TEDSummit
Abigail Marsh: Why some people are more altruistic than others
Abigail Marsh: Zašto su neki ljudi altruističniji od drugih
Filmed:
Readability: 4.4
2,142,656 views
Zašto neki ljudi čine nesebična djela, pomažući drugima čak i uz rizik vlastite dobrobiti? Istraživač psihologije, Abigail Marsh proučava motivaciju ljudi koji čine iznimno altruistična djela, poput doniranja bubrega potpunim neznancima. Je li njihov mozak jednostavno drugačiji?
Abigail Marsh - Psychologist
Abigail Marsh asks essential questions: If humans are evil, why do we sometimes go to extraordinary lengths to help others even at a cost to ourselves? Full bio
Abigail Marsh asks essential questions: If humans are evil, why do we sometimes go to extraordinary lengths to help others even at a cost to ourselves? Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
There's a man out there, somewhere,
0
760
2096
Ima jedan čovjek, tamo negdje,
00:14
who looks a little bit
like the actor Idris Elba,
like the actor Idris Elba,
1
2880
2976
koji malo sliči na glumca
Idrisa Elbu,
Idrisa Elbu,
00:17
or at least he did 20 years ago.
2
5880
2376
ili je sličio prije 20 godina.
00:20
I don't know anything else about him,
3
8280
1816
Ne znam ništa drugo o njemu,
00:22
except that he once saved my life
4
10120
1896
osim da mi je jednom spasio život
00:24
by putting his own life in danger.
5
12040
1640
pritom ugrozivši svoj.
00:26
This man ran across four lanes of freeway
traffic in the middle of the night
traffic in the middle of the night
6
14600
5376
Čovjek je pretrčao četiri
trake na autocesti usred noći
trake na autocesti usred noći
00:32
to bring me back to safety
7
20000
1776
da bi me doveo na sigurno
00:33
after a car accident
that could have killed me.
that could have killed me.
8
21800
2776
nakon prometne nesreće
koja me je mogla ubiti.
koja me je mogla ubiti.
00:36
And the whole thing
left me really shaken up, obviously,
left me really shaken up, obviously,
9
24600
2656
Cijela stvar me je zbilja
potresla, naravno
potresla, naravno
00:39
but it also left me with this
kind of burning, gnawing need
kind of burning, gnawing need
10
27280
3976
ali također i ostavila sa
gorućom, nagrizajućom potrebom
gorućom, nagrizajućom potrebom
00:43
to understand why he did it,
11
31280
1640
da saznam zašto je to učinio,
00:45
what forces within him
caused him to make the choice
caused him to make the choice
12
33760
2776
koje su to sile unutar njega
dovele do toga izbora
dovele do toga izbora
00:48
that I owe my life to,
13
36560
1856
kojemu dugujem svoj život,
00:50
to risk his own life
to save the life of a stranger?
to save the life of a stranger?
14
38440
3616
da riskira vlastiti život
kako bi spasio život stranca?
kako bi spasio život stranca?
00:54
In other words, what are the causes of his
or anybody else's capacity for altruism?
or anybody else's capacity for altruism?
15
42080
5040
Koji su uzroci njegove ili bilo
čije sposobnosti za altruizam?
čije sposobnosti za altruizam?
00:59
But first let me tell you what happened.
16
47840
2016
Ali prvo ću vam reći
što se dogodilo.
što se dogodilo.
01:01
That night, I was 19 years old
17
49880
1456
Te noći, bilo mi je 19 godina
01:03
and driving back to my home
in Tacoma, Washington,
in Tacoma, Washington,
18
51360
2376
i vozeći doma u Tacomi, Washington
01:05
down the Interstate 5 freeway,
19
53760
1816
niz međudržavnu autocestu br.5,
01:07
when a little dog
darted out in front of my car.
darted out in front of my car.
20
55600
2536
maleni pas je izletio
pred moj auto.
pred moj auto.
01:10
And I did exactly
what you're not supposed to do,
what you're not supposed to do,
21
58160
2336
I učinila sam točno ono
što se ne smije,
što se ne smije,
01:12
which is swerve to avoid it.
22
60520
1360
a to je da sam skrenula
kako bih ga zaobišla.
kako bih ga zaobišla.
01:14
And I discovered why
you're not supposed to do that.
you're not supposed to do that.
23
62480
2440
I saznala sam zašto
se to ne smije raditi.
se to ne smije raditi.
01:17
I hit the dog anyways,
24
65319
1737
Svejedno sam udarila psa,
01:19
and that sent the car into a fishtail,
25
67080
2616
auto je počeo krivudati,
01:21
and then a spin across the freeway,
26
69720
2576
a onda se zaokrenuo
preko autoceste
preko autoceste
01:24
until finally it wound up
in the fast lane of the freeway
in the fast lane of the freeway
27
72320
3576
da bi konačno stao
u brzoj traci
u brzoj traci
01:27
faced backwards into oncoming traffic
28
75920
2936
okrenut prema prometu iz
suprotnog smjera,
suprotnog smjera,
01:30
and then the engine died.
29
78880
1360
a tad je motor "krepao".
01:33
And I was sure in that moment
that I was about to die too,
that I was about to die too,
30
81480
3560
U tom trenu sam bila sigurna
da ću i ja umrijeti,
da ću i ja umrijeti,
01:37
but I didn't
31
85880
1216
ali nisam
01:39
because of the actions
of that one brave man
of that one brave man
32
87120
2736
zbog postupka tog
hrabrog čovjeka
hrabrog čovjeka
01:41
who must have made the decision
33
89880
1496
koje je sigurno donijeo odluku
01:43
within a fraction of a second
of seeing my stranded car
of seeing my stranded car
34
91400
3016
u djeliću sekunde, vidjevši
moj zaglavljeni auto
moj zaglavljeni auto
01:46
to pull over and run
across four lanes of freeway traffic
across four lanes of freeway traffic
35
94440
4256
da zakoči i pretrči
četiri trake autoceste
četiri trake autoceste
01:50
in the dark
36
98720
1936
u mraku
01:52
to save my life.
37
100680
1976
da spasi moj život.
01:54
And then after he got my car working again
38
102680
2896
Nakon što je pokrenuo moj auto
01:57
and got me back to safety
and made sure I was going to be all right,
and made sure I was going to be all right,
39
105600
3616
i odveo me u sigurnost i uvjerio se
da sam u redu,
da sam u redu,
02:01
he drove off again.
40
109240
1536
odvezao se.
02:02
He never even told me his name,
41
110800
2336
Nikad mi nije rekao svoje ime,
02:05
and I'm pretty sure
I forgot to say thank you.
I forgot to say thank you.
42
113160
2160
a sigurna sam da mu
nisam rekla hvala.
nisam rekla hvala.
02:08
So before I go any further,
43
116440
1936
Prije nego što nastavim,
02:10
I really want to take a moment
44
118400
1456
željela bih se zaustaviti
na trenutak
na trenutak
02:11
to stop and say thank you
to that stranger.
to that stranger.
45
119880
2800
i reći tom neznancu: "Hvala".
02:15
(Applause)
46
123280
1720
(Pljesak)
02:22
I tell you all of this
47
130919
1217
Ovo vam govorim
02:24
because the events of that night changed
the course of my life to some degree.
the course of my life to some degree.
48
132160
4216
zato što je ta noć promijenila
moj život u određenoj mjeri.
moj život u određenoj mjeri.
02:28
I became a psychology researcher,
49
136400
1616
Postala sam istraživač psihologije,,
02:30
and I've devoted my work to understanding
the human capacity to care for others.
the human capacity to care for others.
50
138040
4776
i posvetila sam svoj rad razumijevanju
ljudske sposobnosti za brigu za druge.
ljudske sposobnosti za brigu za druge.
02:34
Where does it come from,
and how does it develop,
and how does it develop,
51
142840
2336
Odakle dolazi,
kako se razvija,
kako se razvija,
02:37
and what are the extreme forms
that it can take?
that it can take?
52
145200
2240
i koje ekstremne oblike
može poprimiti?
može poprimiti?
02:40
These questions are really important
to understanding basic aspects
to understanding basic aspects
53
148120
3176
Ova pitanja su vrlo bitna za razumijevanje
osnovnih vidova
osnovnih vidova
02:43
of human social nature.
54
151320
1240
ljudske društvene prirode.
02:45
A lot of people,
and this includes everybody
and this includes everybody
55
153320
2096
Puno ljudi, a to
vrijede za sve
vrijede za sve
02:47
from philosophers
and economists to ordinary people
and economists to ordinary people
56
155440
2896
od filozofa i ekonomista
do običnih ljudi
do običnih ljudi
02:50
believe that human nature
is fundamentally selfish,
is fundamentally selfish,
57
158360
3256
vjeruje da je ljudska priroda u
suštini sebična
suštini sebična
02:53
that we're only ever really motivated
by our own welfare.
by our own welfare.
58
161640
4176
i da smo motivirani isključivo
vlastitom dobrobiti.
vlastitom dobrobiti.
02:57
But if that's true, why do some people,
like the stranger who rescued me,
like the stranger who rescued me,
59
165840
4296
Ali ako je to tako, zašto neki ljudi,
poput stranca koji me spasio,
poput stranca koji me spasio,
03:02
do selfless things,
like helping other people
like helping other people
60
170160
2496
čine nesebična djela,
poput pomaganja drugima,
poput pomaganja drugima,
03:04
at enormous risk and cost to themselves?
61
172680
2440
uz ogromni rizik i cijenu?
03:07
Answering this question
62
175880
1296
Odgovor na ova pitanja
03:09
requires exploring the roots
of extraordinary acts of altruism,
of extraordinary acts of altruism,
63
177200
4096
zahtijeva istraživanje korijena
izvanrednih činova altruizma,
izvanrednih činova altruizma,
03:13
and what might make people
who engage in such acts
who engage in such acts
64
181320
2376
i što točno čini ljude koji se
upuštaju u to
upuštaju u to
03:15
different than other people.
65
183720
1856
drugačijim od ostalih.
03:17
But until recently, very little work
on this topic had been done.
on this topic had been done.
66
185600
3080
Do nedavno, vrlo malo istraživanja
na ovu temu je bilo učinjeno
na ovu temu je bilo učinjeno
03:21
The actions of the man who rescued me
67
189920
1816
Postupci čovjeka koji
me je spasio
me je spasio
03:23
meet the most stringent
definition of altruism,
definition of altruism,
68
191760
2976
spadaju u najstrožu
definiciju altruizma.
definiciju altruizma.
03:26
which is a voluntary, costly behavior
69
194760
2616
a to je dobrovoljno ponašanje
uz određenu cijenu
uz određenu cijenu
03:29
motivated by the desire
to help another individual.
to help another individual.
70
197400
2440
motivirano željom da se pomogne
drugome.
drugome.
03:32
So it's a selfless act
intended to benefit only the other.
intended to benefit only the other.
71
200640
3120
To je nesebični čin sa namjerom
da se poboljša položaj drugoga.
da se poboljša položaj drugoga.
03:36
What could possibly
explain an action like that?
explain an action like that?
72
204560
2560
Što bi moglo objasniti
ovakvo ponašanje?
ovakvo ponašanje?
03:40
One answer is compassion, obviously,
73
208120
1936
Jedan odgovor je, naravno,
suosjećanje,
suosjećanje,
03:42
which is a key driver of altruism.
74
210080
1800
koje je ključni čimbenik altruizma.
03:44
But then the question becomes,
75
212520
1616
Ali onda imamo pitanje,
03:46
why do some people
seem to have more of it than others?
seem to have more of it than others?
76
214160
2760
zašto ga neki ljudi imaju više
od ostalih?
od ostalih?
03:50
And the answer may be that the brains
of highly altruistic people
of highly altruistic people
77
218120
3896
Odgovor bi mogao biti da je
mozak visoko altruističnih ljudi
mozak visoko altruističnih ljudi
03:54
are different in fundamental ways.
78
222040
2200
temeljito drugačiji.
03:57
But to figure out how,
79
225120
1896
No, da otkrijem kako točno
03:59
I actually started from the opposite end,
80
227040
2120
morala sam krenuti od suprotnog kraja,
04:02
with psychopaths.
81
230160
1200
od psihopata.
04:04
A common approach to understanding
basic aspects of human nature,
basic aspects of human nature,
82
232680
3096
Uobičajen pristup razumijevanju osnovnih
aspekata ljudske prirode
aspekata ljudske prirode
04:07
like the desire to help other people,
83
235800
2016
poput želje da se
pomogne drugima
pomogne drugima
04:09
is to study people
in whom that desire is missing,
in whom that desire is missing,
84
237840
3136
je proučavanje pojedinaca
koji nemaju tu želju,
koji nemaju tu želju,
04:13
and psychopaths are exactly such a group.
85
241000
2120
a psihopati su upravo ta skupina.
04:16
Psychopathy is a developmental disorder
86
244200
2376
Psihopatija je razvojni poremećaj
04:18
with strongly genetic origins,
87
246600
2096
snažno ukorijenjen u genetici,
04:20
and it results in a personality
that's cold and uncaring
that's cold and uncaring
88
248720
2896
koji uzrokuje osobnost
koja je hladna i ravnodušna
koja je hladna i ravnodušna
04:23
and a tendency to engage in antisocial
and sometimes very violent behavior.
and sometimes very violent behavior.
89
251640
3524
sa sklonošću prema antidruštvenom
i, ponekad, vrlo nasilnom ponašanju.
i, ponekad, vrlo nasilnom ponašanju.
04:28
Once my colleagues and I
at the National Institute of Mental Health
at the National Institute of Mental Health
90
256040
3256
Jednom sam sa kolegama na
Državnom institutu za mentalno zdravlje
Državnom institutu za mentalno zdravlje
04:31
conducted some of the first ever
brain imaging research
brain imaging research
91
259320
2615
provodila među prvim istraživanjima
snimanja mozga
snimanja mozga
04:33
of psychopathic adolescents,
92
261959
2137
kod psihopata
u adolescelenciji
u adolescelenciji
04:36
and our findings, and the findings
of other researchers now,
of other researchers now,
93
264120
2856
i ono što smo mi, i drugi
istraživači pronašli,
istraživači pronašli,
04:39
have shown that people
who are psychopathic
who are psychopathic
94
267000
2296
ukazuje na to da
psihopati
psihopati
04:41
pretty reliably exhibit
three characteristics.
three characteristics.
95
269320
2920
sa velikom pouzdanošću, iskazuju
tri značajke.
tri značajke.
04:45
First, although they're not generally
insensitive to other people's emotions,
insensitive to other people's emotions,
96
273160
4616
Prvo, iako općenito nisu neosjetljivi
prema osjećajima drugih
prema osjećajima drugih
04:49
they are insensitive to signs
that other people are in distress.
that other people are in distress.
97
277800
3776
nisu osjetljivi na znakove da
su drugi u nevolji
su drugi u nevolji
04:53
And in particular,
98
281600
1216
Naročito
04:54
they have difficulty recognizing
fearful facial expressions like this one.
fearful facial expressions like this one.
99
282840
3896
imaju problema sa prepoznavanjem
izraza lica, poput ovoga.
izraza lica, poput ovoga.
04:58
And fearful expressions convey
urgent need and emotional distress,
urgent need and emotional distress,
100
286760
3696
Izrazi straha izražavaju hitnu potrebu
i emocionalnu bol
i emocionalnu bol
05:02
and they usually elicit
compassion and a desire to help
compassion and a desire to help
101
290480
2616
i obično izazivaju suosjećanje
i želju da se pomogne
i želju da se pomogne
05:05
in people who see them,
102
293120
1256
u ljudima koji ih vide,
05:06
so it makes sense that people
who tend to lack compassion
who tend to lack compassion
103
294400
2696
tako da ima smisla da ljudi
koji nemaju suosjećanja
koji nemaju suosjećanja
05:09
also tend to be insensitive to these cues.
104
297120
2120
nisu osjetljivi na te znakove.
05:12
The part of the brain
105
300520
1216
Dio mozga
05:13
that's the most important
for recognizing fearful expressions
for recognizing fearful expressions
106
301760
2896
koji je najbitniji za
prepoznavanje izraza straha
prepoznavanje izraza straha
05:16
is called the amygdala.
107
304680
1256
zove se amigdala.
05:17
There are very rare cases of people
who lack amygdalas completely,
who lack amygdalas completely,
108
305960
3416
Postoje vrlo rijetki slučajevi ljudi
koji nemaju amigdalu
koji nemaju amigdalu
05:21
and they're profoundly impaired
in recognizing fearful expressions.
in recognizing fearful expressions.
109
309400
3856
i značajno su onemogućeni kod
prepoznavanja izraza straha,
prepoznavanja izraza straha,
05:25
And whereas healthy adults and children
110
313280
2376
Dok kod zdravih odraslih i djece
05:27
usually show big spikes
in amygdala activity
in amygdala activity
111
315680
2616
obično dolazi do značajnog
porasta a aktivnosti amigdale
porasta a aktivnosti amigdale
05:30
when they look at fearful expressions,
112
318320
2136
prilikom promatranja
izraza straha,
izraza straha,
05:32
psychopaths' amygdalas
are underreactive to these expressions.
are underreactive to these expressions.
113
320480
3136
amigdala kod psihopata
reagira slabije na te izraze.
reagira slabije na te izraze.
05:35
Sometimes they don't react at all,
114
323640
1656
Ponekada ne reagira uopće,
05:37
which may be why they have
trouble detecting these cues.
trouble detecting these cues.
115
325320
2620
što je možda uzrok zašto
teško detektiraju te znakove.
teško detektiraju te znakove.
05:41
Finally, psychopaths' amygdalas
are smaller than average
are smaller than average
116
329240
3136
Na kraju, amigdala u psihopata
je manja od prosječne
je manja od prosječne
05:44
by about 18 or 20 percent.
117
332400
1600
za između 18-20 posto.
05:46
So all of these findings
are reliable and robust,
are reliable and robust,
118
334920
3816
Sva ova saznanja su pouzdana
i izdržljiva,
i izdržljiva,
05:50
and they're very interesting.
119
338760
1456
i jako zanimljiva.
05:52
But remember that my main interest
120
340240
1656
Ali, moj glavni interes
05:53
is not understanding
why people don't care about others.
why people don't care about others.
121
341920
3536
nije razumijevanje toga zašto
ljudi ne mare za druge
ljudi ne mare za druge
05:57
It's understanding why they do.
122
345480
1560
već razumijevanje
zašto to čine.
zašto to čine.
05:59
So the real question is,
123
347880
2296
Pravo pitanje je,
06:02
could extraordinary altruism,
124
350200
2256
može li se vanserijski altruizam,
06:04
which is the opposite of psychopathy
125
352480
2216
koji je suprotnost
psihopatiji
psihopatiji
06:06
in terms of compassion
and the desire to help other people,
and the desire to help other people,
126
354720
3416
u pogledu suosjećanja
i želje za pomaganjem drugima,
i želje za pomaganjem drugima,
06:10
emerge from a brain that is also
the opposite of psychopathy?
the opposite of psychopathy?
127
358160
4016
pojaviti iz mozga koji je isto
suprotnost psihopatiji?
suprotnost psihopatiji?
06:14
A sort of antipsychopathic brain,
128
362200
2240
Neka vrsta antipsihopatičnog mozga,
06:17
better able to recognize
other people's fear,
other people's fear,
129
365880
3096
sposobnijeg u prepoznavanju
straha kod drugih ljudi,
straha kod drugih ljudi,
06:21
an amygdala that's more reactive
to this expression
to this expression
130
369000
2416
amigdala koja reagire jače
na tu ekspresiju
na tu ekspresiju
06:23
and maybe larger than average as well?
131
371440
1840
možda je i veća od prosjeka?
06:25
As my research has now shown,
132
373920
2016
Moje istraživanje je pokazalo,
06:27
all three things are true.
133
375960
1456
da su sve tri stvari istinite.
06:29
And we discovered this
134
377440
1256
To smo otkrili
06:30
by testing a population
of truly extraordinary altruists.
of truly extraordinary altruists.
135
378720
3016
testrirajući uzorak istinski
vanserijskih altruista.
vanserijskih altruista.
06:33
These are people who have given
one of their own kidneys
one of their own kidneys
136
381760
2656
To su ljudi koji su dali
vlastite bubrege
vlastite bubrege
06:36
to a complete stranger.
137
384440
1200
potpunim neznancima.
06:38
So these are people who have volunteered
to undergo major surgery
to undergo major surgery
138
386600
3096
Znači, ti ljudi su dobrovoljno
išli na operaciju
išli na operaciju
06:41
so that one of their own
healthy kidneys can be removed
healthy kidneys can be removed
139
389720
2616
kako bi im izvadili
jedan zdravi bubreg
jedan zdravi bubreg
06:44
and transplanted into a very ill stranger
140
392360
2056
i transplantirali ga
bolesnom strancu
bolesnom strancu
06:46
that they've never met and may never meet.
141
394440
2040
kojega nikada nisu, i možda
neće ni sresti
neće ni sresti
06:49
"Why would anybody do this?"
is a very common question.
is a very common question.
142
397040
2800
"Zašto bi itko to učinio?"
je vrlo uobičajeno pitanje
je vrlo uobičajeno pitanje
06:52
And the answer may be
143
400520
1376
Odgovor bi mogao biti
06:53
that the brains of these
extraordinary altruists
extraordinary altruists
144
401920
2256
da mozak ovih
vanserijskih altruista
vanserijskih altruista
06:56
have certain special characteristics.
145
404200
1800
ima određene posebne
značajke.
značajke.
06:59
They are better at recognizing
other people's fear.
other people's fear.
146
407040
3216
Bolje prepoznaju tuđi strah.
07:02
They're literally better at detecting
when somebody else is in distress.
when somebody else is in distress.
147
410280
3416
Doslovno su bolji u otkrivanju
da je netko u nevolji.
da je netko u nevolji.
07:05
This may be in part because their amygdala
is more reactive to these expressions.
is more reactive to these expressions.
148
413720
4656
Ovo je djelomično zato jer njihova
amigdala jače reagira na te izraze.
amigdala jače reagira na te izraze.
07:10
And remember, this is the same part
of the brain that we found
of the brain that we found
149
418400
2936
Sjećate se da je to isti dio mozga
koje je nađen da
koje je nađen da
07:13
was underreactive
in people who are psychopathic.
in people who are psychopathic.
150
421360
2336
reagira slabije kod ljudi
koji su psihopati.
koji su psihopati.
07:15
And finally, their amygdalas
are larger than average as well,
are larger than average as well,
151
423720
2896
Naposljetku, njihove amigdale
su veće od prosjeka,
su veće od prosjeka,
07:18
by about eight percent.
152
426640
1216
za oko osam posto.
07:19
So together, what these data suggest
153
427880
1736
Sve zajedno, podaci ukazuju na
07:21
is the existence of something
like a caring continuum in the world
like a caring continuum in the world
154
429640
3616
postojanje nečega nalik
"kontinuumu marenja"
"kontinuumu marenja"
07:25
that's anchored at the one end
by people who are highly psychopathic,
by people who are highly psychopathic,
155
433280
3536
na čijem jednom kraju imamo
visoko psihopatične ljude,
visoko psihopatične ljude,
07:28
and at the other by people
who are very compassionate
who are very compassionate
156
436840
2496
a na drugom ljude koji su
vrlo suosjećajni
vrlo suosjećajni
07:31
and driven to acts of extreme altruism.
157
439360
1920
i vođeni ka djelima
ekstremnog altruizma.
ekstremnog altruizma.
07:34
But I should add that what makes
extraordinary altruists so different
extraordinary altruists so different
158
442760
3936
Moram dodati da ono što čini
ekstremne altruiste drugačijima
ekstremne altruiste drugačijima
07:38
is not just that they're
more compassionate than average.
more compassionate than average.
159
446720
2696
nije samo to što su iznadprosječno
suosjećajni.
suosjećajni.
07:41
They are,
160
449440
1216
Oni to jesu,
07:42
but what's even more unusual about them
161
450680
1896
ali još neobičnije u vezi njih
07:44
is that they're compassionate
and altruistic
and altruistic
162
452600
2096
je da su suosjećajni i
altruistični
altruistični
07:46
not just towards people
who are in their own innermost circle
who are in their own innermost circle
163
454720
2936
ne samo prema ljudima iz
vlastitog najbliskijeg kruga
vlastitog najbliskijeg kruga
07:49
of friends and family. Right?
164
457680
1976
prijatelja i obitelji. Točno?
07:51
Because to have compassion for people
that you love and identify with
that you love and identify with
165
459680
3256
Jer suosjećanje za ljude koje volite i sa
kojima se identificirate
kojima se identificirate
07:54
is not extraordinary.
166
462960
2200
nije neouobičajeno.
07:58
Truly extraordinary altruists' compassion
extends way beyond that circle,
extends way beyond that circle,
167
466040
4176
Pravo suosjećanje izvanrednih altruista
proteže se van toga kruga,
proteže se van toga kruga,
08:02
even beyond their wider
circle of acquaintances
circle of acquaintances
168
470240
2216
čak i izvan kruga poznanika
08:04
to people who are outside
their social circle altogether,
their social circle altogether,
169
472480
2936
na ljude koji su skroz izvan
njihovog društvenog kruga,
njihovog društvenog kruga,
08:07
total strangers,
170
475440
1536
potpuni stranci,
08:09
just like the man who rescued me.
171
477000
1600
baš poput čovjeka koji me je spasio.
08:11
And I've had the opportunity now
to ask a lot of altruistic kidney donors
to ask a lot of altruistic kidney donors
172
479960
3496
Imala sam priliku pitati
puno altruističnih donatora
puno altruističnih donatora
08:15
how it is that they manage to generate
such a wide circle of compassion
such a wide circle of compassion
173
483480
4376
kako uspjevaju stvoriti
toliko puno suosjećanja
toliko puno suosjećanja
08:19
that they were willing to give
a complete stranger their kidney.
a complete stranger their kidney.
174
487880
3336
da su spremni dati svoj bubreg
potpunom strancu.
potpunom strancu.
08:23
And I found it's a really difficult
question for them to answer.
question for them to answer.
175
491240
3496
Ispostavilo se da im je jako teško
odgovoriti na to pitanje.
odgovoriti na to pitanje.
08:26
I say, "How is it that
you're willing to do this thing
you're willing to do this thing
176
494760
4056
Ja im velim: "Kako to da ste vi
spremni učiniti ovo
spremni učiniti ovo
08:30
when so many other people don't?
177
498840
1976
kada toliko drugih ljudi nije?
08:32
You're one of fewer than 2,000 Americans
178
500840
2416
Vi ste jedni od manje od 2000 Amerikanaca
08:35
who has ever given a kidney to a stranger.
179
503280
2616
koji su dali svoj bubreg neznancu.
08:37
What is it that makes you so special?"
180
505920
1840
Što je to što vas čini posebnima?
08:40
And what do they say?
181
508400
1280
I što oni kažu?
08:43
They say, "Nothing.
182
511400
1920
Oni kažu: "Ništa.
08:46
There's nothing special about me.
183
514200
1776
Nema ničega posebnoga u meni.
08:48
I'm just the same as everybody else."
184
516000
1799
Ja sam kao i svi ostali."
08:51
And I think that's actually
a really telling answer,
a really telling answer,
185
519200
3096
Ja msilim da je to upravo
odogovor koji puno otkriva,
odogovor koji puno otkriva,
08:54
because it suggests that the circles
of these altruists don't look like this,
of these altruists don't look like this,
186
522320
3840
jer sugerira da krugovi tih
altruista ne izgledaju ovako,
altruista ne izgledaju ovako,
08:59
they look more like this.
187
527240
1976
več više ovako.
09:01
They have no center.
188
529240
1240
Nemaju sredinu.
09:03
These altruists literally
don't think of themselves
don't think of themselves
189
531320
2416
Ovi altruisti doslovno
ne misle o sebi
ne misle o sebi
09:05
as being at the center of anything,
190
533760
2256
kao o centru nečega,
09:08
as being better or more inherently
important than anybody else.
important than anybody else.
191
536040
2960
poput bivanja boljim ili važnijim
od bilo koga drugoga.
od bilo koga drugoga.
09:12
When I asked one altruist
why donating her kidney made sense to her,
why donating her kidney made sense to her,
192
540000
3216
Kada sam pitala jednu altruistkinju zašto
davanje bubrega ima smisla
davanje bubrega ima smisla
09:15
she said, "Because it's not about me."
193
543240
2720
rekla je: "Zato što se ne radi o meni."
09:19
Another said,
194
547040
1736
Netko drugi je rekao,
09:20
"I'm not different. I'm not unique.
195
548800
2256
"Nisam drugačiji. Nisam jedinstven.
09:23
Your study here is going to find out
that I'm just the same as you."
that I'm just the same as you."
196
551080
3336
Tvoja studija će pokazati da sam
baš poput tebe."
baš poput tebe."
09:26
I think the best description
for this amazing lack of self-centeredness
for this amazing lack of self-centeredness
197
554440
4096
Mislim da je najbolji opis za ovaj
nedostatak usredotočenosti na sebe
nedostatak usredotočenosti na sebe
09:30
is humility,
198
558560
1856
poniznost,
09:32
which is that quality
that in the words of St. Augustine
that in the words of St. Augustine
199
560440
3096
kvaliteta koja, po
riječima svetog Augustina
riječima svetog Augustina
09:35
makes men as angels.
200
563560
1520
čini ljude anđelima.
09:38
And why is that?
201
566120
1696
Zašto je tome tako?
09:39
It's because if there's
no center of your circle,
no center of your circle,
202
567840
2776
Zato što, ako ne postoji
centar tvoga kruga,
centar tvoga kruga,
09:42
there can be no inner rings
or outer rings,
or outer rings,
203
570640
2536
ne postoji unutarrnji obruč,
niti vanjski obruč,
niti vanjski obruč,
09:45
nobody who is more or less worthy
of your care and compassion
of your care and compassion
204
573200
2896
nitko nije više ili manje vrijedan
tvoje pažnje i suosjećanja
tvoje pažnje i suosjećanja
09:48
than anybody else.
205
576120
1200
od bilo koga drugoga.
09:49
And I think that this is what really
distinguishes extraordinary altruists
distinguishes extraordinary altruists
206
577920
3496
Mislim da to razlikuje
izvanserijske altruiste
izvanserijske altruiste
09:53
from the average person.
207
581440
1240
od prosječne osobe.
09:55
But I also think that this is a view
of the world that's attainable by many
of the world that's attainable by many
208
583400
3576
Ali smatram i da da ovaj pogled na svijet
dohvatljiv za mnoge
dohvatljiv za mnoge
09:59
and maybe even most people.
209
587000
1976
možda čak većini ljudi.
10:01
And I think this
because at the societal level,
because at the societal level,
210
589000
2256
I mislim da se to,
zbog socijetalnog nivoa,
zbog socijetalnog nivoa,
10:03
expansions of altruism and compassion
are already happening everywhere.
are already happening everywhere.
211
591280
3720
širenje altruizma i suosjećanja
već događa posvuda.
već događa posvuda.
10:07
The psychologist Steven Pinker
and others have shown
and others have shown
212
595920
2456
Psiholog Steven Parker
je, sa ostalima, dokazao
je, sa ostalima, dokazao
10:10
that all around the world people
are becoming less and less accepting
are becoming less and less accepting
213
598400
3256
da ljudi diljem svijeta sve
manje i manje prihvaćaju
manje i manje prihvaćaju
10:13
of suffering in ever-widening
circles of others,
circles of others,
214
601680
2456
patnju u sve više širećim
krugovima drugih,
krugovima drugih,
10:16
which has led to declines
of all kinds of cruelty and violence,
of all kinds of cruelty and violence,
215
604160
3056
što je dovelo do pada
okrutnosti i nasilja,
okrutnosti i nasilja,
10:19
from animal abuse to domestic violence
to capital punishment.
to capital punishment.
216
607240
3520
od životinjskog i obiteljskog
zlostavljanja do smrtne kazne.
zlostavljanja do smrtne kazne.
10:23
And it's led to increases
in all kinds of altruism.
in all kinds of altruism.
217
611480
2816
I to je dovelo do porasta
svih oblika altruizma.
svih oblika altruizma.
10:26
A hundred years ago, people
would have thought it was ludicrous
would have thought it was ludicrous
218
614320
3096
Prije 100 godina, ljudi bi mislili
kako je suludo
kako je suludo
10:29
how normal and ordinary it is
219
617440
1496
koliko je normalno i uobičajeno
10:30
for people to donate
their blood and bone marrow
their blood and bone marrow
220
618960
3296
da ljudi daruju svoju krv i koštanu srž
10:34
to complete strangers today.
221
622280
1640
potpunim strancima.
10:36
Is it possible that
a hundred years from now
a hundred years from now
222
624720
2096
Je li moguće da će
za 100 godina
za 100 godina
10:38
people will think
that donating a kidney to a stranger
that donating a kidney to a stranger
223
626840
2576
ljudi misliti kako je darivanje
bubrega strancu
bubrega strancu
10:41
is just as normal and ordinary
224
629440
1456
jednako normalno i uobičajeno
10:42
as we think donating blood
and bone marrow is today?
and bone marrow is today?
225
630920
3016
kao što mi mislimo o darivanju
krvi i koštane srži danas?
krvi i koštane srži danas?
10:45
Maybe.
226
633960
1200
Možda.
10:47
So what's at the root
of all these amazing changes?
of all these amazing changes?
227
635800
2896
Što je u korijenu svih ovih
nevjerojatnih promjena?
nevjerojatnih promjena?
10:50
In part it seems to be
228
638720
1776
Djelomično, čini se da bi mogao biti
10:52
increases in wealth
and standards of living.
and standards of living.
229
640520
3200
porast bogatstva i životnog standarda.
10:56
As societies become
wealthier and better off,
wealthier and better off,
230
644600
2736
Kako društva postaju bogatija i
boljeg standarda,
boljeg standarda,
10:59
people seem to turn
their focus of attention outward,
their focus of attention outward,
231
647360
2616
čini se da ljudi okreću svoju
pažnju prema vani,
pažnju prema vani,
11:02
and as a result, all kinds of altruism
towards strangers increases,
towards strangers increases,
232
650000
3856
a rezultat je povećanje svih oblika
altruizma prema strancima,
altruizma prema strancima,
11:05
from volunteering to charitable donations
and even altruistic kidney donations.
and even altruistic kidney donations.
233
653880
4720
od volontiranja do donacija, te čak
i darivanja bubrega.
i darivanja bubrega.
11:11
But all of these changes also yield
234
659440
2976
Ali sve ove promjere također
su iznjedrile
su iznjedrile
11:14
a strange and paradoxical result,
235
662440
3216
neobičan i paradoksalan rezultat,
11:17
which is that even as the world is
becoming a better and more humane place,
becoming a better and more humane place,
236
665680
3536
tim više očit kako svijet postaje
bolje i humanije mjesto,
bolje i humanije mjesto,
11:21
which it is,
237
669240
1216
a to je da
11:22
there's a very common perception
that it's becoming worse
that it's becoming worse
238
670480
2696
postoji vrlo uobičajeno shvaćanje
da postaje sve gore
da postaje sve gore
11:25
and more cruel, which it's not.
239
673200
2040
i okrutnije, što nije istina.
11:28
And I don't know exactly why this is,
240
676080
1816
Ne znam točno zašto je tome tako,
11:29
but I think it may be
that we now just know so much more
that we now just know so much more
241
677920
3576
ali mislim da je zato što sada
znamo puno više
znamo puno više
11:33
about the suffering
of strangers in distant places,
of strangers in distant places,
242
681520
3176
o patnji stranaca u dalekim mjestima,
11:36
and so we now care a lot more
243
684720
2416
tako da nam je sada puno više stalo
11:39
about the suffering
of those distant strangers.
of those distant strangers.
244
687160
2200
do njihove patnje.
11:42
But what's clear is the kinds
of changes we're seeing show
of changes we're seeing show
245
690240
3696
Ali očito vrste promjena
koje sada vidimo pokazuju
koje sada vidimo pokazuju
11:45
that the roots of altruism and compassion
246
693960
2456
da su korijeni altruizma i suosjećanja
11:48
are just as much a part of human nature
as cruelty and violence,
as cruelty and violence,
247
696440
3016
jednako dijelom ljudske prirode
kao i okrutnost i nasilje,
kao i okrutnost i nasilje,
11:51
maybe even more so,
248
699480
1696
možda čak i više,
11:53
and while some people do seem
to be inherently more sensitive
to be inherently more sensitive
249
701200
4056
i iako se neki ljudi ljudi
čine suštinski više osjetljivi
čine suštinski više osjetljivi
11:57
to the suffering of distant others,
250
705280
2096
prema patnji drugih,
11:59
I really believe that the ability
to remove oneself
to remove oneself
251
707400
2776
zaista vjerujem da je sposobnost
da se odstrani
da se odstrani
12:02
from the center of the circle
252
710200
1776
iz centra kruga
12:04
and expand the circle of compassion
outward to include even strangers
outward to include even strangers
253
712000
4056
i proširi krug suosjećanja na van,
da uključi čak i nepoznate
da uključi čak i nepoznate
12:08
is within reach for almost everyone.
254
716080
2800
u dosegu gotovo svakoga.
12:12
Thank you.
255
720080
1216
Hvala vam.
12:13
(Applause)
256
721320
7578
(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Abigail Marsh - PsychologistAbigail Marsh asks essential questions: If humans are evil, why do we sometimes go to extraordinary lengths to help others even at a cost to ourselves?
Why you should listen
How do we understand what others think and feel? An associate professor in the department of psychology and the interdisciplinary neuroscience program at Georgetown University, Abigail Marsh focuses on social and affective neuroscience. She addresses questions using multiple approaches that include functional and structural brain imaging in adolescents and adults from both typical and non-typical populations, as well as behavioral, cognitive, genetic and pharmacological techniques. Among her ongoing research projects are brain imaging and behavioral studies of altruistic kidney donors and brain imaging studies of children/adolescents with severe conduct problems and limited empathy.
Marsh's 2017 book The Fear Factor: How One Emotion Connects Altruists, Psychopaths, and Everyone In-Between explores the extremes of human generosity and cruelty.
Abigail Marsh | Speaker | TED.com