TED2019
Roger Hanlon: The amazing brains and morphing skin of octopuses and other cephalopods
Roger Hanlon: Nevjerojatni mozgovi i promjenjiva koža hobotnica i drugih glavonožaca
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Hobotnice, lignje i sipe - zajedno nazvani glavonošci, imaju čudne, velike i raširene mozgove. Što čine tom moždanom snagom? Zaronite u ocean s morskim biologom Rogerom Hanlonom, koji dijeli nevjerojatne snimke sposobnosti kamuflaže glavonožaca koji mogu promijeniti boju i teksturu svoje kože u trenu. Naučite kako njihova pametna koža i sofisticirani način na koji je koriste može biti dokaz drugačijeg oblika inteligencije, i kako to može dovesti do otkrića u umjetnoj inteligenciji, tkaninama, kozmetici i drugdje.
Roger Hanlon - Marine biologist
As a Senior Scientist at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, Roger Hanlon delves into the undersea world of chameleon-like, color-changing marine animals -- and the practical applications that will emerge when we crack their secrets. Full bio
As a Senior Scientist at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, Roger Hanlon delves into the undersea world of chameleon-like, color-changing marine animals -- and the practical applications that will emerge when we crack their secrets. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
This is a strange and wonderful brain,
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Ovo je čudan i nevjerojatan mozak,
00:17
one that gives rise to an idea
of a kind of alternative intelligence
of a kind of alternative intelligence
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koji je oblikovao drugačiju
vrstu inteligencije
vrstu inteligencije
00:22
on this planet.
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na ovom planetu.
00:24
This is a brain that is formed
in a very strange body,
in a very strange body,
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Ovo je mozak koji se razvio u
jako čudnom tijelu,
jako čudnom tijelu,
00:29
one that has the equivalent
of small satellite brains
of small satellite brains
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koji ima ekvivalente malih
satelitskih mozgova
satelitskih mozgova
00:33
distributed throughout that body.
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rasprostranjenih kroz cijelo tijelo.
00:36
How different is it from the human brain?
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Koliko se razlikuje od ljudskog mozga?
00:39
Very different, so it seems,
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Poprilično, kako se čini,
00:41
so much so that my colleagues and I
are struggling to understand
are struggling to understand
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toliko da se moji kolege
i ja mučimo razumjeti
i ja mučimo razumjeti
00:46
how that brain works.
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kako ovaj mozak funkcionira.
00:48
But what I can tell you for certain
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Ono što vam mogu sa sigurnošću reći
00:50
is that this brain is capable
of some amazing things.
of some amazing things.
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je da je ovaj mozak sposoban
za mnoge nevjerojatne stvari.
za mnoge nevjerojatne stvari.
00:55
So, who does this brain belong to?
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Čiji je ovo mozak?
00:59
Well, join me for a little bit
of diving into the ocean,
of diving into the ocean,
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Pridružite mi se u ronjenju oceanom
01:02
where life began,
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gdje je život počeo,
01:04
and let's have a look.
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i pogledajmo.
01:07
You may have seen some of this before,
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Možda ste već vidjeli neke ovakve snimke,
01:09
but we're behind a coral reef,
and there's this rock out there,
and there's this rock out there,
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sada smo iza koraljnog grebena,
tu je ovaj kamen,
tu je ovaj kamen,
01:12
a lot of sand, fishes swimming around ...
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mnogo pijeska, ribe plivaju uokolo...
01:15
And all of a sudden this octopus appears,
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I odjednom se pojavi hobotnica,
01:18
and now it flashes white,
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i sad je bijela,
01:20
inks in my face and jets away.
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prska tintu u moje lice i bježi.
01:22
In slow motion reverse,
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Na usporenoj snimci
01:23
you see the ring develop around the eye,
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vidite krug koji se pojavio oko oka
01:25
and then the pattern develops in the skin.
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i oblike koji su se pojavili na koži.
01:28
And now watch the 3-D texture
of the skin change
of the skin change
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A sad pogledajte 3D teksturu
promjene kože,
promjene kože,
01:31
to really create this
beautiful, 3-D camouflage.
beautiful, 3-D camouflage.
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kako stvara prekrasnu 3D kamuflažu.
01:36
So there are 25 million color organs
called "chromatophores" in the skin,
called "chromatophores" in the skin,
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Postoji 25 milijuna "kromatofora",
malih organa koji mijenjaju boju kože,
malih organa koji mijenjaju boju kože,
01:41
and all those bumps out there,
which we call "papillae,"
which we call "papillae,"
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a te kvržice koje zovemo "papile"
01:44
and they're all neurally controlled
and can change instantaneously.
and can change instantaneously.
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kontrolirane su živcima
i u trenu mogu promijeniti boju.
i u trenu mogu promijeniti boju.
01:48
I would argue that dynamic camouflage
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Rekao bih da je dinamička kamuflaža
01:51
is a form of "intelligence."
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oblik inteligencije.
01:55
The level of complexity of the skin
with fast precision change
with fast precision change
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Stupanj složenosti kože
i precizne promjene
i precizne promjene
01:58
is really quite astonishing.
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su zadivljujuće.
02:00
So what can you do with this skin?
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Što možemo učiniti s tom kožom?
02:03
Well, let's think a little bit
about other things besides camouflage
about other things besides camouflage
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Što oni još mogu učiniti
osim koristiti je za kamuflažu?
02:06
that they can do with their skin.
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02:08
Here you see the mimic octopus
and a pattern.
and a pattern.
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Ovdje vidite mimikrijsku hobotnicu
i njene obrasce na koži.
i njene obrasce na koži.
02:11
All of a sudden,
it changes dramatically --
it changes dramatically --
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Odjednom, naglo se mijenja,
02:13
that's signaling, not camouflage.
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to je signalizacija, ne kamuflaža.
02:15
And then it goes back
to the normal pattern.
to the normal pattern.
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I onda se vraća u svoj normalni obrazac.
02:17
Then you see the broadclub cuttlefish
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Vidite da širokopaličasta sipa
02:19
showing this passing cloud display
as it approaches a crab prey.
as it approaches a crab prey.
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ima ove obrasce oblaka
kad prilazi plijenu.
kad prilazi plijenu.
02:24
And finally, you see the flamboyant
cuttlefish in camouflage
cuttlefish in camouflage
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I vidite sipu žarkih boja u kamuflaži
02:27
and it can shift instantly
to this bright warning display.
to this bright warning display.
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koja u trenutku može
uključiti upozoravajuće boje.
uključiti upozoravajuće boje.
02:32
What we have here
is a sliding scale of expression,
is a sliding scale of expression,
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Ovdje, zapravo, imamo
raznolike odgovore,
raznolike odgovore,
02:37
a continuum, if you will,
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kontinuitet, mogli bismo nazvati,
02:39
between conspicuousness and camouflage.
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između izraženosti i kamuflaže.
02:42
And this requires a lot of control.
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To zahtijeva puno kontrole.
02:44
Well, guess what?
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Znate što?
02:46
Brains are really good for control.
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Mozgovi su, zapravo, dobri u kontroli.
02:48
The brain of the octopus shown here
has 35 lobes to the brain,
has 35 lobes to the brain,
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Mozak hobotnice prikazan
ovdje ima 35 režnjeva,
ovdje ima 35 režnjeva,
02:53
80 million tiny cells.
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i 80 milijuna sitnih stanica.
02:55
And even though that's interesting,
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I iako je to zanimljivo,
02:58
what's really odd is that
the skin of this animal
the skin of this animal
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ono što je čudnije jest
što koža ovih životinja
što koža ovih životinja
03:00
has many more neurons, as illustrated
here, especially in the yellow.
here, especially in the yellow.
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ima puno više neurona, kao što
je prikazano žutom bojom ovdje.
je prikazano žutom bojom ovdje.
03:04
There are 300 million neurons in the skin
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300 milijuna neurona je u koži
03:07
and only 80 million in the brain itself --
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i 80 milijuna u samom mozgu,
03:09
four times as many.
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četiri puta više.
03:11
Now, if you look at that,
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A zamislite ovo,
03:13
there's actually one of those
little satellite brains
little satellite brains
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postoji jedan mali satelitski mozak
03:16
and the equivalent of the spinal cord
for each of the eight arms.
for each of the eight arms.
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koji je ekvivalent leđne moždine
za svaki od osam krakova.
za svaki od osam krakova.
03:20
This is a very unusual way
to construct a nervous system in a body.
to construct a nervous system in a body.
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To je vrlo neobičan način konstrukcije
živčanog sustava u tijelu.
živčanog sustava u tijelu.
03:23
Well, what is that brain good for?
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Za što je dobar taj mozak?
03:25
That brain has to outwit
other big, smart brains
other big, smart brains
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Taj mozak mora prevariti druge
velike pametne mozgove
velike pametne mozgove
03:29
that are trying to eat it,
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koji ga pokušavaju pojesti,
03:31
and that includes porpoises and seals
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to uključuje pliskavice, tuljane,
03:34
and barracudas and sharks
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barakude, morske pse,
03:35
and even us humans.
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pa čak i ljude.
03:37
So decision-making is one of the things
that this brain has to do,
that this brain has to do,
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Donošenje odluka je nešto
što mozak mora raditi,
što mozak mora raditi,
03:42
and it does a very good job of it.
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i to radi jako dobro.
03:44
Shown here, you see this octopus
perambulating along,
perambulating along,
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Vidite ovdje hobotnicu kako se kreće
03:47
and then it suddenly stops
and creates that perfect camouflage.
and creates that perfect camouflage.
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i naglo staje, stvarajući
savršenu kamuflažu.
savršenu kamuflažu.
03:51
And it's really marvelous,
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To je nevjerojatno,
03:53
because when these animals
forage in the wild,
forage in the wild,
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jer kada ove životinje
traže hranu u divljini,
traže hranu u divljini,
03:56
they have to make over a hundred
camouflaging decisions
camouflaging decisions
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moraju se kamuflirati više od sto puta
03:59
in a two-hour forage,
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prilikom dvosatnog traženja hrane,
04:00
and they do that twice a day.
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a to rade dva puta dnevno.
04:01
So, decision-making.
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Donošenje odluka.
04:03
They're also figuring out where to go
and how to get back home.
and how to get back home.
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Također donose zaključke
kamo ići i kako se vratiti kući.
kamo ići i kako se vratiti kući.
04:06
So it's a decision-making thing.
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Dakle, radi se o donošenju odluka.
04:08
We can test this camouflage,
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Možemo testirati kamuflažu,
04:09
like that cuttlefish you see behind me,
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kao kod sipe koju vidite iza mene,
04:11
where we pull the rug out from under it
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kad sklonimo podlogu ispod nje
04:13
and give it a checkerboard,
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i stavimo je na šahovsko polje,
04:15
and it even uses that strange
visual information
visual information
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koristi nove vizualne informacije
04:17
and does its best to match the pattern
with a little ad-libbing.
with a little ad-libbing.
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i pokušava kopirati obrazac
što je bolje moguće.
što je bolje moguće.
04:21
So other cognitive skills
are important, too.
are important, too.
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Druge kognitivne vještine
su također bitne.
su također bitne.
04:24
The squids have a different
kind of smarts, if you will.
kind of smarts, if you will.
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Lignje su pametne na drugačiji način.
04:28
They have an extremely complex,
interesting sex life.
interesting sex life.
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Imaju vrlo kompleksan,
zanimljiv spolni život.
zanimljiv spolni život.
04:32
They have fighting and flirting
and courting and mate-guarding
and courting and mate-guarding
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Bore se, flertuju,
udvaraju, brane partnere
udvaraju, brane partnere
04:38
and deception.
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i obmanjuju.
04:40
Sound familiar?
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Zvuči poznato?
04:41
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:42
And it's really quite amazing
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Izrazito je zanimljivo
04:44
that these animals have
this kind of intuitive ability
this kind of intuitive ability
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kako životinje imaju intuiciju
04:47
to do these behaviors.
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za ovakvo ponašanje.
04:49
Here you see a male and a female.
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Ovdje vidite mužjaka i ženku.
04:51
The male, on the left,
has been fighting off other males
has been fighting off other males
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Mužjak, lijevo, se bori
s drugim mužjacima
s drugim mužjacima
04:53
to pair with the female,
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kako bi se spario sa ženkom,
04:54
and now he's showing a dual pattern.
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i sad pokazuje dvostruki obrazac.
04:56
He shows courtship and love on her side,
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Udvara se s jedne strane
04:59
fighting on the other.
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dok s druge strane napada.
05:00
Watch him when she shifts places --
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Gledajte ga kada ona dođe s druge strane.
05:02
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:04
and you see that he has fluidly
changed the love-courtship pattern
changed the love-courtship pattern
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Vidite da je vrlo lako promijenio
obrazac udvaranja
obrazac udvaranja
05:07
to the side of the female.
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na stranu gdje se nalazi ženka.
05:10
So this kind of dual signaling
simultaneously
simultaneously
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Ovaj način dvostrukog
signaliziranja istovremeno
signaliziranja istovremeno
05:12
with a changing behavioral context
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za dva različita ponašanja
05:14
is really extraordinary.
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je stvarno nevjerojatan.
05:16
It takes a lot of brain power.
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Zahtijeva puno moždane snage.
05:17
Now, another way
to look at this is that, hmm,
to look at this is that, hmm,
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Drugi način na koji možete gledati ovo,
05:20
maybe we have 50 million years
of evidence for the two-faced male.
of evidence for the two-faced male.
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imamo dokaz kroz 50 milijuna godina
da su mužjaci dvolični.
da su mužjaci dvolični.
05:24
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:29
All right, let's move on.
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No, da nastavimo.
05:30
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:31
An octopus on a coral reef
has a tough job in front it
has a tough job in front it
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Hobotnica koraljnog grebena
ima dosta posla,
ima dosta posla,
05:34
to go to so many places,
remember and find its den.
remember and find its den.
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mora obići mnogo mjesta
i sjetiti se puta kući.
i sjetiti se puta kući.
05:38
And they do this extremely well.
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I to im odlično ide.
05:39
They have short- and long-term memory,
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Imaju kratkoročno i dugoročno pamćenje,
05:41
they learn things
in three to five trials --
in three to five trials --
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nauče stvari nakon tri do pet pokušaja,
05:43
it's a good brain.
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imaju dobar mozak.
05:45
And the spatial memory is unusually good.
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I prostorno pamćenje
im je nevjerojatno dobro.
im je nevjerojatno dobro.
05:48
They will even end their forage
and make a beeline
and make a beeline
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Čak i nakon prestanka lova,
najkraćim putem
najkraćim putem
05:51
all the way back to their den.
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će se vratiti kući.
05:53
The divers watching them
are completely lost,
are completely lost,
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Ronioci koji ih promatraju
mogu posve izgubiti put,
mogu posve izgubiti put,
05:55
but they can get back,
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ali one se mogu vratiti,
05:56
so it's really quite refined
memory capability.
memory capability.
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i to pamćenje je stvarno dobro.
06:00
Now, in terms of cognitive skills,
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Što se tiče kognitivnih vještina,
06:02
look at this sleeping behavior
in the cuttlefish.
in the cuttlefish.
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pogledajte obrasce spavanja sipa.
06:04
Especially on the right,
you see the eye twitching.
you see the eye twitching.
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S desne strane vidite trzanje oka.
06:07
This is rapid eye movement
kind of dreaming
kind of dreaming
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To je REM spavanje za koje smo mislili
06:10
that we only thought
mammals and birds did.
mammals and birds did.
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da postoji samo kod sisavaca i ptica.
06:12
And you see the false color
we put in there
we put in there
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Vidite lažne boje koje smo stavili
06:14
to see the skin patterning flashing,
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kako bismo vidjeli obrasce kože.
06:17
and this is what's happening a lot.
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To se često dešava.
06:19
But it's not normal awake behaviors;
it's all different.
it's all different.
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Ali ne dok su budne, tad je sve drugačije.
06:22
Well, dreaming is when you have
memory consolidation,
memory consolidation,
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Spavanje je razdoblje kad se
pamćenje obrađuje
pamćenje obrađuje
06:27
and so this is probably
what's happening in the cuttlefish.
what's happening in the cuttlefish.
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i to se vjerojatno dešava kod sipe.
06:30
Now, another form of memory
that's really unusual
that's really unusual
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Drugi oblik pamćenja koji je neobičan
06:32
is episodic-like memory.
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je epizodno pamćenje.
06:34
This is something that humans need
four years of brain development to do
four years of brain development to do
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To je nešto za što ljudskom mozgu
treba četiri godine razvoja,
treba četiri godine razvoja,
06:39
to remember what happened
during a particular event,
during a particular event,
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kako bi se sjećali što se desilo,
06:42
where it happened and when it happened.
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gdje se desilo i kada se desilo.
06:45
The "when" part is particularly difficult,
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"Kada" dio je najteži,
06:49
and these children can do that.
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i djeca to mogu,
06:51
But guess what?
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ali pogodite što.
06:52
We find recently that the wily cuttlefish
also has this ability,
also has this ability,
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Nedavno, u eksperimentima prošlog
ljeta, saznali smo da sipe
ljeta, saznali smo da sipe
06:57
and in experiments last summer,
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također imaju tu vještinu,
06:58
when you present a cuttlefish
with different foods at different times,
with different foods at different times,
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kada sipi dajete različitu
hranu u različito vrijeme,
hranu u različito vrijeme,
07:05
they have to match that
with where it was exactly
with where it was exactly
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moraju znati gdje se točno nalazi
07:09
and when was the last time they saw it.
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i kada su je zadnji put vidjele.
07:12
Then they have to guide their foraging
to the rate of replenishment
to the rate of replenishment
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Tada traže određenu vrstu hrane
07:17
of each food type in a different place.
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na određenom mjestu.
07:19
Sound complicated?
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Zvuči komplicirano?
07:21
It's so complicated, I hardly
understood the experiment.
understood the experiment.
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Komplicirano je, jedva da sam
i sȃm razumio eksperiment.
i sȃm razumio eksperiment.
07:24
So this is really high-level
cognitive processing.
cognitive processing.
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To je kognitivni proces visoke razine.
07:28
Now, speaking of brains
and evolution at the moment,
and evolution at the moment,
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Govoreći o mozgovima i evoluciji,
07:32
you look on the right, there's the pathway
of vertebrate brain evolution,
of vertebrate brain evolution,
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desno je evolucijsko stablo
mozga kralježnjaka
mozga kralježnjaka
07:36
and we all have good brains.
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i svi imamo dobre mozgove.
07:37
I think everyone will acknowledge that.
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Mislim da će se svi složiti s time.
07:39
But if you look on the left side,
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Ali ako pogledate lijevu stranu,
07:41
some of the evolutionary pathway
outlined here to the octopus,
outlined here to the octopus,
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neki evolucijski putevi,
koji vode do hobotnice,
koji vode do hobotnice,
07:45
they have both converged, if you will,
to complex behaviors
to complex behaviors
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vodili su, kako bih rekao,
u kompleksno ponašanje
u kompleksno ponašanje
07:50
and some form of intelligence.
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i neki oblik inteligencije.
07:52
The last common denominator
in these two lines
in these two lines
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Zadnji zajednički član ove dvije linije
07:56
was 600 million years ago,
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postojao je prije 600 milijuna godina,
07:58
and it was a worm with very few neurons,
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bio je to crv s nekoliko neurona,
08:00
so very divergent paths
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tako različiti putevi,
08:02
but convergence of complicated behavior.
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ali vode ka kompleksnom ponašanju.
08:05
Here is the fundamental question:
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Evo jedno pitanje:
08:08
Is the brain structure of an octopus
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Je li struktura mozga hobotnice
08:11
basically different
down to the tiniest level
down to the tiniest level
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drugačija od mozga kralježnjaka,
08:14
from the vertebrate line?
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čak i u najsitnijim dijelovima?
08:16
Now, we don't know the answer,
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Ne znamo odgovor,
08:18
but if it turns out to be yes,
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ali ako se pokaže da je odgovor potvrdan,
08:20
then we have a different
evolutionary pathway
evolutionary pathway
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onda gledamo posve
drugi evolucijski put
drugi evolucijski put
08:23
to create intelligence on planet Earth,
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nastanka inteligencije na Zemlji,
08:26
and one might think that
the artificial intelligence community
the artificial intelligence community
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i vjerujem da će ljudi koji se
bave umjetnom inteligencijom
bave umjetnom inteligencijom
08:29
might be interested in those mechanisms.
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biti zainteresirani za njihove mehanizme.
08:32
Well, let's talk genetics
just for a moment.
just for a moment.
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Što se tiče genetike,
08:35
We have genomes, we have DNA,
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imamo genom, imamo DNK,
08:38
DNA is transcripted into RNA,
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DNK se prepisuje u RNK,
08:40
RNA translates that into a protein,
and that's how we come to be.
and that's how we come to be.
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RNK se prevodi u proteine
i tako smo mi nastali.
i tako smo mi nastali.
08:45
Well, the cephalopods do it differently.
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Glavonošci su drugačiji.
08:47
They have big genomes, they have DNA,
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Imaju veliki genom, imaju DNK
08:50
they transcript it into RNA,
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koja se prepisuje u RNK,
08:52
but now something
dramatically different happens.
dramatically different happens.
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ali tu se javlja nešto drugačije.
08:55
They edit that RNA
at an astronomical weird rate,
at an astronomical weird rate,
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Oni izmjenjuju svoju RNK
i to naveliko,
i to naveliko,
08:58
a hundredfold more than
we as humans or other animals do.
we as humans or other animals do.
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stotinu puta više no što to čine
ljudi i druge životinje.
ljudi i druge životinje.
09:02
And it produces scores of proteins.
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Rezultat je veliki broj proteina.
09:05
And guess where most of them are for?
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I pogodite za što većina njih služi.
09:08
The nervous system.
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Za živčani sustav.
09:09
So perhaps this is an unorthodox way
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To je možda neuobičajen način
09:12
for an animal to evolve
behavioral plasticity.
behavioral plasticity.
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za životinje da razviju obrasce ponašanja.
09:16
This is a lot of conjecture,
but it's food for thought.
but it's food for thought.
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To je mnogo pretpostavki,
ali treba o tome razmisliti.
ali treba o tome razmisliti.
09:20
Now, I'd like to share
with you for a moment
with you for a moment
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Htio bih s vama podijeliti
09:23
my experience, and using my smarts
and that of my colleagues,
and that of my colleagues,
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svoje iskustvo, i kako smo
moje kolege i ja
moje kolege i ja
09:27
to try and get this kind of information.
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pokušali doći do ovih informacija.
09:30
We're diving, we can't stay
underwater forever
underwater forever
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Kad ronimo, ne možemo
ostati pod vodom zauvijek,
ostati pod vodom zauvijek,
09:32
because we can't breathe it,
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moramo disati,
09:33
so we have to be efficient in what we do.
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tako da moramo biti što učinkovitiji.
09:35
The total sensory immersion
into that world
into that world
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Osjetni doživljaj podmorja
09:37
is what helps us understand
what these animals are really doing,
what these animals are really doing,
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nam pomaže da shvatimo
što te životinje zapravo rade,
što te životinje zapravo rade,
09:41
and I have to tell you that
it's really an amazing experience
it's really an amazing experience
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i moram vam reći da je
nevjerojatno iskustvo
nevjerojatno iskustvo
09:46
to be down there and having
this communication
this communication
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biti dolje i komunicirati
09:49
with an octopus and a diver
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s hobotnicom i roniocima,
09:51
when you really begin to understand
that this is a thinking, cogitating,
that this is a thinking, cogitating,
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kad zaista počnete razumjeti
da se radi o znatiželjnoj životinji
da se radi o znatiželjnoj životinji
09:56
curious animal.
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koja razmišlja.
09:57
And this is the kind of thing
that really inspires me endlessly.
that really inspires me endlessly.
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Ovakvo što me inspirira.
10:01
Let's go back to that smart skin
for a few moments.
for a few moments.
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Vratimo se njihovoj
pametnoj koži na trenutak.
pametnoj koži na trenutak.
10:03
Here's a squid and a camouflage pattern.
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Evo lignje i obrasca kamuflaže.
10:06
We zoom down and we see
there's beautiful pigments and reflectors.
there's beautiful pigments and reflectors.
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Ako zumiramo, vidimo
prekrasne boje i odsjaje.
prekrasne boje i odsjaje.
10:09
There are the chromatophores
opening and closing very quickly.
opening and closing very quickly.
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Kromatofori se otvaraju
i zatvaraju vrlo brzo.
i zatvaraju vrlo brzo.
10:13
And then, in the next layer of skin,
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A u sljedećem sloju kože
10:15
it's quite interesting.
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postaje zanimljivije.
10:16
The chromatophores are closed,
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Kromatofori su zatvoreni
10:18
and you see this magical iridescence
just come out of the skin.
just come out of the skin.
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i možete vidjeti magičnu
svjetlost kako sija iz kože.
svjetlost kako sija iz kože.
10:22
This is also neurally controlled,
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I nju kontroliraju neuroni,
10:24
so it's the combination of the two,
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radi se o kombinaciji oboje,
10:26
as seen here in the high-resolution
skin of the cuttlefish,
skin of the cuttlefish,
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kao što vidimo ovdje na
visokokvalitetnoj snimci kože sipe,
visokokvalitetnoj snimci kože sipe,
10:29
where you get this beautiful
pigmentary structural coloration
pigmentary structural coloration
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gdje se vide prekrasni obojeni oblici
10:34
and even the faint blushing
that is so beautiful.
that is so beautiful.
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te čak i malo rumenila koje je prekrasno.
10:38
Well, how can we make use
of some of this information?
of some of this information?
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Kako možemo iskoristiti ove informacije?
10:42
I talked about those
skin bumps, the papillae.
skin bumps, the papillae.
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Govorio sam o kožnim kvržicama, papilama.
10:44
Here's the giant Australian cuttlefish.
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Ovo je velika australska sipa.
10:46
It's got smooth skin
and a conspicuous pattern.
and a conspicuous pattern.
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Ima glatku kožu i upečatljiv obrazac.
10:49
I took five pictures in a row
one second apart,
one second apart,
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Uslikao sam pet fotografija
u razmacima od jedne sekunde,
u razmacima od jedne sekunde,
10:51
and just watch this animal morph --
one, two, three, four, five --
one, two, three, four, five --
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gledajte kako se životinja mijenja,
jedan, dva, tri, četiri, pet,
jedan, dva, tri, četiri, pet,
10:58
and now I'm a seaweed.
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i sad je morska trava.
10:59
And then we can come right back out of it
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Sad se vratimo nazad
11:01
to see the smooth skin
and the conspicuousness.
and the conspicuousness.
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kako bismo opet vidjeli
glatku kožu i isticanje.
glatku kožu i isticanje.
11:04
So this is really
marvelous, morphing skin.
marvelous, morphing skin.
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To je nevjerojatno promjenjiva koža.
11:07
You can see it in more detail here.
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Ovdje vidimo puno više detalja.
11:09
Periscope up,
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Periskopi se podižu
11:10
and you've got those beautiful papillae.
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i imamo ove prekrasne papile.
11:13
And then we look in a little more detail,
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Pogledajmo izbliza,
11:15
you can see the individual
papillae come up,
papillae come up,
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vidite kako se pojedine papile podižu
11:17
and there are little ridges on there,
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i postoje mali utori na njima,
11:19
so it's a papilla on papilla and so forth.
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papila na papili i tako dalje.
11:21
Every individual species out there
has more than a dozen shapes and sizes
has more than a dozen shapes and sizes
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Svaka pojedinačna vrsta ima
mnogo oblika i veličina
mnogo oblika i veličina
11:26
of those bumps
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ovakvih kvrga,
11:27
to create fine-tuned,
neurally controlled camouflage.
neurally controlled camouflage.
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kako bi stvorili uglađenu kamuflažu
koju kontrolira živčani sustav.
koju kontrolira živčani sustav.
11:32
So now, my colleagues
at Cornell, engineers,
at Cornell, engineers,
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Moji kolege, inžinjeri s Cornella,
11:38
watched our work and said,
"We think we can make some of those."
"We think we can make some of those."
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gledali su naš rad i rekli,
"Možemo napraviti nešto od toga."
"Možemo napraviti nešto od toga."
U industriji i društvu
11:41
Because in industry and society,
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11:42
this kind of soft materials
under control of shape
under control of shape
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ovakvi mekani materijali
kontroliranog oblika
kontroliranog oblika
11:45
are really very rare.
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su veoma rijetki.
11:46
And they went ahead, worked with us
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Radili su s nama
11:48
and made the first samples
of artificial papillae, soft materials,
of artificial papillae, soft materials,
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i napravili prve uzorke
umjetnih papila, mekanog materijala
umjetnih papila, mekanog materijala
11:52
shown here.
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prikazanog ovdje.
11:54
And you see them blown up
into different shapes,
into different shapes,
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Možete vidjeti kako ga
napuhuju u različite oblike.
napuhuju u različite oblike.
11:56
And then you can press your finger on them
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Možete ih pritisnuti prstom
11:58
to see that they're
a little bit malleable as they are.
a little bit malleable as they are.
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kako biste se uvjerili da su savitljivi.
12:01
And so this is an example
of how that might work.
of how that might work.
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Ovo je primjer kako bi
to trebalo izgledati.
to trebalo izgledati.
12:04
Well, I want to segue from this
into the color of fabrics,
into the color of fabrics,
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Htio bih ovaj projekt nastaviti
s raznim bojama i materijalima,
s raznim bojama i materijalima,
12:09
and I imagine that could have
a lot of applications as well.
a lot of applications as well.
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i zamislite koliko različitih
primjena se može naći za njega.
primjena se može naći za njega.
12:12
Just look at this kaleidoscope of color
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Pogledajte kaleidoskop boja,
12:15
of dynamically controlled
pigments and reflectors
pigments and reflectors
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dinamičnih pigmenata i odsjaja
12:17
that we see in the cephalopods.
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koje vidimo kod glavonožaca.
12:20
We know enough about
the mechanics of how they work
the mechanics of how they work
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Znamo dovoljno o mehanizmu
kako funkcioniraju
kako funkcioniraju
12:24
that we can begin to translate this
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i možemo to iskoristiti
12:26
not only into fabrics
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ne samo za materijale,
12:27
but perhaps even
into changeable cosmetics.
into changeable cosmetics.
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nego možda i za promjenjivu kozmetiku.
12:31
And moreover, there's been
the recent discovery
the recent discovery
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Još bitnije, nedavno je otkrivena
12:34
of light-sensing molecules
in the skin of octopus
in the skin of octopus
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molekula osjetljiva na svijetlo
u koži hobotnice
u koži hobotnice
12:37
which may pave the way
to, eventually, smart materials
to, eventually, smart materials
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koja možda otvori puteve
ka pametnim materijalima
ka pametnim materijalima
12:41
that sense and respond on their own.
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koji osjete i reagiraju samostalno.
12:46
Well, this form of biotechnology,
or biomimicry, if you will,
or biomimicry, if you will,
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Ovaj oblik biotehnologije
ili kako bih rekao, biomimikrije,
ili kako bih rekao, biomimikrije,
12:51
could change the way we look
at the world even above water.
at the world even above water.
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mogao bi promijeniti način
na koji gledamo na svijet izvan vode.
na koji gledamo na svijet izvan vode.
12:54
Take, for example, artificial intelligence
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Na primjer, umjetna inteligencija
12:57
that might be inspired
by the body-distributed brain
by the body-distributed brain
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koja bi mogla biti inspirirana
mozgom rasprostranjenim diljem tijela
mozgom rasprostranjenim diljem tijela
13:01
and behavior of the octopus
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i ponašanjem hobotnica,
13:03
or the smart skin of a cuttlefish
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ili pametnom kožom sipa
13:05
translated into cutting-edge fashion.
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korištene u vrhunskoj modi.
13:12
Well, how do we get there?
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Kako to postići?
13:13
Maybe all we have to do
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Možda jedino što trebamo
13:15
is to begin to be a little bit smarter
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je biti pametniji kada razmišljamo
13:19
about how smart the cephalopods are.
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o tome kako su glavonošci pametni.
13:21
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
13:22
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Roger Hanlon - Marine biologistAs a Senior Scientist at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, Roger Hanlon delves into the undersea world of chameleon-like, color-changing marine animals -- and the practical applications that will emerge when we crack their secrets.
Why you should listen
According to Roger Hanlon, "The diversity and sophistication of marine animals fascinates me, and my cornerstone passion is animal behavior. I particularly enjoy diving in different ocean habitats and studying animals that change color and pattern -- especially octopus, cuttlefish and squid, but also various coral reef fishes.
"I stumbled on to this journey while casually diving in Panama as a college junior and, decades later, I am still striving to figure out how these magnificent animals do what they do -- and why they do it. I am keenly interested in the 'visual ecology' of rapid adaptive coloration used for both camouflage and communication."
Roger Hanlon | Speaker | TED.com