ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Julian Treasure - Sound consultant
Julian Treasure studies sound and advises businesses on how best to use it.

Why you should listen

Julian Treasure is the chair of the Sound Agency, a firm that advises worldwide businesses -- offices, retailers, airports -- on how to design sound in their physical spaces and communication. He asks us to pay attention to the sounds that surround us. How do they make us feel: productive, stressed, energized, acquisitive?

Treasure is the author of the book Sound Business, a manual for effective sound use in every aspect of business. His most recent book, How to be Heard: Secrets for Powerful Speaking and Listening, based on his TED Talk, offers practical exercises to improve communication skills and an inspiring vision for a sonorous world of effective speaking, conscious listening and understanding. He speaks globally on this topic.

More profile about the speaker
Julian Treasure | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2012

Julian Treasure: Why architects need to use their ears

Julian Treasure: 为什么设计师需要在设计中考虑听觉观感

Filmed:
1,321,777 views

因不良的传声效果,学生在教室里只听到老师说的一半内容;病人在医院里因长期受压而难以入睡。Julian Treasure呼吁设计师对「看不见的建筑」(即声音)的关注。
- Sound consultant
Julian Treasure studies sound and advises businesses on how best to use it. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
It's time to start开始 designing设计 for our ears耳朵.
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是时候为我们的听觉感官设计了。
00:20
Architects建筑师 and designers设计师 tend趋向 to focus焦点
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建筑师和设计师常常只注重
00:22
exclusively on these.
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某些方面(视觉效果)。
00:24
They use these to design设计 with and they design设计 for them,
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他们从视觉的角度来审视设计,以提升视觉感官作为设计目标。
00:27
which哪一个 is why we end结束 up sitting坐在 in restaurants餐馆 that look
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这解释了为什麽餐厅看起来是这样,
00:29
like this — (loud crowd人群 noise噪声) — and sound声音 like this,
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但听起来却是这样 (嘈杂声);
00:31
shouting叫喊 from a foot脚丫子 away to try and be heard听说
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我们需要大声说话
00:34
by our dinner晚餐 companion伴侣,
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才能让共进晚餐的朋友听见。
00:35
or why we get on airplanes飞机 -- (flight飞行 attendant服务员 announcements公告) -- which哪一个 cost成本 200 million百万 pounds英镑,
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也解释了我们坐在在造价2亿元的飞机上 (空服员广播声)
00:38
with somebody talking through通过 an old-fashioned过时 telephone电话 handset手机
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却要听到年久失修的传声筒中
00:42
on a cheap低廉 stereo立体声 system系统,
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发出廉价立体声系统的噪音。
00:44
making制造 us jump out of our skins.
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这感觉绝不会是让人舒心的。
00:46
We're designing设计 environments环境 that make us crazy. (Laughter笑声)
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正是我们自己设计的环境,在把我们自己逼疯(笑声)。
00:50
And it's not just our quality质量 of life which哪一个 suffers患有.
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不只我们的生活素质受影响,
00:52
It's our health健康,
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我们的健康,
00:54
our social社会 behavior行为, and our productivity生产率 as well.
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社会行为, 以至生产力亦会下降。
00:58
How does this work? Well, two ways方法.
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这是怎么发生的? 有两个原因。
01:00
First of all, ambience环境. I have a whole整个 TEDTalkTED演讲 about this.
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第一是周遭声音对我们的影响。我曾就此问题做过一个TED讲演。
01:03
Sound声音 affects影响 us physiologically生理, psychologically心理,
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声音无时无刻都在影响
01:07
cognitively认知 and behaviorally行为上 all the time.
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我们的生理、心理、认知力和行为。
01:09
The sound声音 around us is affecting影响 us
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我们无时无刻不受四周声音的影响,
01:11
even though虽然 we're not conscious意识 of it.
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即便我们没有意识到它们的存在。
01:13
There's a second第二 way though虽然, as well.
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另一个原因是干扰。
01:15
That's interference干扰. Communication通讯 requires要求 sending发出
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沟通意味着发送和接收。
01:18
and receiving接收, and I have another另一个 whole整个 TEDTalkTED演讲
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我有另一个完整的TED讲演介绍了
01:22
about the importance重要性 of conscious意识 listening,
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有意识地聆听的重要性。
01:24
but I can send发送 as well as I like,
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可是,即便我能把讯息完整地发出,
01:26
and you can be brilliant辉煌 conscious意识 listeners听众.
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你也是位卓越的有意识倾听者,
01:29
If the space空间 I'm sending发出 it in is not effective有效,
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若我们身处的空间不理想
01:32
that communication通讯 can't happen发生.
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便无法成功沟通。
01:35
Spaces空间 tend趋向 to include包括 noise噪声 and acoustics声学.
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空间包括噪音及传声效果。
01:37
A room房间 like this has acoustics声学, this one very good acoustics声学.
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像这样的房间有很好的传声效果,
01:41
Many许多 rooms客房 are not so good.
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很多的房间却没有这么好。
01:43
Let me give you some examples例子 from a couple一对 of areas
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我来举两个领域的例子,
01:45
which哪一个 I think we all care关心 about: health健康 and education教育.
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是两个大家都关注的领域: 健康和教育。
01:49
(Hospital醫院 noises噪音) When I was visiting访问 my terminally终末 ill生病 father父亲
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(医院的嘈音) 当我到医院探望我病危的父亲时,
01:51
in a hospital醫院, I was asking myself,
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我就在问自己一个问题:
01:53
how does anybody任何人 get well in a place地点 that sounds声音 like this?
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谁能在这样的环境康复起来呢?
01:57
Hospital醫院 sound声音 is getting得到 worse更差 all the time.
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医院正在变得愈来愈嘈杂,
01:59
Noise噪声 levels水平 in hospitals医院 have doubled翻倍
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其噪音水平在过去数年翻番增长,
02:01
in the last few少数 years年份, and it affects影响 not just the patients耐心
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这不仅影响了病人,
02:05
but also the people working加工 there.
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也影响了在医院工作的人。
02:07
I think we would like for dispensing配送 errors错误 to be zero,
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我们都希望把配方差错降至零,
02:11
wouldn't不会 we? And yet然而, as noise噪声 levels水平 go up, so do
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对吧? 但随着噪音水平的上升,
02:14
the errors错误 in dispensing配送 made制作 by the staff员工 in hospitals医院.
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医院员工的配方差错亦随之增长。
02:18
Most of all, though虽然, it affects影响 the patients耐心,
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而这一切,都将首先影响到病人,
02:21
and that could be you, it could be me.
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然后就可能是你,也可能是我。
02:23
Sleep睡觉 is absolutely绝对 crucial关键 for recovery复苏.
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睡眠质量对康复的过程有着重要的作用。
02:25
It's when we regenerate再生, when we rebuild重建 ourselves我们自己,
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通过睡眠,我们的身体重建自身、得到康复。
02:28
and with threatening危险的 noise噪声 like this going on,
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然而,在不断的噪音威胁下,
02:31
your body身体, even if you are able能够 to sleep睡觉, your body身体
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即使你能入睡, 你的身体也会告诉你:
02:34
is telling告诉 you, "I'm under threat威胁. This is dangerous危险."
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「我受到了威胁。这儿有危险。」
02:37
And the quality质量 of sleep睡觉 is degraded降级, and so is our recovery复苏.
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睡眠素质和康复速度都会因此下降。
02:40
There are just huge巨大 benefits好处 to come
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针对听觉感官进行设计
02:42
from designing设计 for the ears耳朵 in our health健康 care关心.
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会对我们的健康带来巨大的好处。
02:45
This is an area I intend打算 to take on this year.
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这是我今年打算研究的一个领域。
02:48
Education教育.
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再看看教育。
02:50
When I see a classroom课堂 that looks容貌 like this,
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当看到像这样的教室,
02:52
can you imagine想像 how this sounds声音?
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你认为上课听起来会怎样呢?
02:54
I am forced被迫 to ask myself a question.
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我忍不住问自己一个问题:
02:56
("Do architects建筑师 have ears耳朵?") (Laughter笑声)
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「建筑师有耳朵吗?」 (笑声)
02:59
Now, that's a little unfair不公平. Some of my best最好 friends朋友
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当然,这有点不公平,我有一些挚友就是建筑师。
03:01
are architects建筑师. (Laughter笑声) And they definitely无疑 do have ears耳朵.
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他们显然有耳朵,
03:04
But I think sometimes有时 they don't use them
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但他们在设计时, 似乎忘记了用他们的耳朵。
03:06
when they're designing设计 buildings房屋. Here's这里的 a case案件 in point.
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这里有个更具体的例子。
03:09
This is a 32-million-pound-million磅 flagship旗舰 academy学院 school学校
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这是耗资3200万镑的旗舰学校,
03:13
which哪一个 was built内置 quite相当 recently最近 in the U.K. and designed设计
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它刚在英国落成,
03:15
by one of Britain's英国的 top最佳 architects建筑师.
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是由一位英国顶级建筑师来设计的。
03:18
Unfortunately不幸, it was designed设计 like a corporate企业
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不幸地是, 学校设计得像个企业总部,
03:20
headquarters司令部, with a vast广大 central中央 atrium中庭
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有一个大型中庭,
03:22
and classrooms教室 leading领导 off it with no back walls墙壁 at all.
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所有的教室都背向中庭,而且没有背墙。
03:26
The children孩子 couldn't不能 hear their teachers教师.
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孩子们听不清老师讲课,
03:28
They had to go back in and spend 600,000 pounds英镑
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因此他们要另花60万镑建造背墙。
03:31
putting the walls墙壁 in. Let's stop this madness疯狂
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请停止建造开放式教室这种疯狂念头吧!
03:34
of open打开 plan计划 classrooms教室 right now, please.
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立刻!拜託!
03:38
It's not just these modern现代 buildings房屋 which哪一个 suffer遭受.
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不只新派设计有这方面的问题,
03:42
Old-fashioned过时 classrooms教室 suffer遭受 too.
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旧式教室也不能幸免。
03:44
A study研究 in Florida佛罗里达 just a few少数 years年份 ago found发现
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几年前在佛罗里达州的一项研究指出,
03:46
that if you're sitting坐在 where this photograph照片 was taken采取
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坐在图中教室的第四排,
03:48
in the classroom课堂, row four, speech言语 intelligibility清晰度
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语音清晰度只有
03:51
is just 50 percent百分.
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50%。
03:53
Children孩子 are losing失去 one word in two.
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孩子每两个字就会漏听一个,
03:56
Now that doesn't mean they only get half their education教育,
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当然,这并不是说他们只接受了一半的教育,
03:58
but it does mean they have to work very hard
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但是,他们要更加努力地去听讲
04:00
to join加入 the dots and understand理解 what's going on.
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才能明白内容。
04:03
This is affected受影响 massively大规模 by reverberation混响 time,
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这种现象主要是受回音时间的影响,
04:06
how reverberant混响 a room房间 is.
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即房间有多大的回音效果。
04:08
In a classroom课堂 with a reverberation混响 time of 1.2 seconds,
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在一间回音时间长达1.2秒的教室,
04:11
which哪一个 is pretty漂亮 common共同, this is what it sounds声音 like.
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(这是很常见的),身处其中听起来是这样:
04:15
(Inaudible无声 echoing呼应 voice语音)
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(模煳的回音声)
04:27
Not so good, is it?
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听不清,对吧?
04:29
If you take that 1.2 seconds down to 0.4 seconds
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通过添置一些声学处理设备和声音吸收材质,
04:33
by installing安装 acoustic treatments治疗, sound声音 absorbing吸收 materials物料
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我们就能将回音时长从1.2秒降至0.4秒,
04:36
and so forth向前, this is what you get.
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而这时候的音响效果是这样的:
04:39
Voice语音: In language语言, infinitely无限地 many许多 words can be written书面
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(背景声音)在语言里,一小组字母可以构造出
04:43
with a small set of letters. In arithmetic算术,
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无穷多的单词。而在算术学中,
04:46
infinitely无限地 many许多 numbers数字 can be composed
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几个数字,再加上0,
04:48
from just a few少数 digits数字 with the help of the simple简单 zero.
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也可以组合成无穷多的数。
04:52
Julian朱利安 Treasure宝藏: What a difference区别.
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Julian Treasure:区别太大了!
04:53
Now that education教育 you would receive接收,
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这才是有质量的教育!
04:55
and thanks谢谢 to the British英国的 acoustician音响师 Adrian阿德里安 James詹姆士
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刚才的模拟实验是
04:58
for those simulations模拟. The signal信号 was the same相同,
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由英国声学家Adrian James提供的。
05:01
the background背景 noise噪声 was the same相同.
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两个试验中,信号和背景杂音都没变;
05:02
All that changed was the acoustics声学 of the classroom课堂
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变化的只是
05:05
in those two examples例子.
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教室的传声效果。
05:06
If education教育 can be likened比喻 to watering洒水 a garden花园,
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如把教育比喻为在花园浇水,
05:09
which哪一个 is a fair公平 metaphor隐喻, sadly可悲的是, much of the water
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这是合理的比喻。遗憾地是,
05:13
is evaporating蒸发 before it reaches到达 the flowers花卉,
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大部分水在未落在花朵前已蒸发。
05:16
especially特别 for some groups,
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特别对某些组别来说,
05:18
for example, those with hearing听力 impairment减值.
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例如: 听力受损的人
05:21
Now that's not just deaf children孩子. That could be any child儿童
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(这不只包括失聪者, 也包括那些患感冒、
05:24
who's谁是 got a cold, glue ear, an ear infection感染,
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胶耳、耳道感染, 甚至花粉热的孩子)。
05:27
even hay干草 fever发热. On a given特定 day, one in eight children孩子
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每一天,八个孩子中便有一个
05:29
fall秋季 into that group, on any given特定 day.
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属于这个人群。
05:32
Then you have children孩子 for whom English英语 is a second第二 language语言,
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还有英语为第二语言的孩子,
05:35
or whatever随你 they're being存在 taught in is a second第二 language语言.
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或任何以第二语言学习的孩子。
05:38
In the U.K., that's more than 10 percent百分 of the school学校 population人口.
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在英国,他们占所有学生中的比例超过10%。
05:41
And finally最后, after Susan苏珊 Cain's该隐的 wonderful精彩 TEDTalkTED演讲 in February二月,
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还有, 感谢Susan Cain在二月的TED讲演,
05:45
we know that introverts内向的人 find it very difficult to relate涉及
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我们得以了解知道性格内向的人
05:48
when they're in a noisy嘈杂 environment环境 doing group work.
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在嘈杂环境下,很难做好团体工作。
05:51
Add those up. That is a lot of children孩子
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这说明很多孩子
05:54
who are not receiving接收 their education教育 properly正确.
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正在不理想的情况下接受教育。
05:56
It's not just the children孩子 who are affected受影响, though虽然.
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然而受影响的不单是孩子。
05:58
(Noisy嘈杂 conversation会话) This study研究 in Germany德国 found发现
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(嘈杂声)德国的一项研究指出,
06:00
the average平均 noise噪声 level水平 in classrooms教室 is 65 decibels分贝.
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教室里的平均噪音水平是65分贝。
06:03
I have to really raise提高 my voice语音 to talk over 65 decibels分贝
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在这样的环境下,我需要要很大声才让你们听见我说话。
06:08
of sound声音, and teachers教师 are not just raising提高 their voices声音.
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老师们不仅提高了音量。
06:11
This chart图表 maps地图 the teacher's教师 heart rate
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这图表显示教师的心率
06:14
against反对 the noise噪声 level水平.
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与噪音水平的关系。
06:17
Noise噪声 goes up, heart rate goes up.
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随着噪音水平的上升,心率也随着上升。
06:19
That is not good for you.
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这对身体不是好消息。
06:22
In fact事实, 65 decibels分贝 is the very level水平 at which哪一个 this big survey调查
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事实上,这项关于噪音与健康的调查显示
06:26
of all the evidence证据 on noise噪声 and health健康 found发现 that, that is
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65分贝正是
06:29
the threshold for the danger危险 of myocardial心肌 infarction梗塞.
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可能引致心肌梗塞(即心脏病)
06:34
To you and me, that's a heart attack攻击.
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的分贝临界值。
06:37
It may可能 not be pushing推动 the boat out too far to suggest建议
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教师每天在这种环境下授课,
06:39
that many许多 teachers教师 are losing失去 significant重大 life expectancy期待
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寿命期望因而大大缩短,
06:44
by teaching教学 in environments环境 like that day after day.
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这说法可没有夸张。
06:48
What does it cost成本 to treat对待 a classroom课堂
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把教室的回响时间降至0.4秒
06:50
down to that 0.4-second reverberation混响 time?
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成本是多少?
06:53
Two and a half thousand pounds英镑.
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2,500镑。
06:56
And the Essex埃塞克斯 study研究 which哪一个 has just been doneDONE in the U.K.,
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刚在英国埃塞克斯完成的研究表明,
06:59
which哪一个 incidentally顺便 showed显示 that when you do this,
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把回响时间降至0.4秒
07:01
you do not just make a room房间 that's suitable适当
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不但让有听力障碍的孩子
07:03
for hearing-impaired听力障碍 children孩子, you make a room房间
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听得清晰,
07:05
where behavior行为 improves提高, and results结果 improve提高 significantly显著,
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学童的行为和成绩亦明显进步。
07:10
this found发现 that sending发出 a child儿童 out of area to a school学校
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如你的区域的学校没有这种教室,
07:14
that does have such这样 a room房间, if you don't have one,
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孩子须跨区上学,
07:17
costs成本 90,000 pounds英镑 a year.
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每年开支是90,000镑。
07:20
I think the economics经济学 are pretty漂亮 clear明确 on this.
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从经济角度看,潜在的收益是很明显的吧。
07:23
I'm glad高兴 that debate辩论 is happening事件 on this.
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我很高兴这引起了广泛的关注和讨论。
07:25
I just moderated主持 a major重大的 conference会议 in London伦敦
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数星期前我在伦敦主持了一个会议,
07:27
a few少数 weeks ago called Sound声音 Education教育,
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主题为「声音教育」。
07:29
which哪一个 brought together一起 top最佳 acousticians声学专家,
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会议集合顶尖的声学家、
07:31
government政府 people, teachers教师, and so forth向前.
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政府人员和老师等等。
07:33
We're at last starting开始 to debate辩论 this issue问题, and the benefits好处
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讨论终于开始触及在教学环境中
07:37
that are available可得到 for designing设计 for the ears耳朵 in education教育,
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针对听觉进行设计,
07:40
unbelievable难以置信的.
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它的益处是惊人的。
07:42
Out of that conference会议, incidentally顺便, also came来了
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而在会议之外,
07:45
a free自由 app应用 which哪一个 is designed设计 to help children孩子 study研究
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一款用以协助那些需要在家庭嘈杂环境中(例如厨房)
07:48
if they're having to work at home, for example,
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学习的孩子们的软件
07:50
in a noisy嘈杂 kitchen厨房.
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也问世了。
07:52
And that's free自由 out of that conference会议.
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这款软件是免费的。
07:55
Let's broaden扩大 the perspective透视 a little bit
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再看另一个领域:
07:58
and look at cities城市.
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城市。
08:00
We have urban城市的 planners规划者.
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我们有城市规划者。
08:02
Where are the urban城市的 sound声音 planners规划者?
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那城市声音规划者呢?
08:05
I don't know of one in the world世界, and the opportunity机会 is there
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我从未遇到过一个。
08:08
to transform转变 our experience经验 in our cities城市.
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他们能让城市生活更美好。
08:11
The World世界 Health健康 Organization组织 estimates估计
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世界卫生组织估计
08:13
that a quarter25美分硬币 of Europe's欧洲 population人口 is having its sleep睡觉
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城市噪音影响1/4欧洲人的睡眠质量。
08:16
degraded降级 by noise噪声 in cities城市. We can do better than that.
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而这一切都是可以改善的。
08:20
And in our offices办事处, we spend a lot of time at work.
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再谈办公室,我们花很多时间在工作上。
08:22
Where are the office办公室 sound声音 planners规划者?
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那办公室声音设计师呢?
08:25
People who say, don't sit that team球队 next下一个 to this team球队,
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有些人说,别把这两组人放在一起,
08:27
because they like noise噪声 and they need quiet安静.
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因为一组喧闹,一组爱静。
08:29
Or who say, don't spend all your budget预算 on a huge巨大 screen屏幕
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有人说,别花太多钱
08:32
in the conference会议 room房间,
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在会议室的屏幕上,
08:33
and then place地点 one tiny microphone麦克风
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然后在30人的大桌中央
08:35
in the middle中间 of a table for 30 people. (Laughter笑声)
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放一个微型麦克风。(笑声)
08:38
If you can hear me, you can understand理解 me
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如你听见我,不须看到我
08:40
without seeing眼看 me. If you can see me without hearing听力 me,
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也会明白我。如你只看到我却听不清我,
08:44
that does not work.
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这是不奏效的。
08:46
So office办公室 sound声音 is a huge巨大 area, and incidentally顺便,
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所以办公室声效是个大领域,
08:49
noise噪声 in offices办事处 has been shown显示 to make people
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而嘈杂的工作环境令人
08:51
less helpful有帮助, less enjoy请享用 their teamwork团队合作,
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变得冷漠和难以享受团队工作,
08:54
and less productive生产的 at work.
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生产力也会随之下降。
08:56
Finally最后, we have homes家园. We use interior室内 designers设计师.
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最后,再谈家居环境。我们有室内设计师,
08:59
Where are the interior室内 sound声音 designers设计师?
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那室内声音设计师呢?
09:01
Hey, let's all be interior室内 sound声音 designers设计师,
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我们全都可以做室内声音设计师呀!
09:05
take on listening to our rooms客房 and designing设计 sound声音
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开始听听我们的房间,
09:08
that's effective有效 and appropriate适当.
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设计有效和适当的声响。
09:09
My friend朋友 Richard理查德 MazuchMazuch, an architect建筑师 in London伦敦,
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我的朋友Richard Mazuch,在伦敦当建筑师,
09:12
coined创造 the phrase短语 "invisible无形 architecture建筑."
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提出了一个名词叫做「看不到的建筑」。
09:14
I love that phrase短语.
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我喜欢这词语。
09:16
It's about designing设计, not appearance出现, but experience经验,
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意思是为感官设计,而非外表。
09:21
so that we have spaces空间 that sound声音 as good as they look,
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让我们的空间听起来跟看起来一样好,
09:25
that are fit适合 for purpose目的, that improve提高 our quality质量 of life,
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以满足我们对于生活的需求,改善生活素质、
09:28
our health健康 and well being存在, our social社会 behavior行为
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健康水平、社交行为,
09:31
and our productivity生产率.
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以及生产力。
09:33
It's time to start开始 designing设计 for the ears耳朵.
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是时候为听觉感官而设计了!
09:37
Thank you. (Applause掌声)
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多谢 (掌声)
09:40
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
09:41
Thank you. (Applause掌声)
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多谢 (掌声)
Translated by Jie Hong
Reviewed by Jing Li

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Julian Treasure - Sound consultant
Julian Treasure studies sound and advises businesses on how best to use it.

Why you should listen

Julian Treasure is the chair of the Sound Agency, a firm that advises worldwide businesses -- offices, retailers, airports -- on how to design sound in their physical spaces and communication. He asks us to pay attention to the sounds that surround us. How do they make us feel: productive, stressed, energized, acquisitive?

Treasure is the author of the book Sound Business, a manual for effective sound use in every aspect of business. His most recent book, How to be Heard: Secrets for Powerful Speaking and Listening, based on his TED Talk, offers practical exercises to improve communication skills and an inspiring vision for a sonorous world of effective speaking, conscious listening and understanding. He speaks globally on this topic.

More profile about the speaker
Julian Treasure | Speaker | TED.com