TED2019
Roger Hanlon: The amazing brains and morphing skin of octopuses and other cephalopods
羅格 · 漢倫: 章魚和頭足類動物奇妙的腦和變形皮膚
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統稱為頭足類動物的章魚、魷魚和墨魚，具有奇怪、巨大、分散式的腦。 這腦有什麼神經能力呢？來與海洋生物學家羅格 · 漢倫一起潛入大海，看頭足類動物驚人的偽裝能力——牠們能夠瞬間改變膚色和質地。一起來了解牠們如何複雜地部署聰明的皮膚，以及這種機靈的形式如何能夠讓我們在人工智慧、染料和化妝品等方面取得突破。
Roger Hanlon - Marine biologist
As a Senior Scientist at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, Roger Hanlon delves into the undersea world of chameleon-like, color-changing marine animals -- and the practical applications that will emerge when we crack their secrets. Full bio
As a Senior Scientist at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, Roger Hanlon delves into the undersea world of chameleon-like, color-changing marine animals -- and the practical applications that will emerge when we crack their secrets. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
This is a strange and wonderful brain,
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這是個奇怪而美妙的腦，
00:17
one that gives rise to an idea
of a kind of alternative intelligence
of a kind of alternative intelligence
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這個腦會引發一種
對這星球上有另類智慧的想法。
00:22
on this planet.
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00:24
This is a brain that is formed
in a very strange body,
in a very strange body,
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這個腦在一具非常奇怪的身體裡，
00:29
one that has the equivalent
of small satellite brains
of small satellite brains
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具有相當於遍佈周身的小型衛星腦。
00:33
distributed throughout that body.
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00:36
How different is it from the human brain?
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這與人類的腦有多不同呢？
00:39
Very different, so it seems,
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看起來非常不同，
00:41
so much so that my colleagues and I
are struggling to understand
are struggling to understand
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以至於我和同事正努力
去了解這大腦的運作方式。
00:46
how that brain works.
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00:48
But what I can tell you for certain
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但我能肯定
00:50
is that this brain is capable
of some amazing things.
of some amazing things.
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這腦能做出些驚人之舉。
00:55
So, who does this brain belong to?
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那麼，這是誰的腦呢？
00:59
Well, join me for a little bit
of diving into the ocean,
of diving into the ocean,
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好，來和我一起潛入海洋，
01:02
where life began,
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生命開始之地，
01:04
and let's have a look.
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讓我們來看看。
01:07
You may have seen some of this before,
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你之前可能已經看過一些，
01:09
but we're behind a coral reef,
and there's this rock out there,
and there's this rock out there,
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但我們在珊瑚礁後面，
那裡有岩石，
01:12
a lot of sand, fishes swimming around ...
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很多沙子，
魚兒游來游去......
01:15
And all of a sudden this octopus appears,
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突然間，這隻章魚出現了，
01:18
and now it flashes white,
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現在牠一閃而過，
把墨水噴在我的臉上，竄走了。
01:20
inks in my face and jets away.
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01:22
In slow motion reverse,
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在慢動作反轉中，
01:23
you see the ring develop around the eye,
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你會看到環在眼睛周圍形成，
01:25
and then the pattern develops in the skin.
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接著圖案在皮膚上形成。
01:28
And now watch the 3-D texture
of the skin change
of the skin change
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現在看皮膚的 3D 紋理變化，
01:31
to really create this
beautiful, 3-D camouflage.
beautiful, 3-D camouflage.
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真正創造出這種美麗的 3D 迷彩。
01:36
So there are 25 million color organs
called "chromatophores" in the skin,
called "chromatophores" in the skin,
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皮膚有 2500 萬個
稱為「色素細胞」的顏色器官，
01:41
and all those bumps out there,
which we call "papillae,"
which we call "papillae,"
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這些突起通通被稱為「乳突」，
01:44
and they're all neurally controlled
and can change instantaneously.
and can change instantaneously.
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全都由神經控制，可以瞬間改變。
01:48
I would argue that dynamic camouflage
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我認為動態偽裝是一種「智慧」。
01:51
is a form of "intelligence."
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01:55
The level of complexity of the skin
with fast precision change
with fast precision change
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快速和精確變化的皮膚
的確複雜得令人驚訝。
01:58
is really quite astonishing.
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02:00
So what can you do with this skin?
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那麼，這種皮膚能怎麼用？
02:03
Well, let's think a little bit
about other things besides camouflage
about other things besides camouflage
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好吧，讓我們想想除了偽裝以外
02:06
that they can do with their skin.
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牠們的皮膚能怎麼用。
02:08
Here you see the mimic octopus
and a pattern.
and a pattern.
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在這裡看得到模仿的章魚和圖案，
02:11
All of a sudden,
it changes dramatically --
it changes dramatically --
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突然間發生巨大的變化——
那是信號，不是偽裝——
02:13
that's signaling, not camouflage.
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02:15
And then it goes back
to the normal pattern.
to the normal pattern.
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然後它又回到正常模式。
02:17
Then you see the broadclub cuttlefish
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接著你看到白斑烏賊
02:19
showing this passing cloud display
as it approaches a crab prey.
as it approaches a crab prey.
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在接近螃蟹獵物時
顯示浮雲飄過的樣子。
顯示浮雲飄過的樣子。
02:24
And finally, you see the flamboyant
cuttlefish in camouflage
cuttlefish in camouflage
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最後，你看到偽裝的烏賊，
02:27
and it can shift instantly
to this bright warning display.
to this bright warning display.
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它能立即轉成這明亮的警示。
02:32
What we have here
is a sliding scale of expression,
is a sliding scale of expression,
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這裡有連續的表達級別，
02:37
a continuum, if you will,
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從顯眼到偽裝，連續著。
02:39
between conspicuousness and camouflage.
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02:42
And this requires a lot of control.
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這需要很多控制。
02:44
Well, guess what?
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猜猜怎麼著？
02:46
Brains are really good for control.
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腦真的很適合控制。
02:48
The brain of the octopus shown here
has 35 lobes to the brain,
has 35 lobes to the brain,
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這裡顯示的章魚大腦有 35 個腦裂片，
02:53
80 million tiny cells.
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8000 萬個小細胞。
02:55
And even though that's interesting,
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即使那很有意思，
02:58
what's really odd is that
the skin of this animal
the skin of this animal
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真正奇怪的是
這種動物的皮膚有更多的神經元，
03:00
has many more neurons, as illustrated
here, especially in the yellow.
here, especially in the yellow.
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如圖所示，尤其是黃色的神經元。
03:04
There are 300 million neurons in the skin
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皮膚中有 3 億個神經元，
03:07
and only 80 million in the brain itself --
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而大腦本身只有 8000 萬個，
03:09
four times as many.
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（皮膚擁有的是腦的）4 倍。
03:11
Now, if you look at that,
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如果你看，
03:13
there's actually one of those
little satellite brains
little satellite brains
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實際上有個小的衛星腦，
03:16
and the equivalent of the spinal cord
for each of the eight arms.
for each of the eight arms.
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和相當於脊髓的八條手臂。
03:20
This is a very unusual way
to construct a nervous system in a body.
to construct a nervous system in a body.
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這種構建體內神經系統的方式
非比尋常。
非比尋常。
03:23
Well, what is that brain good for?
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那這樣的腦有什麼好處呢？
03:25
That brain has to outwit
other big, smart brains
other big, smart brains
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那腦必須智勝其他
試圖吃掉牠的聰明腦，
03:29
that are trying to eat it,
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03:31
and that includes porpoises and seals
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包括海豚和海豹，
03:34
and barracudas and sharks
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梭魚和鯊魚，
03:35
and even us humans.
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甚至包括我們人類。
03:37
So decision-making is one of the things
that this brain has to do,
that this brain has to do,
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因此，腦必須做決策，
03:42
and it does a very good job of it.
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且要做得很好。
03:44
Shown here, you see this octopus
perambulating along,
perambulating along,
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這裡顯示這隻巡視的章魚，
03:47
and then it suddenly stops
and creates that perfect camouflage.
and creates that perfect camouflage.
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牠突然停步，造出完美的偽裝。
03:51
And it's really marvelous,
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這真是太棒了，
03:53
because when these animals
forage in the wild,
forage in the wild,
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因為當這些動物在野外覓食時，
03:56
they have to make over a hundred
camouflaging decisions
camouflaging decisions
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牠們必須在兩小時的覓食過程中
做出一百多個偽裝決策，
03:59
in a two-hour forage,
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04:00
and they do that twice a day.
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每天兩回。
04:01
So, decision-making.
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決策。
04:03
They're also figuring out where to go
and how to get back home.
and how to get back home.
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牠們還得弄清楚
要去哪裡和如何回家。
要去哪裡和如何回家。
04:06
So it's a decision-making thing.
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這是決策之事。
04:08
We can test this camouflage,
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我們可以測試這種偽裝，
04:09
like that cuttlefish you see behind me,
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就像在我身後看到的烏賊，
04:11
where we pull the rug out from under it
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我們從牠身下抽走地毯，
04:13
and give it a checkerboard,
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讓牠在棋盤上，
04:15
and it even uses that strange
visual information
visual information
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牠甚至用那些奇怪的視覺訊息，
04:17
and does its best to match the pattern
with a little ad-libbing.
with a little ad-libbing.
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當場盡力匹配棋盤的模樣。
04:21
So other cognitive skills
are important, too.
are important, too.
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其他的認知技能也很重要。
04:24
The squids have a different
kind of smarts, if you will.
kind of smarts, if you will.
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魷魚有不同的智慧。
04:28
They have an extremely complex,
interesting sex life.
interesting sex life.
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牠們有非常複雜，有趣的性生活。
04:32
They have fighting and flirting
and courting and mate-guarding
and courting and mate-guarding
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牠們會戰鬥、調情、
求愛、護衛伴侶，
求愛、護衛伴侶，
04:38
and deception.
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和欺騙。
04:40
Sound familiar?
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聽起來有點熟悉吧？
04:41
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:42
And it's really quite amazing
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非常神奇的是
04:44
that these animals have
this kind of intuitive ability
this kind of intuitive ability
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這些動物能夠直覺地
做這些行為。
04:47
to do these behaviors.
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04:49
Here you see a male and a female.
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在這裡你看到一雄一雌。
04:51
The male, on the left,
has been fighting off other males
has been fighting off other males
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左邊的雄性一直在對抗其他雄性
04:53
to pair with the female,
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以與雌性配對，
04:54
and now he's showing a dual pattern.
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現在牠呈現出雙重模式：
04:56
He shows courtship and love on her side,
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牠在雌魷魚這邊求愛和展現愛意，
04:59
fighting on the other.
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在另一邊戰鬥。
05:00
Watch him when she shifts places --
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看牠在雌性換邊的時候——
05:02
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:04
and you see that he has fluidly
changed the love-courtship pattern
changed the love-courtship pattern
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你會看到牠已經流暢地
轉變成求愛模式來面對雌魷魚。
05:07
to the side of the female.
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05:10
So this kind of dual signaling
simultaneously
simultaneously
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因此，這種並行的雙重信號
05:12
with a changing behavioral context
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伴隨著不斷變化的行為背景，
05:14
is really extraordinary.
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真的非比尋常。
05:16
It takes a lot of brain power.
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需要大量的腦力。
05:17
Now, another way
to look at this is that, hmm,
to look at this is that, hmm,
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另一種看待這種情況的方式是，
05:20
maybe we have 50 million years
of evidence for the two-faced male.
of evidence for the two-faced male.
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也許我們有了五千萬年的
男性雙面人的證據。
男性雙面人的證據。
05:24
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:29
All right, let's move on.
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好，讓我們繼續吧。
05:30
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:31
An octopus on a coral reef
has a tough job in front it
has a tough job in front it
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珊瑚礁上的一隻章魚
面對一項艱難的工作，
面對一項艱難的工作，
05:34
to go to so many places,
remember and find its den.
remember and find its den.
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得要記住牠去過的很多地方，
還要找到牠的巢穴。
還要找到牠的巢穴。
05:38
And they do this extremely well.
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牠們做得非常好。
05:39
They have short- and long-term memory,
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牠們有短期和長期記憶，
05:41
they learn things
in three to five trials --
in three to five trials --
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牠們試個三到五次就能學會——
05:43
it's a good brain.
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腦很好。
05:45
And the spatial memory is unusually good.
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空間記憶也極好。
05:48
They will even end their forage
and make a beeline
and make a beeline
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牠們在覓食結束後
甚至會直奔巢穴。
05:51
all the way back to their den.
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05:53
The divers watching them
are completely lost,
are completely lost,
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看著牠們的潛水員完全迷路了，
05:55
but they can get back,
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但牠們回得來，
05:56
so it's really quite refined
memory capability.
memory capability.
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所以牠們有非常細緻的記憶能力。
06:00
Now, in terms of cognitive skills,
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在認知技能方面，
06:02
look at this sleeping behavior
in the cuttlefish.
in the cuttlefish.
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看看烏賊的這種睡眠行為。
06:04
Especially on the right,
you see the eye twitching.
you see the eye twitching.
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特別是在右邊，
你會看到牠眼睛抽搐。
你會看到牠眼睛抽搐。
06:07
This is rapid eye movement
kind of dreaming
kind of dreaming
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這是做夢般的快速眼球運動，
06:10
that we only thought
mammals and birds did.
mammals and birds did.
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以前我們以為哺乳動物和鳥類才有。
06:12
And you see the false color
we put in there
we put in there
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看我們放在那裡的假色，
06:14
to see the skin patterning flashing,
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看到皮膚圖案閃爍，
06:17
and this is what's happening a lot.
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這常常發生。
06:19
But it's not normal awake behaviors;
it's all different.
it's all different.
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但這不是一般清醒時的行為，
完全不是。
完全不是。
06:22
Well, dreaming is when you have
memory consolidation,
memory consolidation,
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人類在鞏固記憶時做夢，
06:27
and so this is probably
what's happening in the cuttlefish.
what's happening in the cuttlefish.
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烏賊可能就是這樣。
06:30
Now, another form of memory
that's really unusual
that's really unusual
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另一種非比尋常的記憶形式
06:32
is episodic-like memory.
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是情節之類的記憶。
06:34
This is something that humans need
four years of brain development to do
four years of brain development to do
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人類需要四年的大腦發育
06:39
to remember what happened
during a particular event,
during a particular event,
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才記得住特定事件、
06:42
where it happened and when it happened.
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發生的時間和地點。
06:45
The "when" part is particularly difficult,
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特別難以記住「何時」這部分，
06:49
and these children can do that.
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這些孩子能記住。
06:51
But guess what?
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但猜猜怎麼了？
06:52
We find recently that the wily cuttlefish
also has this ability,
also has this ability,
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我們最近發現狡猾的烏賊
也具有這種能力。
也具有這種能力。
06:57
and in experiments last summer,
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在去年夏天的實驗中，
06:58
when you present a cuttlefish
with different foods at different times,
with different foods at different times,
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如果在不同的時間餵不同食物給烏賊，
07:05
they have to match that
with where it was exactly
with where it was exactly
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牠們必須確切地匹配位置
07:09
and when was the last time they saw it.
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以及上一次看到那種食物的時間。
07:12
Then they have to guide their foraging
to the rate of replenishment
to the rate of replenishment
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然後，牠們的覓食必須配合地點
07:17
of each food type in a different place.
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和每種食物類型的補充速度。
07:19
Sound complicated?
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聽起來複雜嗎？
07:21
It's so complicated, I hardly
understood the experiment.
understood the experiment.
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這太複雜了，我幾乎
無法理解這個實驗。
無法理解這個實驗。
07:24
So this is really high-level
cognitive processing.
cognitive processing.
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所以這真的是高級的認知處理。
07:28
Now, speaking of brains
and evolution at the moment,
and evolution at the moment,
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現在談到大腦和進化，
07:32
you look on the right, there's the pathway
of vertebrate brain evolution,
of vertebrate brain evolution,
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右邊有脊椎動物大腦進化的途徑，
07:36
and we all have good brains.
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我們都有良好的大腦。
07:37
I think everyone will acknowledge that.
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我想每個人都認可這一點。
07:39
But if you look on the left side,
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左側描述一些
07:41
some of the evolutionary pathway
outlined here to the octopus,
outlined here to the octopus,
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進化到章魚的途徑。
07:45
they have both converged, if you will,
to complex behaviors
to complex behaviors
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兩者都匯合到複雜的行為
07:50
and some form of intelligence.
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和某種形式的智慧。
07:52
The last common denominator
in these two lines
in these two lines
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這兩行中的最後一個共同點
07:56
was 600 million years ago,
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是 6 億年前
07:58
and it was a worm with very few neurons,
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一種神經元非常少的蠕蟲。
08:00
so very divergent paths
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所以，非常不同的路徑
08:02
but convergence of complicated behavior.
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匯合到複雜的行為。
08:05
Here is the fundamental question:
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這裡有一個很基本的問題：
08:08
Is the brain structure of an octopus
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章魚的腦結構
08:11
basically different
down to the tiniest level
down to the tiniest level
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是否基本上與脊椎動物的不同？
08:14
from the vertebrate line?
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08:16
Now, we don't know the answer,
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我們現在沒有答案，
08:18
but if it turns out to be yes,
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但如果結果是肯定的，
08:20
then we have a different
evolutionary pathway
evolutionary pathway
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那麼就有不同的進化途徑
08:23
to create intelligence on planet Earth,
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創造出地球上的智慧。
08:26
and one might think that
the artificial intelligence community
the artificial intelligence community
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可能那些做人工智慧的人
08:29
might be interested in those mechanisms.
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會對這些機制感興趣。
08:32
Well, let's talk genetics
just for a moment.
just for a moment.
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好，我們來談點遺傳學。
08:35
We have genomes, we have DNA,
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我們有基因組，有 DNA，
08:38
DNA is transcripted into RNA,
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DNA 被轉錄成 RNA，
08:40
RNA translates that into a protein,
and that's how we come to be.
and that's how we come to be.
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RNA 將其轉化為蛋白質，
就成了我們。
就成了我們。
08:45
Well, the cephalopods do it differently.
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而頭足類動物有所不同。
08:47
They have big genomes, they have DNA,
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牠們有很大的基因組，有 DNA，
08:50
they transcript it into RNA,
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轉錄成 RNA，
08:52
but now something
dramatically different happens.
dramatically different happens.
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但發生了一些截然不同的事情。
08:55
They edit that RNA
at an astronomical weird rate,
at an astronomical weird rate,
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牠們以天文奇速編輯 RNA，
08:58
a hundredfold more than
we as humans or other animals do.
we as humans or other animals do.
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速度超過人類或其他動物數百倍。
09:02
And it produces scores of proteins.
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產生了大量的蛋白質，
09:05
And guess where most of them are for?
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猜猜大部分在哪裡？
09:08
The nervous system.
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在神經系統裡。
09:09
So perhaps this is an unorthodox way
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因此，這可能是動物進化
09:12
for an animal to evolve
behavioral plasticity.
behavioral plasticity.
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可塑性行為的非正統方式。
09:16
This is a lot of conjecture,
but it's food for thought.
but it's food for thought.
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這裡有很多猜測值得去深思。
09:20
Now, I'd like to share
with you for a moment
with you for a moment
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現在讓我稍稍分享經驗，
09:23
my experience, and using my smarts
and that of my colleagues,
and that of my colleagues,
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並利用我和同事的聰明才智
09:27
to try and get this kind of information.
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嘗試獲取此類訊息。
09:30
We're diving, we can't stay
underwater forever
underwater forever
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我們潛水，但無法一直待在水下，
09:32
because we can't breathe it,
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因為我們無法呼吸，
09:33
so we have to be efficient in what we do.
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所以我們必須高效地工作。
09:35
The total sensory immersion
into that world
into that world
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把感官全沉浸在水世界中
09:37
is what helps us understand
what these animals are really doing,
what these animals are really doing,
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有助於我們了解
這些動物真正在做什麼。
這些動物真正在做什麼。
09:41
and I have to tell you that
it's really an amazing experience
it's really an amazing experience
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我必須說
在水裡與章魚和潛水員交流
09:46
to be down there and having
this communication
this communication
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真的是一種非常棒的體驗，
09:49
with an octopus and a diver
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09:51
when you really begin to understand
that this is a thinking, cogitating,
that this is a thinking, cogitating,
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得以藉此明白
牠們是思考和好奇的動物。
09:56
curious animal.
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09:57
And this is the kind of thing
that really inspires me endlessly.
that really inspires me endlessly.
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這真的無止盡地激勵著我。
10:01
Let's go back to that smart skin
for a few moments.
for a few moments.
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讓我們回到那聰明皮膚片刻。
10:03
Here's a squid and a camouflage pattern.
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這是一隻魷魚和迷彩圖案。
10:06
We zoom down and we see
there's beautiful pigments and reflectors.
there's beautiful pigments and reflectors.
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我們放大，看到美麗的顏料和反射層。
10:09
There are the chromatophores
opening and closing very quickly.
opening and closing very quickly.
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有快速打開和關閉的色素細胞。
10:13
And then, in the next layer of skin,
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接著在下一層皮膚中，
10:15
it's quite interesting.
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非常有趣。
10:16
The chromatophores are closed,
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色素細胞是封閉的，
10:18
and you see this magical iridescence
just come out of the skin.
just come out of the skin.
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你會看到皮膚呈現出這種神奇的虹彩。
10:22
This is also neurally controlled,
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這也是神經控制的，
10:24
so it's the combination of the two,
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1971
所以是結合兩者，
10:26
as seen here in the high-resolution
skin of the cuttlefish,
skin of the cuttlefish,
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如高解析度的烏賊皮膚中所見，
10:29
where you get this beautiful
pigmentary structural coloration
pigmentary structural coloration
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這裡有美麗的顏料結構色彩，
10:34
and even the faint blushing
that is so beautiful.
that is so beautiful.
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甚至是如此美麗的微紅。
10:38
Well, how can we make use
of some of this information?
of some of this information?
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那麼，我們如何利用這些訊息呢？
10:42
I talked about those
skin bumps, the papillae.
skin bumps, the papillae.
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我先前談到了皮膚腫塊，即乳突。
10:44
Here's the giant Australian cuttlefish.
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這是巨大的澳大利亞烏賊。
10:46
It's got smooth skin
and a conspicuous pattern.
and a conspicuous pattern.
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牠有光滑的皮膚和明顯的圖案。
10:49
I took five pictures in a row
one second apart,
one second apart,
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我一秒連拍了五張照片，
10:51
and just watch this animal morph --
one, two, three, four, five --
one, two, three, four, five --
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只為看這種動物變形——
一、二、三、四、五——
10:58
and now I'm a seaweed.
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現在牠模仿海藻。
10:59
And then we can come right back out of it
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倒回來看看
11:01
to see the smooth skin
and the conspicuousness.
and the conspicuousness.
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光滑顯眼的皮膚。
11:04
So this is really
marvelous, morphing skin.
marvelous, morphing skin.
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這真是奇妙變形的皮膚。
11:07
You can see it in more detail here.
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在這裡能看得更仔細。
11:09
Periscope up,
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潛望鏡升起來了，
11:10
and you've got those beautiful papillae.
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有美麗的乳突。
11:13
And then we look in a little more detail,
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再看一點細節，
11:15
you can see the individual
papillae come up,
papillae come up,
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看的到個別的乳突出現，
11:17
and there are little ridges on there,
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那裡有小脊，
11:19
so it's a papilla on papilla and so forth.
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是乳突上的乳突等等。
11:21
Every individual species out there
has more than a dozen shapes and sizes
has more than a dozen shapes and sizes
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每個物種都有十幾種
形狀和大小的凸起，
形狀和大小的凸起，
11:26
of those bumps
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11:27
to create fine-tuned,
neurally controlled camouflage.
neurally controlled camouflage.
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以創造微調、神經控制的偽裝。
11:32
So now, my colleagues
at Cornell, engineers,
at Cornell, engineers,
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現在我康奈爾大學的同事、工程師們
11:38
watched our work and said,
"We think we can make some of those."
"We think we can make some of those."
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看到這些成果，說：
「我們應該能做出一些這種東西。」
「我們應該能做出一些這種東西。」
11:41
Because in industry and society,
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因為在工業和社會中，
11:42
this kind of soft materials
under control of shape
under control of shape
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這種受形狀控制的軟質材料
11:45
are really very rare.
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確實非常罕見。
11:46
And they went ahead, worked with us
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他們開始與我們合作，
11:48
and made the first samples
of artificial papillae, soft materials,
of artificial papillae, soft materials,
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製作了人造乳膠，
軟材料的第一批樣品，
軟材料的第一批樣品，
11:52
shown here.
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如圖所示。
11:54
And you see them blown up
into different shapes,
into different shapes,
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看它們脹成不同的形狀，
11:56
And then you can press your finger on them
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可以用手指按壓，
11:58
to see that they're
a little bit malleable as they are.
a little bit malleable as they are.
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看得出來它們有點可塑性。
12:01
And so this is an example
of how that might work.
of how that might work.
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這是一個可以拿來運用的例子。
12:04
Well, I want to segue from this
into the color of fabrics,
into the color of fabrics,
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好，我想轉談布料的顏色，
12:09
and I imagine that could have
a lot of applications as well.
a lot of applications as well.
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這裡也能有很多應用。
12:12
Just look at this kaleidoscope of color
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只要看看我們在頭足類動物中看到的
12:15
of dynamically controlled
pigments and reflectors
pigments and reflectors
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動態控制顏料和反射層
如萬花筒般的顏色。
如萬花筒般的顏色。
12:17
that we see in the cephalopods.
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12:20
We know enough about
the mechanics of how they work
the mechanics of how they work
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我們對牠們的作用機制了解得夠多，
12:24
that we can begin to translate this
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不僅可以將其轉化為布匹的染料，
12:26
not only into fabrics
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12:27
but perhaps even
into changeable cosmetics.
into changeable cosmetics.
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甚至可以轉化為千變萬化的化妝品。
12:31
And moreover, there's been
the recent discovery
the recent discovery
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此外，最近在章魚的皮膚中
發現了感光分子，
發現了感光分子，
12:34
of light-sensing molecules
in the skin of octopus
in the skin of octopus
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12:37
which may pave the way
to, eventually, smart materials
to, eventually, smart materials
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最終可能會為
能夠自我感知和回應的智慧材料
12:41
that sense and respond on their own.
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鋪平前路。
12:46
Well, this form of biotechnology,
or biomimicry, if you will,
or biomimicry, if you will,
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那麼，這種形式的生物技術或仿生學
12:51
could change the way we look
at the world even above water.
at the world even above water.
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能改變我們看世界的方式，
即使在水面之上亦然。
即使在水面之上亦然。
12:54
Take, for example, artificial intelligence
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例如，人工智慧
12:57
that might be inspired
by the body-distributed brain
by the body-distributed brain
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能受到章魚周身遍佈腦的啟發，
13:01
and behavior of the octopus
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13:03
or the smart skin of a cuttlefish
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或烏賊的聰明皮膚的啟發，
13:05
translated into cutting-edge fashion.
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轉化為尖端時尚。
那麼，
我們如何辦到呢？
13:12
Well, how do we get there?
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13:13
Maybe all we have to do
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也許我們只需更聰明地看待
13:15
is to begin to be a little bit smarter
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頭足類動物是多麼的機靈。
13:19
about how smart the cephalopods are.
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13:21
Thank you.
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謝謝。
13:22
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Roger Hanlon - Marine biologistAs a Senior Scientist at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, Roger Hanlon delves into the undersea world of chameleon-like, color-changing marine animals -- and the practical applications that will emerge when we crack their secrets.
Why you should listen
According to Roger Hanlon, "The diversity and sophistication of marine animals fascinates me, and my cornerstone passion is animal behavior. I particularly enjoy diving in different ocean habitats and studying animals that change color and pattern -- especially octopus, cuttlefish and squid, but also various coral reef fishes.
"I stumbled on to this journey while casually diving in Panama as a college junior and, decades later, I am still striving to figure out how these magnificent animals do what they do -- and why they do it. I am keenly interested in the 'visual ecology' of rapid adaptive coloration used for both camouflage and communication."
Roger Hanlon | Speaker | TED.com