
ciljem Sjedinjenih Država,
15:20
Wintley Phipps and the US Dream Academy
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Wintley Phipps i US Dream Academy
15:23
is breaking the cycle of incarceration
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ruše zatvoreni krug
15:26
by providing high-quality
academic enrichment and mentoring
academic enrichment and mentoring
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4416
pružanjem visokokvalitetnog
akademskog obogaćenja i mentorstva
akademskog obogaćenja i mentorstva
15:30
to the children of prisoners
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djeci zatvorenika
15:33
and children who have
fallen behind in school.
fallen behind in school.
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i djeci koja
zaostaju u školi.
zaostaju u školi.
15:36
In Huntsville, Alabama,
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U Huntsville-u u Alabami,
15:38
Oakwood University,
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1416
Sveučilište Oakwood,
15:39
a historically black institution,
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2336
povijesno crna institucija,
15:42
is showing how we can improve
the health of black adults
the health of black adults
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pokazuje nam kako možemo
poboljšati zdravlje mladih crnaca
poboljšati zdravlje mladih crnaca
15:46
by including a health evaluation
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3016
uključivanjem procjene zdravlja
15:49
as a part of freshman orientation
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u orijentaciju brucoša
15:52
and giving those students
the tools they need
the tools they need
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i davanjem potrebnih sredstava
tim studentima
tim studentima
15:55
to make healthy choices
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kako bi mogli donositi zdrave odluke
15:57
and providing them annually
a health transcript
a health transcript
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te pružanjem godišnjih
zdravstvenih prijepisa
zdravstvenih prijepisa
16:00
so they can monitor their progress.
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kako bi mogli pratiti svoj napredak.
16:03
And in Atlanta, Georgia,
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1736
A u Atlanti, u Georgi,
16:05
Purpose Built Communities has dismantled
the negative effects of segregation
the negative effects of segregation
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5936
posebno sagrađene zajednice su izbrisale
negativne efekte segregacije
negativne efekte segregacije
16:11
by transforming a crime-ridden,
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transformacijom kriminalnog,
16:13
drug-infested public housing project
288
961920
2936
drogom povezanog stambenog projekta
16:16
into an oasis of mixed-income housing,
289
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3696
u stambenu oazu različitog dohotka,
16:20
of academic performance,
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akademskog performansa,
16:22
of great community wellness
291
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wellnesa
16:25
and of full employment.
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1400
i pune zaposlenosti.
16:28
And finally,
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1696
Naposljetku,
16:29
there is the Devine solution.
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2000
imamo Devine riješenje.
16:32
Professor Patricia Devine
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Profesorica Patricia Devine
16:36
of the University of Wisconsin
296
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2576
sa Sveučilišta u Wisconsinu
16:39
has shown us how we can attack
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pokazala nam je kako možemo napasti
16:42
our hidden biases head on
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naše skrivene sklonosti direktno
16:45
and effectively reduce them.
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i efektivno ih smanjiti.
16:48
Each one of us
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Svatko od nas
16:50
can be a ripple of hope.
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2160
može biti val nade.
16:53
This work will not always be easy,
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To neće uvijek biti lako,
16:56
but former Supreme Court Justice
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall
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ali bivši vrhovni sudac
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall
17:00
has told us, "We must dissent.
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2896
rekao je, "Ne smijemo se pomiriti.
17:03
We must dissent from the indifference.
305
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2416
Ne smijemo se pomiriti s ravnodušnošću.
17:06
We must dissent from the apathy.
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2056
Ne smijemo se pomiriti s apatijom.
17:08
We must dissent from the hatred
and from the mistrust.
and from the mistrust.
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Ne smijemo se pomiriti s mržnjom
i nepovjerenjem.
i nepovjerenjem.
17:11
We must dissent
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1656
Ne smijemo se pomiriti
17:13
because America can do better,
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jer Amerika može bolje od toga,
17:16
because America has no choice
but to do better."
but to do better."
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jer Amerika nema drugog izbora
nego biti bolja od toga.
nego biti bolja od toga.
17:21
Thank you.
311
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Hvala Vam.
17:22
(Applause)
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(pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David R. Williams - Public health sociologistDavid R. Williams asks: What if we decided to tackle the striking levels of early death and poor health that are due to the color of one's skin?
Why you should listen
Dr. David R. Williams has played a visible national leadership role in raising awareness levels about health disparities and identifying interventions to address them. The author of more than 400 scientific papers, Williams developed the Everyday Discrimination Scale, which is currently one of the most widely used measures to assess perceived discrimination in health studies. He was ranked as the world's most cited black scholar in the social sciences in 2008, and Thomson Reuters ranked him as one of the world's most influential scientific minds in 2014.
Williams is currently the Norman Professor of Public Health at Harvard's T. H. Chan School of Public Health and Professor of African and African American Studies and of Sociology at Harvard University. He holds an MPH degree from Loma Linda University and a PhD in Sociology from the University of Michigan.
David R. Williams | Speaker | TED.com