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Nikolai Begg: A tool to fix one of the most dangerous moments in surgery
Nikolaj Beg (Nikolai Begg): Sprava za rešavanje jednog od najopasnijih trenutaka u operacijama
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1,373,990 views
Od hirurga se zahteva da svakog dana probijaju ljudsku kožu pre samih operacija - uz rizik da oštete ono što se nalazi na drugoj strani. U ovom fascinantnom govoru, videćete kako inženjer mašinstva, Nikolaj Beg, koristi fiziku da bi poboljšao jednu bitnu medicinsku spravu, zvanu trokar, i unapredio jedan od najopasnijih trenutaka u mnogim rutinskim operacijama.
Nikolai Begg - Mechanical engineer
Nikolai Begg is a PhD candidate in mechanical engineering whose passion is rethinking medical devices. Full bio
Nikolai Begg is a PhD candidate in mechanical engineering whose passion is rethinking medical devices. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The first time I stood
in the operating room
in the operating room
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Prvi put kada sam stajao
u operacionoj sali
u operacionoj sali
00:14
and watched a real surgery,
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i posmatrao pravu operaciju,
00:16
I had no idea what to expect.
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nisam imao pojma šta da očekujem.
00:19
I was a college student in engineering.
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Bio sam student inženjerstva.
00:21
I thought it was going to be like on TV.
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Mislio sam da će biti kao na televiziji.
00:23
Ominous music playing in the background,
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Zloslutna muzika koja svira u pozadini,
00:25
beads of sweat pouring down the surgeon's face.
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kapljice znoja koje se slivaju
niz lice hirurga.
niz lice hirurga.
00:28
But it wasn't like that at all.
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Međutim, uopšte nije bilo tako.
00:30
There was music playing on this day,
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Tog dana je bilo muzike,
00:32
I think it was Madonna's greatest hits. (Laughter)
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mislim da su to bili
Madonini najveći hitovi. (Smeh)
Madonini najveći hitovi. (Smeh)
00:34
And there was plenty of conversation,
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Bilo je i mnogo razgovora,
00:36
not just about the patient's heart rate,
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ne samo o pacijentovom pulsu,
00:38
but about sports and weekend plans.
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već i o sportu i planovima za vikend.
Od tada, što sam više
operacija posmatrao,
operacija posmatrao,
00:41
And since then, the more surgeries I watched,
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sve sam više shvatao da to tako izgleda.
00:43
the more I realized this is how it is.
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00:45
In some weird way, it's just
another day at the office.
another day at the office.
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Na neki čudan način,
to je samo još jedan dan u kancelariji.
to je samo još jedan dan u kancelariji.
00:48
But every so often
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Međutim, ponekad
00:50
the music gets turned down,
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se muzika isključi,
00:52
everyone stops talking,
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svi prestanu da pričaju
00:53
and stares at exactly the same thing.
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i kreću da zure u istu stvar.
00:56
And that's when you know
that something absolutely critical
that something absolutely critical
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Onda znate da će se nešto
apsolutno kritično
apsolutno kritično
00:58
and dangerous is happening.
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i opasno desiti. Kada sam
01:01
The first time I saw that
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prvi put to video,
01:02
I was watching a type of surgery
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posmatrao operaciju
01:03
called laparoscopic surgery
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zvanu laparoskopska operacija.
01:05
And for those of you who are unfamiliar,
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Za vas koji ste neupućeni,
01:08
laparoscopic surgery, instead of the large
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kod ove operacije, umesto velikog,
otvorenog reza na koji ste
možda navikli kod operacija,
možda navikli kod operacija,
01:10
open incision you might
be used to with surgery,
be used to with surgery,
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01:13
a laparoscopic surgery
is where the surgeon creates
is where the surgeon creates
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laparoskopska operacija
je ona gde hirurg pravi
je ona gde hirurg pravi
01:15
these three or more small
incisions in the patient.
incisions in the patient.
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ova tri ili više malih
rezova na pacjentu.
rezova na pacjentu.
01:18
And then inserts these long, thin instruments
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Onda ubacuje ove duge,
tanke instrumente
tanke instrumente
01:21
and a camera,
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i kameru
01:22
and actually does the procedure inside the patient.
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i u stvari vrši zahvat
u samom pacijentu.
u samom pacijentu.
Ovo je odlično zato što je
rizik od infekcije mnogo manji,
rizik od infekcije mnogo manji,
01:26
This is great because there's
much less risk of infection,
much less risk of infection,
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01:28
much less pain, shorter recovery time.
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mnogo je manje bola,
a vreme oporavka je kraće.
a vreme oporavka je kraće.
01:32
But there is a trade-off,
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Ali postoji i kompromis,
01:34
because these incisions are created
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zbog toga što se ovi rezovi prave
01:36
with a long, pointed device
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dugom, zašiljenom spravom
01:38
called a trocar.
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koja se naziva trokar.
01:40
And the way the surgeon uses this device
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Hirurg koristi ovu spravu
01:42
is that he takes it
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tako što je uzme
01:44
and he presses it into the abdomen
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i pritiska o abdomen
01:46
until it punctures through.
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sve dok ga ne probije.
01:49
And now the reason why
everyone in the operating room
everyone in the operating room
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Razlog zašto su svi u operacionoj sali
01:52
was staring at that device on that day
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zurili u tu spravu tog dana
01:54
was because he had to be absolutely careful
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je zato što je hirurg morao
da bude naročito oprezan
da bude naročito oprezan
01:58
not to plunge it through
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da ne bi zario
01:59
and puncture it into the organs
and blood vessels below.
and blood vessels below.
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trokar u druge organe
i krvne sudove ispod.
i krvne sudove ispod.
Ovaj problem bi trebalo da bude
prilično poznat svima
prilično poznat svima
02:03
But this problem should seem
pretty familiar to all of you
pretty familiar to all of you
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02:05
because I'm pretty sure
you've seen it somewhere else.
you've seen it somewhere else.
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zato što sam siguran da ste
svi ovo već videli negde.
svi ovo već videli negde.
02:08
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:10
Remember this?
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Da li se sećate ovoga?
02:11
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
02:15
You knew that at any second
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Znali ste da svakog trenutka
02:17
that straw was going to plunge through,
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cevčica može probiti i niste znali
02:19
and you didn't know if it was
going to go out the other side
going to go out the other side
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da li će probiti i drugu stranu
02:21
and straight into your hand,
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i zariti se u vašu ruku,
02:22
or if you were going to
get juice everywhere,
get juice everywhere,
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ili ćete prosuti sok svuda,
02:24
but you were terrified. Right?
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ali bili ste prestrašeni. Zar ne?
02:27
Every single time you did this,
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Svaki put kada ste radili ovo,
02:29
you experienced the same
fundamental physics
fundamental physics
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iskusili ste istu osnovnu fiziku
02:32
that I was watching in the operating room that day.
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koju sam ja posmatrao
u operacionoj sali tog dana.
u operacionoj sali tog dana.
02:35
And it turns out it really is a problem.
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Ispostavilo se da je ovo zaista problem.
02:37
In 2003, the FDA actually came out and said
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2003, Agencija za hranu i lekove
je konačno priznala
je konačno priznala
02:40
that trocar incisions might
be the most dangerous step
be the most dangerous step
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da pravljenje rezova trokarom
može biti najopasniji momenat
može biti najopasniji momenat
02:43
in minimally invasive surgery.
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u minimalno invazivnoj hirurgiji.
02:45
Again in 2009, we see a paper that says
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Ponovo, u 2009, mogli smo
videti izveštaj koji kaže
videti izveštaj koji kaže
02:48
that trocars account for over half
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da su trokari odgovorni za preko polovinu
02:50
of all major complications in laparoscopic surgery.
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svih većih komplikacija koje se
javljaju kod laparaskopskih operacija.
javljaju kod laparaskopskih operacija.
02:54
And, oh by the way,
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Usput,
02:55
this hasn't changed for 25 years.
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to se nije promenilo već 25 godina.
Kada sam upisao diplomske studije,
02:58
So when I got to graduate school,
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03:00
this is what I wanted to work on.
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želeo sam da radim na ovome.
03:02
I was trying to explain to a friend of mine
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Pokušavao sam da objasnim
jednom prijatelju
jednom prijatelju
03:04
what exactly I was spending my time doing,
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na šta tačno provodim svoje vreme
03:06
and I said,
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i rekao sam:
03:08
"It's like when you're drilling through a wall
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"To je kao kada bušiš zid bušilicom
03:10
to hang something in your apartment.
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ne bi li okačio nešto u svom stanu.
03:13
There's that moment when the drill
first punctures through the wall
first punctures through the wall
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Postoji taj trenutak
kada bušilica probije zid
kada bušilica probije zid
03:17
and there's this plunge. Right?
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i onda se naglo krene u dubinu. Zar ne?"
03:23
And he looked at me and he said,
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Pogledao me je i rekao mi:
03:25
"You mean like when they drill
into people's brains?"
into people's brains?"
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"Misliš, kao kada buše ljudima u mozak?"
03:28
And I said, "Excuse me?" (Laughter)
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Onda sam ja rekao: "Šta?"
(Smeh)
(Smeh)
03:31
And then I looked it up and they
do drill into people's brains.
do drill into people's brains.
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Onda sam to potražio i otkrio
da se zaista buši ljudima u glavu.
da se zaista buši ljudima u glavu.
03:34
A lot of neurosurgical procedures
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Mnogo neurohirurških zahvata
03:36
actually start with a drill
incision through the skull.
incision through the skull.
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zapravo počinje sa bušenjem reza
pravo kroz lobanju.
pravo kroz lobanju.
03:40
And if the surgeon isn't careful,
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Ako hirurg nije oprezan,
03:41
he can plunge directly into the brain.
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može da probije direktno u mozak.
03:45
So this is the moment when I started thinking,
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Tog trenutka sam počeo da razmišljam,
03:47
okay, cranial drilling, laparoscopic surgery,
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okej, otvaranje lobanje,
laparoskopske operacije,
laparoskopske operacije,
03:50
why not other areas of medicine?
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zašto ne i druge oblasti medicine?
03:52
Because think about it, when was
the last time you went to the doctor
the last time you went to the doctor
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Razmislite malo o tome,
kada ste poslednji put
kada ste poslednji put
03:54
and you didn't get stuck with something? Right?
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otišli kod doktora,
a da vas on nije ubo nečim?
a da vas on nije ubo nečim?
03:57
So the truth is
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Dakle, istina je
03:58
in medicine puncture is everywhere.
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da je u medicini bušenje svuda.
04:01
And here are just a couple
of the procedures that I've found
of the procedures that I've found
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Evo i nekolicine zahvata
za koje sam otkrio
za koje sam otkrio
04:03
that involve some tissue puncture step.
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da uključuju neki od koraka bušenja tkiva.
04:07
And if we take just three of them —
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I ako izdvojimo samo tri -
04:09
laparoscopic surgery,
epidurals, and cranial drilling —
epidurals, and cranial drilling —
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laparoskopske operacije,
epiduralni zahvati i otvaranje lobanje -
epiduralni zahvati i otvaranje lobanje -
04:13
these procedures account
for over 30,000 complications
for over 30,000 complications
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ovi zahvati su odgovorni za
oko 30 000 komplikacija
oko 30 000 komplikacija
04:17
every year in this country alone.
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svake godine u samo ovoj zemlji.
04:20
I call that a problem worth solving.
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Za mene je ovo problem koji vredi rešiti.
04:22
So let's take a look at some of the devices
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Hajde da pogledamo neke od sprava
04:25
that are used in these types of procedures.
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koje se koriste u ovim operacijama.
04:27
I mentioned epidurals. This is an epidural needle.
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Pomenuo sam epidurale. Ovo je igla
za davanje epiduralne anestezije.
za davanje epiduralne anestezije.
04:30
It's used to puncture through
the ligaments in the spine
the ligaments in the spine
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Koristi se da bi se probili
ligamenti kičme
ligamenti kičme
04:33
and deliver anesthesia during childbirth.
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i da bi se dostavila anestezija
tokom porođaja.
tokom porođaja.
04:35
Here's a set of bone marrow biopsy tools.
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Ovo je komplet sprava
za biopsiju koštane srži.
za biopsiju koštane srži.
Ove sprave se u stvari koriste
da se zariju u kost
da se zariju u kost
04:38
These are actually used
to burrow into the bone
to burrow into the bone
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04:40
and collect bone marrow
or sample bone lesions.
or sample bone lesions.
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i pokupe koštanu srž
ili da bi se uzeo uzorak lezija kostiju.
ili da bi se uzeo uzorak lezija kostiju.
04:43
Here's a bayonette from the Civil War.
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Evo bajoneta iz Građanskog rata.
04:45
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:48
If I had told you it was a
medical puncture device
medical puncture device
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Da sam vam rekao da je ovo
medicinska alatka za probijanje,
medicinska alatka za probijanje,
04:51
you probably would have believed me.
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verovatno biste mi poverovali.
04:53
Because what's the difference?
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U čemu je razlika, zaista?
04:55
So, the more I did this research
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Što sam više istraživao,
04:57
the more I thought there has to be
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to sam više mislio da mora
04:59
a better way to do this.
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da postoji bolji način da se ovo uradi.
05:01
And for me the key to this problem
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Za mene je ključ ovog problema
05:03
is that all these different puncture devices
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to što sve ove sprave za bušenje
05:06
share a common set of fundamental physics.
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imaju zajedničke fizičke karakteristike.
05:09
So what are those physics?
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Pa, koje su to karakteristike?
05:11
Let's go back to drilling through a wall.
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Vratimo se na bušenje zida.
05:12
So you're applying a force
on a drill towards the wall.
on a drill towards the wall.
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Vi primenjujete silu
na bušilicu, u smeru zida.
na bušilicu, u smeru zida.
05:16
And Newton says the wall
is going to apply force back,
is going to apply force back,
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Njutn kaže da će zid reagovati
istom silom, ali u suprotnom smeru.
05:19
equal and opposite.
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05:21
So, as you drill through the wall,
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Tako da, dok bušite kroz zid,
05:23
those forces balance.
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te sile se balansiraju.
05:25
But then there's that moment
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Međutim, postoji onaj trenutak
05:26
when the drill first punctures
through the other side of the wall,
through the other side of the wall,
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kad bušilica konačno
probije na drugu stranu,
probije na drugu stranu,
05:28
and right at that moment
the wall can't push back anymore.
the wall can't push back anymore.
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i upravo u tom trenutku
zid više ne može da se odupre sili.
zid više ne može da se odupre sili.
05:31
But your brain hasn't reacted
to that change in force.
to that change in force.
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Međutim, vaš mozak još nije uspeo
da reaguje na promenu.
da reaguje na promenu.
05:35
So for that millisecond,
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Tokom te milisekunde,
05:36
or however long it takes you
to react, you're still pushing,
to react, you're still pushing,
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ili koliko god da treba
da reagujete, vi i dalje gurate,
da reagujete, vi i dalje gurate,
05:38
and that unbalanced force
causes an acceleration,
causes an acceleration,
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i ta neizbalansirana sila
uzrokuje ubrzanje
uzrokuje ubrzanje
05:41
and that is the plunge.
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i to je zarivanje.
05:44
But what if right at the moment of puncture
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Međutim, šta ako biste mogli,
baš u trenutku probijanja
baš u trenutku probijanja
05:48
you could pull that tip back,
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da povučete nazad taj vrh,
05:49
actually oppose the forward acceleration?
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upravo suprotno smeru ubrzanja?
05:52
That's what I set out to do.
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To je ono što sam naumio da uradim.
05:55
So imagine you have a device
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Zamislite da imate spravu
05:56
and it's got some kind of sharp tip
to cut through tissue.
to cut through tissue.
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koja ima neku vrstu
zaoštrenog vrha kojim probija tkiva.
zaoštrenog vrha kojim probija tkiva.
05:59
What's the simplest way
you could pull that tip back?
you could pull that tip back?
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Koji je najjednostavniji način
da povučete taj vrh unazad?
da povučete taj vrh unazad?
06:02
I chose a spring.
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Ja sam odabrao oprugu.
06:04
So when you extend that spring,
you extend that tip out
you extend that tip out
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Kada razvučete tu oprugu,
taj vrh ste izbacili napolje
taj vrh ste izbacili napolje
06:07
so it's ready to puncture tissue,
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tako da je spreman da probija tkiva,
06:09
the spring wants to pull the tip back.
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a opruga teži da ga povuče natrag.
06:10
How do you keep the tip in place
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Kako da zadržite vrh u mestu
06:12
until the moment of puncture?
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do momenta probijanja?
06:15
I used this mechanism.
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Ja sam iskoristio ovaj menanizam.
06:17
When the tip of the device
is pressed against tissue,
is pressed against tissue,
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Kada je vrh sprave pritisnut o tkivo,
06:20
the mechanism expands outwards
and wedges in place against the wall.
and wedges in place against the wall.
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mehanizam se širi i učvrsti se
u odnosu na zid.
u odnosu na zid.
06:23
And the friction that's generated
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Trenje koje se stvara
06:25
locks it in place and prevents
the spring from retracting the tip.
the spring from retracting the tip.
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ga zaključa u mestu i ne dozvoljava
opruzi da vrati vrh unazad.
opruzi da vrati vrh unazad.
06:28
But right at the moment of puncture,
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Ali tačno u trenutku probijanja,
06:30
the tissue can't push back
on the tip anymore.
on the tip anymore.
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tkivo više ne može da se odupire vrhu.
06:32
So the mechanism unlocks
and the spring retracts the tip.
and the spring retracts the tip.
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Mehanizam se otključava i
opruga povlači vrh unazad.
opruga povlači vrh unazad.
Ovako to izgleda na usporenom snimku.
06:35
Let me show you that
happening in slow motion.
happening in slow motion.
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06:37
This is about 2,000 frames a second,
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Ovo je snimano na oko
2000 sličica po sekundi
2000 sličica po sekundi
06:39
and I'd like you to notice the tip
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i voleo bih da primetite vrh
06:41
that's right there on the bottom,
about to puncture through tissue.
about to puncture through tissue.
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koji je upravo na dnu
i samo što nije probio tkivo.
i samo što nije probio tkivo.
06:43
And you'll see that
right at the moment of puncture,
right at the moment of puncture,
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Primetićete da se,
upravo u trenutku probijanja,
upravo u trenutku probijanja,
06:48
right there, the mechanism unlocks
and retracts that tip back.
and retracts that tip back.
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tačno tada, mehanizam otključava
i povlači vrh unazad.
i povlači vrh unazad.
06:51
I want to show it to you again, a little closer up.
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Želim ponovo da vam pokažem to,
malo bliže.
malo bliže.
06:54
You're going to see the sharp bladed tip,
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Videćete vrh sa oštrom ivicom
06:56
and right when it punctures
that rubber membrane
that rubber membrane
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i tačno kada probije
ovu gumenu membranu,
ovu gumenu membranu,
06:58
it's going to disappear
into this white blunt sheath.
into this white blunt sheath.
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nestaće u ovom belom, tupom omotaču.
07:02
Right there.
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Upravo tu.
07:04
That happens within four 100ths
of a second after puncture.
of a second after puncture.
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To se dešava samo četiri stotinke
nakon probijanja.
nakon probijanja.
07:09
And because this device is designed
to address the physics of puncture
to address the physics of puncture
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Kako je ova sprava napravljena da reaguje
na fizičke karakteristike probijanja
na fizičke karakteristike probijanja
a ne na specifičnosti otvaranja lobanje
07:12
and not the specifics of cranial drilling
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07:14
or laparoscopic surgery,
or another procedure,
or another procedure,
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ili laparoskopske operacije ili
nekog drugog zahvata,
nekog drugog zahvata,
07:16
it's applicable across these
different medical disciplines
different medical disciplines
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ona je upotrebljiva nevezano za
ove različite medicinske discipline
ove različite medicinske discipline
07:19
and across different length scales.
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i u različitoj meri.
07:22
But it didn't always look like this.
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Međutim, nije uvek ovako izgledala.
07:24
This was my first prototype.
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Ovo je bio moj prvi prototip.
07:26
Yes, those are popsicle sticks,
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Da, ovo su štapići od sladoleda,
07:29
and there's a rubber band at the top.
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a ono na vrhu je obična gumica.
07:31
It took about 30 minutes to do this, but it worked.
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Trebalo mi je oko 30 minuta da ovo uradim,
ali je radilo.
ali je radilo.
07:34
And it proved to me that my idea worked
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I dokazalo mi je da moja ideja radi
07:36
and it justified the next couple
years of work on this project.
years of work on this project.
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i opravdala je nekoliko narednih
godina rada na ovom projektu.
godina rada na ovom projektu.
07:39
I worked on this because
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Radio sam na ovome zato što me je
07:41
this problem really fascinated me.
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ovaj problem zaista fascinirao.
07:43
It kept me up at night.
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Noću sam ostajao budan zbog njega.
07:45
But I think it should fascinate you too,
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Mislim da, takođe,
treba i vas da fascinira,
treba i vas da fascinira,
07:48
because I said puncture is everywhere.
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jer, kao što sam rekao,
ubodi su svuda.
ubodi su svuda.
07:50
That means at some point
it's going to be your problem too.
it's going to be your problem too.
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To znači da će to, u nekom trenutku,
biti i vaš problem.
biti i vaš problem.
Tog prvog dana u operacionoj sali
07:54
That first day in the operating room
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07:56
I never expected to find myself
on the other end of a trocar.
on the other end of a trocar.
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nisam očekivao da ću se ikada naći
na drugoj strani trokara.
na drugoj strani trokara.
07:59
But last year, I got appendicitis
when I was visiting Greece.
when I was visiting Greece.
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Međutim, prošle godine sam dobio
upalu slepog creva dok sam bio u Grčkoj.
upalu slepog creva dok sam bio u Grčkoj.
08:03
So I was in the hospital in Athens,
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Bio sam u bolnici u Atini
08:04
and the surgeon was telling me
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i hirurg mi je rekao
08:06
he was going to perform
a laparoscopic surgery.
a laparoscopic surgery.
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da će izvesti laparoskopsku operaciju.
08:08
He was going to remove my appendix
through these tiny incisions,
through these tiny incisions,
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Trebao je da ukloni moje slepo crevo
kroz ove male rezove
kroz ove male rezove
08:11
and he was talking about what
I could expect for the recovery,
I could expect for the recovery,
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i rekao mi je šta mogu da očekujem
tokom oporavka
tokom oporavka
08:14
and what was going to happen.
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i šta će se desiti.
Upitao je: "Imate li nekih pitanja?",
a ja sam rekao: "Samo jedno, doco.
a ja sam rekao: "Samo jedno, doco.
08:15
He said, "Do you have any questions?"
And I said, "Just one, doc.
And I said, "Just one, doc.
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08:17
What kind of trocar do you use?"
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Koju vrstu trokara ćete upotrebljavati?"
08:21
So my favorite quote
about laparoscopic surgery
about laparoscopic surgery
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Moj omiljeni citat vezan za
laparoskopske operacije
laparoskopske operacije
08:24
comes from a Doctor H. C. Jacobaeus:
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je od doktora H. K. Jakobejusa:
08:27
"It is puncture itself that causes risk."
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"Upravo je ubod taj koji donosi rizik".
08:31
That's my favorite quote
because H.C. Jacobaeus
because H.C. Jacobaeus
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To je moj omiljeni citat zato što je
H. K. Jakobejus
H. K. Jakobejus
08:34
was the first person to ever perform
laparoscopic surgery on humans,
laparoscopic surgery on humans,
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prva osoba koja je ikada izvela
laparoskopsku operaciju na ljudima
laparoskopsku operaciju na ljudima
08:38
and he wrote that in 1912.
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i ovo je napisao 1912.
08:41
This is a problem that's been injuring and
even killing people for over 100 years.
even killing people for over 100 years.
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To je problem koji je povređivao
i čak i ubijao ljude više od 100 godina.
i čak i ubijao ljude više od 100 godina.
08:47
So it's easy to think that for
every major problem out there
every major problem out there
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Lako je misliti da, za svaki
veći problem koji postoji,
veći problem koji postoji,
08:49
there's some team of experts
working around the clock to solve it.
working around the clock to solve it.
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postoji i tim eksperata koji rade
danonoćno ne bi li ga rešili.
danonoćno ne bi li ga rešili.
08:53
The truth is that's not always the case.
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U stvari, to nije uvek slučaj.
08:57
We have to be better at finding those problems
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Moramo biti bolji u nalaženju tih problema
08:59
and finding ways to solve them.
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i nalaženju načina da iste rešimo.
09:02
So if you come across a problem that grabs you,
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Ako naiđete na problem koji vas obuzima,
09:05
let it keep you up at night.
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dozvolite mu da vas drži
budnim tokom noći.
budnim tokom noći.
09:07
Allow yourself to be fascinated,
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Dozvolite sebi da budete fascinirani,
09:09
because there are so many lives to save.
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zato što postoji
mnogo života koje treba spasiti.
mnogo života koje treba spasiti.
09:12
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nikolai Begg - Mechanical engineerNikolai Begg is a PhD candidate in mechanical engineering whose passion is rethinking medical devices.
Why you should listen
Since Nikolai Begg first saw robotic surgery performed as a thirteen-year-old, he has been in love with building things to help others. Now as a PhD Candidate in mechanical engineering at MIT, Begg works on designs to improve any number of things in people's lives -- from salt and pepper shakers that always stay in the same position relative to one another to a non-invasive female urinary catheter. He's especially passionate about how he can apply physics and mechanical principles to medical devices. In 2013 he won the annual Lemelson-MIT Student Prize for Invention, for a product that makes more precise incisions during surgery.
More profile about the speakerNikolai Begg | Speaker | TED.com