ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ayana Elizabeth Johnson - Marine biologist
Ayana Elizabeth Johnson is a marine biologist and policy expert.

Why you should listen

Dr. Ayana Elizabeth Johnson is founder of Urban Ocean Lab, a think tank focused on coastal cities, and founder and CEO of Ocean Collectiv, a strategy consulting firm for conservation solutions. When she was executive director of the Waitt Institute, Johnson cofounded the Blue Halo Initiative and led the Caribbean’s first successful island-wide ocean zoning effort. Previously, she worked on ocean policy at the EPA and NOAA, and was a leader of the March for Science. 
 
Johnson earned a BA from Harvard University in environmental science and public policy, and a PhD from Scripps Institution of Oceanography in marine biology with a dissertation on the ecology, socio-economics and policy of sustainably managing coral reefs. The fish trap she invented to reduce bycatch won the first Rare/National Geographic Solution Search.
 
Her op-eds have been published in the New York TimesLos Angeles TimesThe Guardian and Huffington Post, and she blogs with Scientific American and National Geographic. She is also a TED Resident, scholar at the Aspen Institute and was named on the UCSD 40 Under 40 Alumni and Elle’s "27 Women Leading on Climate." Outside magazine called her “the most influential marine biologists of our time.”
 
Johnson serves on the board of directors for the Billion Oyster Project and World Surf League's PURE and on the advisory boards of Environmental Voter ProjectScientific AmericanScience SandboxAzul and Oceanic Global. She is also a fellow at The Explorers Club. She is a passionate advocate for coastal communities and builds solutions for ocean justice and our climate crisis.

More profile about the speaker
Ayana Elizabeth Johnson | Speaker | TED.com
TED2019

Ayana Elizabeth Johnson: A love story for the coral reef crisis

阿娅娜·伊丽莎白·约翰逊: 珊瑚礁危机的爱情故事

Filmed:
213,496 views

上百次的潜水经历让海洋生物学家阿娅娜·伊丽莎白·约翰逊(Ayana Elizabeth Johnson)爱上了鹦嘴鱼。在这首对鹦嘴鱼的颂歌中,她分享了这种鱼的五大神奇之处(从它们生产的白沙粪便到它们色彩斑斓的“衣柜变装”),也展示了当气候变化威胁着珊瑚礁的未来时,我们和它们都会面临什么样的危机。
- Marine biologist
Ayana Elizabeth Johnson is a marine biologist and policy expert. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
I want to tell you a love story故事.
0
1429
2213
我想和你们分享一个爱情故事。
00:16
But it doesn't have a happy快乐 ending结尾.
1
4190
2334
但这个爱情故事没有快乐的结局。
00:19
Once一旦 upon a time,
I was a stubborn倔强 five-year-old五十岁
2
7333
3696
从前,我曾是一个倔强的
五岁小女孩,
00:23
who decided决定 to become成为 a marine海洋 biologist生物学家.
3
11053
3000
立志成为一名海洋生物学家。
00:26
Thirty-four三十四 years年份, 400 scuba水肺 dives潜水
and one PhD博士 later后来,
4
14527
4463
34 年、400 次潜水、
和 1 个博士学位后,
00:31
I'm still completely全然
enamored迷恋 with the ocean海洋.
5
19014
3166
我仍旧深深地着迷于
浩瀚的海洋。
00:34
I spent花费 a decade working加工
with fishing钓鱼 communities社区
6
22800
2587
我在加勒比海地区和当地的渔业
00:37
in the Caribbean加勒比,
7
25411
1182
共事了十年时间,
00:38
counting数数 fish, interviewing面试 fishermen渔民,
8
26617
2395
我们计算鱼量、采访渔夫、
00:41
redesigning重新设计 fishing钓鱼 gear齿轮
and developing发展 policy政策.
9
29036
3515
重新设计渔具、以及制定政策。
00:44
I've been helping帮助 to figure数字 out
what sustainable可持续发展 management管理 can look like
10
32957
4055
我一直在帮助那些
在食品安全、就业、文化方面,
00:49
for places地方 where food餐饮 security安全,
jobs工作 and cultures文化
11
37036
3644
都仰赖于海洋的地区
00:52
all depend依靠 on the sea.
12
40704
1881
寻找可持续性的管理方式。
00:55
In the midst中间 of all this, I fell下跌 in love.
13
43538
3404
在探索的过程中,
我爱上了
00:59
With a fish.
14
47628
1325
一种鱼。
01:01
There are over 500 fish species种类
that live生活 on Caribbean加勒比 reefs珊瑚礁,
15
49675
3612
加勒比海珊瑚礁群地区
栖息着 500 多种鱼类,
01:05
but the ones那些 I just
can't get out of my head
16
53311
3229
唯独一种让我
情有独钟,
01:08
are parrotfish鹦嘴鱼.
17
56564
1182
那就是鹦嘴鱼。
01:10
Parrotfish鹦嘴鱼 live生活 on coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁
all over the world世界,
18
58093
2548
鹦嘴鱼分布于
世界各地的珊瑚礁群里,
01:12
there are 100 species种类,
19
60665
1769
共 100 种不同品类,
01:14
they can grow增长 well over a meter仪表 long
20
62458
1806
能长到一米多长,
01:16
and weigh称重 over 20 kilograms公斤,
21
64288
1623
二十多公斤重,
01:17
but that's the boring无聊 stuff东东.
22
65935
2142
但,这些都不重要。
01:20
I want to tell you five
incredible难以置信 things about these fish.
23
68101
3682
我想和你们说说鹦嘴鱼拥有的
五个超凡绝伦、与众不同之处。
01:24
First, they have a mouth
like a parrot's鹦鹉的 beak,
24
72815
2500
首先,它们有着鹦鹉喙一般的嘴巴,
01:27
which哪一个 is strong强大 enough足够 to bite coral珊瑚,
25
75339
1778
强劲的咬合力能嚼碎珊瑚,
01:29
although虽然 mostly大多 they're after algae藻类.
26
77141
2531
但以吃藻类为主。
01:31
They are the lawn草坪 mowers割 草 机 of the reef.
27
79696
2191
它们可谓是珊瑚礁里的割草机。
01:33
This is key, because many许多 reefs珊瑚礁
are overgrown发育过度的 with algae藻类
28
81911
3789
这就很妙了。因为地面上
的污水和肥料流入海中,
会导致水体的富营养化,
藻类的过量生长,
01:37
due应有 to nutrient养分 pollution污染
from sewage污水 and fertilizer肥料
29
85724
3285
从而引起珊瑚礁的退化。
01:41
that runs运行 off of land土地.
30
89033
1467
01:42
And there just aren't enough足够
herbivores食草动物 like parrotfish鹦嘴鱼
31
90842
2660
像鹦嘴鱼这样能减少
藻类富集的食草动物
01:45
left out on the reefs珊瑚礁
32
93526
1174
在珊瑚礁里
01:46
to mow it all down.
33
94724
1499
少之又少。
01:48
OK, second第二 amazing惊人 thing.
34
96932
2358
妙处之二:
01:51
After all that eating,
they poop船尾 fine white白色 sand.
35
99314
5085
食物消化后,
它们会拉出白色细沙样的粪便。
01:56
A single parrotfish鹦嘴鱼 can produce生产
over 380 kilograms公斤
36
104830
3809
一只鹦嘴鱼每年
能产出超过 380 公斤的
02:00
of this pulverized coral珊瑚 each year.
37
108663
2333
这种细碎珊瑚粒。
02:03
Sometimes有时, when scuba水肺 diving潜水,
38
111371
1585
有时,我会在潜水的中途,
02:04
I would look up from my clipboard剪贴板
39
112980
1915
把目光从书写板上移开,
02:06
and just see contrails凝结尾
of parrotfish鹦嘴鱼 poop船尾 raining下雨 down.
40
114919
4140
看见一束束鹦嘴鱼粪便
如雨丝般落下。
02:11
So next下一个 time you're lounging闲逛
on a tropical热带 white-sand白沙 beach海滩,
41
119760
4442
下次,当你享受热带雨林
洁白细腻的沙滩时,
02:16
maybe think of parrotfish鹦嘴鱼.
42
124226
2317
也许要感谢鹦嘴鱼。
02:18
(Laughter笑声)
43
126567
1151
(笑声)
02:19
Third第三, they have so much style样式.
44
127742
2944
第三点,它们变幻多端,风采各异。
02:22
Mottled斑驳 and striped条纹,
teal青色, magenta品红,
45
130710
2284
斑点、条纹、青绿、桃红、
02:25
yellow黄色, orange橙子, polka-dotted波尔卡点线,
46
133018
2141
明黄、橙红、波点……
鹦嘴鱼让珊瑚礁更加
美轮美奂、色彩纷呈。
02:27
parrotfish鹦嘴鱼 are a big part部分
of what makes品牌 coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁 so colorful华美.
47
135183
3563
02:31
Plus, in true真正 diva耍大牌 style样式,
48
139212
2353
此外,作为百变天后,
02:33
they have multiple wardrobe衣柜 changes变化
throughout始终 their life.
49
141589
3539
整个生命周期,
它们要换好几个行头。
02:37
A juvenile少年 outfit配备,
50
145473
1158
从青涩纯真,
02:38
an intermediate中间 getup打扮,
51
146655
1294
到明艳风情,
02:39
and a terminal终奌站 look.
52
147973
1333
再到成熟韵味。
02:41
Fourth第四, with this last wardrobe衣柜 change更改
comes a sex性别 change更改 from female to male,
53
149711
5347
第四点,伴随着最后一次变装,
鹦嘴鱼的性别也将由雌转雄,
02:47
termed被称为 sequential顺序 hermaphroditism赫马普罗迪主义.
54
155082
2857
专业术语为顺序性雌雄同体。
02:50
These large males男性 then gather收集
harems哈里姆斯 of females女性 to spawn.
55
158252
3920
成熟雄鱼的身边聚集起
众多雌鱼,产下鱼卵。
异性一夫一妻制
显然不是自然界的常态。
02:54
Heterosexual异性 恋 monogamy一夫一妻制
is certainly当然 not nature's大自然 status状态 quo现状.
56
162700
3691
02:58
And parrotfish鹦嘴鱼 exemplify例证
some of the beauty美女
57
166415
2801
而鹦嘴鱼为这种
多样化的繁殖策略代言。
03:01
of diverse多种 reproductive生殖 strategies策略.
58
169240
2334
03:04
Fifth第五, and the most incredible难以置信,
59
172088
3270
第五点,也是最神奇的,
03:07
sometimes有时 when parrotfish鹦嘴鱼
cozy舒适 up into a nook角落 in the reef at night,
60
175382
3928
有时在夜里,鹦嘴鱼
围拢在礁石的一隅,
03:11
they secrete分泌 a mucus粘液 bubble泡沫
from a gland in their head
61
179334
3759
它们的头部腺体
分泌出的粘液形成了一个气泡,
03:15
that envelops信封 their entire整个 body身体.
62
183117
2611
包裹住整个鱼身。
03:18
This masks面具 their scent香味 from predators大鳄
63
186752
2198
这样,捕食者们就闻不到
它们的气味,
03:20
and protects保护 them from parasites寄生虫,
64
188974
1588
还能隔绝寄生虫,
03:22
so they can sleep睡觉 soundly香甜.
65
190586
1294
它们就在泡泡里睡大觉。
03:23
I mean, how cool is this?
66
191904
2009
也太酷了吧!
03:25
(Laughter笑声)
67
193937
1989
(笑声)
03:27
So this is a confession自白书
of my love for parrotfish鹦嘴鱼
68
195950
3771
这就是我对鹦嘴鱼
爱的表白,
03:31
in all their flamboyant龙飞凤舞,
69
199745
1689
为这条纷华靡丽、
03:33
algae-eating藻类食, sand-pooping沙排,
sex-changing性别变化 glory荣耀.
70
201458
3231
酷爱藻类、 能拉出
白沙粪便的变性鱼。
03:36
(Laughter笑声)
71
204713
1095
(笑声)
03:37
But with this love comes heartache心痛.
72
205832
4055
然而,爱之深,伤之切。
03:42
Now that groupers石斑鱼 and snappers笛鲷
are woefully可悲 overfished过度捕捞,
73
210832
3643
随着石斑鱼和红鱼
被过度捕捞而数量骤减,
03:46
fishermen渔民 are targeting针对 parrotfish鹦嘴鱼.
74
214499
2413
渔夫们把目光转向了鹦嘴鱼。
03:48
Spearfishing鱼叉捕鱼 took out the large species种类,
75
216936
2412
以往常见的品种被人们
用鱼枪射杀,濒临灭绝,
03:51
midnight午夜 blue蓝色 and rainbow彩虹 parrotfish鹦嘴鱼
are now exceedingly非常 rare罕见,
76
219372
4278
紫鹦嘴鱼和虹彩鹦嘴鱼
几乎已经消失了踪迹,
03:55
and nets and traps陷阱 are scooping up
the smaller species种类.
77
223674
3300
渔夫们的网叉正扫荡着
更稀有的品种。
03:58
As both a marine海洋 biologist生物学家
and a single person,
78
226998
3679
作为一名单身的海洋生物学家,
04:02
I can tell you,
79
230701
1238
我可以很负责任地告诉大家,
04:03
there aren't that many许多 fish in the sea.
80
231963
2450
海里的鱼真的没那么多。
(英语俚语反用:并非天涯各处有芳草)
04:06
(Laughter笑声)
81
234437
1097
(笑声)
04:07
And then, there's my love for their home,
82
235558
3166
接下来我要说说
鹦嘴鱼赖以生存的家园,
04:10
the coral珊瑚 reef,
83
238748
1175
珊瑚礁。
04:11
which哪一个 was once一旦 as vibrant充满活力
as Caribbean加勒比 cultures文化,
84
239947
3446
曾几何时,它们就如
加勒比海域的文化般生机蓬勃,
04:15
as colorful华美 as the architecture建筑,
85
243417
2031
如建筑般缤纷,
04:17
and as bustling繁华 as carnival狂欢.
86
245472
1867
如嘉年华般热闹。
04:19
Because of climate气候 change更改,
87
247671
1698
然而由于气候变化、
04:21
on top最佳 of overfishing过度捕捞 and pollution污染,
88
249393
2843
过度捕捞、环境污染
诸多问题的侵扰,
04:24
coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁 may可能 be gone走了 within 30 years年份.
89
252260
4619
珊瑚礁可能会在
未来 30 年内彻底消失。
04:28
An entire整个 ecosystem生态系统 erased擦除.
90
256903
2924
整个生态系统将毁于一旦。
04:32
This is devastating破坏性的,
91
260188
1158
这种打击是毁灭性的,
04:33
because hundreds数以百计 of millions百万
of people around the world世界
92
261370
4324
因为全世界数以亿计的人口
04:37
depend依靠 on reefs珊瑚礁
for their nutrition营养 and income收入.
93
265718
3842
靠珊瑚礁填饱肚子和谋生。
04:41
Let that sink水槽 in.
94
269584
1626
大家认真想想。
04:44
A little bit of good news新闻
95
272998
1817
好消息是,
04:46
is that places地方 like Belize伯利兹, Barbuda巴布达
and Bonaire博内尔 are protecting保护 these VIPs贵宾 --
96
274839
5602
在伯利兹、巴布达、博内亚等地区,
人们已经采取了积极行动,
04:52
Very Important重要 Parrotfish鹦嘴鱼.
97
280465
2095
保护这至关重要的鹦嘴鱼。
04:54
Also, more and more places地方
are establishing建立 protected保护 areas
98
282879
4133
同时,越来越多的地方
正在建立保护区,
04:59
that protect保护 the entire整个 ecosystem生态系统.
99
287036
2627
保护整个生态系统。
05:02
These are critical危急 efforts努力,
but it's not enough足够.
100
290044
3301
这些努力意义非凡,
但还不够。
05:06
As I stand here today今天,
101
294163
1873
就拿现在来说吧,
05:08
only 2.2 percent百分
of the ocean海洋 is protected保护.
102
296060
3508
全球受保护的海洋面积仅占 2.2%,
05:11
Meanwhile与此同时, 90 percent百分 of the large fish,
103
299956
2761
与此同时,加勒比珊瑚礁群区域的
05:14
and 80 percent百分
of the coral珊瑚 on Caribbean加勒比 reefs珊瑚礁,
104
302741
3064
90% 的大鱼和 80% 的珊瑚
05:17
is already已经 gone走了.
105
305829
1841
已经消失了。
05:20
We're in the midst中间
of the sixth第六 mass extinction灭绝.
106
308323
2580
我们正处在第六次生物大灭绝。
05:22
And we, humans人类, are causing造成 it.
107
310927
3345
而我们人类,
就是始作俑者,
05:27
We also have the solutions解决方案.
108
315292
2324
我们也不是没有办法。
05:30
Reverse反向 climate气候 change更改 and overfishing过度捕捞,
109
318061
2976
对抗气候变化,
禁止过度捕捞,
05:33
protect保护 half the ocean海洋
110
321061
1492
保护海洋生态,
05:34
and stop pollution污染 running赛跑 from land土地.
111
322577
1972
禁止地面污染流入海洋。
05:36
But these are massive大规模的 undertakings经营
112
324573
2258
但这些长期而深远的行动
05:38
requiring要求 systemic系统的 changes变化,
113
326855
2111
亟需系统性的改革,
05:40
and we're really taking服用 our sweet time
getting得到 around to it.
114
328990
3234
而我们竟然还在
慢腾腾地浪费时间。
05:44
Each of us can contribute有助于, though虽然.
115
332784
2266
在座的每一个人,
都可以有所贡献——
05:47
With our votes, our voices声音,
our food餐饮 choices选择,
116
335498
2714
通过投票、呼吁、食物选择、
05:50
our skills技能 and our dollars美元.
117
338236
1913
专业技能和捐款。
05:52
We must必须 overhaul翻修 both corporate企业 practices做法
118
340173
2976
我们必须改革公司规范
05:55
and government政府 policies政策.
119
343173
1404
和官方政策。
05:56
We must必须 transform转变 culture文化.
120
344601
2596
我们必须转变文化。
06:00
Building建造 community社区 around solutions解决方案
121
348046
2762
建立以解决问题为核心的组织
06:02
is the most important重要 thing.
122
350832
2334
是最重要的一环。
06:06
I am never going to give up
123
354149
2580
我永远不会放弃
06:08
working加工 to protect保护 and restore恢复
this magnificent华丽的 planet行星.
124
356753
3515
保护并重建我们美丽的地球。
06:13
Every一切 bit of habitat栖息地 we preserve保留,
125
361220
3167
我们所保护的每一寸土地,
06:16
every一切 tenth第十 of a degree
of warming变暖 we prevent避免,
126
364411
3198
所防止的每 0.1 度气温的上升,
06:19
really does matter.
127
367633
1698
都是努力的意义。
06:21
Thankfully感激地, I'm not motivated动机 by hope希望,
128
369820
2714
我庆幸,支撑着我的
不是毁灭后希望的微光,
06:24
but rather a desire欲望 to be useful有用.
129
372558
2200
而是阻止毁灭发生的信念。
06:27
Because I don't know
how to give an honest诚实 talk
130
375558
4132
因为我真的不知道,
该如何诚实地对你们讲述
06:31
about my beloved心爱 parrotfish鹦嘴鱼
and coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁
131
379714
3373
关于鹦嘴鱼和珊瑚礁的快乐结局。
06:35
that has a happy快乐 ending结尾.
132
383111
1600
06:37
Thank you.
133
385040
1151
谢谢。
06:38
(Applause掌声)
134
386215
2998
(掌声)
Translated by Meng Ren
Reviewed by Lipeng Chen

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ayana Elizabeth Johnson - Marine biologist
Ayana Elizabeth Johnson is a marine biologist and policy expert.

Why you should listen

Dr. Ayana Elizabeth Johnson is founder of Urban Ocean Lab, a think tank focused on coastal cities, and founder and CEO of Ocean Collectiv, a strategy consulting firm for conservation solutions. When she was executive director of the Waitt Institute, Johnson cofounded the Blue Halo Initiative and led the Caribbean’s first successful island-wide ocean zoning effort. Previously, she worked on ocean policy at the EPA and NOAA, and was a leader of the March for Science. 
 
Johnson earned a BA from Harvard University in environmental science and public policy, and a PhD from Scripps Institution of Oceanography in marine biology with a dissertation on the ecology, socio-economics and policy of sustainably managing coral reefs. The fish trap she invented to reduce bycatch won the first Rare/National Geographic Solution Search.
 
Her op-eds have been published in the New York TimesLos Angeles TimesThe Guardian and Huffington Post, and she blogs with Scientific American and National Geographic. She is also a TED Resident, scholar at the Aspen Institute and was named on the UCSD 40 Under 40 Alumni and Elle’s "27 Women Leading on Climate." Outside magazine called her “the most influential marine biologists of our time.”
 
Johnson serves on the board of directors for the Billion Oyster Project and World Surf League's PURE and on the advisory boards of Environmental Voter ProjectScientific AmericanScience SandboxAzul and Oceanic Global. She is also a fellow at The Explorers Club. She is a passionate advocate for coastal communities and builds solutions for ocean justice and our climate crisis.

More profile about the speaker
Ayana Elizabeth Johnson | Speaker | TED.com