ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David R. Williams - Public health sociologist
David R. Williams asks: What if we decided to tackle the striking levels of early death and poor health that are due to the color of one's skin?

Why you should listen

Dr. David R. Williams has played a visible national leadership role in raising awareness levels about health disparities and identifying interventions to address them. The author of more than 400 scientific papers, Williams developed the Everyday Discrimination Scale, which is currently one of the most widely used measures to assess perceived discrimination in health studies. He was ranked as the world's most cited black scholar in the social sciences in 2008, and Thomson Reuters ranked him as one of the world's most influential scientific minds in 2014. 

Williams is currently the Norman Professor of Public Health at Harvard's T. H. Chan School of Public Health and Professor of African and African American Studies and of Sociology at Harvard University. He holds an MPH degree from Loma Linda University and a PhD in Sociology from the University of Michigan.

More profile about the speaker
David R. Williams | Speaker | TED.com
TEDMED 2016

David R. Williams: How racism makes us sick

David R.Williams: Como nos fai enfermar o racismo

Filmed:
1,360,391 views

Por que ten tanta trascendencia a raza para a saúde? David R. Williams desenvolveu unha escala para medir o impacto real da discriminación no benestar alén de criterios tradicionais como a renda e o nivel educativo. Revelou, así, como algúns factores, como os prexuízos implícitos, a segregación residencial e os estereotipos negativos, orixinan e perpetúan a desigualdade. Nesta esclarecedora charla, Williams proba como o racismo está a xerar un sistema corrupto e achega esperanzadores exemplos de programas en desenvolvemento nos Estados Unidos que traballan para erradicar a discriminación.
- Public health sociologist
David R. Williams asks: What if we decided to tackle the striking levels of early death and poor health that are due to the color of one's skin? Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
An article in the Yale Alumni Magazine
0
1000
3120
Un artigo da revista de exalumnos de Yale
00:17
told the story of Clyde Murphy,
1
5240
2576
contaba a historia de Clyde Murphy.
00:19
a black man who was a member
of the Class of 1970.
2
7840
3880
Un home negro,
membro da promoción de 1970.
00:24
Clyde was a success story.
3
12960
2040
A de Clyde é unha historia de éxito.
Tras saír de Yale e graduarse en Dereito
pola Universidade de Columbia,
00:28
After Yale and a law degree from Columbia,
4
16320
3000
Clyde foi durante os seguintes trinta anos
00:32
Clyde spent the next 30 years
5
20160
2216
00:34
as one of America's
top civil rights lawyers.
6
22400
3160
un dos mellores avogados de dereitos civís
dos Estados Unidos (EE.UU).
00:38
He was also a great husband and father.
7
26280
2680
Tamén foi un gran marido e un gran pai.
00:42
But despite his success,
8
30080
2736
Porén, malia o seu éxito,
persoal e profesional,
00:44
personally and professionally,
9
32840
2320
00:48
Clyde's story had a sad ending.
10
36080
2280
a historia de Clyde tivo un triste final.
00:51
In 2010,
11
39440
1200
En 2010,
00:53
at the age of 62,
12
41720
1760
aos 62 anos de idade,
00:56
Clyde died from a blood clot in his lung.
13
44640
3000
Clyde finou a causa
dun coágulo de sangue nun pulmón.
01:02
Clyde's experience was not unique.
14
50120
3800
Clyde non foi o único
ao que lle aconteceu algo así.
01:06
Many of his black classmates from Yale
15
54720
2856
Moitos dos seus compañeiros negros
de Yale tamén morreron novos.
01:09
also died young.
16
57600
1480
01:12
In fact, the magazine article indicated
17
60080
3360
De feito, o artigo da revista indicaba
01:16
that 41 years after graduation from Yale,
18
64319
3697
que 41 anos despois da súa graduación
na Universidade de Yale,
01:20
the black members of the Class of 1970
19
68040
3176
os alumnos negros da promoción de 1970
01:23
had a death rate
that was three times higher
20
71240
3256
presentaban unha taxa de mortalidade
tres veces superior á da media da clase.
01:26
than that of the average class member.
21
74520
2440
01:30
It's stunning.
22
78680
1200
É abraiante.
01:33
America has recently awakened
23
81240
2520
EE.UU acordou recentemente
01:36
to a steady drumbeat
24
84680
2176
ante o balbordo constante dos disparos
da policía a homes negros desarmados.
01:38
of unarmed black men
being shot by the police.
25
86880
3760
01:43
What is even a bigger story
26
91960
3200
O que é mesmo máis grave
01:48
is that every seven minutes,
27
96560
3096
é que cada sete minutos
01:51
a black person dies prematurely
in the United States.
28
99680
4000
unha persoa negra
morre de xeito prematuro nos EE.UU.
01:56
That is over 200 black people
29
104440
3816
Isto quere dicir que máis
de 200 persoas negras morren cada día
02:00
die every single day
30
108280
2136
02:02
who would not die if the health
of blacks and whites were equal.
31
110440
4800
e que non morrerían se negros e brancos
tivesen a mesma saúde.
02:10
For the last 25 years,
32
118240
1680
Durante os últimos 25 anos,
entregueime á misión
02:12
I have been on a mission
33
120920
1936
02:14
to understand why does race
34
122880
2776
de entender por que a raza
ten tanta transcendencia para a saúde.
02:17
matter so profoundly for health.
35
125680
2560
Cando comecei a miña carreira,
02:21
When I started my career,
36
129759
1777
02:23
many believed that it was simply
about racial differences
37
131560
4376
moitos crían que se trataba simplemente
de diferenzas raciais en renda e educación
02:27
in income and education.
38
135960
1760
02:30
I discovered that while
economic status matters for health,
39
138480
4840
Descubrín que, se ben o estatus económico
é importante para a saúde,
02:36
there is more to the story.
40
144200
1896
a historia non remata aí.
02:38
So for example, if we look
at life expectancy at age 25,
41
146120
4920
Se, por exemplo, observamos
a esperanza de vida aos 25 anos,
02:43
at age 25 there's a five-year gap
between blacks and whites.
42
151960
5096
aos 25 anos de idade, hai unha fenda
de cinco anos entre negros e brancos,
02:49
And the gap by education
for both whites and blacks
43
157080
3936
mais a fenda por nivel de educación
tanto en brancos como negros
02:53
is even larger than the racial gap.
44
161040
3120
é mesmo maior que a racial.
02:56
At the same time,
at every level of education,
45
164960
4616
Porén, ao mesmo tempo,
en tódolos niveis educativos,
03:01
whites live longer than blacks.
46
169600
2240
os brancos viven máis tempo que os negros.
03:04
So whites who are high school dropouts
47
172560
2296
Entón, os brancos
que abandonan o instituto
03:06
live 3.4 years longer
than their black counterparts,
48
174880
3696
viven 3,4 anos máis de media
que os seus homólogos negros.
03:10
and the gap is even larger
49
178600
2896
A fenda é aínda maior
entre os graduados universitarios.
03:13
among college graduates.
50
181520
1640
03:16
Most surprising of all,
51
184200
3016
Pero o máis sorprendente é que os brancos
que rematan a secundaria
03:19
whites who have graduated from high school
52
187240
3376
03:22
live longer than blacks
with a college degree
53
190640
3696
viven máis tempo que os negros
licenciados ou con educación superior.
03:26
or more education.
54
194360
1240
03:28
So why does race matter
so profoundly for health?
55
196600
3896
Así que, por que a raza resulta tan
transcendental para a saúde?
03:32
What else is it
beyond education and income
56
200520
4040
Que pode haber alén do nivel de formación
e a renda que importe tanto?
03:37
that might matter?
57
205400
1240
03:40
In the early 1990s,
58
208040
1600
Ao comezo da década dos noventa,
encargáronme a recensión dun novo libro
03:42
I was asked to review a new book
59
210520
2160
sobre a saúde
da poboación negra dos EE.UU.
03:45
on the health of black America.
60
213600
1880
03:48
I was struck that almost every single one
61
216200
3096
Abraioume o feito de que case cada un
dos seus 25 capítulos
03:51
of its 25 chapters
62
219320
2256
03:53
said that racism
63
221600
1776
dixese que o racismo era un factor
que estaba a afectar a saúde dos negros.
03:55
was a factor that was hurting
the health of blacks.
64
223400
3040
03:59
All of these researchers
65
227360
1720
Todos os investigadores participantes
04:02
were stating that racism was a factor
adversely impacting blacks,
66
230120
4760
afirmaban que o racismo era un factor
que afectaba negativamente os negros
mais non achegaban ningunha proba.
04:08
but they provided no evidence.
67
236080
1560
04:10
For me, that was not good enough.
68
238560
2160
Para min, aquilo non era bo dabondo.
04:13
A few months later,
69
241960
1656
Algúns meses despois, participei
nun congreso en Washington DC
04:15
I was speaking at a conference
in Washington, DC,
70
243640
2936
04:18
and I said that one
of the priorities for research
71
246600
3176
e dixen que
unha das prioridades da investigación
04:21
was to document the ways
in which racism affected health.
72
249800
3720
debía ser documentar de que maneiras
afectaba o racismo a saúde.
04:26
A white gentleman stood in the audience
73
254880
2536
Un señor branco
ergueuse de entre o público
04:29
and said that while he agreed
with me that racism was important,
74
257440
3320
e dixo que, se ben coincidía comigo
en sinalar a importancia do racismo,
04:34
we could never measure racism.
75
262240
1480
nunca poderíamos medilo.
04:36
"We measure self-esteem," I said.
76
264880
2000
"Medimos a autoestima",
díxenlle.
04:40
"There's no reason
77
268200
1416
Non hai razón para non podermos medir
o racismo, se nos poñemos mans á obra.
04:41
why we can't measure racism
if we put our minds to it."
78
269640
3000
04:45
And so I put my mind to it
79
273720
2496
Así que me puxen mans á obra
e desenvolvín tres escalas.
04:48
and developed three scales.
80
276240
1520
04:50
The first one captured
major experiences of discrimination,
81
278440
3976
A primeira recolle experiencias
graves de discriminación,
04:54
like being unfairly fired
or being unfairly stopped by the police.
82
282440
4256
como ser inxustamente despedido
ou ser inxustamente detido pola policía.
04:58
But discrimination also occurs
in more minor and subtle experiences,
83
286720
5296
Con todo, a discriminación preséntase
en situacións máis correntes e sutís
05:04
and so my second scale,
called the Everyday Discrimination Scale,
84
292040
3080
e, así, a miña segunda escala,
chamada "Escala de Discriminación Cotiá",
05:08
captures nine items
85
296000
1736
recolle nove elementos
que reflicten experiencias
05:09
that captures experiences
86
297760
1336
como ser tratado
con menos cortesía que outros,
05:11
like you're treated
with less courtesy than others,
87
299120
3296
05:14
you receive poorer service
than others in restaurants or stores,
88
302440
3576
recibir un peor servizo
en tendas e restaurantes
05:18
or people act as if they're afraid of you.
89
306040
2240
ou ver como a xente actúa
como se tivese medo de ti.
05:21
This scale captures
90
309240
2816
Esta escala captura algunhas das formas
polas que a dignidade e o respecto
05:24
ways in which the dignity and the respect
91
312080
3576
05:27
of people who society does not value
92
315680
2936
dunhas persoas que a sociedade non valora,
vai minguando día a día.
05:30
is chipped away on a daily basis.
93
318640
2360
05:33
Research has found
94
321960
1480
A investigación revela
05:37
that higher levels of discrimination
95
325440
2856
que os niveis
máis elevados de discriminación
05:40
are associated with an elevated risk
of a broad range of diseases
96
328320
5536
correlacionan cun alto risco
de padecer un amplo abano de doenzas,
05:45
from blood pressure to abdominal obesity
97
333880
3256
dende hipertensión a obesidade abdominal,
05:49
to breast cancer to heart disease
98
337160
2656
pasando por cancro de mama,
doenzas cardíacas
05:51
and even premature mortality.
99
339840
2560
e incluso mortalidade prematura.
05:55
Strikingly, some of the effects
are observed at a very young age.
100
343520
5096
Sorprendentemente, algúns dos efectos
obsérvanse en persoas moi novas.
06:00
For example, a study of black teens
101
348640
4120
Por exemplo, un estudo realizado
con adolescentes negros,
06:06
found that those who reported higher
levels of discrimination as teenagers
102
354120
5440
revelou que os que aducían altos niveis
de discriminación na adolescencia
06:13
had higher levels of stress hormones,
103
361120
2680
presentaban un nivel elevado
de hormonas do estrés,
06:17
of blood pressure
104
365520
1936
de presión arterial e de peso
aos 20 anos de idade.
06:19
and of weight at age 20.
105
367480
2720
06:24
However,
106
372440
1200
Porén,
06:27
the stress of discrimination
107
375920
2536
o estrés causado pola discriminación
é apenas un aspecto.
06:30
is only one aspect.
108
378480
1936
06:32
Discrimination and racism
109
380440
2496
A discriminación e o racismo inciden
de moitas outras maneiras na saúde.
06:34
also matters in other
profound ways for health.
110
382960
4296
06:39
For example, there's
discrimination in medical care.
111
387280
3080
Por exemplo, existe discriminación
na atención sanitaria.
06:43
In 1999, the National Academy of Medicine
112
391080
4296
En 1999,
a Academia Nacional de Medicina dos EE.UU.
06:47
asked me to serve on a committee
113
395400
1936
convidoume a tomar parte nunha comisión
06:49
that found, concluded
based on the scientific evidence,
114
397360
5056
que concluíu, baseándose
en probas científicas,
06:54
that blacks and other minorities
115
402440
2496
que os negros e outras minorías
06:56
receive poorer quality care than whites.
116
404960
2880
reciben unha atención
de peor calidade que os brancos.
07:00
This was true for all kinds
of medical treatment,
117
408480
3856
Isto acontece con calquera tipo
de tratamento médico,
07:04
from the most simple
118
412360
1360
dende o máis simple
ao máis sofisticado tecnoloxicamente.
07:06
to the most technologically sophisticated.
119
414720
2840
07:10
One explanation for this pattern
120
418800
3016
Unha posible explicación a este patrón
07:13
was a phenomenon
that's called "implicit bias"
121
421840
3936
podería ser o fenómeno
coñecido como "prexuízo implícito"
07:17
or "unconscious discrimination."
122
425800
2296
ou "discriminación inconsciente".
07:20
Research for decades
by social psychologists
123
428120
2816
Segundo as investigacións
dos psicólogos sociais,
07:22
indicates that if you hold
a negative stereotype
124
430960
3496
se unha persoa ten un estereotipo negativo
sobre un grupo no seu subconsciente
07:26
about a group in your subconscious mind
125
434480
3056
07:29
and you meet someone from that group,
126
437560
2696
ao coñecer alguén dese grupo,
discriminará esa persoa.
07:32
you will discriminate against that person.
127
440280
2296
07:34
You will treat them differently.
128
442600
1656
Tratarao de maneira diferente.
07:36
It's an unconscious process.
It's an automatic process.
129
444280
4616
É un proceso inconsciente,
un proceso automático.
07:40
It is a subtle process, but it's normal
130
448920
3176
É un proceso sutil, mais é normal
07:44
and it occurs even among
the most well-intentioned individuals.
131
452120
5880
e acontécelles mesmo ás persoas
con mellores intencións.
07:51
But the deeper that I delved
132
459280
3016
Pero canto máis afondaba
no impacto do racismo na saúde,
07:54
into the health impact of racism,
133
462320
2160
07:57
the more insidious the effects became.
134
465360
2720
máis perniciosos
se tornaban os seus efectos.
08:01
There is institutional discrimination,
135
469160
2440
Existe discriminación institucional,
08:04
which refers to discrimination
136
472600
2816
é dicir, discriminación
08:07
that exists in the processes
of social institutions.
137
475440
4000
que se dá nos procesos propios
das institucións sociais.
08:12
Residential segregation by race,
138
480400
2336
A segregación residencial por razas,
08:14
which has led to blacks and whites living
in very different neighborhood contexts,
139
482760
4976
que se traduce en negros e brancos
vivindo en barrios moi diferenciados,
08:19
is a classic example
of institutional racism.
140
487760
3560
é un exemplo clásico
de racismo institucional.
08:25
One of America's best-kept secrets
141
493120
3936
Un dos segredos mellor gardados
dos Estados Unidos
08:29
is how residential segregation
142
497080
2176
é o de que a segregación residencial
é a fonte secreta
08:31
is the secret source
143
499280
2336
da desigualdade racial do país.
08:33
that creates racial inequality
in the United States.
144
501640
3720
08:38
In America, where you live
145
506800
2936
Nos Estados Unidos, o lugar no que un vive
08:41
determines your access to opportunities
146
509760
3135
determina o seu acceso a oportunidades
08:44
in education, in employment,
147
512919
3297

en educación, emprego, vivenda
08:48
in housing and even
in access to medical care.
148
516240
4040
e incluso en acceso a atención sanitaria.
08:53
One study of the 171 largest
cities in the United States
149
521640
6416
Un estudo realizado nas 171 meirandes
cidades dos Estados Unidos
09:00
concluded that there is not even one city
150
528080
3296
concluíu que nin nunha soa destas cidades
09:03
where whites live
under equal conditions to blacks,
151
531400
3336
os brancos viven
nas mesmas condicións que os negros
09:06
and that the worst urban contexts
in which whites reside
152
534760
3936
e que os peores contextos
residenciais dos brancos
09:10
is considerably better than the average
context of black communities.
153
538720
4640
son considerablemente mellores que
o contexto medio das comunidades negras.
09:15
Another study found
154
543920
1696
Outro estudo probou
09:17
that if you could eliminate statistically
155
545640
3016
que se conseguísemos eliminar
estatisticamente a segregación residencial
09:20
residential segregation,
156
548680
1656
09:22
you would completely erase
black-white differences in income,
157
550360
4136
erradicaríamos por completo as diferenzas
raciais en renda, educación e desemprego
09:26
education and unemployment,
158
554520
2496
09:29
and reduce black-white differences
in single motherhood
159
557040
3296
e que reduciríamos a fenda racial
en número de familias monoparentais
09:32
by two thirds,
160
560360
1216
en dúas terceiras partes.
09:33
all of that driven by segregation.
161
561600
2360
E todo iso é ocasionado pola segregación.
09:36
I have also learned
162
564960
2056
Aprendín tamén
como os estereotipos negativos
09:39
how the negative stereotypes
163
567040
2776
09:41
and images of blacks in our culture
164
569840
2976
e a imaxe dos negros
na cultura estadounidense
09:44
literally create and sustain
165
572840
3016
literalmente orixinan e perpetúan
09:47
both institutional
and individual discrimination.
166
575880
3440
tanto a discriminación institucional
como a individual.
09:52
A group of researchers
have put together a database
167
580640
2960
Un grupo de investigadores
reuniu nunha base de datos
09:56
that contains the books,
168
584480
2216
todos os libros, revistas e artigos
09:58
magazines and articles
169
586720
3016
10:01
that an average college-educated
American would read over their lifetime.
170
589760
4696
que un estadounidense medio con formación
universitaria le durante toda a súa vida.
10:06
It allows us to look within this database
171
594480
2816
Isto permítenos ollar
para esta base de datos
10:09
and see how Americans
have seen words paired together
172
597320
5336
e comprobar como os estadounidenses
van vendo certas palabras emparelladas
10:14
as they grow up in their society.
173
602680
2496
a medida que van medrando
na súa sociedade
10:17
So when the word "black"
appears in American culture,
174
605200
3976
Así, cando aparece a palabra "negro"
na cultura estadounidense,
10:21
what co-occurs with it?
175
609200
2056
de que vai acompañada?
10:23
"Poor,"
176
611280
1416
"Pobre",
10:24
"violent,"
177
612720
1216
"violento",
10:25
"religious,"
178
613960
1336
"relixioso",
10:27
"lazy,"
179
615320
1216
"preguiceiro",
10:28
"cheerful,"
180
616560
1216
"alegre",
10:29
"dangerous."
181
617800
1736
"perigoso".
10:31
When "white" occurs,
182
619560
1496
Cando aparece "branco",
10:33
the frequently co-occurring words
183
621080
2256
as palabras frecuentemente
emparelladas son
10:35
are "wealthy,"
184
623360
1336
"rico",
10:36
"progressive,"
185
624720
1256
"progresista",
10:38
"conventional,"
186
626000
1200
"convencional"
10:40
"stubborn,"
187
628120
1216
"perseverante",
10:41
"successful,"
188
629360
1216
"exitoso"
10:42
"educated."
189
630600
1280
"culto".
10:44
So when a police officer
190
632280
3296
Entón, cando un policía
10:47
overreacts when he sees
an unarmed black male
191
635600
4280
sobreactúa ao ver un home negro desarmado
10:53
and perceives him
to be violent and dangerous,
192
641240
4696
e o percibe como violento e perigoso,
10:57
we are not necessarily dealing
with an inherently bad cop.
193
645960
4560
non temos necesariamente por que estar
a tratar cun policía intrinsecamente malo.
11:03
We may be simply viewing
194
651280
2536
Pode que simplemente esteamos a ver
un estadounidense normal
11:05
a normal American
195
653840
2016
11:07
who is reflecting
what he has been exposed to
196
655880
3776
actuando como reflexo
daquilo ao que estivo exposto
11:11
as a result of being raised
197
659680
2416
como resultado de medrar nesta sociedade.
11:14
in this society.
198
662120
1240
11:16
From my own experience,
199
664080
2320
Na miña experiencia persoal,
11:19
I believe that your race
200
667840
2616
creo que a raza non ten por que
determinar o destino dunha persoa.
11:22
does not have to be
a determinant of your destiny.
201
670480
3000
11:26
I migrated to the United States
202
674720
2536
Eu emigrei aos Estados Unidos
dende a illa caribeña de Santa Lucía,
11:29
from the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia
203
677280
2080
11:32
in the late 1970s
204
680440
1640
a finais dos setenta
11:34
in pursuit of higher education,
205
682840
1840
na procura dunha educación superior.
11:38
and in the last 40 years,
206
686000
2376
E nos últimos 40 anos foime ben.
11:40
I have done well.
207
688400
1200
11:42
I have had a supportive family,
208
690280
2616
Tiven unha familia que me apoiou,
11:44
I have worked hard,
209
692920
1280
traballei arreo.
11:47
I have done well.
210
695240
1200
Foime ben.
11:49
But it took more for me to be successful.
211
697120
2680
Pero costoume máis prosperar.
11:52
I received a minority fellowship
from the University of Michigan.
212
700600
4120
Fun beneficiario dunha bolsa
para minorías da Universidade de Michigan.
11:57
Yes. I am an affirmative action baby.
213
705440
4240
Si, son fillo da discriminación positiva.
12:02
Without affirmative action,
214
710560
2776
Sen discriminación positiva,
non estaría aquí.
12:05
I would not be here.
215
713360
1680
12:09
But in the last 40 years,
216
717000
2536
Pero nos últimos 40 anos,
12:11
black America has been
less successful than I have.
217
719560
3760
a comunidade negra dos Estados Unidos
non tivo tanto éxito.
12:16
In 1978, black households
in the United States
218
724720
5296
En 1978, as familias negras
dos Estados Unidos
12:22
earned 59 cents for every dollar
of income whites earned.
219
730040
4120
gañaban 59 céntimos
por cada dólar de salario dos brancos.
12:27
In 2015,
220
735040
2256
En 2015, as familias negras
aínda gañan 59 céntimos
12:29
black families still earn 59 cents
221
737320
4856
12:34
for every dollar of income
that white families receive,
222
742200
3816
por cada dólar de salario
percibido polas familias brancas.
12:38
and the racial gaps in wealth
are even more stunning.
223
746040
3600
A fenda racial no relativo á riqueza
é mesmo máis escandalosa.
12:42
For every dollar of wealth
that whites have,
224
750600
2280
Por cada dólar de riqueza dos brancos,
12:45
black families have six pennies
and Latinos have seven pennies.
225
753880
3480
as familias negras suman seis centavos
e os latinos, sete.
12:50
The fact is,
226
758800
1456
É un feito que o racismo
12:52
racism
227
760280
1936
12:54
is producing a truly rigged system
228
762240
4336
está a xerar un sistema
totalmente corrupto
12:58
that is systematically disadvantaging
some racial groups in the United States.
229
766600
5240
que sistematicamente desfavorece
certos grupos raciais nos Estados Unidos.
13:04
To paraphrase Plato,
230
772880
2176
Citando a Platón,
13:07
there is nothing so unfair
231
775080
2280
non hai nada máis inxusto
13:10
as the equal treatment of unequal people.
232
778880
3320
que tratar igual
aos que son diferentes.
13:15
And that's why I am committed
233
783520
2896
Por iso estou comprometido
co traballo para erradicar o racismo.
13:18
to working to dismantle racism.
234
786440
2520
13:21
I deeply appreciate the fact
235
789960
2456
Valoro profundamente o feito
de me erguer sobre os ombreiros
13:24
that I am standing on the shoulders
236
792440
3256
daqueles que sacrificaron
ata as súas vidas
13:27
of those who have sacrificed
even their lives to open the doors
237
795720
4336
para abrir as portas
que eu puiden atravesar.
13:32
that I have walked through.
238
800080
1286
13:34
I want to ensure
that those doors remain open
239
802280
3896
Quero asegurarme
de que esas portas fiquen abertas
13:38
and that everyone
can walk through those doors.
240
806200
3640
e de que calquera poida atravesalas.
13:44
Robert Kennedy said,
241
812320
2336
Robert Kennedy dixo,
13:46
"Each time a man" --
or woman, I would add --
242
814680
3536
"Cada vez que un home
–ou muller, engadiría eu–
13:50
"stands up for an ideal
243
818240
2096
loita por unha idea,
actúa para mellorar a vida dos outros,
13:52
or acts to improve the lot of others
244
820360
2576
13:54
or strikes out against injustice,
245
822960
2576
ou se ergue contra as inxustizas,
13:57
he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope,
246
825560
3536
envía unha pequena onda de esperanza,
14:01
and those ripples can build a current
247
829120
3096
e esas ondas poden crear unha corrente,
14:04
that can sweep down the mightiest walls
of oppression and resistance."
248
832240
4960
capaz de derrubar os máis poderosos muros
da opresión e resistencia.
14:10
I am optimistic today
249
838040
2056
Hoxe son optimista,
14:12
because all across America,
250
840120
2576
pois ao longo de todo Estados Unidos
14:14
I have seen ripples of hope.
251
842720
2240
albisquei ondas de esperanza.
14:17
The Boston Medical Center
252
845720
1896
O Centro Médico de Boston
14:19
has added lawyers to the medical team
253
847640
2720
vén de engadir avogados
ao seu equipo médico
14:23
so that physicians can improve
the health of their patients
254
851160
4056
para os facultativos poderen mellorar
a saúde dos seus pacientes,
14:27
because the lawyers are addressing
the nonmedical needs their patients have.
255
855240
4280
ao encargárense os avogados
das necesidades extrasanitarias
dos pacientes.
A Universidade de Loma Linda (California),
14:32
Loma Linda University
has built a gateway college
256
860480
3816
construíu un centro pasarela
(Gateway College), preto de San Bernardino
14:36
in nearby San Bernardino
257
864320
1816
14:38
so that in addition
to delivering medical care,
258
866160
3296
para ademais de prestar
atención sanitaria,
14:41
they can provide job skills
259
869480
2816
poder achegar
competencias laborais e formación laboral
14:44
and job training
260
872320
1656
14:46
to a predominantly minority,
low-income community members
261
874000
4776
a unha maioría predominante
de individuos con baixos ingresos,
14:50
so that they will have the skills
they need to get a decent job.
262
878800
3960
para estes poderen obter as competencias
necesarias para achar un traballo decente.
14:56
In Chapel Hill, North Carolina,
263
884960
2376
En Chapel Hill, Carolina do Norte,
14:59
the Abecedarian Project has figured out
264
887360
3696
o Proxecto Abecedarian atopou
15:03
how to ensure that they have lowered
the risks for heart disease
265
891080
5296
o xeito de garantir a redución do risco
de doenzas cardíacas
15:08
for blacks in their mid-30s
266
896400
3056
entre negros que andan pola trintena,
15:11
by providing high-quality day care
267
899480
3016
ofrecendo un coidado diario de calidade
desde o nacemento ata os cinco anos.
15:14
from birth to age five.
268
902520
2696
15:17
In after-school centers
across the United States,
269
905240
3296
En centros extraescolares
de todo Estados Unidos
15:20
Wintley Phipps and the US Dream Academy
270
908560
2656
Wintley Philips e a US Dream Academy
15:23
is breaking the cycle of incarceration
271
911240
2776
están a romper o círculo de encarceramento
15:26
by providing high-quality
academic enrichment and mentoring
272
914040
4416
proporcionando formación e orientación
académica de alta calidade
15:30
to the children of prisoners
273
918480
2696
a fillos de reclusos
e nenos con atraso escolar.
15:33
and children who have
fallen behind in school.
274
921200
2640
15:36
In Huntsville, Alabama,
275
924600
1696
En Huntsville, Alabama,
a Universidade de Oakwood,
unha institución historicamente negra,
15:38
Oakwood University,
276
926320
1416
15:39
a historically black institution,
277
927760
2336
15:42
is showing how we can improve
the health of black adults
278
930120
4296
está a amosarnos como mellorar
a saúde dos adultos negros,
15:46
by including a health evaluation
279
934440
3016
incluíndo un exame médico como parte
da orientación aos novos alumnos,
15:49
as a part of freshman orientation
280
937480
3136
15:52
and giving those students
the tools they need
281
940640
2976
fornecéndolles a eses alumnos
as ferramentas necesarias
15:55
to make healthy choices
282
943640
1656
para elixir opcións saudábeis
15:57
and providing them annually
a health transcript
283
945320
3376
e fornecéndolles anualmente
un historial médico
16:00
so they can monitor their progress.
284
948720
1840
para poderen supervisar os seus progresos.
16:03
And in Atlanta, Georgia,
285
951520
1736
E en Atlanta, Georgia,
16:05
Purpose Built Communities has dismantled
the negative effects of segregation
286
953280
5936
a ONL Purpose Built Communities erradicou
os efectos negativos da segregación,
16:11
by transforming a crime-ridden,
287
959240
2656
convertendo un proxecto de vivenda social
asolagado polo crime e anegado pola droga
16:13
drug-infested public housing project
288
961920
2936
16:16
into an oasis of mixed-income housing,
289
964880
3696
nun oasis de vivendas de ingresos mixtos,
16:20
of academic performance,
290
968600
2176
de rendemento académico,
16:22
of great community wellness
291
970800
2856
de benestar comunitario
e de pleno emprego.
16:25
and of full employment.
292
973680
1400
16:28
And finally,
293
976160
1696
E finalmente,
16:29
there is the Devine solution.
294
977880
2000
chegamos á solución Devine.
16:32
Professor Patricia Devine
295
980680
2640
A profesora Patricia Devine,
16:36
of the University of Wisconsin
296
984400
2576
da Universidade de Wisconsin
16:39
has shown us how we can attack
297
987000
3696
amosounos como combater de raíz
16:42
our hidden biases head on
298
990720
2976

e eliminar os nosos prexuízos ocultos.
16:45
and effectively reduce them.
299
993720
2040
16:48
Each one of us
300
996680
1776
Cada un de nos pode supoñer
unha onda de esperanza.
16:50
can be a ripple of hope.
301
998480
2160
16:53
This work will not always be easy,
302
1001200
3496
Este traballo non será sempre doado
16:56
but former Supreme Court Justice
Thurgood Marshall
303
1004720
2920
pero o antigo xuíz da Corte Suprema,
Thurgood Marshall, xa o dixo:
17:00
has told us, "We must dissent.
304
1008680
2896
"Debemos discrepar.
17:03
We must dissent from the indifference.
305
1011600
2416
Debemos discrepar da indiferenza.
17:06
We must dissent from the apathy.
306
1014040
2056
Debemos discrepar da apatía.
17:08
We must dissent from the hatred
and from the mistrust.
307
1016120
3456
Debemos discrepar do odio
e da desconfianza.
17:11
We must dissent
308
1019600
1656
Debemos discrepar,
17:13
because America can do better,
309
1021280
3256
porque Estados Unidos pode facelo mellor.
17:16
because America has no choice
but to do better."
310
1024560
4816
Porque a Estados Unidos
non lle queda outra que facelo mellor".
17:21
Thank you.
311
1029400
1216
Grazas.
17:22
(Applause)
312
1030640
3640
(Aplausos)

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David R. Williams - Public health sociologist
David R. Williams asks: What if we decided to tackle the striking levels of early death and poor health that are due to the color of one's skin?

Why you should listen

Dr. David R. Williams has played a visible national leadership role in raising awareness levels about health disparities and identifying interventions to address them. The author of more than 400 scientific papers, Williams developed the Everyday Discrimination Scale, which is currently one of the most widely used measures to assess perceived discrimination in health studies. He was ranked as the world's most cited black scholar in the social sciences in 2008, and Thomson Reuters ranked him as one of the world's most influential scientific minds in 2014. 

Williams is currently the Norman Professor of Public Health at Harvard's T. H. Chan School of Public Health and Professor of African and African American Studies and of Sociology at Harvard University. He holds an MPH degree from Loma Linda University and a PhD in Sociology from the University of Michigan.

More profile about the speaker
David R. Williams | Speaker | TED.com