TED2017
Tom Gruber: How AI can enhance our memory, work and social lives
Tom Gruber: 人工智能如何提升我们的记忆，工作表现以及社交生活
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我们的机器能让我们变得多聪明？ Siri 的共同创造者Tom Gruber想要做的是〝人性化的人工智能〞，它会增强我们的能力并与我们合作，而不是与我们竞争或取代我们。他分享了他对未来的愿景，在未来，人工智能会协助我们在感知、创造力、认知功能上有超人般的表现——从大大增强我们的设计技巧，到协助我们记住我们所有阅读过的内容及见过的每个人。〝我们正在人工智能兴起的时代之中，〞Gruber说道。〝每当机器变得更聪明，我们也会变得更聪明。〞
Tom Gruber - AI product designer
As co-creator of Siri, Tom Gruber helped redefine the role of machine intelligence in our lives and transformed the way we interact with our devices. Full bio
As co-creator of Siri, Tom Gruber helped redefine the role of machine intelligence in our lives and transformed the way we interact with our devices. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
今天来到这里，是想邀请大家
从一个新的角度来看待我熟悉的领域：
从一个新的角度来看待我熟悉的领域：
00:13
I'm here to offer you
a new way to think about my field,
a new way to think about my field,
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人工智能。
00:16
artificial intelligence.
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我认为人工智能的目的，
00:18
I think the purpose of AI
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是要用机器智能
来增强人类的能力。
来增强人类的能力。
00:20
is to empower humans
with machine intelligence.
with machine intelligence.
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00:25
And as machines get smarter,
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而随着机器变得更聪明，
我们也会更聪明。
00:27
we get smarter.
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00:29
I call this "humanistic AI" --
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我称这个为“人性化 AI”——
00:32
artificial intelligence
designed to meet human needs
designed to meet human needs
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通过与 AI 合作并
强化人类的设计方式
强化人类的设计方式
来满足人类的需求。
00:36
by collaborating and augmenting people.
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00:40
Now, today I'm happy to see
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如今，我很高兴能看到
00:42
that the idea of an intelligent assistant
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智能助理的这个想法
能成为主流。
00:44
is mainstream.
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这象征了人类与 AI 之间的互动
已被广泛接受。
已被广泛接受。
00:45
It's the well-accepted metaphor
for the interface between humans and AI.
for the interface between humans and AI.
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00:51
And the one I helped create
is called Siri.
is called Siri.
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而其中一个我协助
创造的产品就是 Siri。
创造的产品就是 Siri。
00:54
You know Siri.
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各位都认识 Siri。
00:56
Siri is the thing that knows your intent
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Siri 会知道你的意图，
并协助你
00:58
and helps you do it for you,
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把一切搞定。
01:00
helps you get things done.
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但各位可能不知道，
当初我们在设计 Siri 时，
当初我们在设计 Siri 时，
01:02
But what you might not know
is that we designed Siri
is that we designed Siri
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01:05
as humanistic AI,
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就把它定位在“人性化 AI ”，
01:07
to augment people
with a conversational interface
with a conversational interface
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通过对话的方式来强化人类体验，
让使用行动计算成为可能，
01:10
that made it possible for them
to use mobile computing,
to use mobile computing,
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不论他们是谁、
能力如何，都可以使用。
能力如何，都可以使用。
01:14
regardless of who they were
and their abilities.
and their abilities.
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01:18
Now for most of us,
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对我们大多数人而言，
01:20
the impact of this technology
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这项技术带来的影响
是让东西更便于我们使用。
01:23
is to make things
a little bit easier to use.
a little bit easier to use.
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01:25
But for my friend Daniel,
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但对我朋友Daniel而言，
01:29
the impact of the AI
in these systems is a life changer.
in these systems is a life changer.
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这些系统中的AI功能
却改变了他的一生。
却改变了他的一生。
01:33
You see, Daniel is a really social guy,
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Daniel是个很爱社交的人，
也是个四肢瘫痪的盲人，
01:38
and he's blind and quadriplegic,
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01:40
which makes it hard to use those devices
that we all take for granted.
that we all take for granted.
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我们认为理所当然的设备，
对他来说却很难用。
对他来说却很难用。
01:44
The last time I was at his house,
his brother said,
his brother said,
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上次我去他家，他哥哥说：
“等等，Daniel还没准备好。
01:46
"Hang on a second, Daniel's not ready.
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他正在和网上认识的女生打电话。”
01:48
He's on the phone with a woman
he met online."
he met online."
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01:52
I'm like, "That's cool, how'd he do it?"
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我说：“不错啊，他怎么办到的？”
01:54
Well, Daniel uses Siri
to manage his own social life --
to manage his own social life --
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事实上，Daniel用 Siri 来管理
他自己的社交生活——
他自己的社交生活——
01:58
his email, text and phone --
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他的电子邮件、短信、电话——
不用依赖他的照料人。
02:00
without depending on his caregivers.
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02:04
This is kind of interesting, right?
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这挺有趣的，对吧？
不过也相当讽刺。
02:06
The irony here is great.
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这个人与 AI 的关系
02:07
Here's the man whose relationship with AI
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协助他与真正的人类建立了关系。
02:10
helps him have relationships
with genuine human beings.
with genuine human beings.
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02:14
And this is humanistic AI.
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这就是人性化的人工智能。
02:19
Another example with
life-changing consequences
life-changing consequences
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还有一个可以改变人生的例子，
也就是癌症诊断。
02:21
is diagnosing cancer.
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02:24
When a doctor suspects cancer,
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当医生怀疑你有癌症时，
他们会先取样交给病理学家，
02:26
they take a sample
and send it to a pathologist,
and send it to a pathologist,
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病理学家再利用显微镜来看样本。
02:29
who looks at it under a microscope.
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02:32
Now, pathologists look at
hundreds of slides
hundreds of slides
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病理学家每天要看
数百片的载玻片
数百片的载玻片
及数百万个细胞。
02:34
and millions of cells every day.
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02:37
So to support this task,
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所以为了支援这项工作，
有几位研究人员做出了一种
人工智能分类器。
人工智能分类器。
02:39
some researchers made an AI classifier.
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现在，分类器已经会看着图片分辨：
02:43
Now, the classifier says,
"Is this cancer or is this not cancer?"
"Is this cancer or is this not cancer?"
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“这是不是癌症？”
02:48
looking at the pictures.
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02:50
The classifier was pretty good,
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分类器挺厉害的，
02:52
but not as good as the person,
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但没有人类那么厉害，
02:55
who got it right most of the time.
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人类大部分都能判读正确。
02:58
But when they combine the ability
of the machine and the human together,
of the machine and the human together,
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但，当机器与人类的能力
结合在一起时，
结合在一起时，
正确率可以达到 99.5%。
03:04
accuracy went to 99.5 percent.
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03:09
Adding that AI to a partnership
eliminated 85 percent of the errors
eliminated 85 percent of the errors
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加上人工智能的协作，
人类病理学家
人类病理学家
能减少个人判断时 85% 的错误。
03:14
that the human pathologist
would have made working alone.
would have made working alone.
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03:18
That's a lot of cancer
that would have otherwise gone untreated.
that would have otherwise gone untreated.
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这其中很多的癌症患者，
当初就是因误判而耽搁了治疗。
当初就是因误判而耽搁了治疗。
03:23
Now, for the curious, it turns out
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人类因为好奇的原因，
03:25
that the human was better
at rejecting false positives,
at rejecting false positives,
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比较擅长判断假阳性案例，
而机器则比较擅长判断
难以辨别的案例。
难以辨别的案例。
03:28
and the machine was better
at recognizing those hard-to-spot cases.
at recognizing those hard-to-spot cases.
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但我们学到的并不是
03:32
But the lesson here isn't about
which agent is better
which agent is better
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谁在图像分类上比较厉害。
03:35
at this image-classification task.
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03:37
Those things are changing every day.
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那些东西每天都会变。
03:39
The lesson here
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这里我们学到的是，
通过结合人类与机器的能力，
03:41
is that by combining the abilities
of the human and machine,
of the human and machine,
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其创造出的合作关系
会有超人般的表现。
会有超人般的表现。
03:44
it created a partnership
that had superhuman performance.
that had superhuman performance.
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03:50
And that is humanistic AI.
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而这就是人性化的人工智能 。
03:54
Now let's look at another example
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我们再举个例子，
03:56
with turbocharging performance.
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这方面的进步也是突飞猛进。
那就是“设计”。
03:59
This is design.
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假设你是个工程师，
04:00
Now, let's say you're an engineer.
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想要设计一个新的无人机骨架。
04:02
You want to design a new frame for a drum.
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你打开最爱的软件，
电脑绘图辅助工具（CAD），
电脑绘图辅助工具（CAD），
04:04
You get out your favorite
software tools, CAD tools,
software tools, CAD tools,
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输入了外形和材料，
然后按下分析表现。
然后按下分析表现。
04:07
and you enter the form and the materials,
and then you analyze performance.
and then you analyze performance.
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它只会跑出一种设计方案。
04:12
That gives you one design.
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04:14
If you give those same tools to an AI,
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如果你把这些工具拿给 AI 使用，
04:17
it can generate thousands of designs.
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它会帮你跑出数千种设计。
04:22
This video by Autodesk is amazing.
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这段Autodesk 的影片非常震撼。
这是真实案例。
04:24
This is real stuff.
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04:26
So this transforms how we do design.
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这就改变了我们设计的方式。
04:29
The human engineer now
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现在，人类工程师
只要说出想要实现的设计，
04:30
says what the design should achieve,
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机器就会说：
04:33
and the machine says,
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”有这些可能性方案。”
04:35
"Here's the possibilities."
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04:37
Now in her job, the engineer's job
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现在，她作为工程师的工作，
04:40
is to pick the one that best meets
the goals of the design,
the goals of the design,
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就是选出一种最符合目标的设计，
这是她身为人类最擅长的，
04:43
which she knows as a human
better than anyone else,
better than anyone else,
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用的就是人类的判断和专业知识。
04:47
using human judgment and expertise.
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04:49
In this case, the winning form
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在这案例中，脱颖而出的设计
04:51
looks kind of like something
nature would have designed,
nature would have designed,
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像是自然界设计出来的，
但这样的设计，
不需要几百万年的演化，
不需要几百万年的演化，
04:53
minus a few million years of evolution
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也不需有那些皮毛。
04:55
and all that unnecessary fur.
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05:00
Now let's see where this idea
of humanistic AI might lead us
of humanistic AI might lead us
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我们现在来想想，
如果我们跟着人性化 AI 走，
如果我们跟着人性化 AI 走，
05:05
if we follow it into
the speculative beyond.
the speculative beyond.
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它会把我们带到哪些
意想不到的境界？
意想不到的境界？
05:08
What's a kind of augmentation
that we would all like to have?
that we would all like to have?
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我们想要实现哪些方面的强化？
05:11
Well, how about cognitive enhancement?
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认知强化如何？
05:15
Instead of asking,
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别再问：
05:17
"How smart can we make our machines?"
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“我们能把机器做到多聪明？”
而是要改问：
05:19
let's ask
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“我们的机器能把我们变得多聪明？”
05:20
"How smart can our machines make us?"
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05:25
I mean, take memory for example.
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举个例子，记忆。
05:27
Memory is the foundation
of human intelligence.
of human intelligence.
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记忆是人类智能的基础。
05:31
But human memory is famously flawed.
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但人类的记忆力是出名的差。
05:35
We're great at telling stories,
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我们很会说故事，
05:37
but not getting the details right.
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但无法保证细节都是准确的。
我们的记忆——会随时间衰退。
05:39
And our memories -- they decay over time.
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比如，六十年代去哪了？
我也能去那儿吗？
我也能去那儿吗？
05:42
I mean, like, where did the '60s go,
and can I go there, too?
and can I go there, too?
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（笑声）
05:46
(Laughter)
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05:48
But what if you could have a memory
that was as good as computer memory,
that was as good as computer memory,
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但如果你能拥有和电脑
一样好的记忆力，
一样好的记忆力，
05:54
and was about your life?
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而且这些记忆与你的人生有关，
那会如何呢？
那会如何呢？
05:57
What if you could remember
every person you ever met,
every person you ever met,
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如果你能记得
你见过的每一个人，
你见过的每一个人，
06:00
how to pronounce their name,
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叫得出每一个人的名字，
家庭状况的细节，
他们最爱的运动，
他们最爱的运动，
06:02
their family details,
their favorite sports,
their favorite sports,
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你和他们上次的对话，那会如何呢？
06:04
the last conversation you had with them?
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如果你一生都有这样的记忆，
06:06
If you had this memory all your life,
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你就可以让人工智能
去看看你过去
去看看你过去
06:09
you could have the AI look
at all the interactions
at all the interactions
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与人们的所有互动，
06:12
you had with people over time
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并协助你反思你的人际关系。
06:14
and help you reflect on the long arc
of your relationships.
of your relationships.
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06:18
What if you could have the AI read
everything you've ever read
everything you've ever read
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如果我们能让人工智能去阅读
所有你阅读过的东西，
所有你阅读过的东西，
去听你听过的每首歌，会如何呢？
06:23
and listen to every song
you've ever heard?
you've ever heard?
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06:27
From the tiniest clue,
it could help you retrieve
it could help you retrieve
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从最微小的线索，
它就能协助你找回
它就能协助你找回
你以前看过或听过的任何东西。
06:31
anything you've ever seen or heard before.
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06:33
Imagine what that would do
for the ability to make new connections
for the ability to make new connections
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想像一下，这对于
建立新连结以及
建立新连结以及
产生新点子的能力会有什么影响。
06:37
and form new ideas.
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那么，我们的身体呢？
06:38
And what about our bodies?
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06:41
What if we could remember the consequences
of every food we eat,
of every food we eat,
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如果我们能记得吃过的每样食物，
每颗药物，
06:46
every pill we take,
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06:48
every all-nighter we pull?
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记得每次熬夜的内容，
那会如何？
那会如何？
06:51
We could do our own science
on our own data
on our own data
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我们可以用自己的资料
来做自己的科学，
来做自己的科学，
找出什么会让我们
感觉很好并保持健康。
感觉很好并保持健康。
06:53
about what makes us feel
good and stay healthy.
good and stay healthy.
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想像一下，这会为我们管理
06:57
And imagine how this could revolutionize
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过敏及慢性病带来怎样的革命。
07:00
the way we manage
allergies and chronic disease.
allergies and chronic disease.
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07:04
I believe that AI will make
personal memory enhancement a reality.
personal memory enhancement a reality.
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我相信，人工智能能够
实现个人记忆的强化。
实现个人记忆的强化。
07:11
I can't say when or what
form factors are involved,
form factors are involved,
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我不知道何时或需要哪些机缘，
07:14
but I think it's inevitable,
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但我认为它是一定会到来的，
07:17
because the very things
that make AI successful today --
that make AI successful today --
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因为人工智能在当今
够成功的原因就是这些——
够成功的原因就是这些——
07:22
the availability of comprehensive data
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唾手可得的综合性数据，
以及机器能从这些数据中
理解出意义的能力——
理解出意义的能力——
07:25
and the ability for machines
to make sense of that data --
to make sense of that data --
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能够被应用到我们生活中的数据上。
07:28
can be applied to the data of our lives.
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07:32
And those data are here today,
available for all of us,
available for all of us,
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我们现今就已经能够
取得那些数据了，
取得那些数据了，
因为我们可以直接用手机
或上网的方式，
或上网的方式，
07:36
because we lead digitally mediated lives,
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07:40
in mobile and online.
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将我们的生活与数字科技做连结。
07:43
In my view, a personal memory
is a private memory.
is a private memory.
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依我所见，个人的记忆
是私人的记忆。
是私人的记忆。
07:47
We get to choose what is and is not
recalled and retained.
recalled and retained.
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我们可以选择要或不要，
回忆或保留哪些记忆。
回忆或保留哪些记忆。
这种安全性绝对是有必要的。
07:52
It's absolutely essential
that this be kept very secure.
that this be kept very secure.
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07:57
Now for most of us,
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对大部份人来说，
07:58
the impact of augmented personal memory
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增强个人记忆所产生的影响会是：
可以获得心智上的成长，
08:01
will be a more improved mental gain,
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或是希望可以有更好的社交能力。
08:04
maybe, hopefully, a bit more social grace.
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08:08
But for the millions who suffer
from Alzheimer's and dementia,
from Alzheimer's and dementia,
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但对于数百万受阿兹海默症
及痴呆症折磨的人而言，
及痴呆症折磨的人而言，
08:15
the difference that augmented
memory could make
memory could make
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增加记忆能造成的改变
就是让那孤独的人生，
08:17
is a difference
between a life of isolation
between a life of isolation
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08:21
and a life of dignity and connection.
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变成有尊严，
与生活保持连接的人生。
与生活保持连接的人生。
08:24
We are in the middle of a renaissance
in artificial intelligence right now.
in artificial intelligence right now.
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我们现在正处于人工智能
繁荣发展的时期当中，
繁荣发展的时期当中，
08:30
I mean, in just the past few years,
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仅仅在过去几年，
08:32
we're beginning to see
solutions to AI problems
solutions to AI problems
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我们就开始看到
人工智能问题的解决方法，
人工智能问题的解决方法，
而这在过去数十年来，
一直是无法解决的问题，比如：
一直是无法解决的问题，比如：
08:36
that we have struggled
with literally for decades:
with literally for decades:
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08:41
speech understanding, text understanding,
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口语理解，文字理解，
08:43
image understanding.
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图像理解。
08:46
We have a choice in how we use
this powerful technology.
this powerful technology.
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我们可以选择要
如何使用这强大的技术。
如何使用这强大的技术。
08:51
We can choose to use AI
to automate and compete with us,
to automate and compete with us,
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我们可以选择用人工智能
来做自动化的工作，并与我们竞争，
来做自动化的工作，并与我们竞争，
或我们可以选择用人工智能
来做增强化的工作，并与我们合作，
来做增强化的工作，并与我们合作，
08:56
or we can use AI to augment
and collaborate with us,
and collaborate with us,
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来克服我们的认知限制，
09:00
to overcome our cognitive limitations
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并协助我们去做我们想要做的事，
09:03
and to help us do what we want to do,
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而且做得更好。
09:06
only better.
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09:08
And as we discover new ways
to give machines intelligence,
to give machines intelligence,
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随着我们发掘出新的方式
来将智能赋予机器，
来将智能赋予机器，
09:14
we can distribute that intelligence
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我们可以把那种智能移转到
全世界所有的人工智能助理身上，
09:17
to all of the AI assistants in the world,
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且不论如何，都要确保
每个人都能因此受惠。
每个人都能因此受惠。
09:20
and therefore to every person,
regardless of circumstance.
regardless of circumstance.
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09:25
And that is why,
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那就是为什么
09:26
every time a machine gets smarter,
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每次当机器变更得聪明，
09:30
we get smarter.
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我们也会变得更睿智。
09:33
That is an AI worth spreading.
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而这就是人工智能
值得推广的原因。
值得推广的原因。
09:36
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
（掌声）
09:37
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tom Gruber - AI product designerAs co-creator of Siri, Tom Gruber helped redefine the role of machine intelligence in our lives and transformed the way we interact with our devices.
Why you should listen
By connecting humans and machines with AI, designer, inventor and polymath Tom Gruber is opening up new ways to improve our lives and augment human intelligence.
Gruber led the team that revolutionized human-machine interaction with Siri, the intelligent personal assistant that can understand your spoken language and help you get things done. Launched in 2010, Siri is now used billions of times a week in more than 30 countries around the world.
Tom Gruber | Speaker | TED.com